CLOCKS AND CALENDAR

1. Clocks:
(i) The minute hand (M.H) passes over 60 minute spaces (M.S) in 1 hour.
(ii) The hour hand (H.H) goes over minute spaces (M.S) in 1 hour.
(iii) The minute hand (M.H) takes 60 minutes to gain minute spaces (M.S) over
the hour hand (H.H)
(iv) To gain 1 M.S over the H.H.! it takes

60
min or
11
1"
min #or the minute hand
". $n ever% hour:
(i) The hands coincide once
(ii) The hands are straight (pointing in opposite directions) once. $n this position!
the hands are &0 minute spaces (M.S) apart.
(iii) The hands are t'ice at right angles. $n this position the hands are 1(minute
spaces apart.
(iv) The minute hand moves through 6 in each minute 'hereas the hour hand
moves through ) in each minute.
&. $n a da%! i.e.! in "* hours:
(i) The hands coincide 11 times in ever% 1" hours (Since! +et'een 11 and 1
o,clock! there is a common position 1" o,clock 'hen the hands coincide.
Hence "" times in "* hours
(ii) The hands point to'ards e-actl% opposite directions 11 times in 1" hours
(+et'een 6 and .! there is a common position 6 o,clock! 'hen the hands are
straight). Hence "" times in "* hours.
(iii) The hands o# a clock are at right angles t'ice ever% hour! +ut in 1" hours!
the% are at right angles "" times and thus ** times in a da%. There are t'o
positions common in ever% 1" hours! one at & o,clock and again at / o,clock.
(iv) 0n% relative position o# the hands o# a clock is repeated 11 times in ever% 1"
hours.
(v) The hands are straight (coincide or in opposite directions) ** times in *1
hours.
C0234506:
(i) 2eap %ear is a multiple o# 7*,
2eap %ear has "/ da%s #or 8e+ruar%
4ormal %ear has "1 da%s #or 8e+ruar%
2eap %ear: &66 da%s! " 'eeks 9 " odd da%s
4on(2eap %ear: &6 da%s! " 'eeks 9 1 odd da%
8or each leap %ear! the da% o# the 'eek advances +% t'o #or a date.
8or a non(leap %ear! the 'eekda% o# a speci#ic date 'ill increase +% one in the ne-t
%ear.
(ii) 100 %ears : .6 ordinar% %ears 9 "* leap %ears
: .6 odd da%s 9 "* " odd da%s : 1"* odd da%s
: 1. 'eeks 9 da%s
100 %ears contain odd da%s
(iii) "00 %ears contain & odd da%s
(iv) &00 %ears contain 1 odd da%
(v) 8irst ;anuar% 0.5. 'as Monda%. There#ore! 'e must count da%s #rom Sunda%!
i.e. Sunda% #or 70, odd da%. Monda% #or 1 odd da%. Tuesda% #or " odd da%s and
so on
(vi) 2ast da% o# a centur% cannot +e a Tuesda%! Thursda% or Saturda%
(vii) The #irst da% o# a centur% must +e a Monda%! Tuesda%! Thursda% or Saturda%.
(viii) Centur% %ear is not a leap %ear unless it is a multiple o# *00.
1.
0t 'hat time +et'een * and 'ill the hands o# a 'atch
(a) Coincide (+) +e at right angle (c) point in opposite direction<
Sol:
(a) 0t *,o clock! the hands are "0 minutes apart. So! the minute hand
must gain "0 minutes +e#ore the hands coincide. Since the minute hand gains
minutes in 60 minutes o# time! to gain "0 minutes! the re=uired time :

"0
60
:
11
/
"1
11
"*0
= minutes.
>oth the hands coincide at
11
/
"1 minutes past * o, clock
(+) 0t *,o clock! the hands are "0 minutes apart. The% 'ill +e at right
angles. ?hen there is a space o# 1 minutes +et'een them. This situation can
happen t'ice (i) 'hen the minute hand has gained ("0 @ 1) : minutes
(ii) ?hen the minute hand has gained ("0 9 1) : & minutes.
8or the minute hand to gain minutes! it taken
11
*"0
60

=
:&1
11
"
minutes
ie.! &1
11
"
minutes past *,o clock.
".
T'o clocks +egin to strike 1" together. Ane strikes in && seconds and the
other in "" secs. ?hat is the interval +et'een the 6
th
stroke o# the #irst
and the 1
th
stroke o# the second<
Sol:
Since the #irst clocks strike 11 strokes in &&secs! the interval +et'een
t'o consecutive strokes :
11
&&
: & secs.
Similarl%! the interval +et'een t'o successive strokes o# the other clock :
11
""
: " secs.
The 6
th
stroke o# the #irst clock occurs a#ter & : 1 sec. and
the 1
th
stroke o# the "
nd
clock 'ill come a#ter . " : 1* sec.
The interval : 1 @ 1* : 1 sec.
&.
8ind the time +et'een & and *,o clock 'hen the angle +et'een the hands
o# a 'atch is &0
.
Sol:
Case(i)
0t &,o clock! the hands are 1 minutes apart. Clearl%! the M.H
must gain 10 minutes +e#ore the hands include an angle o# &0

.
To gain minutes! the M.H takes 60 minutes o# time.
To gain 10 minutes! the M.H takes min
11
10
10
11
1"0

60 10
= =

0t
11
10
10 minutes past &,o clock. The angle +et'een the M.H and the H.H
'ill +e &0

.
Case(ii)
?hen the M.H gains "0 minutes! the angle +et'een the H.H
and the M.H +ecomes &0

again.
To gain "0 minutes +% the M.H! the time consumed :
11
"*0

60 "0
=

:
11
/
"1 min.
0t
11
/
"1 minutes past &,o clock! the angle +et'een the H.H and the M.H
'ill +e once again &0

.
*.
0 'atch 'hich gains uni#orml% is & minutes slo' at noon on a Sunda% and
is * min. *1 secs. #ast at "p.m. on the #ollo'ing Sunda%. ?hen 'as it
correct<
Sol:
8rom Sunda% noon to the #ollo'ing Sunda% at "p.m! it is . da%s and "
hours : ."*9" : 1.0 hours.
The 'atch gains & 9 * 9 min

*
. or
60
*1
.
60
*1
+ = in 1.0 hours.
$n order to sho' the correct time! the 'atch must gain & minutes to e=ualiBe.
To gain & minutes! the time taken +% the 'atch :
1.0

*
.
&

: & 1.0
&/

hours
: 6.&1 hours
6.&1 hours : " da%s and 1. hours and "& minutes.
The 'atch sho's correct time on Tuesda% at "& minutes past p.m.
CALENDAR
Problems:
1. ?hat da% o# the 'eek 'as "0
th
;une! 11&. 0.5.<
Solution:
8rom 105! 11&6 complete %ears 9 8irst months o# 11&. 9 "0 da%s o# ;une : "0
th
;une11&. 0.5.
8irst 1600 %ears give no odd da%s
4e-t "00 %ears give & odd da%s
4e-t &6 %ears give & odd da%s.
11&6 %ears give & 9 & : 6 odd da%s
8rom 1
st
;anuar% to "0
th
;une 11&.! there are & odd da%s.
Total num+er o# odd da%s : (6 9 &) or : " i.e. " odd da%s
$t means! that the "0
th
;une #alls on the "
nd
odd da% commencing #rom Monda%.
The re=uired da% 'as Tuesda%.
i.e. "0
th
;anuar%! 11&. 'as a Tuesda%.
Add da%s during 1
st
;anuar% to "0
th
;une
(;anuar% : & odd da%s
8e+ruar% : 0
March : &
0pril : "
Ma% : &
;une : 6
Total : 1.)
". Ho' man% times the "/
th
o# a month occur in *00 consecutive %ears<
Solution:
$n *00 consecutive %ears! there are /. leap %ears. Hence! in *00 consecutive %ears!
8e+ruar% has the "/
th
da% occurring /. times and in the remaining 11 months! the
num+er o# times "/
th
da% o# a month occurs
: *00 11 : **00 times
"/
th
da% o# month occurs (**00 9 /.) : **/. times.
6ule:
$n the %ears 1 to100! there are .6 ordinar% %ears 9 "* leap %ears. (see (viii) a+ove)
$n the %ears 1 to*00! there are (* "* 9 1) : /. leap %ears! including the closing
%ear 'hich is leap %ear. (see (viii) a+ove)
&. Toda% is &
rd
4ovem+er. The da% o# the 'eek is Monda%. This is a leap %ear. ?hat
'ill +e the da% o# the 'eek on this da% a#ter & %ears<
Solution:
This is a leap %ear
4one o# the ne-t three %ears 'ill +e a leap %ear. 3ach %ear 'ill give one odd da%. So!
the da% o# the 'eek 'ill +e & odd da%s +e%ond Monda% i.e. it 'ill +e Thursda%.