1 1

Status of Starch Sources in India,

their Processing and Utilization
Dharmesh Chandra Saxena Dharmesh Chandra Saxena
Department of Food Engineering & Technology Department of Food Engineering & Technology
SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
LONGOWAL (PUNJAB) INDIA LONGOWAL (PUNJAB) INDIA
2 2
!
!
Starch, !
Starch, !
-
-
D
D
glucan
glucan
polymer
polymer
-
-
a major energy
a major energy
source in most diet
source in most diet
!
!
Versatility and heterogeneity of application in the
Versatility and heterogeneity of application in the
food industry
food industry
!
!
The use of starch products as a food ingredient is
The use of starch products as a food ingredient is
usually not based on their nutritional value but on
usually not based on their nutritional value but on
their functional value.
their functional value.
!
!
Almost all major industries (food and non
Almost all major industries (food and non
-
-
food)
food)
have found some applications for starch.
have found some applications for starch.
3 3
Starch is widely found in
Starch is widely found in
!
!
cereal grain seeds (e.g. corn, rice, wheat),
cereal grain seeds (e.g. corn, rice, wheat),
!
!
tubers (e.g. potato),
tubers (e.g. potato),
!
!
roots (e.g. sweetpotato, cassava, arrowroot),
roots (e.g. sweetpotato, cassava, arrowroot),
!
!
legume seeds (e.g. peas, beans),
legume seeds (e.g. peas, beans),
!
!
fruits (e.g. green bananas, unripe apples), and
fruits (e.g. green bananas, unripe apples), and
!
!
leaves (e.g. tobacco).
leaves (e.g. tobacco).
4 4
!
!
Starch can be simply manufactured by the combination of
Starch can be simply manufactured by the combination of
grinding the starch
grinding the starch
-
-
rich crop followed by wet separation
rich crop followed by wet separation
techniques.
techniques.
!
!
The starch granules will sediment in water due to their
The starch granules will sediment in water due to their
higher density.
higher density.
!
!
Three main classes of starch based products exist:
Three main classes of starch based products exist:
! ! unmodified or native starch, unmodified or native starch,
! ! modified starch (dextrin, pre modified starch (dextrin, pre- -gelatinized starch and oxidized gelatinized starch and oxidized
starches) and starches) and
! ! sweeteners (glucose syrup, high fructose corn syrups). sweeteners (glucose syrup, high fructose corn syrups).
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OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
!
!
To review recent trends in starch markets
To review recent trends in starch markets
in India and examine the importance of
in India and examine the importance of
cereals, root and tuber crops in the Indian
cereals, root and tuber crops in the Indian
starch industry.
starch industry.
!
!
To assess the prospects for future growth
To assess the prospects for future growth
of starch demand in India.
of starch demand in India.
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! ! India has achieved 'food security India has achieved 'food security
! ! The extraction and processing of starch from agricultural commod The extraction and processing of starch from agricultural commodities ities
is one of the most important agro is one of the most important agro- -industries in India. industries in India.
! ! The starch industry in India differs in important ways from its The starch industry in India differs in important ways from its
counterpart the industrialized world, especially in terms of counterpart the industrialized world, especially in terms of
! ! rate of growth, rate of growth,
! ! industrial organization, industrial organization,
! ! pattern of commodity utilization, and pattern of commodity utilization, and
! ! influence of government policy. influence of government policy.
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!
!
Indian Production of Starch:
Indian Production of Starch:
3,75,000 tonnes
3,75,000 tonnes
!
!
Out of which :
Out of which :
1,87,000 tonnes
1,87,000 tonnes
-
-
used by the Food Sectors
used by the Food Sectors
!
!
From this:
From this:
1,57,600 tonnes
1,57,600 tonnes

used as hydrolytic products

used as hydrolytic products
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Polymeric Uses of Starch in :
Starch industry in India
Modified
Starch
Advantages over Natural
Starch
Food Uses Non-food Uses*
Pregelatinized cold water soluble Pie-filling,
coating
Oil drilling, mining
Acid-thinned Low hot paste viscosity Gums, jellies Textiles, laundry
Oxidized Increased clarity Sauce thickener Paper, textiles,
adhesive
Ethers Increased clarity Salad dressing Paper and textiles
Ester Forms films /fibres Instant Foods Packaging film,
paper
Phosphates Stable to freeze-thaw
property
Frozen foods Textiles, metal
refining
Crosslinked Stable: heat, pH Canned Food Paper, metal
sequester

*Biodegradability is an added advantage, in addition to sustainability
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! ! Information about starch production, utilization and prices is s Information about starch production, utilization and prices is sparse and parse and
incomplete. incomplete.
! ! Much of these data are held privately by firms who may be reluct Much of these data are held privately by firms who may be reluctant to ant to
share it due to market advantages. share it due to market advantages.
! ! What information is publicly available from government bodies or What information is publicly available from government bodies or
industrial associations usually focuses almost exclusively on th industrial associations usually focuses almost exclusively on the large e large- -
scale modern sector, ignoring starch extraction and use by small scale modern sector, ignoring starch extraction and use by small firms. firms.
! ! In India, small In India, small- -scale firms are important players in the starch industry, scale firms are important players in the starch industry,
especially for root and tuber crop starch processing and utiliza especially for root and tuber crop starch processing and utilization. tion.
10 10
Supply and Trade of Starch
Supply and Trade of Starch
! ! Globally, the commodities from which most starch is derived are Globally, the commodities from which most starch is derived are
maize, cassava, sweetpotato, potato and wheat. maize, cassava, sweetpotato, potato and wheat.
! ! Root and tuber crops are relatively more important as sources of Root and tuber crops are relatively more important as sources of
starch than cereal crops. starch than cereal crops.
! ! Worldwide, the biggest user of starch is the sweetener industry. Worldwide, the biggest user of starch is the sweetener industry.
! ! Most starch is used to make food products. Most starch is used to make food products.
! ! Non Non- -food industries tend to make up an increasing share of total food industries tend to make up an increasing share of total
starch consumption. starch consumption.
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! ! Several different kinds of starch substrates co Several different kinds of starch substrates co- -exist and are actively traded side exist and are actively traded side
by side. by side.
! ! Native starches derived from maize, cassava, sweetpotato, potato Native starches derived from maize, cassava, sweetpotato, potato, and other , and other
crops are in regular supply. crops are in regular supply.
! ! Resumption of economic growth in the region has renewed the rapi Resumption of economic growth in the region has renewed the rapid expansion d expansion
of the demand for starch. of the demand for starch.
! ! Overall, demand for starch in India continues to grow at around Overall, demand for starch in India continues to grow at around 5 percent per 5 percent per
year or more. year or more.
! ! Agricultural policies do influence the price of cereal grains (e Agricultural policies do influence the price of cereal grains (especially rice and specially rice and
maize). maize).
! ! But the government rarely intervenes to influence prices of root But the government rarely intervenes to influence prices of root and tuber crops. and tuber crops.
! ! Thus the Indian starch market provides an interesting opportunit Thus the Indian starch market provides an interesting opportunity to explore y to explore
other starch sources for their commercial exploitation. other starch sources for their commercial exploitation.
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! ! Cereals account for about one fifth of the consumption expenditu Cereals account for about one fifth of the consumption expenditure in re in
India. India.
! ! They are mainly consumed in the form of products obtained from p They are mainly consumed in the form of products obtained from primary rimary
processing. processing.
! ! Products from secondary processing are yet to gain mass acceptab Products from secondary processing are yet to gain mass acceptability in ility in
the country. the country.
! ! However, cereal processing, both primary and secondary, are expe However, cereal processing, both primary and secondary, are expected cted
to gain momentum to cater to changing lifestyles due to: to gain momentum to cater to changing lifestyles due to:
! ! increasing purchasing power, increasing purchasing power,
! ! burgeoning middle class population, burgeoning middle class population,
! ! increasing number of women in the work force, and increasing number of women in the work force, and
! ! proliferation of media etc. proliferation of media etc.
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Rice, Wheat, Maize
Rice, Wheat, Maize
and Sorghum
and Sorghum
-
-
the four major cereals
the four major cereals
grown and consumed in India
grown and consumed in India
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RICE
RICE
! ! Rice is a staple food for 65% of the population in India. Rice is a staple food for 65% of the population in India.
! ! India is the second largest producer of rice in the world next t India is the second largest producer of rice in the world next to China. o China.
! ! India produces around 78 million MT of rice against world's prod India produces around 78 million MT of rice against world's production of uction of
540 million MT thus accounting for around 14% of rice world prod 540 million MT thus accounting for around 14% of rice world production. uction.
! ! In India paddy occupies the first place both in area and product In India paddy occupies the first place both in area and production. ion.
! ! Rice production in India has registered a higher average yield o Rice production in India has registered a higher average yield of 2618 f 2618
Kg/ha. Kg/ha.
! ! Around 10% of rice is processed into traditional products like p Around 10% of rice is processed into traditional products like popped rice, opped rice,
flaked rice etc. in the cottage industry. flaked rice etc. in the cottage industry.
! ! It is the largest consumed calorie source among the food grains It is the largest consumed calorie source among the food grains in India. in India.
! ! With a per capita availability of 73.8 kg it meets 31% of the to With a per capita availability of 73.8 kg it meets 31% of the total calorie tal calorie
requirement of the population. requirement of the population.
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! ! The crop occupies about 37% of the total cropped area and 44% of The crop occupies about 37% of the total cropped area and 44% of total total
production of food grains in India. production of food grains in India.
! ! India is also one of the leading exporters of rice in the world India is also one of the leading exporters of rice in the world market. market.
! ! Indian rice being highly competitive and has been identified as Indian rice being highly competitive and has been identified as one of one of
the major commodities for export. the major commodities for export.
! ! Modern rice mills are having high capacity and are capital inten Modern rice mills are having high capacity and are capital intensive, sive,
although efficient. although efficient.
! ! Small modern rice mills have been developed and are available in Small modern rice mills have been developed and are available in the the
market. market.


Major Growing States % Share of Total Production
West Bengal 16.39
Uttar Pradesh 13.38
Andhra Pradesh 12.24
Punjab 9.47
Orissa 7.68
Tamil Nadu 7.38
Other States 33.46
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Status of Rice Milling Units in India
! ! At present it has a turn over of more than 4320 million At present it has a turn over of more than 4320 million per annum. per annum.
! ! It processes about 85 million tonnes of paddy per year . It processes about 85 million tonnes of paddy per year .
! ! Over 82,000 single hullers of which are registered in the countr Over 82,000 single hullers of which are registered in the country. y.
! ! 60% of these are also linked with par 60% of these are also linked with par- -boiling units and sun boiling units and sun - -drying yards. drying yards.
! ! Most of the tiny hullers of about 250 Most of the tiny hullers of about 250- -300 kg / hr capacities are employed 300 kg / hr capacities are employed
for custom milling of paddy. for custom milling of paddy.
! ! Double hulling units ~ over 2,600 Double hulling units ~ over 2,600
! ! Under Under- -run disc shellers cum cone polishers ~ 5,000 units run disc shellers cum cone polishers ~ 5,000 units
! ! Rubber roll shellers cum friction polishers ~ over 10,000 units Rubber roll shellers cum friction polishers ~ over 10,000 units
! ! There has been a steady growth of improved rice mills in the cou There has been a steady growth of improved rice mills in the country. ntry.
! ! Most of these have capacities ranging from 2 tonnes / hr to 10 t Most of these have capacities ranging from 2 tonnes / hr to 10 t onnes / hr. onnes / hr.
17 17
Uses of rice and by-products in the rice industry
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WHEAT
WHEAT
! ! Wheat accounts for around 30% of the total cereal production in Wheat accounts for around 30% of the total cereal production in the the
world. world.
! ! The major producers of wheat are China, the former USSR, USA The major producers of wheat are China, the former USSR, USA
followed by India. followed by India.
! ! Indian wheat yield stands at around 2397 Kg/ha. Indian wheat yield stands at around 2397 Kg/ha.
! ! India's production in 2006 India's production in 2006- -07 is 73.7 million MT. 07 is 73.7 million MT.
! ! About 80% of wheat is milled in ' About 80% of wheat is milled in 'atta atta chakkis chakkis' (indigenous mills) ' (indigenous mills)
! ! Around 20% is milled in roller flour mills. Around 20% is milled in roller flour mills.
! ! Wheat flour is processed mainly into Indian traditional products Wheat flour is processed mainly into Indian traditional products, bread , bread
and biscuits and to a small extent to pasta products. and biscuits and to a small extent to pasta products.
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Wet Milling of Wheat Flour
Wet Milling of Wheat Flour
Types of Processes
Types of Processes
!
!
The Alkali Process
The Alkali Process
!
!
The Martin Process
The Martin Process
!
!
The Batter Process
The Batter Process
!
!
The Alfa
The Alfa
-
-
Laval System
Laval System
!
!
Innovative 3
Innovative 3
-
-
phase technology
phase technology
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Industrial uses of wheat starch
Industrial uses of wheat starch
! ! Wheat starch is a versatile commodity. Wheat starch is a versatile commodity.
! ! Utilized for the production of syrups for the food and beverage Utilized for the production of syrups for the food and beverage industries industries
! ! Utilized for fruit pie fillings, after modification Utilized for fruit pie fillings, after modification
! ! As a molding starch in the confectionery industry As a molding starch in the confectionery industry
! ! As a binder in tablet making in pharmaceutical industry (being n As a binder in tablet making in pharmaceutical industry (being non on- -toxic toxic
and compatible with a wide range of drugs) and compatible with a wide range of drugs)
! ! Paper Paper- -making industry making industry
! ! Thin Thin- -boiling starches boiling starches
! ! Starch ethers, esters, xanthates etc. Starch ethers, esters, xanthates etc.
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MAI ZE or CORN
MAI ZE or CORN
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AN OVER VI EW OF I NDI AN MAI ZE (
AN OVER VI EW OF I NDI AN MAI ZE (
Zea
Zea
mays
mays
)
)
Maize (
Maize (
Zea
Zea
mays
mays
) is classified into following categories:
) is classified into following categories:
!
!
Dent corn (
Dent corn (
Zea
Zea
mays
mays
var.
var.
indentata
indentata
)
)
!
!
Flint corn (
Flint corn (
Zea
Zea
mays
mays
var.
var.
indurata
indurata
)
)
!
!
Popcorn
Popcorn
(
(
Zea
Zea
mays
mays
var.
var.
everta
everta
)
)
!
!
Sweet corn (
Sweet corn (
Zea
Zea
saccharata
saccharata
or
or
Zea
Zea
rugosa
rugosa
)
)
Indian maize has white, red, purple, brown or multi
Indian maize has white, red, purple, brown or multi
-
-
coloured
coloured
kernels and is characteristically dent corn.
kernels and is characteristically dent corn.
The dent corn is useful for starch processing
The dent corn is useful for starch processing
by wet milling
by wet milling
method.
method.
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Production of Maize
Production of Maize
! ! India is the tenth largest producer with a production of 11.10 India is the tenth largest producer with a production of 11.10 million million
MT from an area of 6.6 million ha. MT from an area of 6.6 million ha.
! ! The average yield in India ~ 1.68 MT/ha The average yield in India ~ 1.68 MT/ha
! ! About 4 million MT is used as animal feed, about 5 million MT is About 4 million MT is used as animal feed, about 5 million MT is dry dry
milled and 2 million MT is wet milled. milled and 2 million MT is wet milled.
! ! Maize is cultivated in almost all states in the country. Maize is cultivated in almost all states in the country.
! ! Bihar is the leading producer in India followed by Rajasthan, Ma Bihar is the leading producer in India followed by Rajasthan, Madhya dhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Himachal
Pradesh. Pradesh.
! ! The crop is grown both in The crop is grown both in Kharif Kharif and Rabi seasons in India with a and Rabi seasons in India with a
share of 85 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively. share of 85 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively.
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Utilization Pattern of Maize
Utilization Pattern of Maize
Maize produced in India is utilized for
Maize produced in India is utilized for
! ! human consumption (33%), human consumption (33%),
! ! starch production (9%), starch production (9%),
! ! poultry feed (46.5%), poultry feed (46.5%),
! ! brewery (0.5%) and brewery (0.5%) and
! ! animal feed (11%) animal feed (11%)
The market surplus of maize in India as compared to other crops The market surplus of maize in India as compared to other crops
is quite low between 5 is quite low between 5- -10 per cent 10 per cent. .
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STATUS OF MAIZE PROCESSING
STATUS OF MAIZE PROCESSING
!
!
Traditionally, the grain is converted into flour in mills for
Traditionally, the grain is converted into flour in mills for
making bread.
making bread.
!
!
Immature cobs are roasted and eaten all over the country.
Immature cobs are roasted and eaten all over the country.
!
!
It is an important raw material for animal and poultry
It is an important raw material for animal and poultry
feed
feed
and corn flakes manufacturing units.
and corn flakes manufacturing units.
!
!
But the quantity of maize utilized by these units is limited
But the quantity of maize utilized by these units is limited
as the existing
as the existing
units are of small scale nature (except very
units are of small scale nature (except very
few viz., Mohan
few viz., Mohan
Meakin
Meakin
, Ghaziabad and
, Ghaziabad and
Kellogs
Kellogs
).
).
!
!
Maize is usually processed by two distinct processes,
Maize is usually processed by two distinct processes,
namely wet milling and dry milling.
namely wet milling and dry milling.
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Dry Milling
Dry Milling
! ! Dry milling produces grits, corn flour and minimum amount of cor Dry milling produces grits, corn flour and minimum amount of corn meal. n meal.
! ! The technology has been standardized by CFTRI, Mysore. The technology has been standardized by CFTRI, Mysore.
! ! The grits is the main product of dry milling process, which is u The grits is the main product of dry milling process, which is used as porridge sed as porridge
by boiling domestically. by boiling domestically.
! ! The processing units use grits for manufacture of products like The processing units use grits for manufacture of products like ready ready- -to to- -eat eat
snacks (corn flakes), wall paper paste and manufacture of glucos snacks (corn flakes), wall paper paste and manufacture of glucose by direct e by direct
hydrolysis. hydrolysis.
Cleaning => Conditioning => Degerminating => Drying & Cooling => Cleaning => Conditioning => Degerminating => Drying & Cooling => Grading Grading
& Grinding => Sifting & Classifying => Purifying => Drying => Pa & Grinding => Sifting & Classifying => Purifying => Drying => Packaging ckaging
27 27
Wet Milling
Wet Milling
!
!
Maize is generally processed to manufacture corn starch
Maize is generally processed to manufacture corn starch
by wet milling method the world over.
by wet milling method the world over.
!
!
The average recovery of various products and co
The average recovery of various products and co
-
-
products of maize during the wet milling are
products of maize during the wet milling are
! ! Starch Starch - - 60 60- -62 % 62 %
! ! Gluten Gluten - - 8 8- -9 % 9 %
! ! Germ Germ - - 6 6- -7 % 7 %
! ! Husk Husk - - 22 22- -24 % 24 %
!
!
The by
The by
-
-
products of starch manufacture, like corn oil, corn
products of starch manufacture, like corn oil, corn
steep liquor, gluten etc. are the important value added
steep liquor, gluten etc. are the important value added
products.
products.
28 28
The state
The state
-
-
wise number of wet milling units In
wise number of wet milling units In
India and their installed capacity
India and their installed capacity
S. No. Name of the State No. of units Installed capacity
(MT of maize/day)
1 Gujarat 6 1,350
2 Maharashtra 5 1,050
3 Madhya Pradesh 3 450
4 Karnataka 1 300
5 Punjab 1 100
6 Chhatisgarh 1 150
Total 17 3,400
! The average processing capacity of the units in India is 200 MT of maize / day.
! There are plants with as high crushing capacity as 400 MT/day.
! However, there is no plant in the country with crushing capacity of less than
100 MT/ day.
29 29
SORGHUM
SORGHUM
! ! The total world production of Sorghum is around 70 million MT wi The total world production of Sorghum is around 70 million MT with USA th USA
accounting for 32% of the production. accounting for 32% of the production.
! ! India is the second largest producer for sorghum accounting for India is the second largest producer for sorghum accounting for around 18% around 18%
of world production. of world production.
! ! However, India's yield at 897 Kg/Ha is significantly lower than However, India's yield at 897 Kg/Ha is significantly lower than the world the world
average of 1542 Kg/Ha. average of 1542 Kg/Ha.
! ! About About - -'300 million people across the world rely on sorghum for their '300 million people across the world rely on sorghum for their
sustenance. sustenance.
! ! In India, 60% of sorghum is utilized for food purposes. In India, 60% of sorghum is utilized for food purposes.
! ! Around 35% is consumed as animal feed and for industrial uses. Around 35% is consumed as animal feed and for industrial uses.
! ! Remaining 5% is used for seed purpose. Remaining 5% is used for seed purpose.
! ! The secondary processing of sorghum produces alcohol and sugar f The secondary processing of sorghum produces alcohol and sugar from rom
sorghum starch. sorghum starch.
! ! India has been exporting sorghum to the tune of Rs.35 India has been exporting sorghum to the tune of Rs.35- -40 million in a year. 40 million in a year.
30 30
BUCKWHEAT
BUCKWHEAT
! ! About 75% of the grain produced is used for livestock and poultr About 75% of the grain produced is used for livestock and poultry. y.
! ! About 5 About 5- -6% for seed 6% for seed
! ! The remainder is milled into buckwheat flour. The remainder is milled into buckwheat flour.
! ! Between 5 Between 5 - -10% of the seeded acreage was turned under for green manure. 10% of the seeded acreage was turned under for green manure.
! ! Today, the major use of buckwheat is for human food in the form Today, the major use of buckwheat is for human food in the form of flour. of flour.
! ! The flour is generally dark colored due to presence of hull frag The flour is generally dark colored due to presence of hull fragments not ments not
removed during the milling process. removed during the milling process.
! ! Buckwheat flour is never produced from tartary buckwheat because Buckwheat flour is never produced from tartary buckwheat because of a of a
bitter taste that makes it undesirable as human food. bitter taste that makes it undesirable as human food.
! ! The groats are used for breakfast food, porridge, and thickening The groats are used for breakfast food, porridge, and thickening materials for materials for
soups, gravies, and dressings. soups, gravies, and dressings.
! ! Buckwheat is a satisfactory partial substitute for other grains Buckwheat is a satisfactory partial substitute for other grains in feeding in feeding
livestock. livestock.
31 31
MAJOR USES OF BUCKWHEAT
MAJOR USES OF BUCKWHEAT
! Pasta (elbow macaroni, and long goods)
! Puffed snacks (100% buckwheat flour)
! Indian Traditional Foods Chapati,
Tandoori Roti, Poori, Paratha, Pakoras
! Starch: As a fat replacer
! Dietary fiber
! Gluten free foods
32 32
!
!
Primary processing
Primary processing
of buckwheat includes cleaning,
of buckwheat includes cleaning,
dehulling, and milling.
dehulling, and milling.
!
!
The aim of dehulling is to separate the groats from the hulls
The aim of dehulling is to separate the groats from the hulls
by impact or abrasion of seed against emery stones or steel
by impact or abrasion of seed against emery stones or steel
followed by air or screen separation of groats and hulls.
followed by air or screen separation of groats and hulls.
!
!
The most important quality attributes of buckwheat groats are
The most important quality attributes of buckwheat groats are
color and flavor.
color and flavor.
!
!
The color is light green in freshly harvested seed, but
The color is light green in freshly harvested seed, but
gradually changes to reddish brown during storage.
gradually changes to reddish brown during storage.
!
!
The color change is accompanied by loss of desirable flavor,
The color change is accompanied by loss of desirable flavor,
nutrients, and formation of brown pigments.
nutrients, and formation of brown pigments.
33 33
Status of Root and tuber
Status of Root and tuber
crops in the
crops in the
Indian industry
Indian industry
34 34
Major Root & Tuber crops
grown in India
! Cassava Manihot esculenta
! Sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas
! Yams Dioscorea alata, D. esculenta, D. rotundata
! Elephant foot yam Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
! Taro Colocasia esculenta
! Tannia Xanthosoma sagittifolium
! Coleus Solenostemon rotundifolius
! Yam bean Pachyrrhizus erosus
! Arrowroot Maranta arundinacea
! Potato
35 35
! ! There is a major demand for starch from root and tuber crops due There is a major demand for starch from root and tuber crops due to to
the special characteristics of the starches from these commoditi the special characteristics of the starches from these commodities. es.
! ! For root crops, transforming the raw commodity into starch effec For root crops, transforming the raw commodity into starch effectively tively
transforms its demand from an inferior good to a normal or super transforms its demand from an inferior good to a normal or superior ior
good. good.
! ! In India, where cassava is the most important source of starch, In India, where cassava is the most important source of starch, more more
than 20 percent of total cassava production is used for starch than 20 percent of total cassava production is used for starch
extraction. extraction.
! ! Sweetpotato is not widely used for starch because of the availab Sweetpotato is not widely used for starch because of the availability ility
of cheaper starch from cassava. of cheaper starch from cassava.
! ! Processing of roots and tubers tends to be done near centers of Processing of roots and tubers tends to be done near centers of crop crop
production due to their perishability, the bulkiness and high production due to their perishability, the bulkiness and high
transportation cost relative to crop value,. transportation cost relative to crop value,.
36 36
WATER CHESTNUT
WATER CHESTNUT
! Water Chestnut (Trapa natans L.
var. bispinosa Roxburgh), locally
known as Singhara
! One of the important annual
aquatic warm season crops
! Water chestnut belongs to the
family Trapaceae
! A native of Asia but has spread to
many parts of the world in both
temperate and tropical areas
37 37
Production
Production
! Cultivated extensively for its fruit in tanks, lakes,
ponds, etc.
! Water chestnut prefers warm and humid environment.
! Water chestnut worth Rs. 20 million (0.3 million ) is
produced annually in Jabalpur district (Madhya
Pradesh) alone.
! In Punjab, areas in Gurdaspur, Harike, Amritsar etc.
are major producers of the fruit.
! Extremely profitable, giving Rs. 55000 (950 ) per
hectare
38 38
Nutritional Information
Nutritional Information
A typical composition of fresh kernel (in percent) is
! Moisture - 70.0
! Protein - 4.7
! Fat - 0.3
! Fibre - 0.6
! Other carbohydrates - 23.3
! Minerals - 1.1
Also contains a plentiful B vitamins (including B1, B2, B5
and B6), E, A, and vitamin C.
39 39
USES
USES
! Can be used as a vegetable, roasted, steamed, boiled, pured as a
main component of soups, ground into flour for confectionery use.
! Used not only as food to combat malnutrition but also used for
manufacturing starch and flour
! Flour to make Indian traditional flat breads
! Water chestnut flour consumption is high in days of fasts during
festivals.
! Have a cooling effect and useful against bilious affections and
diarrhoea.
! People also employ these nuts externally
! Isolation of Gallic acid from the Singhara nuts
! As a binding material in various products
40 40
SWEETPOTATO
SWEETPOTATO
Sweet potato plays an essential role in the tropics as
Sweet potato plays an essential role in the tropics as
a food security crop because of its
a food security crop because of its
i.
i.
relative tolerance to water stress
relative tolerance to water stress
ii.
ii.
dual utilization
dual utilization
iii.
iii.
high nutritional value
high nutritional value
iv.
iv.
relatively short growing season, and
relatively short growing season, and
v.
v.
adaptation to a wide range of environmental
adaptation to a wide range of environmental
conditions.
conditions.
41 41
SWEETPOTATO
SWEETPOTATO
! ! India has a long history of sweet potato cultivation. India has a long history of sweet potato cultivation.
! ! It is presently cultivated in about 160,000 ha with plantings in It is presently cultivated in about 160,000 ha with plantings in
the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh areas accounting for 60% of the the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh areas accounting for 60% of the
total area. total area.
! ! In the Bihar area alone, 51,390 ha are cultivated with an annual In the Bihar area alone, 51,390 ha are cultivated with an annual
production of 3.5 lakh tonnes. production of 3.5 lakh tonnes.
! ! Sweetpotato is the third most Sweetpotato is the third most - -produced crop after potato and produced crop after potato and
cassava and government prospects is to cultivate about 2.5 cassava and government prospects is to cultivate about 2.5
million ha by the year 2020. million ha by the year 2020.
42 42
Goutam
Sourin
Kishan
!Round / ovate shaped
tubers
!White skin and cream flesh
!Duration 105-110 days
!Yield: 20-30 t ha-1
!Round, elliptic shaped
tubers
!Red skin and cream flesh
!Duration 105-110 days
!Yield: 16 -32 t ha-1
!Long elliptic shaped tubers
!Purple skin and white flesh
!Duration 110-120 days
!Yield: 17 - 26 t ha-1
43 43
! The sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas, morning-glory family) is an enlarged
storage root that comes in various shapes, sizes, and colors.
! The storage root is the main part of the sweetpotato that is used for food.
! In India, sweetpotato tubers are cleaned, sliced, and dehydrated in the
sun in open yards.
! They are ground and used as a supplement to cereal flours in bakery
products, chapattis, and puddings.
! Sweetpotato has high moisture content and a relatively low dry matter
content of around 30 percent.
! Approximately 80-90 percent of its dry matter is carbohydrate.
! This makes sweetpotato roots a good raw material for the starch industry.
44 44
! It has unique characteristics and potential for being used
by the food industry.
! The starch is also processed into glucose syrups and
various chemicals through enzymatic, microbial and
chemical processes.
! In fresh roots, starch content ranges from 11 to 30% in 31
Indian cultivars.
! 1-ton native starch from 6.67 tons fresh root can be
produced (15% starch extraction rate).
Sweetpotato Starch
Sweetpotato Starch
45 45
CASSAVA
CASSAVA
! ! India India produces cassava almost produces cassava almost
exclusively in the South. exclusively in the South.
! ! Intensive cultivation practices result Intensive cultivation practices result
in the world's highest mean yields in the world's highest mean yields
for cassava, of 24.5 t/ha. for cassava, of 24.5 t/ha.
! ! Cassava is mainly used as food Cassava is mainly used as food
(Kerala) or starch extraction (Tamil (Kerala) or starch extraction (Tamil
Nadu). Nadu).
! ! An increasing trend toward use of An increasing trend toward use of
cassava as a raw product for starch cassava as a raw product for starch
production is seen in India. production is seen in India.
! ! The industry is very dynamic, with The industry is very dynamic, with
increasing international investment. increasing international investment.
46 46
47 47
Cassava cultivation in India (Area
Cassava cultivation in India (Area
-
-
%)
%)
46
41
13
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Other States
48 48
Cassava production in India (%)
Cassava production in India (%)
41
55
4
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Other States
49 49
Area & Production of Cassava in different states
in India
50 50
Cassava Varieties
51 51
Uses of Cassava in India
! Home front Food for human being,
Component in animal, fish and poultry feed,
chips, wafers, vermicelli, pappads
! Industrial front Starch, Sago, Ethanol,
Glucose, Biodegradable plastics
! Value addition - alcohol, modified starches,
high fructose syrup, convenient fast foods,
biodegradable plastics etc.
52 52
Identification and evaluation of new
Identification and evaluation of new
cassava opportunities in India
cassava opportunities in India
Market opportunity What is required
for the
development of the
opportunity?
What are the major
limitation or
barriers to the
expansion
Who are the
Catalysts and
Champions? What
is their role?
- Lack of awareness - Food: Diversified
domestic
convenience food
- Publicity Catalysts:
- Feed on farm
utilization
- Government
organizations
- Modified starches,
converted starches
- On farm multi-
purpose starch
extraction units for
cassava and sweet
potato
- Financing
- NGO's

- Fermented
products
- Village Coops.
- Women Coops.
- Instant convenient
industrial food
products
- Organize
cooperative
marketing in semi-
urban areas

-Societies
- Chemicals Champions:
- Farmers - Biodegradable
plastics
- Complete
involvement of
private sector
- Lack of confidence
in product
development and
marketing -Small scale
processors and
industrialists

53 53
Industrial utilization of cassava in India
(in lakh tonnes/annum)
54 54
Industrial utilization of cassava
starch in India
55 55
! ! Starch Starch is the most important value added product produced from is the most important value added product produced from
cassava cassava. .
! ! Approximately 400 Approximately 400- -500 starch processing units are located in Salem, 500 starch processing units are located in Salem,
Namakkal Namakkal, Erode, , Erode, Dharmapuri Dharmapuri, , Tiruchirapalli Tiruchirapalli districts in Tamil Nadu. districts in Tamil Nadu.
! ! Only one industry in Andhra Pradesh produces Only one industry in Andhra Pradesh produces cassava cassava starch and starch and
liquid glucose from liquid glucose from cassava cassava starch. starch.
! ! Some units in Kerala manufacturing white and yellow Some units in Kerala manufacturing white and yellow dextrins dextrins
! ! 90% of the 90% of the cassava cassava starch produced in starch produced in India India is from Tamil Nadu is from Tamil Nadu
while the remaining quantity is from Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. while the remaining quantity is from Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.
! ! Cassava Cassava starch is mainly marketed in Gujarat, Maharashtra, West starch is mainly marketed in Gujarat, Maharashtra, West
Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Bengal and Tamil Nadu.
! ! India India exports exports cassava cassava starch though in small quantities from Chennai, starch though in small quantities from Chennai,
Mumbai and Kolkata ports to Sri Lanka, USA, Australia, South Afr Mumbai and Kolkata ports to Sri Lanka, USA, Australia, South Africa ica
and the Gulf Countries. and the Gulf Countries.
56 56
Sago
Sago
! ! Sago is an important value added product from Sago is an important value added product from cassava cassava. .
! ! Payasam Payasam, , Kichidi Kichidi, , Upuma Upuma, , Bonda Bonda, wafers , wafers different products from sago different products from sago
! ! In West Bengal, sago is used mostly as baby food. In West Bengal, sago is used mostly as baby food.
! ! Sago production units are located in Sago production units are located in Sagoserve Sagoserve, Salem, Tamil Nadu , Salem, Tamil Nadu and A.P. and A.P.
! ! Moti Moti, medium, , medium, bada bada dana dana and nylon sago are the different types of sago and nylon sago are the different types of sago
produced in the country. produced in the country.
! ! Nearly 400 to 500 sago producing units are located in Tamil Nadu Nearly 400 to 500 sago producing units are located in Tamil Nadu and 35 and 35
units are located in A.P. units are located in A.P.
! ! 50% of the sago produced in the country is consumed in Maharasht 50% of the sago produced in the country is consumed in Maharashtra. ra.
! ! Demand for sago is generally more during festival seasons and in Demand for sago is generally more during festival seasons and in Sravana Sravana
month (August) due to more marriages being held then. month (August) due to more marriages being held then.
! ! Nowadays in the retail market, sago is marketed through attracti Nowadays in the retail market, sago is marketed through attractive consumer ve consumer
packets of one kg and two kg size. packets of one kg and two kg size.
57 57
58 58
59 59
POTATO
POTATO
! ! The worlds fourth important food crop after wheat, rice and mai The worlds fourth important food crop after wheat, rice and maize ze
! ! An annual global production of about 300 million tonnes An annual global production of about 300 million tonnes
! ! Potato is an economically important staple crop in both develope Potato is an economically important staple crop in both developed d
and developing countries. and developing countries.
! ! India is ranked 5 India is ranked 5
th th
in potato production after China, Russian in potato production after China, Russian
Federation, Poland and Ukraine. Federation, Poland and Ukraine.
! ! However, potato productivity in India is merely 16 However, potato productivity in India is merely 16- -19 tonnes / ha vis 19 tonnes / ha vis- -
- -vis that of European countries and USA, i.e. 30 vis that of European countries and USA, i.e. 30- -40 tonnes / ha. 40 tonnes / ha.
! ! Potato is used mainly for the direct consumption and starch. Potato is used mainly for the direct consumption and starch.
60 60
SWOT ANALYSI S
SWOT ANALYSI S
OF
OF
AGRO
AGRO
-
-
PROCESSI NG
PROCESSI NG
I NDUSTRY
I NDUSTRY
I NFRASTRUCTURE
I NFRASTRUCTURE
I N
I N
I NDI A
I NDI A
61 61
St r engt hs
St r engt hs
!
!
Round the year availability of raw materials.
Round the year availability of raw materials.
!
!
Social acceptability of agro
Social acceptability of agro
-
-
processing as
processing as
important area and support from the central
important area and support from the central
government.
government.
!
!
Vast network of manufacturing facilities all
Vast network of manufacturing facilities all
over the country.
over the country.
!
!
Vast domestic market.
Vast domestic market.
62 62
Weak nesses
Weak nesses
!
!
High requirement of working capital
High requirement of working capital
!
!
Low availability of new reliable and better accuracy
Low availability of new reliable and better accuracy
instruments and equipments
instruments and equipments
!
!
Inadequate automation w.r.t. information management.
Inadequate automation w.r.t. information management.
!
!
Remuneration less attractive for talent in comparison to
Remuneration less attractive for talent in comparison to
contemporary disciplines.
contemporary disciplines.
!
!
Inadequately developed linkages between R&D labs and
Inadequately developed linkages between R&D labs and
industry.
industry.
63 63
Oppor t uni t i es
Oppor t uni t i es
!
!
Large crop and material base in the country due
Large crop and material base in the country due
to agro
to agro
-
-
ecological variability offers vast potential
ecological variability offers vast potential
for agro processing activities.
for agro processing activities.
!
!
Integration of developments in contemporary
Integration of developments in contemporary
technologies such as electronics, material
technologies such as electronics, material
science, computer, bio
science, computer, bio
-
-
technology etc. offer vast
technology etc. offer vast
scope for rapid improvement and progress.
scope for rapid improvement and progress.
!
!
Opening of global markets may lead to export of
Opening of global markets may lead to export of
our developed technologies and facilitate
our developed technologies and facilitate
generation of additional income and employment
generation of additional income and employment
opportunities.
opportunities.
64 64
Thr eat s
Thr eat s
!
!
Competition from global players
Competition from global players
!
!
Loss of trained manpower to other
Loss of trained manpower to other
industries and other professions due to
industries and other professions due to
better working conditions prevailing there
better working conditions prevailing there
may lead to further shortage of manpower.
may lead to further shortage of manpower.
!
!
Rapid developments in contemporary and
Rapid developments in contemporary and
requirements of the industry may lead to
requirements of the industry may lead to
fast obsolescence.
fast obsolescence.
65 65
66 66
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(million
hectares)
Total crop
production
(million
tonnes)
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various forms
of starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Cassava Kerala, Tamil
Nadu,
Karnataka,
Andhra
Pradesh
0.24 6.06 Cassava
rawa,
porridge,
cutlets,
puffs and
samosas
Alcohol, gums,
dextrin, cold
water soluble
starch,
biodegradable
plastics,
adhesives,
starch
succinate,
thickener,
solidifying
agent in tissue
culture
Value added
products
from starch,
animal feed
formulation
s, high
fructose
syrups and
convenience
foods
67 67
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(hectares)
Total crop
production
(tonnes)
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various
forms of
starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Sweet
potato
Vishakhapatna
m, Nellore,
Chittoor, East of
Godavari
787 8781 As boiled
or fried
vegetable,
snacks,
stuffing in
various
traditional
recipes,
flour as an
ingredient
in other
foods with
the other
basic
ingredients
Bakery,
noodles,
pasta and
industrial
applications
like other
starchy
material
Can be used
for the
production
of
biodegradab
le plastics,
cost
effective
alternative
in food
industry
and value
addition
68 68
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(million
hectares)
Total crop
production
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various forms
of starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Buck
wheat
Himalayan
regions,
Andhra
Pradesh
----- ----- Pancakes,
bread,
pasta,
roasted
seeds,
noodles,
extruded
products,
breakfast
cereals
Pasta
products,
extrudates,
and
convenience
foods
Product
diversificati
on and
industrial
exploitation.
69 69
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(lakh
hectares)
Total crop
production
(Million
tonnes)
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various forms
of starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Rice Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh,
Orissa and
West Bengal
8.81 85.3 Cooked
grains,
baked
products,
noodles,
pasta and
extrudates,
porridge,
flattened
bread.
Thickening
agent in food
industry,
adhesives,
gums, food
products like
baked, pasta
and extruded
products. Waxy
starch in food
and non-waxy
as fat replacer.
Low glycemic
index food,
starch based
sport beverages
Value added
products
from starch,
Convenient
foods, in
isolated or in
situ form in
functional /
nutraceutical
foods
70 70
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(million
hectares)
Total crop
production
(million
tonnes)
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various forms
of starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Wheat Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh,
Tamil nadu,
Karnataka,
Haryana,
Rajasthan
26.4 73.7 Chapatti,
puri,
snacks,
Bread and
biscuits,
pasta,
noodles,
porridge,
semolina,
vermicelli
etc.
Bioethanol
production,
gums,
adhesives, food
products.
Starch
modification
and its food
and
industrial
application
71 71
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(lakh
hectares)
Total crop
production
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various forms
of starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Water
Chest
nut
Punjab, Utter
Pradesh,
Madhya
Pradesh,
Bihar, Orissa,
Karnataka
----- ----- As
vegetable,
flour as
important
ingredient
in various
dishes,
Chapatti,
Halwa and
baked
products
etc.
Thickener,
Stabilizer,
gelling agent,
Bulking agent,
Water
retention agent
and adhesive,
as a binding
agent in
various sweets
Modified
starches can
be used for
the value
addition and
product
diversificati
on to meet
the food
requirement
in scarcity.
72 72
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(million
hectares)
Total crop
production
(million
tonnes)
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various forms
of starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Maize Rajasthan,
Punjab,
Himachal
Pradesh, Utter
Pradesh and
Karnataka
6.6 11.10 Roasted or
boiled
grain
products,
in soups,
flour for
the
chapatti,
halva, as a
supplemen
t in bread,
biscuit,
and
various
extruded
products
High fructose
corn syrup,
used in
convenience
foods, gums
and adhesives,
Nutritive
media for the
microbiologica
l assay.
Used as an
alternative
for cane
sugar ,
process
optimization
to produce
quality
products
73 73
Name of
crop
Major
production
Areas/Regions
Total area
under
cultivation
(million
hectares)
Total crop
production
(million
tonnes)
Various
forms of
crop
utilization
Various forms
of starch
utilization
Future
Perspectives
Potato Utter Pradesh,
West Bengal,
Bihar
1.37 23.67 As
vegetable,
Potato
flour as a
supplemen
t in
various
dishes,
used as
stuffing in
various
fried salty
and sweet
products,
French
fries,
soups etc
Gum and gel
preparation,
used in
noodles, pasta,
soups, and
extruded
products etc.
Modified
starch and
its
application
in industrial
and culinary
purposes
74 74
St at e
St at e
-
-
w i se Li st of St ar c h I ndust r i es i n I ndi a
w i se Li st of St ar c h I ndust r i es i n I ndi a
Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh
Rajaram Rajaram Corn Products Ltd Corn Products Ltd
Tirupathi Tirupathi Starch Products Ltd, Starch Products Ltd,
Indore Indore
Tamilnadu Tamilnadu
Santhosh Santhosh Maize & Industries Ltd, Maize & Industries Ltd,
Salem Salem
Varalaxmi Varalaxmi Starch Ltd, Salem Starch Ltd, Salem
Kamala Sugars Ltd, Coimbatore Kamala Sugars Ltd, Coimbatore
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh
Gayathri Gayathri Starch Ltd, Hyderabad Starch Ltd, Hyderabad
Vensa Vensa Biotek Biotek Ltd, Ltd, Samalkot Samalkot
Punjab Punjab
Sukhjit Sukhjit Starch Products Ltd, Starch Products Ltd,
Phagwara Phagwara
Haryana Haryana
Bharat Bharat Starch Products Ltd, Starch Products Ltd, Haryana Haryana
Gujarat Gujarat
Anil Starch Products Ltd, Anil Starch Products Ltd, Ahmedabad Ahmedabad
Maize Products Ltd, Maize Products Ltd, Ahmedabad Ahmedabad
Gujarat Gujarat Ambuja Ambuja Starch Products Ltd, Starch Products Ltd,
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad
Gulshan Gulshan Polyols Polyols Ltd, Ltd, Bharuch Bharuch
Karnataka Karnataka
Riddhi Riddhi Siddhi Siddhi Glucobiols Glucobiols Ltd, Ltd, Belgaum Belgaum
Maharashtra Maharashtra
Sahyadri Sahyadri Starch & Industries Ltd, MIDC, Starch & Industries Ltd, MIDC,
Miraj Miraj
Universal Starch Products Ltd, Universal Starch Products Ltd, Dhule Dhule
Yaswant Yaswant Glucose Ltd, Glucose Ltd, Sangli Sangli
75 75
Major End
Major End
-
-
Users of Starch and Starch based
Users of Starch and Starch based
Products
Products
! !Hindustan Lever Ltd. Hindustan Lever Ltd.
! !Colgate Palmolive Ltd. Colgate Palmolive Ltd.
! !Lotte Lotte India Ltd. India Ltd.
! !Perfetti Perfetti Vanmelle Vanmelle India Ltd. India Ltd.
! !Nutriene Nutriene Confectionary Ltd. Confectionary Ltd.
! !ITC Limited. ITC Limited.
! !Wrigley India Ltd. Wrigley India Ltd.
! !Cadbury India Ltd. Cadbury India Ltd.
! !Aviat Aviat Chemicals Ltd. Chemicals Ltd.
! !Hindustan Latex Ltd. Hindustan Latex Ltd.
! !Glaxo Glaxo Smithkline Smithkline Ltd. Ltd.
! !Kissan Kissan Foods Ltd. Foods Ltd.
! !Marico Marico Oil Industries Oil Industries
! !Merck India Ltd. Merck India Ltd.
! !Kamani Kamani Oil Mills. Oil Mills.
! !Wardex Wardex Laboratories Ltd. Laboratories Ltd.
! !Griffon Labs Ltd. Griffon Labs Ltd.
! !Emcure Emcure Pharma Pharma Ltd. Ltd.
! !Britannia India Ltd. Britannia India Ltd.
! !Godrej Godrej Agrovet Agrovet Ltd. Ltd.
! !Modern Food Industries Ltd. Modern Food Industries Ltd.
! !Nestle India Ltd. Nestle India Ltd.
! !Heinz India Ltd. Heinz India Ltd.
! !Campco Campco Ltd. Ltd.
! !Bombay Dyeing Ltd. Bombay Dyeing Ltd.
76 76
Thank You