LIZA, ERIEL-LYNN E.

BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY 1
BS ARCHITECTURE ARCH. CESAR
ESGUERRA

DIFFERENT TYPE OF PORTLAND CEMENT

1. White Portland Cement

Same materials as normal portland except in color. The manufacturing process is controlled to
produce a pure white, non-staining cement. It is used primarily for architectural purposes such as curtain
wall and facing panels, decorative concrete stucco and tile grout, or wherever white or colored concrete or
mortar is specified.

2. Masonry Cement

Has been specially designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal Portland cement or
with a lime-cement combination. The mortar made with this cement has particularly good plasticity and
workability, good adhesion and bond.

3. Air-entraining Portland Cement

Small amounts of certain air-entraining agents are added to the clinker and ground with it to
produce air entraining cements, effective use for resistance to severe frost.

4 Oil Well Cement

This is a special portland cement used for sealing oil wells. It must be slow setting and resistant to
high temperatures and pressures.

5. Waterproofed Portland Cement

Normally produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to the cement
clinker during the final grinding.


VERNACULAR TERMS IN ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION


DIFFERENT KINDS OF CEMENT







DIFFERENT KINDS OF AGGREGATES

1. NATURAL AGGREGATES

FINE AGGREGATES
- such as crushed stone sand, crushed gravel sand or natural sand with particles
passing on a 5mm (1/4) sieve.
- The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act
as a workability agent.

COARSE AGGREGATES
- Such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel, with particles retained on a
5mm sieve (1/4).
- As with fine aggregate, for increased workability and economy as reflected by the
use of less cement, the coarse aggregate should have a rounded shape.

2. GAP GRADED AGGREGATES produce very pleasing appearance. There is a large
percentage of coarse aggregate and a small percentage of fine aggregates with no aggregate in
the intermediate size range.

3. SPECIAL AGGREGATES decorative aggregates. Include: granite, quartz, quartzite,
crystalline, onyx, pebbles, marbles, glass, ceramic, alundum and emery.

4. LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES aggregate use for light weight structural concrete is
produced by heating such materials as clay, shale or slate.

5. PERLITE/ VERMICULITE (pyroclastic materials from volcanic eruption) used for
building insulation for indoor temperature control (wall filler).

DIFFERENT KINDS OF CONCRETE AD MIXTURE

1. MINERAL ADMIXTURE
- are usually added to concrete in larger amounts to enhance the workability of fresh concrete; to
improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion, and sulfate
attack; and to enable a reduction in cement content.
- are finely divided siliceous materials which are added to concrete in relatively large amounts,
generally in the range of 20 to 70 percent by mass of the total cementitious material.

FLY-ASH a by-product of coal fired electric generating plants, it is used to partially
replace Portland cement (by up to 60% by mass). The properties of fly ash depend on the
type of coal burnt. In general, siliceous fly ash is pozzolanic, while calcareous fly ash has
latent hydraulic properties.

SILICA FUME a by-product of the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. Silica
fume is similar to fly ash, but has a particle size 100 times smaller. This results in a
higher surface to volume ratio and a much faster pozzolanic reaction. Silica fume is used
to increased strength and durability of concrete, but generally requires the use of super
plasticizers for workability.


METAKAOLIN produces concrete with strength and durability similar to concrete
made with silica fume. While silica fume is usually dark gray or black in color, high-
reactivity matakaolin is usually bright white in color, making it the preferred choice for
architectural concrete appearance is important.

GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG a by-product of steel
production is used to partially replace Portland cement (by up to 80% by mass). It has a
latent hydraulic properties.

- Is obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or stream, to
produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder.

2. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE
- are materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the concrete to give it certain
characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes. In normal use, admixture dosages are less than
5% by mass of cement and are added to the concrete at the time of batching/mixing.

ACCELERATORS speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
RETARDERS slow the hydration of concrete.
PLASTICIZERS increase the workability of plastic or fresh concrete.
AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS spreads out evenly air bubbles inside concrete mixture,
making it more compact and homogenous, and avoiding large empty voids.
PIGMENTS can be used to change the colour of concrete, for aesthetics.

WHAT ARE MORTARS AND CONCRETE?

1. MORTARS (cement, sand and water) a hardening material of specially selected mixtures of a
binder. Used in building to bond bricks or stones.

2. CONCRETE (aggregate; coarse, fine, Cement, Sand and Admixture) a heavy, rough building
material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand cement and water that can be
spread or poured. Extensively used for making architectural structures, foundations, pavements
etc.