Short Circuit Presentation Lecture 14 SC Calculations According To Standard IEC 60909

Short-circuits Lecture 14
Short-circuits calculations according to standard IEC 60909

Teaching materials distributed for free.
Prof. Dsir Rasolomampionona,
Prof. dr hab. Jan Machowski
Outline of the lecture
Definitions
Schematic diagram of short-circit crrent
!ow "oltage factors
short-circits fed from non-meshed networks
Short-circit crrents inside a power station nit with on-load tap-changer
Short-circit crrents inside a power station nit withot on-load tap-changer
short-circits in meshed networks
short-circits in meshed networks
S#mmetrical short-circit breaking crrent
stead#-state short-circit crrent
Jole integral and thermal e$i%alent short-circit crrent
Short-circuits Standards
Definitions
Definition Sy!ol according to IEC 60909
&nitial s#mmetrical short-circit crrent
Peak short-circit crrent
S#mmetrical short-circit breaking crrent
'actor for the calclation of the s#mmetrical short-circit
breaking crrent
"
K
I
p
i
b
I

breaking crrent
Deca#ing aperiodic component of short-circit crrent
(hermal e$i%alent short-circit crrent
)ss#mmetrical short-circit breaking crrent
&nitial s#mmetrical short-circit power
Dration of the short-circit crrent
dc
i
th
I
asym b
I
"
K
S
K
T
"ig# 1# Scheatic diagra of
short-circuit current
*a+ short-circit crrent of far
from generator short-
circit with deca#ing ),
component
*b+ short-circit crrent of
near to generator short-
circit with constant ),
2

2

I
K
2

2

I
K
A
i
p
a)
Current
1 - top enveloppe
2 - bottom enveloppe
i i
dc dc
- DC component of the short-circuit current
Time
circit with constant ),
component.
)ll the other s#mbols *A, I
-
, i
p
, I
dc
+
were gi%en in the definitions,
.. (op en%eloppe,
/. bottom en%eloppe
dc
2

2

I
K
2

2

I
K
2

2

I
K
A
i
p
=
b)
Current
1 - top enveloppe
2 - bottom enveloppe
i i
dc dc
- DC component of the short-circuit current
Time
$a!le 1# Selection of %oltage factor c &e'ui(alent (oltage source)
*oinal (oltage
U
n
%oltage factor c to !e calculated
of ma0imm %oltage
short-circit
of minimm %oltage short-
circit
!ow %oltage *.11 2 .111"+
a+ /31 2 /41"
..11
1.56
a+ /31 2 /41"
b+ 7ther %oltages
..11
..16
1.56
..11
Medim %oltage *. 2 36k"+ ...1 ..11
8igh %oltage 9 36k" ...1 ..11
Selection of %oltage factor c &e'ui(alent (oltage source)
&n all hitherto sed formlas the initial short-circit and short-circit crrents were
calclated sing the U
1
%oltage *e$i%alent %oltage sorce+ deri%ed from the (he%enin:s
theorem. b# corresponding to the prefalt %oltage at short-circit location node. (he &;,
standard defines this %oltage from the network nominal %oltage mtipiled b# the c factor
gi%en in the pre%ios slide table as follows <
o
U c U =
n
o
U c U =
)fter defining sch a %oltage the initial three phase short-circit crrent ma# be calclated
sing the following e0pression <
K
n
2
K
2
K
n "
K
3
3
Z
cU
X R
cU
I =
+
=
Short-circuits fed fro non-eshed net+or,s
'or a far-from-generator short-circit fed from a single sorce *see 'igre .+, the short-
circit crrent is calclated sing the e$ation presented at the bottom of the pre%ios
slide.
=hen there is more than one sorce
contribting to the short-circit crrent, and the
sorces are uneshed, as shown for instance
in the figre at right,
G
3
M
3
Q
in the figre at right,
(he initial s#mmetrical short-circit crrent at
the short-circit location ' is the su of the
indi(idual !ranch short-circuit currents.
;ach branch short-circit crrent can be
calclated as an inde-endent single-source
three--hase short-circuit current in
accordance with e$ation
K
n
2
K
2
K
n "
K
3
3
Z
cU
X R
cU
I =
+
=
3
F
I
i
I
KPSU
pPSU
bPSU
I
i
KT
pT
I
i
I
KM
pM
bM
I
i
I
I
K
K
p
b
K3
'ig. /. ;0ample of a non-meshed network
(he initial s#mmetrical short-circit crrent is calclated +ith the corrected i-edances of
the generator and the -o+er station unit in series +ith a line i-edance. (he short-
circit impedances for the different cases are gi%en b# the following e$ations<
short-circit fed fro one -o+er station unit *generator and nit transformer with or
withot on-load tap-changer+
( )
L THV G
2
r1
PSU
L PSU K
Z Z Z t K Z Z Z + + = + =
E'ui(alent circuit with nit transformer and transmission line
L THV T
2
r2
Q K
Z Z K t Z Z + + =
Set of .% otors and transission line
L M K
Z Z Z + =
(he initial short-circit crrent at the short-circit location ' is the phasor sm of the
indi%idal partial short-circit crrents <
=
i
i
I I
"
K
"
K
=ithin the accrac# of this standard, it is often sfficient to determine the short-circit
=ithin the accrac# of this standard, it is often sfficient to determine the short-circit
crrent at the short-circit location ' as being the sm of the absolte %ales of the
indi%idal partial short-circit crrents.
Short-circuit currents inside a -o+er station unit +ith on-load ta--changer
'or calclating the partial short-circit crrents
and with a short-circit at '. *'ig. 3+, in the
case of a power station nit with on-load tap-
changer, the partial initial s#mmetrical short-circit
crrents are gi%en b#<
Q
G
G
3
T
F1
AT
K3
K3
t
rAT
1
F2
KF2
I
KG
I
KQmax
I
KT
I
1:t
nQ
U
Q
U
rG "
KG
cU
I =
"
KG
I
"
KT
I
A
F3
K3
KAT
I
G GS
KG
3 Z K
I =
|
\
|
+
=
Qmin
1
TLV
rG "
KT
2
r
3 Z Z
cU
I
t
=here K
>S
is a correcting factor
gi%en b# the following e0pression
rG
"
d
max
GS
sin 1 X
c
K
+
=
'ig. 3. Short-circit crrents and partial short-circit crrents for
three-phase short-circits between generator and nit
transformer with or withot on-load tap-changer, or at the
connection to the a0iliar# transformer of a power station nit
and at the a0iliar# bsbar )
)nd the rest of the s#mbols are defined as follows<
Z
>
is the sbtransient impedance of the generator
is the sbtransient reactance referred to the rated impedance<
"
d
X
d
Z
(!"
is the transformer short-circit impedance referred to the low-%oltage side
t
r
is the rated transformation ratio?
Z
@min
is the minimm %ale of the impedance of the network feeder, corresponding to
the ma0imm short-circit power
'or the calclation of the partial short-circit crrent feeding into the short-circit
location '/, for e0ample at the connection to the high-%oltage side of the a0iliar#
transformer )( in the figre, it is sfficient to take<
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
+
+ =
Qmin
1
TLV TS
G GS
rG "
KF2
2
1 1
3
Z Z K
Z K
cU
I
(
\
+
Qmin TLV TS
2
r
Z Z K
t
=ith K
(S
gi%en b# the following e0pression
rG Tp.u.
max
TS
sin 1 X
c
K
=
)nd K
>S
as it was gi%en before
rG
"
d
max
GS
sin 1 X
c
K
+
=
Short-circuit currents inside a -o+er station unit +ithout
on-load ta--changer
'or a power station nit withot on-load tap-changer of the nit transformer, the
partial initial s#mmetrical short-circit crrents *the same figre+ are defined b# the
same formlas as for the case with on-load tap-changer, with small modifications of
the correcting factors K
>S
and K
(S,
which become K
>S1
and K
(S1
rG
"
KG
cU
I =
| |
=
rG "
KT
cU
I
G GS0
KG
3 Z K
I =
|
\
|
+
Qmin
1
TLV
KT
2
r
3 Z Z
t
rG
"
d
max
G
GSO
sin 1

1
1
X
c
p
K
+
+
=
rG p.u. T
max
G
TSO
sin 1 1
1
X
c
p
K
+
=
( )
(
(
+
+ =
Qmin
1
TLV TS0 G GS0
rG
"
KF2
2
r
1 1
3
Z Z K Z K
cU
I
t
with
Short-circuit currents inside a -o+er station unit +ithout
on-load ta--changer
&f the nit transformer has an on-load tap-changer on the high-%oltage side, it is
assmed that the operating %oltage at the terminals of the generator is e$al to U
r>
.
&f, e%en in this case, the %oltage region of the generator U
>
A U
r>
*.Bp
>
+ is sed
permanentl#, take e$ations for the case withot on-load tap changer than those for
the case with on-load tap changer.
the case with on-load tap changer.
(he total short-circit crrent in '. or '/ is fond b# adding the partial short-circit
crrent, cased b# the medim- and low-%oltage a0iliar# motors of the power
station nit.
Short-circuit currents in eshed net+or,s
&n meshed networks, sch as those shown in figre
at right, it is generall# necessar# to determine the
short-circit impedance Z
k
A Z
*.+
b# network
redction *series connection, parallel connection,
and delta-star transformation, for e0ample+ sing the
positi%e-se$ence short-circit impedances of
electrical e$ipment.
G
3
Q
electrical e$ipment.
(he impedances in s#stems connected throgh
transformers to the s#stem, in which the short-
circit occrs, ha%e to be transferred b# the
s$are of the rated transformation ratio.
M
3
M
3
M
3
F
&f there are se%eral transformers with slightl#
differing rated transformation ratios *t
r(.
t
r(/
... t
r(n
+,
in between two s#stems, the arithmetic mean
%ale can be sed.
'ig. 4. S#stem diagram
G
3
Q
(he initial s#mmetrical short-circit crrent shall
be calclated with the e$i%alent %oltage sorce
at the short-circit location sing
e$ation
3
n
cU
M
3
M
3
M
3
F
'ig. 4. S#stem diagram
K
n
2
K
2
K
n "
K
3
3
Z
cU
X R
cU
I =
+
=
'or three-phase short-circits fed from non-meshed networks as in figres / and 3, the
contribtion to the peak short-circit crrent from each branch can be e0pressed b#<
"
K p
2 I i =
1,6
1,8
2,0
(he factor for the RCX ratio shall be obtained
from 'igre 6 or calclated b# the following
'ig. 6. 'actor for series circit as a fnction of ratio RCX
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
x
R X /
from 'igre 6 or calclated b# the following
e0pression<
3R/X
e 98 , 0 02 , 1

+ =
;$ations of i
p
and of the pre%ios slide presme that the short-circit starts at Dero
%oltage, and that i
p
is reached appro0imatel# after one half-c#cle. 'or a s#nchronos
generator se R
>f
..
(he peak short-circit crrent ip at a short-circit location ', fed from sorces which are
not meshed with one another, in accordance with 'igre /, is the sm of the partial short-
circit crrents<
)nd from 'ig. /
=hen calclating the peak short-circit crrent i
p
in meshed networks, the e$ation of i
p
shall be sed with determined sing one of the following methods a+, b+, or c+.
a) Uniform ratio R/X or X/R
'or this method the factor is determined from figre 6 taking the sallest ratio of R/X
or the largest ratio of X/R of all branches of the network.
or the largest ratio of X/R of all branches of the network.
&t is onl# necessar# to choose the !ranches +hich carry -artial short-circuit currents
at the nominal %oltage corresponding to the short-circit location and branches with
transformers adEacent to the short-circit location.
)n# branch ma# be a series co!ination of se(eral i-edances. &n practise,
considering branches, throgh which the flo+ing current is a!out 001 of the short-
circit crrent is sfficient.
b) Ratio R/X or X/R at the short-circuit location
'or this method the factor is mltiplied b# a factor .,.6 to co(er inaccuracies caused
!y using the ratio R
k
C X
k
from a network redction with comple0 impedances.
(he factor
*b+
is fond from figre6 for the ratio R
k
C X
k
gi%en b# the short-circit
impedance Z
k
A R
k
F EX
k
at the short-circit location ', calclated for fre$enc# f A 61 8D
)s long as RCX remains smaller than 1,3 in all branches, it is not necessary to se the
factor .,.6. &t is not necessar# for the prodct .,.6 .
*b+
to e0ceed .,G in low-%oltage
networks or to e0ceed /,1 in medim- and high-%oltage networks.
c) Equivalent frequency f
c
)n e$i%alent impedance Z
c
of the s#stem as seen from the short-circit location is
calclated assming a fre$enc# f
c
A /1 8D (he RCX or XCR ratio is then determined
according to the following e$ation <
f
f
X
R
X
R
c
c
c
=
Z
c
A R
c
F EX
c
is the e$i%alent impedance of the s#stem as seen from the short-circit
location for the assmed fre$enc# f
c
?
where
R
c
is the real part of Z
c
*R
c
is generall# not e$al to the R at nominal fre$enc#+
X
c
is the imaginar# part of Z
c
*X
c
is generall# not e$al to the X at nominal fre$enc#+.
f X X
c
c) Equivalent frequency f
c
(he factor is fond from figre 6 sing the RCX or XCR ratio from e$ation *H+, or with
e$ation *HH+. Method c+ is recommended in meshed networks *see &;, I1515-.+.
f
f
X
R
X
R
c c
=
*H+
3R/X
e 98 , 0 02 , 1

+ =
*HH+
=hen sing this method in meshed networks with transformers, generators and
power station nits, the impedance correction factors K
(
, K
>
and K
S
, respecti%el# K
S7
,
shall be introdced with the same %ales as for the 61 8D or I1 8D calclations.
f X X
c
*H+
e 98 , 0 02 , 1 + =
*HH+
Syetrical short-circuit !rea,ing current2
Single-fed three- -hase short-circuit
'or a near-to-generator short-circit, in the case of a single fed short-circit or from non-
meshed networks *fig. /+, the deca# to the s#mmetrical short-circit breaking crrent I
b
*H+ is taken into accont b# the factor m according to e$ations *HH+.
"
K b
I I =
rG
"
KG
rG
"
KG
/ 30 0
min
/ 26 0
min
e 51 , 0 71 , 0 s 05 , 0 for -
e 26 , 0 84 , 0 s 02 , 0 for -
I I , -
I I , -
t
t
+ = =
+ = =
*H+
*HH+
(he factor m depends on the minimm
rG
"
KG
rG
"
KG
/ 38 0
min
/ 32 0
min
min
e 0,94 0,56 s 0,25 for -
e 72 , 0 62 , 0 s 10 , 0 for -
e 51 , 0 71 , 0 s 05 , 0 for -
I I , -
I I , -
t
t
t
+ =
+ = =
+ = =
*HH+
(he factor m depends on the minimm
time dela# tmin and the ratio
rG
"
K
/ I I
where I
r>
is the rated generator crrent.
(he %ales of m in e$ation *HH+ appl# if s#nchronos machines are e0cited b# rotating
e0citers or b# static con%erter e0citers *pro%ided, for static e0citers, the minimm time
dela# t
min
is less than 1,/6 s and the ma0imm e0citation %oltage is less than .,I times
rated load e0citation-%oltage+. 'or all other cases take if the e0act %ale is
nknown.
1 =
&f is not greater than /, appl# for all %ales of
the minimm time dela# t
min
.
rG
"
K
/ I I
1 =
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,02 s
0,05 s
Minimum time delay t
min
(he factor ma# also be obtained from figre I.
Fig. 6. Factor
'or other %ales of minimm time dela#, linear
interpolation between cr%es is acceptable.
'igre I can be sed also for compond e0cited
low-%oltage generators with a minimm time
dela# t
min
not greater than 1,. s.
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Three-phase short circuit or I /I I /I
kG rG kM rM
0,05 s
0,1 s
0,25 s
'or three-phase short-circits in non-meshed networks as in figre /, the s#mmetrical
breaking crrent at the short-circit location can be calclated b# the smmation of the
indi%idal breaking crrent contribtions<
where M b
"
KT PSU b b
I I I I + + =
"
KM bM
I q I =
m is taken from e$ation *HH - slide /4+ or figre I for s#nchronos generators and
as#nchronos motors.
as#nchronos motors.
(he factor q for the calclation of the s#mmetrical short-circit breaking crrent for
as#nchronos motors ma# be determined as a fnction of the minimm time dela# t
min
*fig. J+.
m q s t
m q s t
m q s t
m q s t
ln 10 , 0 26 , 0 25 , 0 for
ln 12 , 0 57 , 0 10 , 0 for
ln 12 , 0 79 , 0 05 , 0 for
ln 12 , 0 03 , 1 02 , 0 for
min
min
min
min
+ =
+ = =
+ = =
+ = =
=here m is the ratio between is the rated
acti%e power in M= and the nmber of
pairs of poles of the motor.
p P m /
rM
=
*H+
Syetrical short-circuit !rea,ing current
$hree--hase short-circuit in eshed net+or,s
)t first the crrent at the short-circit
(he short-circit breaking crrent I
b
in
meshed networks shall be calclated b#<
"
K b
I I =
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
q
0,02 s
0,05 s
0,1 s
Minimum time delay t
min
'ig. J. 'actor q for the calclation of the
s#mmetrical short-circit breaking crrent
of as#nchronos motors
)t first the crrent at the short-circit
location is calclated for the time of
breaking, and then the partial crrents in
the branches where the circit breakers
are located.
( ) ( )
"
KM
n
"
M "
KG
n
"
G
"
K b
1
3
1
3
j j j
j
j
i i
i
i
I q
cU
U
I
cU
U
I I
=

0,01 0,02 0,04 0,1 0,2 0,4 1 2 4 10 MW
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
Active power of the motor per pair of poles m
0,25 s
$hree--hase short-circuit in eshed net+or,s
where
i
,
are the %ales gi%en in e$ation *HH - slide /4+ for both s#nchronos *i+ and
as#nchronos *+ machines?
q are the %ales gi%en in e$ation *H - slide /I+ for as#nchronos *+ motors?
( ) ( )
"
KM
n
"
M "
KG
n
"
G
"
K b
1
3
1
3
j j j
j
j
i i
i
i
I q
cU
U
I
cU
U
I I
=

q
are the %ales gi%en in e$ation *H - slide /I+ for as#nchronos *+ motors?
are respecti%el# the initial s#mmetrical short-circit crrent and the s#mmetrical short-
circit breaking crrent with inflence of all network feeders, s#nchronos machines and
as#nchronos motors?
are the initial %oltage drops at the terminals of the s#nchronos machines *i+
and the as#nchronos motors *+?
"
M
"
G
,
j i
U U
are the contribtions to the initial s#mmetrical short-circit crrent from the
s#nchronos machines *i+ and the as#nchronos motors *+ as measred at the terminals of
the machines.
"
KM
"
KG
,
j i
I I
"
K b
, I I
I
K1
I
K2
I
K3
I
K4
I
K5
I
K6
I ,I
K b
(he syetrical short-circuit !rea,ing
current ma# be considered as <
the difference !et+een the syetrical
short-circuit !rea,ing current with inflence
of all network feeders, s#nchronos machines
and as#nchronos motors and
'ig. G. ,alclation of short-circit
breaking crrent I
b
in meshed networks

=
i j
j i
I I I I
zM zG
"
K b
the contri!utions to the initial syetrical
short-circuit crrent from the s#nchronos
machines *i+ and the as#nchronos motors *+
as measred at the terminals of the
machines.
Koth last crrent sm can be considered as deca#ing components and can be
determined sing the following e$ations, pro%iding that the short-circit occrs at
the terminals of the i
th
generator *
th
motor + <
( ) ( )
"
KM zM
"
KG zG
1 , 1
j j j j i i i
I q I I I = =
*H+
*HH+
*H+
(he short-circit is a far-from-generator short-circit, hence the decaying -rocess of
the short-circuit current sinusoidal co-onent is dynaic *'ig. .+. =e can assme
that the deca#ing factor is e$al to a coefficient !
i
, which is a real nmber, the absolte
%ale of which less than . *!
E
for motors+, mltiplied b# the crrent defined for near-to-
generator short-circit.
( ) ( )
"
KM zM
"
KG zG
1 , 1
j j j j j i i i i
I q I I I = =
*H+
( ) ( )
KM zM KG zG
1 , 1
j j j j j i i i i
I q I I I = =
(he coefficient !
i
defines the distance !et+een the short-circuit location and the
generator terinals *for near-to-generator short-circits, its %ale is near ., for %er# far-
from-generator short-circits almost e$al to 1+.
&n case of non-meshed networks this coefficient can be deterined in correlation +ith
the i-edance of the -ortion of line from the short-circit location and the generator.
&n case of meshed networks it is difficlt to define sch a line, then the distance between
the short-circit location and the generator is assmed as e$al to the ration of %oltage
drop in the corrected generator *motor+ reactance and the network phase %oltage, hence.
" " "
X I U
"
X I U
3
"
dK
"
KG
3
"
G
n n
cU
i
cU
i
i
X I U
=
=
3 3
"
n n
cU
M kMj
cU
Mj
j
X I U
=
=
,onsidering the e$ations *H - pre%ios slide+, *H+ and *HH+ leads to a new form of the
e$ation *H - slide nr /G+. &n case of greater nmber of %oltage sorces, it is mch more
con%enient to se special compter methods for short-circit calclations.
*H+ *HH+
3a4iu steady-state short-circuit current
'or near-to-generator three-phase short-circits fed directl# from one s#nchronos generator or
one power station nit onl#, according to figre ..b or ..c, the stead#-state short-circit crrent I
k
de-ends on the e4citation syste5 the (oltage regulator action5 and saturation influences.
S#nchronos machines *generators, motors, or compensators+ with terminal-fed static e0citers do
not contri!ute to I
k
in the case of a short-circit at the terminals of the machine, bt the#
contribte to I
k
if there is an i-edance !et+een the terinals and the short-circuit location.
) contribtion is also gi%en if, in case of a power station nit, the short-circit occrs on the high-
'or the calclation of the ma0imm stead#-state short-circit crrent, the s#nchronos generator
ma# be set at the a4iu e4citation.
'or static e0citation s#stems fed from the generator terminals and a short-circit at the terminals,
the field %oltage collapses as the terminal %oltage collapses, therefore take
ma0
A
min
A 1 in this
case.
rG max max K
I I =
k
) contribtion is also gi%en if, in case of a power station nit, the short-circit occrs on the high-
%oltage side of the nit transformer
ma0
ma# be obtained from figres 5
or .1 for c#lindrical rotor generators
or salient-pole generators. (he
satrated reactance "dsat is the
reciprocal of the satrated no-load
short-circit ratio.
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
max
max
d sat
X
d sat
X
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8

a) seria pierwsza b) seria druga
min
min
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
6 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
6
Zwarcie trjfazowe I /I
KG rG
KG rG
'ig. 5.
min
and
ma0
factors of series . *left+
min
and
ma0
factors of series / *right+
ma0
cr%es of series . are based on
the highest possible e0citation
%oltage according to either 156 ties
the rated e0citation at rated apparent
power and power factor for c#lindrical
rotor generators *figre 5a+ or 156
ties the rated e0citation %oltage for
salient-pole generators *figre .1a+.

a) seria pierwsza b) seria druga
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
max
max
d sat
X
d sat
X
0,6
0,6
0,8
0,8
1,0
1,0
1,2
1,2
2,0
1,7
1,7
2,0
ma0
-cr%es of series / are based on the
highest possible e0citation-%oltage
according to either 156 ties the rated
e0citation at rated apparent power and
power factor for c#lindrical rotor
generators *figre 5b+, or 750 ties the
rated e0citation %oltage for salient-pole
'ig. .1.
min
and
ma0
factors of series . *left+
min
and
ma0
factors of series / *right+
rG
KG rG
2,0
6
KG
6 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
4 5 7 8
0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
min
min
0 1 2 3
2,0
rated e0citation %oltage for salient-pole
generators *figre .1b+.
ma0
-cr%es of series . or / ma# also be
applied in the case of terinal-fed static
e4citers5 if the short-circit is at the high-
(oltage side of the nit transformer of a
power station nit or in the s#stem, and if
the ma0imm e0citation %oltage is chosen
with respect to the partial breakdown of the
terminal %oltage of the generator dring the
short-circit.
3iniu steady-state short-circuit current
'or the minimm stead#-state short-circit crrent in the case of a single-fed short-
circit from one generator or one power station nit, constant no-load e0citation
*%oltage reglator not being effecti%e+ of the s#nchronos machine is assmed<
rG min min K
I I =
min
ma# be obtained from figres 5 and .1. &n the case of minimm stead#-state
short-circit introdce c A c
min
, according to table . *slide 6+.
3iniu steady-state short-circuit current
(he calclation of the minimm stead#-state short-circit crrent in the case of a near-
togenerator short-circit, fed b# one or se%eral similar and parallel working generators
with compond e0citation, is made as follows<
'or the effecti%e reactance of the generators, introdce<
I
kP
is the stead#-state short-circit crrent of a generator at a three-phase terminal
short-circit. (he %ale shold be obtained from the manfactrer.
DC co-onent of the short-circuit current
(he ma0imm d.c. component i
d.c.
of the short-circit crrent as shown in figres . and
/ ma# be calclated with sufficient accuracy b# the following e$ation <
where
X R ft
e I i
/ 2 "
K dc
K
2

=
is the initial s#mmetrical short-circit crrent?
"
K
I
f is the nominal fre$enc#?
t is the time?
R/X s the ratio according to 'ig. 6 or the ratios according to the methods a+ and c+
slides .5 - //.
K
8oule integral and theral e'ui(alent short-circuit current
(he Eole integral is a measre of the energ# generated in the resisti(e
eleent of the syste b# the short-circit crrent. &n this standard it is calclated
sing a factor m for the tie-de-endent heat effect of the d#c# component of the
short-circit crrent and a factor n for the tie-de-endent heat effect of the a#c#
component of the short-circit crrent *see figres .. and ./+
n m I I + =
"
K th
(he thermal e$i%alent short-circit crrent is<
'or a series of i * i A ., /,....,r+ three-phase sccessi%e indi%idal short-circit crrents, the following
e$ation shall be sed for the calclation of the Jole integral or the theral e'ui(alent short-circuit
current#
where is the initial s#mmetrical three-phase short-circit
crrent for each short-circit
"
Ki
I
is the thermal e$i%alent short-circit crrent
th
I
*H+
*HH+
is the factor for the heat effect of the d.c. component
for each short-circit crrent
i
m
is the factor for the heat effect of the a.c. component
for each short-circit crrent
i
n
is the dration of the short-circit crrent for each
short-circit
i
T
K
is the sm of the drations for each short-circit crrent
K
T
(he Jole integral and the thermal e$i%alent short-
circit crrent shold alwa#s be gi%en +ith the
short-circuit duration +ith +hich they are
associated#
*HH+
*HHH+
1,6
2,0
a)
=
1
,
9
1,6
2,0
b)
I I / =10
K K
1
,
2
5
1
,
5
(he factors m
i
are obtained from 'igre .. sing f # $
ki
and the factor % deri%ed in L/M. (he
factors n
i
are obtained from 'igre ./ sing $
ki
and the $otient , where I
ki
is the
stead#state short-circit crrent for each short-circit.
K
"
K
I I
'ig. ... 'actor m for the heat effect of the
d.c. component of the short-circit crrent
'ig. ./. 'actor n for the heat effect of the
a.c. component of the short-circit crrent
10
-2 -1
10 2 4 6 2 4 6 s1
t
K
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
m
=
1
,
9
1
,
8 1
,
7
1
,
6 1
,
5
1
,
4
1
,
3
1
,
2
1
,
1
10
-2 -1
10 2 4 6 2 4 6 1 2 4 6 s 10
t
K
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
n
2
5
1
,
5
2
,
0
3
,
0
4
,
0
5
,
0
6
,
0
=hen a nmber of short-circits occr with a short time inter%al in between them, the
reslting Jole integral is the sm of the Jole integrals of the indi%idal short-circit
crrents, as gi%en in e$ation *H slide 3G+
'or distribtion networks *far-from-generator short-circits+ sall# nA. can be sed.
'or far-from-generator short-circit with the rated short-circit dration of 1,6 s or
more, it is permissible to take m F n A ..
&f the Jole integral or the thermal e$i%alent short-circit crrent shall be calclated
for nbalanced short-circits, replace with the appropriate nbalanced short-
circit crrents.
"
Ki
I
.. Machowski J, -aceEko P. Nwarcia w s#stemach
elektroenerget#cDn#ch *&o'er (ystem (hort-)ircuits * in
&olish+, =#dawnictwo Oakowo-(echnicDne, =arsDawa /11/
/. &O(;RO)(&7O)! S()OD)RD &;, I1515-1 PShort-circit
9i!liogra-hy
crrents in three-phase a.c. s#stemsQ ,alclation of crrents

Short Circuit Presentation Lecture 14 SC Calculations According To Standard IEC 60909

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Short Circuit Presentation Lecture 14 SC Calculations According To Standard IEC 60909

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Short-circuits Lecture 14

Short-circuits calculations according to standard IEC 60909

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