Bar chart

The x axis shows a variable and the y-axis a function of it. The variable
could be companies of different identities and the function could be the turnover of
each, as below: -
Consider the following questions to ! based on the above data.
".#. $hat % of the average turnover of all the five Co&s, ' to (, is that of C alone)
*a+ ,- *b+ . *c+ /0 *d+ 1-
2olution:
'verage turnover 3
!
,- .- 0- #-- /- + + + +
3 .-*4s.la5hs+
6ndividual turnover of Co. C 3 0- *4s.la5hs+
C is 0-7.- of the average i.e. 07.
07. 3 /! !7.% *c+
".: 6f the turnover of company C were to increase #-% every year, which of the
following figures is closest to its turnover at the end of 8 years from the year shown
in the chart)
*a+ 4s. .1./0 crore *b+ -./- crore *c+ 4s./- la5hs *d+ 4s../ la5hs
2olution:
9resent turnover c 0- *4s.la5hs+
'dd #-% 0
9ro:ected turnover at the end of one year from now 00
'dd #-% 0.0
9ro:ected turnover at the end of two year from now ..0
'dd #-% ..0
9ro:ected turnover at the end of 8 year from now .1./0. ;;;*c+
Turn-over in Rupees Hundred Lakhs in
a certain year.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E
Names of Companies
'n alternative approach:
's there is a rises in the turnover of #-% every year, we may say, every year&s
turnover is ##-% of the previous year&s, i.e. #.# times the previous year&s, and
hence in 8 full year&s turnover will be *#.#+
3
times the present year&s turnover.
*#.#+
8
3 *#<-.#+
8
3# < 8 x -.# < ( ) ( ) .--#
8#
# 8
-.-#
#
8
*by binomial
expansion+
3 #.8< -.-8 < -.--# 3 #.88#
Thus the 8 rd year&s turnover will be #.88# times now
3 #.88# x 0- *4s. la5hs+
3 4s..1./0 la5hs
=ote: *#+ The exact result above is closest to *c+ as can seen by comparison
The true answer in 4s. la5hs 6ndividual answers *4s.+

.1./0,
.1./0 cr. 3 ., 1/0 la5hs
-./- cr. 3 /-- la5hs
3 /- la5hs
3 ./ la5hs
*+ The answer *d+ would be correct if the data has been >6f the turnover of Co. C
were to increase by an average of #-% every year ;..?
The student must note that this is a case of simple rate of increase, when the same
sum is added every year, whereas the actual problem expresses a compound rate of
increase, where the rate of increase every year is the same. 6n other words the
actual problem is one where geometric progression applies, with a mean ratio of #.#
*corresponding to #-% increase+ and the revised problem is one of arithmetic
progression with a common difference of -.#*of the present turnover every year+
i.e.#.8 times in 8 years and wor5s out to #.8 x 0- 3./
".8: 6f Co. ( improves its turnover by #-% on an average every year and Co. @
suffers a decrease at a #-% average every year, in how many years from now will C
begin to be ahead of @ in turnover)
*a+ *b+ 8 *c+ , *d+ !
2olution: 9resent turnover of @ 3 4s.#-- la5hs
9resent turnover of ( 3 4s.,- la5hs
Aap in turnover
@etween @ B ( 3 4s. 0- la5hs
'nnual average drop in @&s
turnover 3 #-% of #-- 3 4s. #- la5hs
'nnual average increase in (&s
turnover 3 #-% of ,- 3 4s. , la5hs
Thus the total or net effective change in the turnovers of @ and ( 3 #- < , 3
4s. #, la5hs every year.
To bridge the gap of 4s. 0- la5hs between them it will ta5e exactly
7
2
4
14
60
= years
*d+
=ote: ,
7
2
is arithmetically closer to , than to !
6t would, however, be incorrect to mar5 *C+ as your response, because in , years,
the turnover of ( will not surpass that of @. Company turnover are ta5en only on a
yearly basis. Cence, you have to mar5 only that year as your response, in which this
would have happenedD that is !, and not ,.
".,: 6f in the year to which the bar chart relates, Co. ' produced -% fewer units of
the same product E than Co. @ and no other products were made by Co. @ either,
compare the units price of product E charged by company ' had company @, in a
ratio.
*a+ #:# *b+ #-:## *c+ ##:# *d+ 0:!
2olution: unit price 3
sale of volume Total
sale of value Total
( )
( )
*a+ # : i.e.# #
/-
#--
#--
/-
sale of volume s @F of #--% 7 la5hs #--
sale of volume s @F of /-% 7 la5hs /-
sale of volume s F turnover7@ s @F
sale of volume s F turnover7' s 'F
@ in x of price Gnit
' in x of price Gnit
= =
=
=
2horter 'pproach:
Horm the chart it is seen '&s turnover 3 /-% of @&s
@y the terms of this question, '&s sale 3 /-% of @&s
Ibviously ' and @ must be selling the product at the same price.