ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284

275

J ournal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL
OF ADVANCED RESEARCH

RESEARCH ARTICLE

AQUAHERB CONDITIONERS: THE SILVER BULLET FOR ASIAN SEABASS Lates
calcarifer AND SILVER POMPANO Trachinotus blochii PROTECTION AGAINST
VIBRIOSIS

Romi Novriadi
1
, Ibtisam
2
, Erick Ochieng Ogello
3
, Harry Agusnar
4
, Shane Willis
5
and KB Haw
6


1) Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Batam, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia
2) Apothecary alumnus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
3) Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kegati Aquaculture Research Station P.O. Box 3259
40200, Kisii, Kenya
4) Mathematic and Natural Science Faculty Research Center, University of Sumatera Utara
5) Director and Biosecurity Trainer, National Aquaculture Training Institute, Australia
6) Product Engineer at Aquacultural Fresh And Marine Exploratory, Singapore

Manuscript Info Abstract

Manuscript History:
Received: 15 May 2014
Final Accepted: 22 June 2014
Published Online: July 2014

Key words:
Aqua herbal conditioners, Silver
Pompano, Asian Seabass,
Percentage survival, Immune
response, V. harveyi, V.
parahaemolyticus

Corresponding Author
Romi_bbl@yahoo.co.id

Romi Novriadi
1



Alternative strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of bacterial
infection and prevention of diseases in aquaculture are necessary since the
ongoing efficacy of antibiotics is proving to be unsustainable. One of the
most promising approach is the use of aqua herbal conditioners to stimulate
the immune system of fish to allow them to fight off infections. In this study,
the protective effect of aqua herbal conditioners produced from, mainly,
mangrove and neem plant extracts in marine fish, was tested on Asian
Seabass Lates calcarifer and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii at 8-10 g
of weight size. Challenge tests were performed by immersion with two
pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, at a
concentration of 10
5
cells ml
-1
for 60 minutes after 12 h, 24 h and 36 h
conditioning treatment. The experimental trial show that after 72 h,
commercially available aqua herbal conditioners (AquaHerb) was able to
significantly increase the percentage survival of L. calcarifer and T. blochii
and reduces their susceptibilityto the V.harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus.
Significantly higher leukocytesnumber, monocyte, neutrophil
andphagocyticindexwere detected in all conditioning group for Silver
Pompano and Asian Seabass. These results suggest that the combination of
herbal extracts together with other trace elements contained in AquaHerb
were able to act as immunostimulants and appear to improve the immune
status and disease resistance of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano.
.
Copy Right, IJAR, 2014,. All rights reserved

INTRODUCTION
Currently, disease outbreaks have become a major constraint to the sustainability of aquaculture
production, especially in the marine fish farming system (Nagasawa and Cruz-Lacierda, 2004). Potential economic
losses from disease outbreaks are significant, and can affect the production, profitability and sustainability of the
aquaculture industry (Ruwandeepika, H.A.D, 2010). Many diseases that mostly caused by pathogenic or
opportunistic bacteria (Bachre, 2003) are linked to the degradation of water quality and stress associated with
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
276

(super) intensive culture system (Sritunyalucksana, K. 2001), which often leads to high mortalities in nauplii or
juvenile stages of aquatic organisms (Marques et al., 2005).
Among the bacterial pathogens, vibriosis is a well-known cause of serious problems in the aquaculture
industry with a worldwide occurrence (Toranzo & Barja, 1990). This disease has been described as vibriosis or
bacterial disease, penaeid bacterial septicemia, penaeid vibriosis, luminescent vibriosis or red leg disease (Aguirre-
Guzman et al., 2004). Several pathogens belonging to the Vibrio sp. have become a nightmare in aquaculture
industry. One of the most important species that are associated with human and animal diseases is Vibrio
parahaemolyticus (Ruwandeepika, H.A.D, 2010). This species occurs along marine coastal waters and is a
commonly known worldwide as a leding causative agent of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis (Levin,
2006; DePaola et al., 1990; Joseph et al., 1982) and diseases in Brine shrimp Artemia (Gunther & Catena, 1980;
Puente et al., 1992; Rico-Mora & Voltolina, 1995; Orozco-Medina et al., 2002) and L. vannamei with different
characteristics e.g. gill necrosis, lethargy, and loss of appetite (Aguirre Guzman et al., 2010).

Until recently, conventional treatment used to control bacterial diseases in aquatic organisms was the
administration of antibiotics and disinfectants (Brown, 1989). However, unresponsible use of antibiotics has
stimulated the development of bacterial resistance (Defoirdt et al., 2007; Subasinghe, 1997) and allergy in humans
(Alderman & Hastings, 1998; Cabello, 2006). Therefore, it became clear that several alternative strategies to control
the microbiota in aquaculture system are urgently needed.
Among other prophylactic approach (such as vaccines, immunostimulants and probiotics), the use of herbal
biomedicines is receiving considerable attention to control the bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in vertebrates
(Dhayanithi et al., 2013; Shangliang et al., 1990; Novriadi and Haw, 2014; Zhang et al., 2009 ) and invertebrates
(Direkbusarakom et al., 1998; Harikrishnan et al., 2011). Interestingly, the use of those prophylactic approach
including herbal remedies to the fish have provided several benefits such as reducing stress response, increasing the
activity of innate parameters and improving disease resistance (Austin & Brunt, 2009; Hoffmann, 2009;
Magnadttir, 2010; Nayak, 2010). However, none of herbal biomedicines studies have provided sufficient
information on the immune response activation of Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii and Asian Seabass Lates
calcarifer in the early period of grow out production.
In marine fish, stimulation of innate humoral and cellular defense mechanisms and not the acquired
immune response become the main platform to increase the resistance of host from infectious diseases. It is well
known that fish are more depends on non specific defense mechanism than mammals (Anderson, 1992). Therefore,
in order to observe the humoral and cellular components in fish. it is necessary to study a number of biologically
relevant assays such as phagocytic cells similar to macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells and also
various humoral defense components, such as lysozyme production, natural hemolycin, transferin and C-reactive
protein (CRP) (Secombes et al., 1996, Sakai, 1999).
In present study, the use of herbal biomedicines as an immunostimulant in combination with Vibrio
parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi for the challenge test was evaluated in a gnotobiotic culture system to study
the effects of this prophylactic approach to enhance the immune system in marine fishes. For that purpose,
commercially available herbal bio-medicines (Invertebrates Aqua Conditioner-AquaHerb) were offered to
gnotobiotic Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer). The survival of T. blochii
and L. calcarifer was observed during various challenge tests and number of cellular immune response were
gathered after conditioning and challenge test. The results will provide us with the possibility of herbal aqua-
conditioners to induce the immune response of marine fishes against V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus.

I. Material and Method
II.1 Experimental animal and culture tank
Juvenile of Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) with single weight
size (8-10 g) were collected from Batam Mariculture Development Center, Riau Island Province, Indonesia and
maintenance of Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) were done in
experimental tanks. The site consists with spherical tank containing 175 L saline water (30 mg l
-1
) with UV treated
seawater and filtered by 1 mm cartridge filter. Internal aerator with flow rate of 0.3 l min
-1
for all tanks was used.
Parameters like dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH were monitored twice a day. Meanwhile, other parameters
such as Ammonia (NH
3
), Nitrit (NO
2
), Nitrat (NO
3
) and Posphate (PO
4
) were monitored once a day. Fish were fed
ad libitum three times per day with commercial feed only after conditioning period.
II.2 Experimental design
The eco-friendly herbal-based bioconditioners (AquaHerb) for Aquaculture (AquaHerb) were used to
enhance and promoted several immune response in marine fishes. The 8-10 gr of Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
277

were exposed to a concentration of 0.03 g L
-1
of AquaHerb for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment prior to
feeding and challenge with V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. The control consisted out of juvenile that were not
exposed to anything. A washing step was performed to remove all remaining AquaHerb before transferring to
experimental tanks and immersed in V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus suspension at a density of 10
5
cells.ml
-1
for
60 minutes. All treatments were compared to a control group that was not exposed to the AquaHerb. The experiment
was done with three replicates per treatment and survival as well as the number of immune response was determined
for 72 hours after each conditioning period.

II.3 Bacterial culture and growth conditions
II.3.1 Bacterial strains
Two bacterial strains were examined as pathogens, namely: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Pure cultures of the bacterial strains were obtained from the Brackishwater Research Centre Laboratory-Jepara. Both
pathogens belonging to the Vibrio harveyi complex and were selected because they are known as virulent pathogens
for aquatic organisms (Ruwandeepika, H.A.D, 2010)

II.3.2 Bacterial Culture
Isolates of the two bacterial strains Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus that were previously stored
in 30% glycerol at -80
0
C, were aseptically inoculated in 30 ml marine broth by incubation overnight at 25
0
-28
0
C
with constant agitation. 150 l was subsequently transferred and grown to stationery phase in 30 ml marine broth six
hours before challenge. The bacterial densities were determined spectrophotometrically at an optical density of 550
nm. The bacterial densities were calculated using the equation: Concentration (CFU/ml) = [1200*10
6
*OD]
according to McFarland standard, (BioMerieux, Marcy L'Etoile, France), assuming that an OD
550
=1.000
corresponds to 1.210
9
cells/ml

II.3.3 Bacterial Stock
1 ml of the bacterial colony was transferred and grown to stationery phase in 5 mL of Difco Marine
Broth 2216 by incubation overnight at 25
0
-28
0
C with constant agitation. Bacterial suspensions were then transferred
to centrifugation tubes and centrifuged at 4000 g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and pellets were
resuspended in 7 ml filtered autoclaved sea water (FASW). The solution was homogenized and 3 ml of 30%
Glycerol solution was added. 150 l of each colony was distributed to the sterilized Eppendorf tube and stored at -
80
0
C.

II.4 Cellular Immune Response and Analysis
Blood sampling was performed after on 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment and 72 h post-bacterial
challenge test. Ten fish from each treatment and control were taken to determine the number and percentage of
leukocyte count, neutrophile, monocyte and phagocytic based on Anderson and Sewicki (1993); Blaxhall PC (1972)
and Wedemeyer and Yasutake (1977).

II.6 Percentage Survival of Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass
The survival (%) of Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass were determined according to procedures described
by Marques et al. (2004). For this purpose, the number of live Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass was registered
before conditioning or challenge with bacteria by counting with the naked eye. At the end of experiment, the number
of swimming fish was scored and survival (%) was calculated according to the following equation :






II.7 Statistical Analysis
Survival data of Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass were arcsine transformed for statistical comparisons to
satisfy normal distribution and homoscedasticity requirements. Survival data were subjected to one way ANOVA
followed by Tukeys multiple comparison range using the statistical software SPSS version 21.0 to determine
significant differences among treatments. All significance levels of the statistical analysis were set at p<0.05.



Survival (%) = Final number of surviving animals / initial number of animals x 100%

ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
278


II. Results
Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii are important aquaculture
food fish species cultured in Indonesia. Asian Seabass culture commenced in Bandar Lampung in 1980 while Silver
Pompano commenced in Batam in the beginning of 2005. With recent advances in culture technology, production of
both species continued to increase and expected to reach 20% per year over the coming years (Mayunar, 1999).
However, the dramatic increase in the production of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano and constantly in contact
with parasites, bacteria and viruses in (super) intensive culture system that commonly applied in Indonesia has led to
the emergence of infectious diseases within these systems.
In the last two decades, antibiotics were widely used, not only for controlling aquatic diseases, but also for
promoting the growth of fish (Cabello, 2006). This massive mis(use) of antibiotics has stimulated the emergence of
bacterial resistance and challenged researchers to find alternative strategies (De Schryver et al., 2009). Therefore,
instead of antibiotics, increasing attention is being paid to the use of herbal medicine for the treatment and control of
many diseases in marine fish farming (Duke, 1987). Herbal treatment has been recently shown to be instrumental as
an anti-microbial activity, facilitate growth, and maturation of cultured species (Novriadi and Haw, 2014;
Dhayanithi et al., 2010; Shangliang et al., 1990; Harikrishnan et al., 2011a). Moreover, the administration of anti-
stress characteristics of herbs through oral (diet) or injection route enhance the innate and adaptive immune response
of fish and shellfish against bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases (Harikrishnan et al., 2011a) and rapidly degraded
without posing any environmental hazard (Maqsood et al., 2011).
In this study, commercially available herbal medicines AquaHerb were chosen because of their recorded
ability to enhance the activity of the marine fish immune system. AquaHerb specially developed from combination
of highly purified mangrove and neem extracts, immune system promoters, essential osmoregulatory salts and trace
elements. Today, mangrove that have been used to treat various diseases for centuries are being applied in a wide
range of aquaculture activity to control the bacterial, fungal and viral diseases (Kathiseran, 2000; Valentin et al.,
2010; Dhayanithi et al., 2012). The second highly purified plant extract, neem Azadirachta indica has been known
as an antibacterial and express good in vitro activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter sp., Streptococcus
sp., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Proteus sp., Vibrio cholerae, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus and Yersinia
enterocolitica (Dhayanithi et al., 2010).
The results from this study presented in Figure 1 indicated that AquaHerb conditioning was able to
significantly increased the percentage survival of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano survival challenged with V.
harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus at a density of 10
5
cells/ml in comparison to control (p<0.05). In contrast, both
marine fish species that were not primed with AquaHerb and fed solely with commercial fed could not resist this
pathogen and showed low survival at different time points. After challenged with V. harveyi and V.
parahaemolyticus survival of fish treated with AquaHerb was improved when compared with the control group. It is
possible that the higher survival is the result of enhancement of some components of non-specific immune system of
the marine fish by AquaHerb. Moreover, at 24 h and 36 h of AquaHerb conditioning group provided better survival
than the 12 h conditioning with and/or without challenged. These survival results suggest that the efficacy of 0.03 g
L
-1
of AquaHerb lasted for long term of conditioning in the presence of pathogens. This in line with the study from
Yin et al., (2008) and Ramamurthy et al. (2014) who stated that the combination of purified plant extract and long
term of herbal application were able to enhanced the survivability of treated fish.
The results from this study also showed that AquaHerb were able to modulate some parameters of the non-
specific immune functions of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano. The non-specific defence mechanisms of fishes
include leukocyte function (Govind et al., 2012), neutrophil activation, production of peroxidase and oxidative
radicals, together with initiation of other inflammatory factors (Ellis, 1977; Ainsworth et al., 1991). In this study fish
conditioned with AquaHerb showed an elevated leukocyte number over the whole period of the experiment in
comparison to control (Table 1). In the presence of V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus, 24 h of AquaHerb
conditioning treatment were able to significantly improved the fishes survival in comparison to other conditioning
treatment. Interestingly, the leukocytes level of control group were also increased in the presence of pathogens.
However, the number it self is still lower than that of the AquaHerb treated group. The high number of leukocytes in
the presence of pathogen could be due to the main function of leukocytes as one component of non-specific immune
system that will localize and eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis (Sukenda et al., 2008)

ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
279


Figure 1. Histogram of the mean survival (%) of Silver Pompano T. blochii (A) and Asian Seabass (B) exposed to
0.03 g L
-1
of AquaHerb for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment prior to feeding and challenged. Control
indicates no treatments. SP corresponds to silver Pompano; AS corresponds to Asian seabass. Aq corresponds to
AquaHerb; Aq+VP corresponds to AquaHerb and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus; Aq+VH corresponds to
AquaHerb and challenged with V. harveyi. Survival was scored at 72 h after challenge. Significant differences
between the treatment and control are indicated by different letters (p<0.05; n=3).
Number of leukocytes (10
3
cell ml
-1
)
No Treatments
Silver Pompano (A) Asian Seabass (B)
12 h 24 h 36 h 12 h 24 h 36 h
1 AquaHerb 1091,9 112.31,8 105.31,2 93.41.7 107.52.2 98.11.2
2 AquaHerb+ VP 128.41.2 134.12.2 129.70,8 123.10.8 133.20.9 126.41.5
3 AquaHerb + VH 130.30.3 137.50.7 125.90.4 123.11.8 138.30.7 127.20.9
4 Control 58.21.7 55.41.9 52.71.8 53.31.5 46.21.1 45.11.9
5 Control + VP 78.51.9 79.32.1 56.70.8 76.32.1 78.32.9 79.41.5
6 Control VH 81.22.2 78.40.9 59.30.3 77.81.1 79.61.7 80.51.9

Table 1. Leukocytes number (averagestd.deviation) of Silver Pompano T. blochii (A) and Asian Seabass (B)
exposed to 0.03 g L
-1
of AquaHerb for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment prior to feeding and challenge
with V. harveyi (VH) and V. parahaemolyticus (VP).

In this study, AquaHerb conditioning treatment had increased total percentage of Asian Seabass and Silver
Pompano monocytes in the presence or absence of pathogen. As fish are infected, monocytes which are the main
cells of the non-specific defense system shifts from blood cells into tissue and become macrophages that are capable
to kill a variety of pathogens including bacteria (Wijendra and Pathiratne, 2007). The result presented in Figure 2
showed that the overall monocytes number of the challenged fishes were significantly higher in AquaHerb group in
comparison to control (P<0.05). In the absence of pathogen, AquaHerb was able to improve the monocytes number
equal to the control group challenged with pathogen. This noted phenomenon indicates a positive prophylactic
response by Aquaherb.
A B
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
280


Figure 2. Histogram of the mean monocytes (%) of Silver Pompano T. blochii (A) and Asian Seabass (B) exposed
to 0.03 g L
-1
of AquaHerb for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment prior to feeding and challenged. Control
indicates no treatments. SP corresponds to silver Pompano; AS corresponds to Asian seabass. Aq corresponds to
AquaHerb; Aq+VP corresponds to AquaHerb and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus; Aq+VH corresponds to
AquaHerb and challenged with V. harveyi. Survival was scored at 72 h after challenge. Significant differences
between the treatment and control are indicated by different letters (p<0.05; n=3).

The total percentage of neutrophils were also affected by the administration of AquaHerb conditioning. In
the absence of pathogen, significant increase of monocytes was observed in 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning
treatment in comparison to control. In the presence of pathogen, neutrophile (%) of Silver Pompano and Asian
Seabass without any addition of AquaHerb were able to significantly improve neutrophil (%) in comparison to the
treatments that did not receive the addition of pathogen. However, overall result showed that the combination of
AquaHerb and pathogens were able to significantly induce higher percentage of neutrophile than in other treatment
group (P<0.05). Interestingly, there is no significant difference between 24 h and 36 h of conditioning treatment.
Neutrophils are essential innate immune cells which determine the host's resistance against various bacterial and
fungal infections (Kumar and Sharma, 2010). In addition to exhibiting phagocytic activity against bacteria,
neutrophils also form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to regulate severity of infection (Papayannopoulos and
Zychlinsky, 2009 ) and kill bacteria extracellularly due to their high serine protease content (Brinkmann et al.,
2004). According to Dellman and Brown (1989), during a bacterial infection, normally the number of neutrophils in
blood will increased significantly. This phenomenon is mainly caused by lymphoid that need to release leukocytes
against infection. The enhanced neutrophil activity in the present study were logically reflected in the percentage
survival of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano in the challenge test where AquaHerb were found to be effective in
inducing disease resistance against V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus.


Figure 3. Histogram of the neutrophil (%) of Asian Seabass (A) and Silver Pompano (B) exposed to 0.03 g L
-1
of
AquaHerb for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment prior to feeding and challenged. Control indicates no
treatments. SP corresponds to silver Pompano; AS corresponds to Asian seabass. Aq corresponds to AquaHerb;
Aq+VP corresponds to AquaHerb and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus; Aq+VH corresponds to AquaHerb and
A B
A B
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
281

challenged with V. harveyi. Survival was scored at 72 h after challenge. Significant differences between the
treatment and control are indicated by different letters (p<0.05; n=3).



Figure 4. Histogram of the phagocytes activity (%) of Asian Seabass (A) and Silver Pompano (B) exposed to 0.03 g
L
-1
of AquaHerb for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment prior to feeding and challenged. Control indicates no
treatments. SP corresponds to silver Pompano; AS corresponds to Asian seabass. Aq corresponds to AquaHerb;
Aq+VP corresponds to AquaHerb and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus; Aq+VH corresponds to AquaHerb and
challenged with V. harveyi. Survival was scored at 72 h after challenge. Significant differences between the
treatment and control are indicated by different letters (p<0.05; n=3).

Obviously, all animals possess phagocytic cells that will attack invading microorganisms. In our study, the
purified extracts of mangrove and neem labelled as AquaHerb increased the phagocytic activity of Asian Seabass
and Silver Pompano. In the absence of pathogen, there is no significant differences between 12 h, 24 h and 36 h
conditioning treatment but still higher in comparison to control (P<0.05). Interestingly, in the presence of pathogen,
the group of 24 h and 36 h induce a higher phagocytes activity compared to 12 h of conditioning treatment. In line
with AquaHerb treatment, the control group also showed a significant elevated of phagocytes activity when
challenged with pathogens. Corroboration for our results come from Dgenci and colleagues. (2003) who have
reported that the addition of plant extract, such as ginger increased the phagocytic capability of the cells in rainbow
trout. Furthermore, the combination of four Chinese herbs (Rheum officinale, Andrographis paniculata, Isatis
indigotica, Lonicera japonica) was able to enhance the phagocytosis of Crucian Carp (Chen et al., 2003).

A. Water Quality Analysis Before Conditioning
No Parameters
Silver Pompano Asian Seabass
12 h 24 h 36 h 12 h 24 h 36 h
1 pH 7.760.73 7.860.81 7.870.62 7.710.85 7.730.61 7.820.77
2 Salinity () 311 311 311 311 311 311
3 NO
2
(mg/l) 0.010.01 0.020.01 0.020.01 0.010.01 0.030.01 0.020.01
4 NO
3
(mg/l) 0.370.11 1.520.79 1.480.33 0.410.15 1.620.88 1.730.31
5 PO
4
(mg/l) 0.090.02 0.120.03 0.180.03 0.080.02 0.170.04 0.220.05

B. Water Quality Analysis After Conditioning
No Parameters
Silver Pompano Asian Seabass
12 h 24 h 36 h 12 h 24 h 36 h
1 pH 7.911.22 8.111.13 8.141.17 8.040.99 8.190.76 8.180.83
2 Salinity () 311 311 311 311 311 311
3 NO
2
(mg/l) 0.060.02 0.111.2 0.170.05 0.070.04 0.090.03 0.080.02
4 NO
3
(mg/l) 0.440.16 1.670.85 1.730.91 0.510.22 1.770.55 1.540.11
5 PO
4
(mg/l) 0.140.05 0.240.03 0.190.06 0.180.04 0.150.49 0.230.33

A B
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
282

C. Water Quality Analysis During 72 h of Observation
No Parameters
Silver Pompano Asian Seabass
12 h 24 h 36 h 12 h 24 h 36 h
1 pH 7,820.93 7.810.85 7.880.87 7.920.11 7.850.57 7.890.87
2 Salinity () 311 311 311 311 311 311
3 NO
2
(mg/l) 0.020.01 0.010.01 0.020.01 0.020.01 0.020.01 0.020.01
4 NO
3
(mg/l) 0.290.23 0.180.11 0.270.09 0.250.08 0.260.11 0.350.12
5 PO
4
(mg/l) 0.030.03 0.070.01 0.080.02 0.050.03 0.090.02 0.040.03

Table 2. Monitoring of water quality (A) before conditioning, (B) after conditioning and (C) during 72 h of
observation. 12 h, 24 h and 36 h correspond to period of conditioning and AquaHerb treatment.

Results for the various water physico-chemical parameters recorded for the AquaHerb treatment at three
different point of observation are presented in Table 2. The results revealed that several parameters including nitrite,
nitrate and posphate were affected by the addition of AquaHerb during the conditioning treatment. During
conditioning, mean water pH of 24 h and 36 h was slightly higher than 12 h both on Seabass and Pompano rearing
tank. This might be due to the impact of trace elements contained in AquaHerb that dissolved in the water. However,
the range of pH still agreed with the range recorded by Sirajuddin (2009). In addition, the mean of nitrite, nitrate and
posphate at 24 h and 36 h also showed an elevated concentration compared to 12 h of conditioning treatment both in
Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano tank. This is mainly due to the influence of mangrove and neem extracts that
contributed to the high inputs of nitrogen dissolved in the water. However, the value of nitrite, nitrate and
phosphate are still within the accepted range (Sirajuddin, 2009) and also act as the hospital for sick fish just like
mangrove ecosystem in marine environment.
Based on the results of experiments described above, it was obvious that the combination of herbal extract
are more effective as an immunostimulant against bacteria from the Vibrio genus that are most frequently associated
with mortalities in marine fish (Liu et al., 2003; Yii et al., 1997). The unique composition of AquaHerb added to
rearing water act as immunostimulants and appears to improve the immune status and disease resistance of fish.

Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to the Aquacultural Fresh and Marine Exploratory, Singapore for providing The AquaHerb
G:VAC-20k for the experiment together with the financial assistance.

Reference
Ainsworth, A.J., Dexiang, C. and Waterstrat, P.R. (1991). Changes in peripheral blood leukocyte percentages and
function of neutrophils in stressed channel catfish. J. Aquatic Anim. Health (3):41-47.
Aldeman, D.J. and Hastings, T.S. (1998). Antibiotic use in aquaculture: development of antibiotic resistance-
potential for consumer health risks. Int. J. Food Sci. Technology (33): 139-155.
Aguirre-Guzmn, G., Vzquez-Jurez, R. and Ascencio, F. (2010). Differences in the susceptibility of American
white shrimp larval sub stages (Litopenaeus vannamei) to four Vibrio species. J Invertebrate Pathol (78):
215-219.
Aguirre-Guzmn, G., Ruiz, H. M. and Asxencio, F. (2004). A review of extracellular virulence product of Vibrio
species important in disease of cultivated shrimp. Aquaculture Res (35): 1395-1404.
Austin, B. & Brunt, J.W. (2009). The use of probiotics in aquaculture, Chapter 7. In: Aquaculture Microbiology and
Biotechnology: Volume 1, D. Montet & R.C. Ray (Eds), 185-207, Science Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57808-
574-3, Enfield, New Hampshire, USA
Bachre, E. (2003). Anti-infectious immune effectors in marine invertebrates: potential tools for disease control in
larviculture. Aquaculture (227): 427438.
Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. (2004). Neutrophil extracellular
traps kill bacteria. Science (303):15325.
Brown, J. (1989). Antibiotics: their use and abuse in aquaculture. World Aquaculture (20): 34-42.
Cabello, F.C. (2006). Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and
animal health and for the environment. Environ Microbiol (8): 1137-1144
Defoirdt. T., N. Boon., P. Sorgeloos., W. Verstraete. and P. Bossier. (2007). Alternatives to antibiotics to control
bacterial infections : luminescent vibriosis in aquaculture as an example. Trends in Biotechnology 25 (10) :
472-479.
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
283

DePaola, A., Hopkins, L.H., Peeler, J.T., Wentz, B., and McPhearson, R.M. (1990) Incidence of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus in U.S. coastal waters and oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol (56): 22992302.
Dhayanithi, N.B., Kumar, T.T.A., Balasubramanian, T., Tissera, K. (2013). A study on the effect of using mangrove
leaf extracts as a feed additive in the progress of bacterial infections in marine ornamental fish. Journal of
Coastal Life Medicine 1(3): 217-224.
Dhayanithi N.B., Kumar T.T.A., Murthy, G. R., Kathiresan, K. (2012). Isolation of anti-bacterials from the
mangrove, Avicennia marina and their activity against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Asian
Pac J Trop Biomed (2): S1892-S1895.
Dhayanithi, N.B., Kumar, T.T.A. and Kathiresan, K. (2010). Effect of neem extract against the bacteria isolated
from marine fish. Journal of Environmental Biology : 409-412
Direkbusarakom, S., Ezura, Y., Yoshimizu, M. and Herunsalee, A. (1998). Efficacy of Thai traditional herb extracts
agianst fish and shrimp pathogenic bacteria. Fish Pathol 33(4): 437-41.
Ellis, A.E. (1977). The leukocytes of fish: A review. J. Fish Biol. (11):453-491.
Dellman, H.D. dan Brown, E.M. (1989). Buku teks histologi veteriner. I. Hartono (penerjemah). UI. Press. Jakarta
Duke, J.A. (1987). CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. 5th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Gunther, D. & Catena, A. (1980). The interaction of Vibrio with Artemia nauplii. In : G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O.
Roels, E. Jaspers (Eds.). The brine shrimp Artemia- Ecology, culturing and use in aquaculture. Vol. 1,
Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium.
Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Jawahar S, Heo MS. Solanum nigrum enhancement of the immune response and
disease resistance of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon against Vibrio harveyi. Aquaculture 2011; 318(1-2):
67-73.
Hoffmann, K. (2009). Stimulating immunity in fish and crustaceans: some light but more shadows. Aqua Culture
Asia Pacific Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 22-25
Joseph, S.W., Colwell, R.R., and Kaper, J.B., (1982) Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related halophilic vibrios. Crit
Rev Microbiol (10): 77124.
Kathiresan K. (2000). A review of studies on Pichavaram mangrove, southeast India. Hydrobiol (430): 185-205.
Kumar, V and Sharma, A. (2010). Neutrophils: Cinderella of innate immune system. International
Immunopharmacology 10 (2010) 13251334
Levin, R.E. (2006) Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a notably lethal human pathogen derived from seafood: a review of its
pathogenicity, characteristics, subspecies characterization, and molecular methods of detection', Food
Biotechnol (20): 93- 128.
Liu, P.C., Chuang, W.-H., and Lee, K. K. (2003) Infectious gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio harveyi (V. carchariae)
in cultured red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. J Appl Ichthyol 19: 5961.
Magnadttir, B. (2010). Immunological control of fish diseases. Marine Biotecnology, Vol. 12, pp. 361-379
Marques, A. (2005). A gnotobiotic Artemia test system to study host microbial interactions. pHd thesis, Ghent
University, Belgium.
Maqsood, S., Singh, P., Samoon M.H., Munir, K. (2011). Emerging role of immunostimulants in combating the
disease outbreak in aquaculture. Int Aquat Res (2011) 3: 147-163
Mayunar. (1999). Produktivitas Beberapa Jenis Ikan Laut yang Dibudidayakan Dalam Keramba Jaring Apung.
Oseana, Volume XXIV, Nomor 2, 1999 : 21-26
Nagasawa, K. and E. R. Cruz-Lacierda (eds.) 2004: Diseases of cultured groupers. Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center, Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines. 81 p.
Novriadi, R. and Haw, K.B (2014). Immunostimulation effects of herbal bioconditioners on tiger groupr
(Epinephelus fuscogutatus) against V. parahaemolyticus infection. International Journal of Aquatic Studies 1
(3): 73-78
Orozco-Medina, C., A. Maeda-Martinez. and A. Lopez-Cortes. (2002). Effect of aerobic Gram positive
heterotrophic bacteria associated with Artemia fransiscana cysts on the survival and development of its
larvae. Aquaculture (213): 15-29.
Papayannopoulos V and Zychlinsky A. (2009). NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons. Trends Immunol
30(11):51321.
Puente, M.E., Vega-Villasante, F., Holguin, G. and Bashan, Y. (1992). Susceptibility of the brine shrimp Artemia
and its pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus to chlorine dioxide in contaminated sea water. J. Appl.. Bacteriol
(73) : 465-471
Rico-Mora, R. & D. Voltolina. (1995). Effects of bacterial isolates from Skeletonema costatum cultures on the
survival of Artemia fransiscana nauplii. J. Invertebr. Pathol. (66): 203-204.
ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 7, 275-284
284

Ruwandeepika, H.A.D (2010). Expression of Virulence Genes of Vibriosis Belonging to the Harveyi Clad in The
Brine Shrimp Artemia. PHD thesis, Ghent University, Belgium. ISBN 978-90-5989-409-9
Sakai, M. (1999). Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture, Vol. 172, pp. 63-92.
Ramamurthy, V., Raveendran, S., Kumar, H.V.A. (2014). Effect of Lyngbya Majuscula On The Immunity And
Survival Of Aeromonas Hydrophilia Infected Mugil Cephalus. International Journal of Innovative Research
in Science, Engineering and Technology: 9782-9789.
Secombes, C.J. (1996). The nonspecific immune system: Cellular defenses. In: In: The Fish Immune System:
Organism, Pathogen, and Environment, G. Iwama & T. Nakanishi (Eds.), 63-105, Academic Press, ISBN 0-
12-350439-2, San Diego, California, USA
Shangliang, T., Hetrick, F.M., Roberson, B.S., Baya, A. (1990). The antibacterial and antiviral activity of herbal
extracts for fish pathogens. J Ocean University of Qingdao (20):53-60.
Sirajuddin, M. (2009). Informasi awal tentang kualitas fisik perairan teluk waworada untuk budidaya rumput laut
(Eucheuma cottonii). Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia. FPIK. IPB 8(1): 1-10
Sderhll, K., Cerenius, L., Johansson, M.W. (1994). The prophenoloxidase activating system and its role in
invertebrate defense. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (712): 155161
Sritunyalucksana, K. 2001. Characterisation of Some Immune Genes in the Black Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon.
Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of
Science and Technology 645, 45 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5087-3.
Subasinghe, R. (1997). Fish health and quarantine. In : Review of the State of the World Aquaculture. FAO
Fisheries Circular no. 886. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 45-49.
Sukenda, Jamal,L., Wahjuningrum, D. dan Hasan, A. (2008). Penggunaan kitosan untuk pencegahan infeksi
Aeromonas hydrophila pada ikan lele dumbo Clarias sp. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2): 159169
Toranzo, A. E. & Barja, J. L. (1990). A review of the taxonomy and seroepizootiology of Vibrio anguillarum, with
special reference to aquaculture in the Northwest of Spain. Diseases of aquatic organisms 9(1): 73-82.
Valentin, B.B., Meenupriya, J., Joel E.L., Edaya, N.D., Kumar, S., Thangaraj, M. (2010). Antibacterial activity and
characterization of secondary metabolites isolated from mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis. Asian Pac J
Trop Med : 412-420
Wijendra, D.D.N.P and Pathiratne, A. (2007). Evaluation of immune responses in an Indian carp, Labeo rohita
(Hamilton) fed with levamisole incorporated diet. J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya (3): 17-28
Yii, K.-C., Yang, T.-I., and Lee, K.-K. (1997) Isolation and characterization of Vibrio carchariae, a causative agent
of gastroenteritis in the groupers, Epinephelus coioides. Curr Microbiol 35: 109115.
Yin, G., Ardo, L., Jeney, Z., Xu, P and Jeney, G. ( 2008). Chinese herbs (Lonicera japonica and Ganoderma
lucidum) enhance non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and protection against
Aeromonas hydrophila, pp. 269-282. In Bondad-Reantaso, M.G., Mohan, C.V., Crumlish, M. and
Subasinghe, R.P. (eds.). Diseases in Asian Aquaculture VI. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society,
Manila, Philippines.
Zhang, G., Gong, S., Yu, D., Yuan, H. (2009). Propolis and herba epimedii extracts enhance the non-specific
immune response and disease resistance of Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol
26(3): 467-472.