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The (multiple-input multiple-output) MIMO systems, the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver have been increasing interest because they offer a significant performance improvement, not only in terms of spectral efficiency, but also in terms of reliability.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been chosen for many communications systems and distribution. This modulation is particularly well suited to selective channels and has a very low implementation complexity. In this work the combination of a MIMO system and an OFDM is studied. With an adaptive system different criteria are analyzed including minimizing the maximum of the mean squared error of subcarriers or minimization of joint beamforming means error rate (beamforming). But we choose the best criterion.
The (multiple-input multiple-output) MIMO systems, the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver have been increasing interest because they offer a significant performance improvement, not only in terms of spectral efficiency, but also in terms of reliability.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been chosen for many communications systems and distribution. This modulation is particularly well suited to selective channels and has a very low implementation complexity. In this work the combination of a MIMO system and an OFDM is studied. With an adaptive system different criteria are analyzed including minimizing the maximum of the mean squared error of subcarriers or minimization of joint beamforming means error rate (beamforming). But we choose the best criterion.
The (multiple-input multiple-output) MIMO systems, the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver have been increasing interest because they offer a significant performance improvement, not only in terms of spectral efficiency, but also in terms of reliability.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been chosen for many communications systems and distribution. This modulation is particularly well suited to selective channels and has a very low implementation complexity. In this work the combination of a MIMO system and an OFDM is studied. With an adaptive system different criteria are analyzed including minimizing the maximum of the mean squared error of subcarriers or minimization of joint beamforming means error rate (beamforming). But we choose the best criterion.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT)
Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190
37 www.ijaert.org MIMO-OFDMsystemwith adaptive beamforming Bouamama Rda Sadouki 1 , Mouhamed Djebbouri 2 , Menouar Ogbi 3 1, 2, 3 Electronics Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbs Telecom Laboratory LTTNS, ALGERIA ABSTRACT The (multiple-input multiple-output) MIMO systems, the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver have been increasing interest because they offer a significant performance improvement, not only in terms of spectral efficiency, but also in terms of reliability. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been chosen for many communications systems and distribution. This modulation is particularly well suited to selective channels and has a very low implementation complexity. In this work the combination of a MIMO system and an OFDM is studied. With an adaptive system different criteria are analyzed including minimizing the maximum of the mean squared error of subcarriers or minimization of joint beamforming means error rate (beamforming). But we choose the best criterion. Keywords: FFT-OFDM, MIMO-OFDM, COFDM. 1. Introduction: We study how to combine OFDM with multi-antenna system. In our work, we use approaches, adaptive beamforming spouse whose block diagram. It is to send the same symbols, but on the different antennas by weighting them with a specific weight to each carrier and each reception antenna , the signals of different antennas are also added after being weighted by weight. In this work, we consider only the same constellation is used for all carriers. The weight calculation based on the knowledge of the channel for transmission and reception and is adapted during variations thereof, hence the term adaptive. In this work, we study how to calculate these weights. Different criteria based on the MSE. 2. Mathematical model of the system: Let N t and N r , the number of antennas for transmission and reception. The use of a cyclic prefix is used to represent the system in the form: (1) Where L denotes the number of the carrier, the vector transmitted the frequency of the channel matrix, and the received vector and the complex additive white noise, the covariance matrix . Since the weights are specific to each antenna and each carrier, the transmitted signal is: (2) Or is the vector of weights and transmit complex symbol sent on subcarrier beamforming L. Similarly, the receiver weights the received signal: (3) Where is the weight vector of beamforming reception and the estimated carrier symbol L. The transmitter power is limited, we impose the constraint: (4) The units of energy transmission of N symbols, is a unitary energy. 2-1 Beamforming criteria: We inform the performance criteria Beamforming. Given its importance, the simulation was carried out by sending four times more bits than the other simulations. In this work we used the vas criterion for the performance of each criterion, the criterions theoretically sum - ber is the best criteria. However, we note that the max- mse criterion is very close for BER < 10 -2 . For BER > 10 -2 , the standard max- mse is worse than the criteria sum - mse and harm - SINR that there are very close to the sum - ber . For better error rate, the criterion max- mse is much better against these two criteria. By the uniform power allocation that achieves the standard prod - SINR has very poor performance against the criteria mentioned so for. The prod - mse criterion, meanwhile displays the worst performance of all criteria. Should study the implementation complexity. All methods require, for each carrier, two matrix inversions of size Nr Nr and the value decomposition / own a matrix of size Nt Nt vectors. The sum - mse mse International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190 38 www.ijaert.org methods and prod - are slightly more complex because they require a small iterative process to determine the constraint satisfactory power. The sum - ber method is by far the high is complexity. Indeed, at each iteration of the logarithmic barrier method, the calculation of the adaptation of Newton requires the inversion of a matrix of size N N. In conclusion, MSE. The idea developed in [22] is to minimize the largest MSE. The mean square error ( MSE ) for the carrier k is a function of the non-convex and and . However, for fixed , is convex and vice versa. Since , each independently can be minimized by choosing MSE K , given by: (5) (6) Then the MSE value: (7) Or is the maximum eigenvalue of and The lower bound is attained by choosing in the direction of the eigenvector associated There for, one can focus on the minimization of the lower terminal of each MSE K , which is a convex function . It thus amounts to a power allocation problem. In the following, we study three different criteria which beings employees. Arrow convex shape, the problem is given by (8) with (9) (10) The solution is calculated directly : (11) But the biggest drawback of joint beamforming is the need to have an estimate of the channel program. Figure 1 compares the error rate obtained if the transmitter has perfect knowledge of the channel or zero. It is found that the degradation is very important. the max- mse criterion is the one that presents the best compromise error rate / complexity. In general, the max- mse performance is limited by the carrier with the is wide 2.2 The capacity of MIMO channel: The capacity of a MIMO as the previous system : ( 12) Especially if we assume = lambda.i , then the capacity is written: ( 13) this ability is generally written in the following form : ( 14) 3. Simulations: In this thesis, we will determine the performance of MIMO systems with joint adaptive beamforming COFDM , combining multiple antennas for transmission and reception, these multi-antenna systems , or MIMO ( Multi -Input for Multi -Output ) have the potential to significantly increase the capacity of wireless transmissions and the simulator was developed in MATLAB 7. The simulations follow the steps shown in the following block diagram with parameters used in the simulations are based largely on the two reference standards: IEEE Hiper Lan /2. And this simulation it is processed by the following steps: 3-1 modulation OFDM and C_OFDM: 3-1-1 Number of subcarriers: The figure ( 1.2) shows the performance for different values of N, the number of subcarriers with a recess identical bandwidth. It is observed, increase the number of subcarrier decrease the width of each subcarrier band, so that last for less than the width of the coherence band which improved the performance of the OFDM system. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 Eb/N0 (dB) B E R N=64 N=128 N=256 N=512 Figure 1.2 influence of the number of subcarriers International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190 39 www.ijaert.org 3-1-2 Size of the constellations: Figure (1.3) shows the performance of deferent constellations to see the result of SNR versus bit error rate 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 Eb/N0 (dB) B E R QPSK data2 16-QAM Figure 1.3 the influence of the size of the constellation with N = 64 There is a performance degradation when the number of states of the constellation used increases. This results from the decrease of the Euclidean distance between the constellations for different states of FIG increasing size ( 1.3) except for the passage of a BPSK constellation in a constellation for QPSK in this case , the distances are the same ( the BPSK exploiting only the real part while the constellations QPSK (and more) also operate the imaginary part ) . 3-1-3 Cyclic Prefixes: The figure (1.4) show the evolution of bit error rate and SNR using the cyclic prefix or not . A saturation effect is observed: when the prefix length exceeds the length of the impulse response , there is no ISI and further increase is unnecessary and even harmful in the sense that the prefix consumes some of the bandwidth . 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 Eb/N0 (dB) B E R = b i t
e r r o r
r a t e withowt CP with CP Figure 1.4 the influence of the cyclic prefix length with (N = 64) and without cyclic prefix 3-2 Beamforming: Figure (1.5), gives information on the performance criteria Beamforming. Given its importance , the simulation was carried out by sending four times more bits than the other simulations. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 Eb/N0 (dB) B E R prd-mse prd-snr hrm-snr max-mse sum-mse Fig.1.5 Performance criteria beamforming As might be expected, the standard sum-ber is the best criteria. However, we note that the max-mse criterion is very close for BER <10-2. For BER> 10-2, the standard max-mse is worse than the criteria sum-mse and harm- SINR that there are very close to the sum-ber. For better error rate, the criterion max-mse is much better against these two criteria. By the uniform power allocation that achieves the standard prod-SINR has very poor performance against the criteria mentioned so far. The prod-mse criterion, meanwhile displays the worst performance of all criteria. In conclusion, the max-mse criterion is the one that presents the best compromise error / complexity ratio. 3-3 Capacity of a transmission channel: This simulation we calculate the bit error rate as a function of Signal to Noise for MISO, SIMO, MIMO and for different SNR we have a bit error rate to decrease by increasing the number of antennas at the reception and also reducing the number of symbols transmitted. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190 40 www.ijaert.org 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 Eb/N0 (dB) B E R mimo(1,1) mimo(1,2) mimo(2,2) mimo(4,4) mimo(3,3) mimo(5,5) mimo(6,6) Figure 1.7performance the (BER) of a MIMO system (Nt, Nr) Figure (1.7) compares the performance (BER, "Error Bit Rate") of a MIMO system (Nt, Nr) relative to SISO systems, MISO, which is a conventional transmission without spatial diversity ( Nt= Nr = 1). It is the result of a simulation where the symbols are derived from a QPSK constellation. Recall that the total power used is the same in all three systems, so the comparison is fair. We see a significant improvement in performance, especially in the MIMO (4,4) case, (5.5) and (6.6). 4. Conclusion: In this work, we are interested in the combination of MIMO and OFDM modulation encoded with convolutional code in a WLAN environment category. We started by studying the transmission channel and its influence on the performance of the proposed systems. In particular, we have seen the great interest of spatial diversity . While reducing power levels, spatial diversity allows very significant gains in terms of error rate . There was a symmetry in performance : an M N system to the same performance as a system N M. We have also seen that the total number of antennas given, it is best to choose a symmetrical configuration : Nt = Nr Finally , the influence of the correlation between antennas was evaluated. We noted a relatively small degradation. Nevertheless, it should refine these results by adopting a more elaborate model correlation. It was dealt with typical OFDM characteristics. The advantage of the cyclic prefix has been highlighted. It has also been great sensitivity to frequency offsets, which necessarily requires synchronize. And was devoted to design beamforming weights. Different criteria have been studied . The max- mse criterion that minimizes the maximum MSE among all subcarriers present the best compromise complexity / error rate. In sum, the MIMO -COFDM systems will certainly play a major role in future communication systems. The Joint beamforming is very simple but its Achilles heel is the need of the knowledge of channel transmission which limits its application to local systems or limited mobility. His "competitor", the space- frequency coding, does not require this knowledge which enables the also consider for cellular mobile systems. REFERENCES [1] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless Communications in fading environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 311335, March 1998. [2] H. Bolcskei and A. J. Paulraj, Space-frequency Coded broadband OFDM systems, in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, September 2000, vol. 1, pp. 16. [3] B. Lu and X. Wang, Space-time code design in OFDM systems, in Proc. IEEE Globecom Conference, San Francisco, CA, November 2000. [4] Z. Liu, G. B. Giannakis, S. Barbarossa, and A. Scaglione, Transmit-antennae space-time block coding for generalized OFDM in the presence of unknown multipath, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 13521364, July 2001. [5] S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 14511458, October 1998. [6] Z. Wang and G. B. Giannakis, Wireless multicarrier Communications: Where Fourier meets Shannon, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 2948, May 2000. [22] A.P. Iserte, A.I. Perez-Neira, D.P. Palomar, and M.A. Lagunas, Power allocation techniques for joint beamforming in OFDM-MIMO channels, Proceedings EUSIPCO 2002, (Toulouse, France), September 2002.