CEBSTANDARDLINES

1.Normalization
2.TermsofService

3.Criteriacosting

4.Pylons

5.Drivers

6.Insulators

7.Accessories
8.Grounding

9.Foundations

10.Construction

SOGREAHElectrowatt Page
InterconnectionofNorthernTogoandBenin StandardsCEBNorthern
Lines

SUMMARY

PURPOSEOFREPORT..........................................................................................................................I

1. STANDARDIZATION.................................................................................................................1
1.1General...........................................................................................................................................1
1.2Standardization................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Choice of standards......................................................................................................................1

2. GENERAL TERMS OF SERVICE..............................................................................................3

2.1General.............................................................................................................................................3
2.2 Climatic conditions in Togo and Benin............................................................................... 3
2.2.1 Temperature.. 4
2.2.2 Rainfallandhumidity..................................................................................................................4
2.2.3Wind.............................................................................................................................................5
2.2.4 Keraunic level... 6
2.2.5Pollution......................................................................................................................................7
2.2.6Altitude.7
2.2.7Solarradiation..............................................................................................................................7

2.3 Conditions geological and geotechnical............................................................................. 7

2.3.1 Seismic activity................................................................................................................ 7
2.3.2 General soil characteristics............................................................................................... 7

2.4 Conditions electric............................................................................................................... 8
2.4.1 Nominal voltages of service............................................................................................. 8
2.4.2 Regime grounded neutral points....................................................................................... 8
2.4.3 Vector group of transformers.......................................................................................... 9
2.4.4 Voltagelevelsandisolation................................................................................................ 9

3.CRITERIAFORTHECALCULATIONOFWORKS........................................................12
3.1Heatresistanceofconductorsandaccessories...........................................12.........
3.1.1Phaseconductors.........................................................................................12
3.1.2CableGuard..................................................................................................12
3.2 Mechanical works...........................................................................13
3.2.1 Assumptions basic weather.................................................................... 13
3.2.2 Keeping cables................................................................................................. 13
3.2.3 Keeping insulators............................................................................................. 14
3.2.4 Keeping towers and foundations............................................................................ 14
3.2.5 Calculation of wind loads............................................................................... 16
3.3 geometric conditions....................................................................................18
3.3.1 Isolation Levels............................................................................................ 18
3.3.2 Distances to ground........................................................................................... 19
3.3.3 Distances between consoles........................................................................ 20
3.3.4 Distance between conductors ............................................ ...................................... 20
3.3.5 Distances custody ............................................ .................................................. 20
3.3.6 Angle of protective cable guard ........................................ .......................... 21

4. PYLONS ................................................. ................................................ 22
4.1 Types of towers .............................................. ................................................. 22
4.2 Applicable Codes and Standards ............................................. ................................. 23
4.3 Characteristics constructive ............................................... ............................... 23
4.3.1 Features ............................................. ....................................... 23
4.3.2 Calculation Ranges ............................................ .................................................. ... 24
4.3.3 Materials and Assembly ............................................ ......................................... 25
4.3.4 25
4.3.5 Testing of towers ............................................ .................................................. . 26
4.3.6 Transposition of conductors ............................................ ................................... 26

5.DRIVERS........................................................................................27
5.1Natureandsectionofthephaseconductors..........................................27...............
5.2Natureandsectionearthwires.................................................................28
5.3cableopticalground(OPGW)........................................29....................
5.3.1Transmissioncharacteristicsoffibercable.................................................29
5.3.2CodesandstandardsforOPGW...........................................................30
5.4ApplicableCodesandStandards..............................................................................30
5.5

6.INSULATORS.............................................................................................33
6.1ApplicableCodesandStandards..............................................................................33
6.2Characteristicsofthe161kVinsulators............................................34.....................
6.3Compositionof161kVinsulatorstrings.........................................35..............
6.3.1Phaseconductors.........................................................................................35
6.3.2Cablesguardisolated........................................................................................35
6.4Characteristicsof63kVinsulators...................................................................35
6.5Compositionof63kVinsulatorstrings.........................................36................

7.WEAPONSEQUIPMENT...........................................................................37
7.1General
7.2ApplicableCodesandStandards..............................................................................37
7.3Reinforcementofprotection.....................................................................................37
7.4Spareconnectingchainstotheframe.........................................38................
7.5Clips
7.6Armorrods
7.7Sleevesanchorandjunction.....................................................................39
7.8VibrationIsolators....................................................................................39
7.9Counterweight
7.10MarkingAir........................................................................................39

8.GROUNDING......................................................................................41
8.1Groundingtheshieldwires.........................................41............................
8.2Groundingoftowers.................................................................................41
8.3Connectiontotheconductorisolated...........................................41..........................

9.FOUNDATIONS..........................................................................................42
9.1General
9.2Typesof
9.3Calculationsoffoundations.......................................................................................43
9.3.1Calculationoftheextractionforce............................................................................43
9.3.2Calculationofthecompressionforce..........................................................................43
9.3.3Calculationofthefireplace.........................................................................................44

10.CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................45
1.10
10.2Repiquetage................................................45............................................
10.3TreeandBrushRemoval.................................................................46
10.4Identificationofdamage............................................................................47
10.5TracksAccess...........................................................................................47
10.6Foundations...............................................................................................48
10.6.1Reconnaissancefloor.........................................................................................48
10.6.2Choixfoundations...........................................................................................48
10.7Implementationofthebasesoftowers..........................................49.............
10.8Earthingoftowers..........................................................................50
10.9Installationoftowers..............................................50..................................
10.10Repairofdamage..............................................................................51
10.11Installationofinsulatorstringsandaccessories..........................................51
10.12Drawandcontrolcables............................................52..........................
10.12.1Drawingcables.............................................................................................52
10.12.2Manufactureofgasketsandclampsto...........................................................53
10.12.3Trimmingcables...........................................................................................54
10.13Establishmentofmonitoringforms............................................54........
10.14Testingandreceiptofthecompleteline..........................................54............

Appendices

Appendix1INVENTORYOFEXISTINGLINES

ABBREVIATIONS


GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS


AAAC Almelec
AA Aluminium conductor ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Heating oil DDO
MCM MCM
MT Medium Voltage (11 kV - 33 kV) OLTC OLTC
ONAF mode forced air cooling
Cooling ONAN by natural air circulation
By year p.a.
Power factor fp p.m. Monthly
CDGI cable guard isolated

ABBREVIATIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONS / COUNTRIES


CEB Benin Electricity Community
CEET Electric Power Company of Togo
CTL Powerhouse Lom ECG Electricity Corporation of Ghana OTP Togolese Phosphates
Office SBEE Beninese Company Electricity and Water Company Togolese STS Steel
VRA Volta River Authority


UNITS


m l m l
C degrees Celsius s seconds
A amperes
V Volt
W Watt
VA Volt Ampere
var Volt Ampere reactive
Watt hour watt g gram

MULTIPLE


k kilo (103)
M mega (106) G giga (109)







PURPOSEOFREPORT

TheCommunautElectriqueduBenin(CEB)toldthegroupofEngineersSOGREAHElectrowatt
studiesdetaileddesignandtenderdocumentsoftheswitchyard161kVNorthernTogoandBenin
NorthSectionAtakpamKaraDjougouParakouandassociateditemsAtakpamandKara,
Togo,DjougouandParakouinBenin.Onthisoccasion,theCommunautElectriqueduBeninwished
toestablishstandardsandstandarddocumentsfortherelevantnetworkequipment(HVlinesand
HV/MV).

Phase1studycontractNo.001/CEB/DG/SAF/SEC/97referstothedesignanddefinitionoffacilities
andequipmenttypesforlinesandsubstationsoftheCEB.

Thisreportaimstodefineandjustifyfromthestudyofexistingfacilities,thedesignfeaturesthat
mustberetainedfortheelementsofthe161kVtransmissionnetworkoftheCEB,thatistosay,the
linesandpositions.

Volume1presentstheCEBSTANDARDLINES.Ithas10chaptersconcerningeachpartofthe
componentsofHVlines.Standarddocumentssuchasplansweredevelopedandareincludedin
Volume2Mapsanddiagramstypes.

Volume3presentstheCEBSTANDARDPOST.Itcontains18chaptersrelatingtoeachstation
equipment,orbyvoltagelevelfortheequipment,orbytypeofequipmentcommontothejobs.The
principlesofruralelectrificationbyisolatedgroundwiresarealsodefined.Plansanddrawingskinds
ofitemsarepresentedinaseparatevolume(Volume4).

ItshouldbenotedthatChapters1and2arecommontobothvolumesoftexts(volume
1and3)theyestablishgeneralitiesaboutstandardizationanddefinethegeneralconditionsof
serviceinTogoandBenin(ratedvoltages,isolationlevels,weatherconditions,theneutral...).

1.STANDARDIZATION
1.1General

Standardizationmeanstheintroductionofstandards,iedefiningtheperformancerequirementsof
equipment,therecommendedvaluesforthesemethodsandperformanceverification.Forexample,
theyrecommendthespecifiedvoltages,thedimensionsofparts,tolerancesfromthespecified
valuesandthemeasurementprocedures.

1.2Standardization

Whilethestandardsrecommendthefunctionalcharacteristicsandconstructiononanationalor
internationalstandardizationisforanoperator(oruser)tomakeachoiceamongoptions
recommendedbystandards.Thegoalisareductioninthediversityofmaterialusedtoreducethe
numberofsparepartsandtodevelopproceduresforassemblyandmaintenancestandards.

1.3Choiceofstandards

Electrotechnicalequipmentofmostmanufacturersintheinternationalmarketaredesignedand
manufacturedbasedoninternationalstandardssuchasISO(InternationalStandardOrganization)
andIEC(InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission).Therecommendationsofthelatterare
increasinglymonitoredastheyaredevelopedby43nationalcommitteesthatbringtogether
representativesofallrelevantprofessionsandrepresenting80%oftheworldpopulation.Inaddition
tothestandardspublishedbytheindustrializedcountrieshavegenerallybeenadaptedtoIEC
recommendations(likethoseoftheISO).

AlltherecommendationsoftheIECissubjecttoregularrevisionsresultingfromtheiradaptationto
newmaterialsandequipment.ManypublicationsandanannualcatalogispublishedbytheIEC.

ForthisreasontheIECRecommendationstobasehardwarespecificationsoflinesandsubstations
with,inaddition,areferencetospecificstandardsforitemsnotaddressedbytheIECasthequality
ofmaterials,surfacetreatments,etc..

Thelistofmainstandardswiththeirabbreviationsisgivenbelow.Theirnationalequivalentsmaybe
acceptedifitleadstoequipmentcharacteristicsequalorsuperior.

ISO:InternationalOrganizationforStandardizationIEC:InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission
DINDeutschesInstitutfrNormung
ASTM:AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterialsNF:FrenchStandards(editedbyAFNOR)UTE
UnionTechniquedel'Electricit
IEEE:TheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.

BS:BritishStandards

2.GENERALTERMSOFSERVICE

2.1General

DefiningcharacteristicsoftheequipmentandassociatedstructuresfortheentirenetworkCEBmust
takeintoaccountdifferentclimaticandgeographicalconditionsencounteredthroughoutthe
territorycoveredbythetwocountries,TogoandBenin.

Theseconditionshaveaninfluenceon:

themechanicalequipmentthatmustwithstandthestressesduemainlytowindandearthquakes,

coolingthematerialwhichdependsontheambienttemperatureandaltitude,

thedielectricmaterialforisolationintheairdependsonitsdisruptivequalities,varydepending
uponhumidityandaltitudeandpollution.

Althoughtheconditionsofservicemayvarysignificantlyfromoneregiontoanother,economic
considerationsandoperatingrequireastandardizationofequipmentwhosefeaturesmustmeet,as
faraspossible,aswidelyaspossibletheconditionsofserviceprevailingthroughouttheterritory
coveredbythenetworkoftheCEB.

2.2ClimaticconditionsinTogoandBenin

BeninandTogoareamongthehotzoneandhumidcoastalcountriesofsubequatorialAfricanand
northernSudaneseclimate.Theclimateisdirectlyinfluencedbythewindsthatblowalternately
fromnortheastduringthedry(Harmattan)andsouthwesternwetperiod(Monsoon).
ThevegetationischaracterizedbytheGuineansavannahtypewithriverslinedwithgalleryforests.
Meteorologicalservicesofbothcountrieswereconsulted,thevaluesoftherecordsavailableare
summarizedbelowandthevaluesusedforthedefinitionofstructuresandequipment.

2.2.1 Temperature

Maximum temperatures occur in March, while minimum temperatures are in J anuary. There
is therefore a very rapid rise in temperature until the first rains followed by a gradual decrease
and a rebound from September.

Temperature

maximumminimumaverageofthewarmestmonthAverageyearly
Atakpam 35.620.826.628.5
Sokode 37.717.627.229.3
Kara38.3 15.727.130.1
Cotonou34.520.027.128.4
Bohicon38.618.027.830.0
Save38.816.727.529.7
Parakou39.213.626.929.7
Kandi42.211.728.132.6
Natitingou40.714.027.130.0

Wecanconsiderthatthetemperaturevariationsacrossthecountryaresufficientlyhomogeneousto
retainonesetoftemperaturesapplicablethroughouttheterritorycoveredbytheCEBnetwork
whichis:

Maximumtemperature:42C
MinimumTemperature:12C
Averageannualtemperature:27C

2.2.2 Precipitation and humidity

Annual rainfall ranges from 1350 mm in Togo and Cotonou, Parakou and 1200 mm to 900
mm at Kandi in northern Benin. It is fairly evenly distributed between March and October
with monthly rainfall ranging from 150-400 mm.

The relative humidity is usually quite high from 80 to 90% with a decrease from South to
North.

The core values adopted for the works are:
Anannualprecipitationof1350mm,
anaveragevalueoftherelativehumidityof95%inwetperiodsbetween40and90%bydryperiod.

2.2.3 Wind

The wind influence is dominant in determining the mechanical behavior of airlines and, to a
lesser extent, the structures of HV external. The general scheme wind daily is summarized in
the table below.


DRY SEASON WET SEASON

morning Afternoon Tonight morning Afternoon Tonight
NORTH 3 to 5 m / s
4 to 6 m/s Calme 3 to5 m/s 3 to 5 m/s Calme

Northwest to east Southwesterly to northwesterly
CENTRE
Calme 3 to 5 m/s Calme 3 to 5 m/s 4 to 6 m/s 1 to 3 m/s

South-west to north-east Southwesterly
SOUTH
3 to 5 m/s 5 to 7 m/s 5 to 7 m/s 2 to 5 m/s 5 to 7 m/s 5 to 7 m/s

Southwesterly Southwesterly

Thereforebeadoptedforthewholeareaanaveragespeedofwindof6m/s.

maximumwind

Theaveragespeedrecordsrecordedisbetween29.1m/sbytheseaat25m/sinthenorthbut,
althoughtheareaisnotpronetocyclonesandhurricanes,speedscanbeachievedveryimportant:

!51m/sinCotonouMarch8,1962,

!45m/sinParakouMay3,1979,

!24m/sinNatitingouinOctober1961andJune1964

!23m/sinAtakpameinMarch1988.

TheaverageannualmaximumspeedsinCotonouon30yearsis21m/sand
From21to24m/sinParakoufollowingthereportingperiod.

Themonthlymaximumspeedsaregiveninthefollowingtable:
month
StationsJanFebMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Kandi152030303035253528251517
Nattingou101219232124231522242010
Parakou202323264529221633212315

Save151928282021191020191514
Bohicon142036201017141417221516
Cotonou263451383327212321292818
Atakpame108232012141010101089
Kara109101411911910889
Sokode1012119981081310710

NB:Statisticsupto1987

ThefiguresrepresenttheBeninmaximumspeedsrecordedfrom1965to1996.

ThenumbersofTogoarethemaximumspeedsrecordedfrom1987to1996.

Giventheavailabledatawithalargestandarddeviationonspeed
Parakouandtheneedtosizethelinesforatimegreaterthanreturn
50years,themaximumwindspeedof32m/sor115km/hwasadoptedforthecalculationswith
theusualsafetycoefficients.

Withregardtothesimultaneityofmaximumwindsandtemperatures,wenotethatthemaximum
windsoccuratthebeginningoftherainyseason,theresultofthermalphenomena.Thestudyof
distributionswindstemperaturesshowsthatthemaximumwindoccursatatemperaturecloseto
theaverageannualtemperature.Whenthetemperatureisminimum(January)thewindsdonot
exceed21m/s(35m/sx0.6)exceptinthecaseofCotonou(26m/sinJanuary).Thelattervalueis
notbindinginsofarsimultaneously,theminimumtemperatureinCotonou(20C)issignificantly
abovetheminimumtemperaturefortheselectedarea(12C).

minimumwind

Theminimumwindtobetakenintoaccountforthecalculationofthethermalcapacityofthe
conductorsissetequalto0.5m/swhichtakesintoaccounttheinfluenceofthetemperatureofthe
conductorsonthesurroundingair.

2.2.4Levelkeraunic

Kerauniclevelisdefinedasthenumberofdaysperyearwhenthunderisheard.Thislevelvaries
from80beachfrontinSokodeto158,141and107inKarainParakou,whichishigh.

Weadoptthemeanvalueof130overtheentireregioncoveredbytheCEBnetwork.

2.2.5Pollution

Exceptontheseafrontsubjecttosaltpollutionisnotencounteredmajorproblemsofpollutionother
thanthedustofsandandlateriteespeciallyduringHarmatan.
WeadoptthefollowingpollutionlevelsthatrefertoIECRecommendation815:Theareabetween
theseaand50kminlandisviewedwith
highlevelofpollutionwhichisaminimumcreepagedistanceof25mm/kV,

Theareasbeyond50kmfromtheseaareconsideredwithamediumlevelofpollutionwhichisa
minimumcreepagedistanceof20mm/kV.

2.2.6Altitude
Thealtitudeisstilllessthan1000m,itposesnoproblemfortheequipmentremaininginthe
conditionsdefinedbytheIEC.

2.2.7SolarRadiation
Dailysunshinedurationisbetween6and8hours.
Giventhelatitudeoftheareabetween6and12degreesnorthlatitudeandaltitude,whichrarely
exceeds800m,solarradiationof
1000W/m2waschosen.
2.3Conditionsgeologicalandgeotechnical
2.3.1EarthquakeActivity

TheareaofTogoandBeninisclassifiedasanarea"0"iehavingnosignificantseismicrisk.
2.3.2Generalcharacteristicsofsoil

Forundergroundcables,theconditionsusedare:
Temperatureofthesoiltoadepthof1m:25C,
Soilthermalresistivity:150K.cm/W.
2.4Conditionselectric

2.4.1Voltageratingsservice

TheCEBhasstandardizedhighvoltagesfollowing:

Transport:161kV

Smalltransport:a63kV(66kVvoltage,whichisonlyusedononeline,KaraSokodisnota
standardvoltage).

33kVdistribution

Distribution:20kV(tocompensateforvoltagedropsintransformers,theirstandardloadvoltage
issetequalto161/22kV)

Tothislistwemustaddthespecificvoltage:

Cabledistributionofisolatedguard:34.5kV

Lowvoltagestandardusedforauxiliarypositionsare:

Variouspowersupplies:400/230VAC(thisvoltageisthenewIECstandardforLVdistributionon
thebasisofwhichBTdevicesarenowmanufacturedandreplacesthe380/220Vpreviouslyusedby
CEB)

Protectionrelays:125VDC

Telecommunications:48VDC

Radiocommunications:12VDC.

2.4.2Plangroundedneutralpoints

Methodsofgroundingadoptedfordifferentvoltagelevelsare:

161kVdirect

34.5kVdirect(orthroughafilterreactance/resistancebalancing)

20kVorresistancedirecte2

400V:direct

1thistensionisnotrecommended.Itisbettertouse34.5kVor161kVdependingonthecharges
andlengthsoflines

2thegroundingresistanceispreferablebecausetheamplitudeofthefaultcurrentisknown(within
family)

2.4.3TimeIndextransformers
Couplingsandhournumbersofprocessorsaregenerallyasfollows:Type13Standardpost
161/34.5/22kVYnd1yn0
20/0,4kV:Dyn11

PostStandardType2
161/22kV:Ynd5
20/0,4kVtransformerandauxiliarygroundingZnyn(forusewith20kVwindingsindeltaonly)

Thewindingsarestar161kVforreasonsbothtechnicalandeconomicsuchas:

easeofgrounding

nonuniformwindinginsulation

possibilityofeasycatches.

Toeliminatetheadverseeffectsofharmonics3,thewindings20kVarespecifieddelta.Theindexof
realhourlyprimary(d1,d5,etc.)isapplicableonlyifaparalleloperationwithothersystemsis
required.

However,inallcasesthecouplingandtheindexscheduleshouldbecheckedifaparalleloperation
withexistingtransformersarerequired.

Whenthecoilis20kVdelta,auxiliarytransformerswillbethetypegrounding,coupledzigzagto
provideagroundreferencewiththepossibilityofaddingasecondarywindinginstarpowertothe
auxiliary,thusavoidingseparateauxiliarytransformer.

2.4.4VoltageLevelsandisolation

2.4.4.1Externalinsulationlevels

IsolationlevelsandcorrespondingexternalconformitytoIEC711areshowninthetablebelow.

Notethat,becauseofhighlightningrisk,isolationlevelsarethehighestchosentominimizetherisk
ofsurgecancausedamage.

3Seesection3Volume3forthedefinitionofpositionsoftype1and2.

Thevoltagelevelsofoperationare,asauthorizedbytheIEC71,ignoredtheseoperatingvoltages.

Nominal Voltage kV
Highest
voltage for
equipment
Um kV rms.
Peak voltage
23kV (peak)
Withstand voltage
of short duration-
frequency kV rms.
Withstand voltage
surges from
lightning kV (peak)
20 24 20 50 125
34,5 52,5 43 95 250
63 72,5 59 140 325
161 170 139 325 750

2.4.4.2IsolationLevelsInternal

HighisolationlevelslistedabovecanaddsignificantlytothecostofmaterialsincludingHTinsulated
windingssuchastransformersorinductors.

Whensuchmaterialisproperlyprotectedbyarresters,itispossibletoreducethelevelofisolation
andthereforethecostofconstructionmaterials.Thevoltagelevelsofisolationrecommendedin
thesecasesareshowninthetablebelow.

Highest voltage
for equipment
Um
kV rms.
Peak voltage
Um 2
3
kV (peak)
Withstand
voltage of short
duration-
frequency
kV rms.
Withstand voltage
surges from lightning
kV (peak)
170 139 275 650

Notethatthesereducedlevelsdonotapplytovoltagetransformers,whicharenotadequately
protected,giventherelativelylongdistancefromthelightning;highvoltagesarethenapplied.

2.4.4.3shortcircuitlevelsoftheinstallation

MinimumlevelsofshortcircuitfortheCEBnetworkequipmentarespecifiedinthetablebelow.

161 kV Nord 12.5 kA

161 kV Sud 17,5 kA
63 kV Nord et Sud 10 kA
34,5 kV 8 kA
33 kV 12.5 kA
20 KV 12,5 kA

3.CRITERIAFORTHECALCULATIONOFSTRUCTURES

3.1Heatresistanceofconductorsandaccessories

Maximumtemperaturesofdrivershavebeenfixedsothattheirinfluenceonthemechanical
behaviorofconductorsandtheiraccessoriesmaybenegligibleinthecaseofcontinuouscurrentand
lowinthecaseofshortcircuitcurrents.

Theconductortemperatureattheonsetoftheshortcircuitwillbeconsideredlessthantendegrees
atthemaximumcontinuousoperatingtemperatureduetotheverylowprobabilityoftwo
simultaneousevents.

3.1.1Phaseconductors

forthecurrentcontinuousservice:limitedtemperatureat70Cmaximum.

Fortheshortcircuit:limitedtemperatureto170Cforastartingtemperatureof60Candduration
of1second.

3.1.2CableGuard

Shieldwiresusedforruralelectrification(ASCR)

!Forthecurrentcontinuousservice:limitedtemperatureat70Cmaximum.

!Fortheshortcircuit:limitedtemperatureto170Cforastartingtemperatureof60Cand
durationof1second.

Conventionalcableguard(steel)
!Fortheshortcircuit:temperaturelimitedto300Cforaninitialtemperaturecorrespondingtothe
moststringentconditions.
3.2Mechanicalresistanceofstructures

3.2.1Assumptionsbasicweather

Loadstobeconsideredforcalculatingthestrengthoftheworkswillbethoseresultingfromthe
worstofthefollowingassumptions.

Ahypothesis(provideddaily)
!Theconductortemperatureistheaverageannualtemperature,
!Nowind.

HypothesisB(maximumwindcondition)

!Theconductortemperatureistheaverageannualtemperature,

!Thewindisup

HypothesisC(minimumtemperaturecondition)

!Thetemperatureoftheconductorsistheminimumtemperature,

!Thewindisreducedto0.6timesthemaximumwindspeed.Thevaluesoftemperatureandwind
areshowninChapter2.
3.2.2Maintenanceofcables

Phaseconductors

!ForhypothesisA,thetensionintheconductorsmustnotexceed20%ofthebreakingload
guarantee.

!ForCaseB,thetensionintheconductorsmustnotexceed40%ofthebreakingloadguarantee.

!ForCaseCthetensionintheconductorsmustnotexceed40%ofthebreakingloadguarantee.

Shieldwires

Theconditionsareidenticaltothoseofthephaseconductorswiththeadditionalconditionthatthe
arrowcorrespondingtohypothesisAisequalto85%ofthearrowofthephaseconductors.

3.2.3Maintenanceofisolators

Forthethreehypotheses(A,BandC),theelementsofsuspensioninsulatorstringsandanchormust
notbesubjectedtoforcegreaterthan1/3oftheirelectromechanicaltensilewarranty.Furthermore,
assumingbrokenconductor(with70%relaxation),thesuspensioninsulatorstringsshouldnotbe
subjectedtoforcegreaterthan60%oftheirtensileelectromechanicalwarranty.

3.2.4Maintenanceoftowersandfoundations

Forobviousreasonsofcostreductiondesign,manufactureandmaintenance,thepylonsarestill
groupedintoalimitednumberoffunctionaltypes.Eachtypeoftowerishowevercomposedofa
mainbodyandvariousextensionstoachieveavariableheighttowertoadaptmoreeasilytothe
ground.Mechanicalcalculationsaremadeonthebasisofstressescorrespondingtothemaximum
height.

Effortsontowersresultfromforcesgeneratedbythecablesandtheforcesgeneratedbythewindor
theconditionsofassemblyandmaintenancedirectlytothetowerstructure.Thecorresponding
assumptionsareclassifiedintonormalloadcasesandloadcaseexceptional.Thesafetyfactor
relativetoruin(yield)forthemediatorespectare:

Normalloadcases:
safetyfactor1.6
Loadcaseexceptionalsafetyfactor1.1

Forfoundations,thesafetyfactorsappliedtotheeffortsoftearingandoverturningmomentsare
thosetowersmultipliedbyacoefficientofincreaseequalto1.10toreflectthegreaterdispersionof
mechanicalpropertiesofthematerialsimplemented.

3.2.4.1Loadcasenormal

Chargesthatthemediamusttakeinclude:

effortsofthevariouscomponentsofthelinecreatedbythewind(lateralforces),

mechanicaltensionofwires(longitudinalforces),

weightofcables,insulatorsandaccessories(verticalforces).

Theforcesgeneratedbythewindonthecablesarecalculatedasdescribedinparagraph
3.2.5.Thewinddirectionistakentransversetotheaxisoftheline.



3.2.4.2Lo

Exception
between
Assumptio

!Pylonsa
intact.Int
considere
themaxim
oadcaseexce
nalloadcases
200and500
onofacable
lignment:ap
thecaseofa
edarelaxatio
mumvoltage
ptional
areconsider
m.Wedisting
break
phaseconduc
ruptureofa
nofthecable
ofhorizontal
redassuming
guishthefoll
ctororshield
phasecondu
esintheoppo
driver.Thish
maximumca
owingexcept
wireisbroke
ctoronones
ositerange(d
hypothesisof
ablevoltager
tionalloadca
n,theotherc
sideofapylon
duetotheins
facablebrea

angesequiva
ases:
cablesareins
nalignmentw
sulatorstring)
kappliestom
alentto
stalledand
willbe
)equalto70%
meteorologica
%
al
assumptionsA,BandC.

!Cornertowers:twophaseconductorsoraconductorandashieldwirearebrokenintheweather
assumptionsA,BandC.

!Pylonsstop:twophaseconductorsoraconductorandashieldwirearebrokenintheweather
assumptionsA,BandC.

Themostsizingistobeconsidered.

Hypothesismounting

Isappliedinthemiddleofallthebars,otherthanmainlegsandhavinganinclinationoflessthan30
,averticalloadof150daNcorrespondingtotheweightofanassembleranditstools.

Hypothesisguy

Assumethat,onatoweranyoneormorecablesareretainedonthesupporttocontroltheirblood
byshroudsofslope1:3anchoredtothegroundonflatterrain.Themostsizingistobeconsidered.

3.2.5Calculationofwindloads

3.2.5.1Effortwindontheconductors

Thewindloadoneachofthecables(withouttakingintoaccountthemaskingeffectofasub
Abundleofconductorsontheother)witharangeoflengthL,appliedtotheattachmentpointon
eachsupportframingthescopeandnormallyitisgivenbythefollowingformula:

Ac=q0.Cxc.d.The

where

q0=0.5..V2,givenreferencedynamicpressureasafunctionofthereferencespeedVofthewind
atthelocationofthelinewithq0inN/m2,V,expressedinm/sandthedensityofair(equalto
1.225kg/matatemperatureof15Candnormalatmosphericpressure)

Cxc=dragcoefficienttakenas1.0forstrandedconductors

d=diameterofcable

L=sumofadjacentspans.

3.2.5.2Effortwindoninsulators

ThewindstressoninsulatorstringsisgivenbyAi=q0.Cxi.if
where

q0=dynamicpressurereference

Cxi=dragcoefficienttakenequalto1.2

Si=areaoftheinsulatorstringprojectedhorizontallyontheverticalplaneparalleltotheaxisofthe
chain.

3.2.5.3Effortonwindtowers

Theforceofthewindonthetoweritself,assumedtoacthorizontallyandperpendiculartotheaxis
oftheline,isgivenby:

AT=q0.CxT.ST

where

q0=dynamicpressurereference

CxT=dragcoefficienttakingintoaccountallthefacesofthepylontakenequalto2.9andfora
latticetower(whoseratioofcompactnessisgenerallyoftheorderof0.2)

ST=totalareaofonefaceprojectednormaltothefaceperpendiculartothewind,theotherface
beingtakenintoaccountinthedragcoefficient.

3.3Conditionsgeometric

3.3.1IsolationLevels

Insulationlevelsofoverheadlinesshouldbesimilartotheapparatusofthepositionstowhichthey
areconnected.Buttheirsituationparticularlyexposedtoovervoltagesofatmosphericoriginmost
oftenleadstooverinsulatelinesrelativetopositionsinordertoreducethefrequencyofpickup
online.Theinsulationcoordinationofequipmentinthestationisprovidedbytheinstallationof
arrestersasclosetothismaterial.

Based on the recommendations IEC 71-1, the following isolation levels were adopted for the
lines:

Nominal operating
voltage of the system
concerned
(kV rms.)
Highest voltage network
(rated voltage) (kV rms.)
Rated voltage impulse
withstand lightning
(kV peak)
Rated impulse withstand
short-duration power-
frequency
(kV rms.)
161 170 750 325
63 72,5 59 140
34,5 52 250 95

Note:The34.5kVvoltagesinfactcorrespondtoaphasegroundvoltageforthecablenetworkof
isolatedguardwhoshouldbeinsulatedforaratedvoltageof52kV.

3.3.2Distancetoground

Thedistancesofalllivepartstometalpartsgrounded(elementsoftowers)arebasedonthe
probabilityofsimultaneousoccurrenceofanovervoltageandtheunfavorablepositionofthe
energizedconductor.Wethereforediscernthethreefollowingprobabilities:

Highprobability(nowind):thedistancetogroundisslightlygreaterthanthedistanceintheair
recommendedbyIEC71soastocauseignitionprotectiondevicesbetweentheinsulatorstring
ratherthanadirectprimingbetweenadriverandthetowerstructure.

Averageprobability(lowwind)inwhichthedistancestogroundaresuchthatthereisno
breakdownforswitchingovervoltages.

Low(windup)inwhichthedistancestogroundaresuchthatthereisnobreakdowninthe
withstandvoltageofshortdurationpowerfrequency.

Thecorrespondingdistancesforthemainphaseconductors(ratedvoltage
170kV)andthoseofisolatedgroundwire(ratedvoltageof52kV)aregiveninthetablebelow:

rated voltage
(kV)
* Distance ground
(mm)
Distance
without wind
(mm)
Distance with
reduced wind
(mm)
Distance with
maximum wind
(mm)
52 480 500 300 NA
72.5 630 693 320 270
170 1500 1650 900 500

*ThesedistancestogrounddistancesareminimumrecommendedbytheIECforawithstand
voltagewithstandvoltageof250kVratedvoltageof52kVand750kVfortheratedvoltageof
170kV.

3.3.3Distancesbetweenverticalconsoles

Theverticaldistancebetweentheendsofbrackets(ortheverticaldistancebetweenphases)is
greaterthan4.5m.

LGPlansSS004,SS008andSSLGLG012givethesketchofgeometricprincipleofverificationofa
pylonalignment(typeA).SeeChapter4.

3.3.4Distancebetweenconductors

Theminimumdistancesbetweenphaseconductorsandbetweenconductorandgroundwirewillbe
calculatedusingthefollowingformulas:

Phasedistancewithsingleconductors:

ecs=0.6.m'.(fl)
+t1.3
!Phasedistancedriverspairedwith:

ecjecs=+awhere:
m=coefficientofwindloadwithreduced(comparedtotheresultofwindloadsandtheweighton
weight)

arrowf=medianmaximumtemperatureinthecablel=lengthofthesuspensionchain
t1=minimumdistancetothegroundwithmaximumwind

a=distancebetweentwoconductorsofthesamedualbeam(0.40m)

3.3.5Distancescustody

Theminimumdistancesbetweenthelineconductorsandtheobstaclesare:
!ordinaryfieldandcultivated:7.0m
!houses:5.0m
!roadcrossings:8.5m
!railroadcrossings:9.0m
!crossingsofnavigablewaterways:9.0m
!Telecommunicationlinecrossings:4.0m

powerlinecrossing:4.0m

Generallythesedistancesareforthemaximumtemperatureconductors,withoutwind.

3.3.6Angleofprotectivecableguard

Toproperlyprotectthepowerlineagainstthedirectlightningstrikesontheconductors,thecable
guardispositionedsuchthatthephaseconductorsarebelowtwohalfplanesparalleltotheaxisof
theline,throughthesuspensionclampsoranchoringoftheshieldwireandforminganangleon
bothsidesoftheverticalequalto:

Caseofasingletowerwithshieldwire:thechoiceofa15degreeangleleadstoanelevationof
expensivetopofthetowerofabout6.20m(2.30mandto20degrees).Withanangleof25degrees
andalevelof130keraunic,estimatedthenumbertwoseedperyearandper100kmofline.With
anangleof20degrees,thenumberofseedfallstolessthan1seed,beyondtheadvantageof
reducingtheangleisfadingduetothegreaterheightoftheshieldwire.Itshouldconsider
standardizingtripping/resinglephasecouplingsthatlimitlotdisturbanceonthenetworkincaseof
loveatfirstsight,therefore,thevalueof25degreeswasadopted.

Caseoftwotowerswithgroundwiresisolated:15degrees,avalueeasilyobtainedwiththetwo
consolessupportingwires.

Caseofdoublecircuittowers:thevalueof15degreesisadoptedforthesamereasonsasbefore.
Doublecircuittowersareequippedwithtwowires.

4.TOWERS

4.1Typesofpylons

giventhehomogeneityoftheterrainencounteredinBeninandTogo,threetypesofmediaare
sufficienttomeetvirtuallyanyeconomicconditions.Functionsandconditionsofuseofeachof
thesetypesaredefinedbelow:

TypeAPylonalignment:

Equippedwithsuspensioninsulatorstringsandcanalsobeusedifnecessaryasasupportforlow
angle(0to2degreesmaximum)subjecttowindrangebelow300m.Thefollowingcurveshowsthe
valueoftheangledependingonthescope.

A
n
g
l
e

d
e

d

v
i
a
t
i
o
n

(

)

Towerhasalignment
DeflectionanglerelationshipScope

3




2




1




Porte vent (m)
0 100 200 300 400




Type B - Pylon low angle (0 -30 ) and anti-cascade:

Equipped with anchor insulator strings, it is used:

as a support for up to 30 degrees angle (normal load case) and will be capable of
withstanding a voltage difference of longitudinal 10 to 15% in case of different parameters in
the adjacent townships; as carrier anti-Cascade to limit the length of a township 10 km
(enhanced security).

Type C - Pylon high angle (30 -60 ) and tower anchor:

Equipped with anchor insulator strings, it is used:

as a support for a high angle, between 30 and 60 maximum (normal load case) and will
be capable of withstanding a voltage difference of longitudinal 10 to 15% in case of different
parameters in the adjacent townships;

as base material for stopping the line (end supports) complete (drivers and ground wires),
one side in the absence of all cables on the opposite side in the event weather A; the existence
of the scope reduced voltage connection to the post will not be taken into account.

4.2 Applicable Codes and Standards

IEC 652 Mechanical testing of overhead line towers

IEC 826 Loading and strength of overhead transmission lines

4.3 Characteristics constructive

4.3.1 Features

The pylons are made of a mesh, square base, galvanized steel. They have four feet fitted with
separate sockets set into the foundation blocks. In order to adapt to site conditions, each type
of tower includes:

! A main body may be reduced or extended by extensions height. For the pylon alignment
(type A) extensions will achieve the heights -6 m, and 0
6 m and the angle towers and anchor (type B and C), -6 m height and normal height.

! A series of interchangeable feet from -2.0 m to 3 m in 1 m for use in hilly terrain. These feet
are connected to the body by a specific junction piece (intermediate beam) to each extension
(6 m, 0,-6m) so as to use the same set of uneven feet per type of tower (see LG plane SS
005). Leg length is standardized.

The weapons pylons, which depend on the electrical characteristics of the line, will be chosen
from the following options:

Threeconductorsarrangedinatriangleandagroundwireinthecaseofsinglelinedull,

6conductorsarrangedinaflagandguardcableinthecaseofdoublecircuitline,

Threeconductorsarrangedinatriangle(or6conductorsarrangedinflag)andtwoinsulated
shieldwiresifthepowerlineisalsousedforpowerdistributioninruralareas.

Itshouldbenotedthatforsimplepolesdullweaponsmostcommonlyusedare:

thehorizontalsheet,

type"chat",wherethehorizontalsheetisslightlyraisedcentralphasewhichallowsareductionof
thetotalwidthofthepylon,

thetriangulararrangement.

Thefirsttwotypesofweaponsrequiretwooverheadgroundwiresandaremorecomplextostudy
andbuildup.Byarmingagainsttriangle,usedonmostlinesCEBisagoodcompromiseandleadstoa
simpleframe,economicandachievablethroughlessspecializedmanufacturers.

PlansSS001toSSLGLG012givesthegeneralshapeanddimensionsofstandardtowershieldwire
toearth,simpleanddoublecircuittwoshieldwiresinsulatedornotinsulatedwithblueprintsswing
toweralignment(typeA).

4.3.2CalculationRanges

giventherelativelyflatprofileofthetwocountries,theincreaseofcalculationareasfollows:

suspension anchora
scope wind
400 m 400 m
weight range
600 m 800 m

For towers angle (B and C), it will be possible to increase the values indicated above subject
to a calculus proof.
In all conditions the ratio of the weight carried on the wind will not be paid less than 0.5. In
the case of significant differences in height of the counterweight can be used to reduce sway.
Calculating the swing angle takes into account the maximum wind on
2/3 of half the sum of the adjacent spans.

4.3.3MaterialsandAssembly

4.3.3.1Steel

Thesteelgradesusedaresteelswhoseyieldstrengthis355N/mm2.Thecontentsofsiliconand
phosphorussteelsguaranteeacorrectgalvanizing.

Thesteelusedformanufacturinghotboltsandnutsoftheframesisthequalityclassof6.6or
greateraccordingtoISOR898/1and2.Thesteelusedfortheboltslevelsandthoseofanominal
diameterlessthan1/2"or12mmforfixingaccessoriesofthegradeis4.6.

4.3.3.2Galvanizing

allsteelcomponentsishotdipgalvanized.Thethicknessofthelayermustbeatleast610g/m2to
375g/m2forbarsandbolts.TheGalvanizingshallcomplywiththeAFNORNFA91121.

4.3.4Accessories

Bolts

Boltsbusbarconnectorlocatedbelowtheantiescalationwillbefittedwithspecialantidisassembly
toavoidtheftangle.

Echelons

Toallowmaintenanceoftowersandaccessories,eachtowerisequippedwithboltslevels
staggeredalternatelyplacedoneachofthetwooutersidesofacornerbracket.

Theselevelshavealengthof15cm,adiameterof20mmandareseparatedby
38to40cm.Therowofstepsbeginsjustabovetheanticlimbingandendsatthetopofthepylon.
Belowthedevicewillbeprovidedonlyholesforfixingboltslevels,thelatterbeinginstalledthat
duringinterventions.

Anticlimbingdevices

Alltowersareequippedwithaprotectivebeltataheightof3to6mabovethegroundsoitisnot
possibletoclimbthemwithoutspecialmeans.Thisprotectionbeltmadeofbarbedson,isdescribed
ontheLG018andSSisequippedwithabolteddoorinthecornerofthetowersupportinglevelsof
access.

Nameplates

AlltowersareequippedwithaplatemodeldefinedontheLGPlansSS016.Itisattachedbybolts
Vandalismonasupportlocatedabovetheanticlimbing.

Alltowers20,aplateofthepatterndefinedontheSS017andLGfortrackingthehelicopterisfixed
totheupperpartofthepylon.

Theplatesarealuminumalloy;weatherresistant(rain,sun)andthewritingwillbestampedand
paintedwithindeliblepaint.

4.3.5Testingofpylons

ThepylonsaretestedinafullscaleteststationandspecializedaccordingtoIEC652
recommendation.

Atowerofeachtypeistesteduptodesignloadsforeachcase.Inadditionthetoweralignmentwill
betriedatbreak.

4.3.6Transpositionofconductors

Inordertoimprovethebalancingofthecurrentsandvoltagesinthethreephases,wherethelines
orlinesectionsthan100km,itisnecessarytoperformatranspositionoftheconductors.

Thisistoensurethateachoftheconductorsoccupieseachofthethreegeometricpositionsonone
thirdofthelengthoftheline.

Transpositionmustbecompleteandconsistsofthreesuccessiverotationsof1/3.Anexampleof
rotationisindicatedintheplanfortheSS014LGsimplelinesanddullontheLGSS015fordouble
circuitlines.

5.DRIVERS
5.1Natureandsectionofthephaseconductors

Currentlythemostcommonlyusedcablesforhighvoltagelinesarealuminumconductorswithsteel
coresonknownbythediminutiveofACSR(AluminiumConductorSteelReinforced)conductors
homogeneousaluminumalloyknownbythediminutiveofAAAC(AllAluminiumAlloyConductor)
andtoalesserextent,aluminumalloyconductorswithsteelcoresonknownbythediminutiveof
ACAR(AluminumConductorAlloyReinforced).

AAACconductorsareincreasinglyusedbecausetheyoffermanytechnicaladvantagesoverthe
ACSR:

theyareabout25%lighter,whichresultsinlowertensileidenticalboomandeasierhandlingof
cabledrums,generallyequivalenttotheelectricalpylonstheyleadtolighterandlongerspans,so
fewerpylons,becauseoftheirhomogeneousnature(theyareformedonlysonalloy)theybehave
wellwithrespecttocorrosion,thestressesarebetterdistributedinthesectionandthereforethe
jointsandanchorclampsaresimplerandsafer,

thesurfacehardnessofthealloysonistwicethatofthesonofaluminumwhichmakesthemless
susceptibletoinjuryduringpeelingthusreducinglossesandcoronaandaudiblenoise.

Theirothercharacteristicssuchascreepbehaviorandfatigueresistanceareidenticaltothoseof
ACSR.Theonlydrawbackisduetotheirlightness,whichgivesthemagreatertendencytoswingto
betakenintoaccountinthedesignofthemasthead.

Insummary,wecanconsiderthattheAAACconductorsleadtoasavingofabout5%ofthecostofa
line.
RegardingdriversACAR,studiesshowtheyrarelyleadtomoreeconomicalsolutionsthatAAAC.

AsaresultoftheanalysisabovetheAAACconductor500MCM,alreadyusedonseverallinesofCEB
networkwasadoptedasstandardcable.Indeedhissection
253.35mm2,whichcorrespondstoapowerratingof138MVA(inabsenceof
andwindforamaximumconductortemperatureof70C)at161kV,iswellsuitedtohighpowerto
passthroughthesouthernpartofthenetworkwhereenergysourcesaswellasmodestpowersover
largedistancesofNorthernnetwork.

5.2Natureandsectionoverheadgroundwires

Theshieldwireshavemultipleroles

theyareusedmainlytoreducetherateofinitiationofisolationbylightning,especiallyinthecaseof
highvoltages,

beingconnectedtothegroundtheysignificantlyreducethevoltagesinducedbythelinesHTinthe
telecommunicationscircuitsparalleltotheselines,

theycanbeisolatedandfedintoMTbeusedforruraldistribution,

telecommunicationcircuits(telephonesonoropticalfibers)canbeincorporatedintowires.

Proofofthenumberofshieldwires(0,1or2)isbasedonthestudyoftherateofinitiationto
lightningstrikesor,forinsulatedcablesonthetypeofruraldeliverydesired(singleorthreephase).

Thetypeandsectionoftheshieldwireisdeterminedbymechanicalconsiderations(arrowlessthan
orequaltothatofthephaseconductors)andelectrical(currentwithstandshortcircuit).

Giventhelowlevelofshortcircuit,acableguardmadeofgalvanizedsteelismostsuitableforlarge
spanswithoutproblemsboom.Thesection71.3mm2cablethatcanwithstandashortcircuit
currentofabout5.5kAfor1secondandisalreadyusedbytheCEB,wasadoptedasthestandard
groundwireuninsulated.

WithrespecttotheshieldwiresinsulatedcablewasselectedbyVRAACSRusedformanyyearsand
isidealforitstwofunctions,protectionagainstlightningandruraldistribution.AAACcableisnot
suitabletotheconditionofguardcablesaglowerthanthephaseconductorsand,becauseofitslight
weightincreasestheriskofvibration.ACARcablebecauseofitsgreaterresistancetothesamecross
sectionistooexpensive.
5.3cableopticalground(OPGW)

Tomeetthegrowingneedsofinformationtransmission,theCEBhasselectedasthetransmission
mediumtohighcapacityandhighflow,theopticalfiber.Theairlinesareapreferredmediumfor
installingopticalfibers.ThesewillbeinstalledinacableguardlinesHT.

TheOPGWopticalfiber24includesstandardinstallation.

Thetypeandsectionoftheshieldwireisdeterminedbymechanicalconsiderations(arrowlessthan
orequaltothatofthephaseconductors)andelectrical(currentwithstandshortcircuit).Thesesame
considerationsapplytotheOPGW.Thejunctionboxesareinstalledatthebottomofthetower,just
abovetheanticlimbing.

WhentheOPGWisusedmoreforruraldelivery,itissubjectedtoavoltageandcurrentinsteady
statewhichconstituteadditionalconstraintstoconsiderinthechoiceofcable.Theseconstraints
leadtofurtherisolatethemassjunctionboxes.Thevoltageofthejunctionboxwillbethesame
potentialasthecableandjunctionboxesarethereforeplacedontopofpostinsulators.

5.3.1Transmissioncharacteristicsoffibercable

Mode field diameter 1310 nm
9,3 0,5 !m
Average attenuation at 1310 nm
" 0,34 dB/km
Average attenuation at 1550 nm
" 0,20 dB/km
Chromatic dispersion at 1310 nm
2,8 ps/(nm.km)
Chromatic dispersion between 1285 and 1310 nm
2,8 ps/(nm.km)
Chromatic dispersion at 1550 nm
2,8 ps/(nm.km)
Chromatic dispersion between 1525 and 1575 nm
2,8 ps/(nm.km)
zero dispersion
Entre 1300 et 1325 nm
Zero dispersion slope
0,092 ps/(nm.km)
Cut-off wavelength of the fiber
1280 nm

5.3.2CodesandstandardsforOPGW

IEEEStd1138StandardConstructionofCompositeFiberOpticGroundwireforuseonElectric
UtilityOverheadPowerLines.(Standardcableconstructionofopticalgroundcompositeforuseon
overheadpowerlinesofpublicpowerdistributionnetwork)

ASTMB415StandardSpecificationforHardDrawnAluminumCladSteelWire.(Standardforcold
workedsteelcablescladaluminum)

ASTMB230StandardSpecificationforAluminum1350H19WireforElectricalPurposes.(Standard
foraluminumcable1350H19purposeelectrical)

ASTMB398StandardSpecificationforAluminumAlloy6201T81WireforElectricalPurposes.
(Standardforcablesaluminumalloy6201T81purposeelectrical)

IEC7931FiberOpticsGenericSpecification

IEC7932FiberOpticsProductSpecifications

IEC7941OpticalfibercablesPart1:Genericspecification

CIS825Radiationsafetyoflaserproducts,equipmentclassification,requirementsanduser'sguide

IEC8741ConnectorsforopticalfibersandcablesGenericspecification

IEC8751CouplingdevicesforopticalfibersGenericspecification

EIA598AOpticalFiberCableColorCoding.(Colorcodingoffiberopticcable)

5.4ApplicableCodesandStandards

Generally,driverswillmeetthefollowingstandards:

ACSRCanadianCSAStandardC49

CablesAAACFrenchStandardC34125

IEC1597Conductorsforoverheadelectricallines.Calculationmethodforstrandedconductors.

5.5Characteristics

Unlessotherwisespecifiedcabletypestouseare:

cablesaluminumalloy(AAAC)forthephaseconductors,

thegalvanizedsteelwireforcableguardtraditional

aluminumsteelcables(ACSR)fortheshieldwiresusedforruraldelivery.

Thetechnicalcharacteristicsofcablephaseconductorsareshowninthefollowingtable:

designation
Unit
Phase conductor
Nature AAAC
denomination 500 MCM
total section
mm
2
253,35
Section aluminum
mm
2
253,35
Steel section
mm
2

outside diameter
mm 20,6
Son number and diameter of aluminum
mm 19 x 4,12
Son number and diameter of steel
mm
Minimum breaking load
daN 7235
Final modulus of elasticity
hbar 6300
Coefficient of linear expansion
10
-6
/C 23
Mass (ungreased)
kg/km 698
Maximum DC electrical resistance at 20
/km 0,1322
Manufacturing standard ASTM B 399

Technical characteristics of overhead ground wires are shown in the following table:


designation
Unit
Single shield
wire
Guard cable
isolates
nature galvanized
ACSR
denomination Minorca
total section
mm
2
71,3 88,90
Section aluminum
mm
2
56,13
Steel section
mm
2
71,3 32,77
outside diameter
mm 10,8 12,22
Son number and diameter of aluminum
mm 12 x 2,44
Son number and diameter of steel
mm 7 x 3,6 7 x 2,44
Son number and diameter of steel
daN 8800 5125
Final modulus of elasticity
hbar 17200 10000 (*)
Coefficient of linear expansion
10
-6
/C 11,5 15 (*)
Mass (ungreased)
kg/km 560 412
Maximum DC electrical resistance at 20 C
/km 0,5161
Manufacturing standard DIN 48-201 ASTM B 232
(*): Estimated values

Greased the cables should be avoided.

Cables present the complete mechanical and chemical characteristics specified in the
standards mentioned above.

Inaddition:

Eachofsonwillhavebefreeofscratchesandburrsduetostretchingandofsuperficialdefects.
Sonsectionwilldrawnearaspossibletotheperfectcircle.Thesuccessivelayersofcableswillbe
wiredinoppositedirections.
Thedirectionoflayoftheouterlayersofsonwillberight(cablingtypeZ).

Thenumberandmannerofexecutionofweldseligiblesoninelementarycablesshallconformto
thestipulationsofthestandardquotedabove.However,noweldingshallbepermittedinthe
strandsoftheouterlayerofcable.

Everysonofsteelcableguardwillbegalvanizedbyimmersioninabathofmoltenzinc.The
coatingwillhaveathicknessuniformandaccedesfirmlytosteel.Thegalvanizedwireshallbe
smooth,therewillbenonudebeachresultingfromthepresenceofscales.

6.INSULATORS

Theinsulatorstringsofthemaindriversareflexibleandcompositeinsulatorsofcapandpintype.

Theinsulatorstringsofoverheadgroundwiresareinsulatedfromtherigidtype.

6.1ApplicableCodesandStandards

IEC120Dimensionsofplebeianassembliesandsocketelementsinsulatorstring.

IEC305Insulatorsforoverheadlinesofnominalvoltageabove1000V.Insulatorunitsofceramic
materialorglassforacsystems.Characteristicsofinsulationelementsofcapandpintype.

IEC372Alockassemblyforballandsocketcouplingsofstringinsulators.Dimensionsandtests.

IEC383Insulatorsforoverheadlinesofnominalvoltageexceeding1000VIEC437TestofRadio
Interferenceofhighvoltageinsulators.
CIS507Artificialpollutiontestsonhighvoltageinsulatorsforacsystems

IEC575endurancetestthermomechanicalandmechanicalendurancetestonstringinsulator.

IEC591Ruleofsamplingandacceptanceofasupplywhenapplyingstatisticalcomputingwith
mechanicaltestingofinsulatorsofceramicmaterialorglassforoverheadlinesofnominalvoltage
exceeding1000V

IEC797Residualstrengthofstringinsulatorunitsofceramicmaterialorglassforoverheadlines
aftermechanicaldamageordielectric

IEC815Guidetotheselectionofinsulatorsinpollution

6.2Characteristicsofthe161kVinsulators

Theinsulatingpartglasswaschosenbecauseexperienceshowsoperatorsthattheglasswasmore
suitableforaeriallineasporcelain.Indeedporcelaincracksbutdoesnotflyapartwhatisbestfor
busbarswhentheglassbrokeallowingamucheasieridentificationoffaultsonoverheadlines.

Thematerialsofthevariouspartsconstitutingtheinsulatorsare:

insulatingpart:temperedglass,

cover:galvanizedmalleableiron,

pin:forgedsteelgalvanized,

Sealing:cementwithappropriatethermomechanicalcharacteristics,

pin:phosphorbronzeorstainlesssteel.

ThecharacteristicsanddimensionsofthemainconductorsinsulatorscomplywithIEC
recommendationsandindicatedinthetablebelow.

designation
Unit
Suspension
anchorage
Not rated nominal diameter shank
diameter
Length of the total leakage
approximate weight
Withstand voltage 50 Hz Dry
Withstand voltage 50 Hz in the Rain
Withstand voltage 1,2 / 50! S, dry
perforation 50 Hz voltage in oil minimum
breaking load electromechanical
mm
mm
mm
mm
kg
kV
kV
kV
kV
kN
255 or 280
146
16
318 or 445
3,7 or 5,6
70 or 85
40 or 50
100 or 125
130
100
255 or 280
146
16
318 or 445
3,7 or 5,7
70 or 85
40 or 50
100 or 125
130
100

Note:Thetwolengthsoflineleakindicatedcorrespondtoinlandareasandcoastalareas.

Itshouldbenotedthattheinsulatorchainsanchorchainsandsuspensionareidentical.Although
insulatorswithabreakingloadof70kNaresufficient,thischoiceavoidsanyconfusionthatcouldbe
dangerous,insulatorsbetween70kNand100kNwhoseexternalappearanceisthesameinspiteof
differentcharacteristics.

6.3Compositionof161kVinsulatorstrings

6.3.1Phaseconductors

Giventheisolationleveladoptedforlines161kVto750kV,theinsulatorstringscanbesingleor
double,andconsistof11cellsconnectedinseriestothesuspensionchainsand12cellsinseriesfor
anchorchains.Theadditionofanadditionalinsulatorstringsanchorisintendedtopromotethe
initiationofthesuspensionchains,littlemechanicallyloaded,ratherthantheanchorchains.

Thedoublesuspensionchainandanchorareprovidedonlyforcrossingmainroads,crossingsof
otherpowerlinesortelecommunicationmajor.

Highmasthighangle,asuspensionchainisattachedtotheendconsolesforretainingstrapsofthe
outerconductorsatthecorner.Thesechainsareprovidedwithacounterweighttolimittheswing.
6.3.2Cablesguardisolated

thecharacteristicsanddimensionsoftheinsulatorstringsfortheshieldwiresareisolatedasfollows
(accordingtoIEC383):

designation
Unit
nominal diameter
mm 255
Number of elements
3
not rated
mm 545
Length of the total leakage
mm 1 200
Withstand voltage 1,2 / 50 s, dry
kV 260
Withstand voltage 50 Hz Dry
kV 190
Withstand voltage 50 Hz in the Rain
kV 130
Minimum tensile electromechanical
kN 50

6.4 Characteristics of 63 kV insulators

The materials of the various parts constituting the insulators are:

! insulating part: tempered glass,

cover: galvanized malleable iron,

pin: forged steel galvanized,

Sealing: cement with appropriate thermo mechanical characteristics,

pin: phosphor bronze or stainless steel.

The characteristics and dimensions of the main conductors insulators comply with IEC
recommendations and indicated in the table below.

designation Unit Suspension anchorage
Not rated nominal diameter shank diameter

Length of the total leakage

approximate weight

Withstand voltage 50 Hz Dry

Withstand voltage 50 Hz in the Rain

Withstand voltage 1,2 / 50! S, dry perforation 50

Hz voltage in oil minimum breaking load
electromechanical

mm
mm
mm
mm
kg
kV
kV
kV
kV
kN
255
127
16
320
3,5
70
40
100
130
70
255
127
16
320
3,5
70
40
100
130
70

6.5Compositionof63kVinsulatorstrings

Giventheisolationleveladoptedforthe63kVlines,whichis72.5kV,theinsulatorstringscanbe
singleordouble,andconsistoffourelementsconnectedinseriestothesuspensionchainandfive
cellsinseriesforanchorchains.Theadditionofanadditionalinsulatorstringsanchorisintendedto
promotetheinitiationofthesuspensionchains,littlemechanicallyloaded,ratherthantheanchor
chains.

Thedoublesuspensionchainandanchorareprovidedonlyforcrossingmainroads,crossingsof
otherpowerlinesortelecommunicationmajor.

Highmasthighangle,asuspensionchainisattachedtotheendconsolesforretainingstrapsofthe
outerconductorsatthecorner.Thesechainsareprovidedwithacounterweighttolimittheswing.

7.EQUIPMENTWEAPONS

7.1General

IngeneralthelineaccessoriesareconstructedfollowingtherecommendationsofIEC120.The
differentpiecesdonothavesharpedgesorpointsthatcancausecoronaandradiointerference.
Partsincontactwiththecablesaredesignedandmachinedtoavoiddamage.Thecontactsurfaces
betweenthevarioussuccessivepiecesaredesignedtofacilitatetheflowofcurrentsofhighshort
circuit.

Allferrouspartsotherthanstainlesssteelarehotdipgalvanized.Galvanizingcomplieswiththe
requirementsofASTMandespeciallytothefollowingstandards:A123,A153andA239.
Galvanizingmustresistto7immersions(5threadedparts),of1minuteeach,inasolutionofcopper
sulphateat20C,accordingtothestandardA239.

7.2ApplicableCodesandStandards

IEC120Dimensionsofplebeianassembliesandsocketelementsinsulatorstring.

7.3Reinforcementofprotection

Thepurposeofreinforcementofprotectionistwofold:

1)itismainlytoremovethepowerarcfarenoughinsulatorsandfixinghardwaredriverstoensure
thatthesepartsaredamaged,

2)itensuresamorefavorabledistributionoftensionbetweentheinsulatorsandopposethe
formationofscentonthechainortodiminishtheimportancetomaintainanacceptablelevelof
interference.
All161kVinsulatorstringsarefittedwithguard(spark)atbothendsseparatedbyabout1500mm,
correspondingtoanominalvoltageoflightningimpulsewithstandof750kVaccordingtoIEC71.
Thesecarearrangementsaremade,massside,bythehornsanddriver'sside,bysnowshoesoropen
ringswithball.Hornsandsnowshoesareroundsteelofdiameter18mmandaminimumdistance
betweenthetipandtheedgeoftheskirtclosestinsulatorisnotlessthan200mm.Theyare
arrangedinaplanenormaltothedriverandarrangedontheoppositesideoftheinsulatortothe
shaftofthepylon.Anchorchainspylonsstoplocatedinfrontofthepostsareequippedwithspark
gapstovaryingdistancetopreciselyadjustthewithstandvoltagewithstandvoltageto550kVto
protectequipmentagainstvoltagesurgesand325kVforholdingshorttermindustrialpower.

LGplansSS019andSS020LGdefinethevariousinsulatorstringsforuseon161kVlines.

TheplandefinesSSLG021chainsinsulatorsforcablesinsulatedguards.Anchordetailsareshownon
theplans.

7.4Spareconnectingchainstotheframe

Anchorbrackets:

Theyarepinscreedsthatcanadaptdirectlytothetowersandtoaverticaloscillationoftheinsulator
string.

Suspensionbrackets:

Theseareeither(forvoltageslessthan161kV)fixingbracketswhichthefixingplaneistransverseto
theaxisofthelinesoastoallowtheoscillationoftheinsulatorstringwhileavoidingrubbingalways
inthesameplace,or(forvoltagesabove161kV)ofthetrunnioncapsthathavetheadvantageof
avoidingtheirdoublearticulation,inflectionsthatappearinthestirrupwhenlongitudinalforces
associatedwiththeruptureofaconductor.

7.5Suspensionclamps

thesuspensionclampsareoftheslipper.Itisprovidedwithajointattheconductorallowing
freedomofmaximumoscillation.

Theyareconstructedofaluminumalloyatleastasregardsthepartsincontactwiththedriverand
providedforcablewitharmorrods.

7.6Armorrods

Inordertostrengthenthephaseconductorandtheshieldwiresateachsuspensionclamp,agasket
twistedsonofthesamealloyasusedintheconductorisinsertedbetweentheconductorandthe
suspensionclamp.

Thisseal(orarmorrods)ispreformedtype,allowinginstallationwithoutspecialtools.

7.7Sleevesanchorandjunction

Theanchorsleevesandjunctionareofthe"compression".Theymustholdthecableinthemost
restrictiveoftwoconditions:95%ofitsratedloadofruptureor2.5timesthemaximumworking
voltage.
7.8Vibrationdampers

Inordertolimitthevibrationsoflowamplitudecables,typeshockabsorbers
"Stockbridge"areinstalledonallconductorsandwires.Attachmentisdesignedtopreventslippage
oncableswithoutleadingtoastrainorinjuryofthelatter.

Thenumberandcharacteristicsofthedamperstobeinstalledandtheirlocationsonthecablesis
calculatedbasedoncabletypeandcharacteristicsofthereach.

7.9Counterweight

exceptionally,counterweightscanbeattachedundertheclampssuspensiontowersalignment
whosescopeisinsufficientweight.Themaximumweighttobeplacedislimitedto320kg.The
counterweightsaremadeofslabswithamaximumdiameterof450mmandamaximumheightof
500mm.Thefasteningsystemisdesignedsoasnottopreventorlimittherotationofthe
suspensionclamparounditsaxis.

7.10Markingair

thefollowingprovisionsshallbemadeinareasdeemedhazardoustoairnavigation:riversorriver
crossings,crossingvalleys,approachingairportsandairfields.

Itwillbespheresoftaggingaminimumdiameterof500mmprovidedwithholestoallowtheflowof
water.Thesetransactionsmustbereinforcedpolyesterglassfiberorasyntheticmaterialapproved
bytheClient.Theassemblyofthesesphereswillbesimplewithoutthreadingthecabletaut,and
equippedwitharmorrods.

Thecolorsoftags(redandwhite)willcomplywithRecommendations
International,aswellastheConventiononInternationalCivilAviation.

8.GROUNDING

8.1Groundingtheshieldwires

Withtheexceptionofshieldwiresusedforruralelectrificationwhichareobviouslyisolated,the
shieldwireareelectricallyconnectedtothemetalframeofalltowersbyastrapandcontactparts
adapted.Thestrapsaremadeofasteelcableidenticaltotheconductor.

8.2Groundingoftowers

Thetowersareconnectedtogroundpotentialthroughthemetalpartofthefoundationsof
prolongedelectricallybycopperfoilof50mm2minimum.Ifnecessary,groundstakesor,ifsoilsare
toohard,catchradialstrip,areusedtoreduceearthresistance.

Inthecaseoftowerslocatedwithin100mofavillage,astriporringofcablewillbeplacedat1m
andfoundationstoadepthof0.5mtoreducetensionandnottocontactincaseshortcircuit.

ThepossibleconfigurationsaredefinedontheLGSS022andtheconnectiondetailsareshownon
theLG023SS.

8.3Connectiontotheconductorisolated

Distributiontransformersforelectricpowersupplyofthevillagesareconnectedtotheshieldwires
insulatedbyairlink.Inthisuse,aspecificpartisfixedtothepylonwasbelowtheupperbracketsto
allowtheanchoringofthefirstrangeof34.5kVcables.Thisscopeisassmallaspossible(30to50m)
sothattheeffortsofthetowerarenegligible.

AprincipleoftheconnectionisgivenontheLG013SS.

9.FOUNDATIONS

9.1General

MostofthetowersusedbytheCEBisthetypewiremesh,foundationsareseparatefeet,exceptin
areasofveryroughterrainwherefoundationsareslablike.

Thechoiceoffoundationsreflectsthenatureofthesoilandtheimportanceofsolicitationsthatare
appliedtothesefoundations.Ifthelandisofgoodquality(asisusuallythecaseinBeninandTogo)
toaconcretefoundationslabandchimneyareused.Ifthelandisofpoorquality,deepfoundation
pileorslabtypesareused.Note:metalfoundationsthatleadtodramaticallyincreasetheimportof
steelstructureshavenotbeenretained.

Inthecasewherethesoilissufficientlycoherentandeffortsarenottoohigh,chimneysand
foundationstoslabcanbereplacedwithdrilledcylindricalfoundation.Afterdrilling,thebasisofthe
latterisextendedusingatemplatewhichcanimprovetheembeddingofthefoundationinthefield.

Theupperpartofthefoundationblocksbeyondthegroundlevelof0.30minnormalgroundandin
groundfloodof0.50metersabovethewaterlevelexpected.Itendedwithadiamondtiptoavoid
stagnationofwaterontopofthemountain,andcoveredwithabituminouspaint.

Thecalculationofmassallowsforapossiblegroundelevationof10%.Beyondaspecialcalculationis
doneforeachparticularcase.

9.2Typesofmassive

foreachtypeoftower,fourtypesofsolidcovermostcasesencounteredinthefield:

Goodsoilwithoutwater,itissoftrock,laterite,clay,sandyclay,shale,

Middlegroundwithoutwater,itisconsistentland,marl,clay,weaklyalteredrocks,

Poorlandorlandunderwater,itissaturatedsoftclay,vases,peat,

Rockyterrain,itishardrock,thelateritic.

Theclumpsarecalculatedfortheconfigurationofthetowerthemostrestrictive(whateverits
height)sothatitcanbeusedforallpossibleconfigurations.

ThedifferenttypesofsolidstandardaredefinedintermsofSSLG026.

9.3Calculationsoffoundations

9.3.1Calculationoftheextractionforce

Ingeneralthecalculationusesthemethodcalledtheangleofelevation.Itconsistsofdetermining
theholdingforceofasolidbytakingintoaccount,besidestheweightofthemassiveweightofthe
landraisedbytheslab.Itisconsideredthattheraisedlandsisatruncatedpyramidwhosesidefaces
formananglewiththeverticaldependentonthequalityoftheground.Thisangleiszeroforbad
land,about30innormalgroundandcanreach70totherock.

Anestimateoftheanglesofelevationthatmaybeencounteredisgivenbythesurveysalongthe
line.Byconsduringtheconstructionofalinetestisperformedateachlocationtodeterminethe
pylontipresistanceandsidefrictiontoaminimumdepthof2.5timesthewidthofthefoundation
belowthelevelofseatofthefoundation.

Theangleofelevationtobeconsideredinthecalculationsisasfollows:

Friction angle inland after soil

test
Lifting angle to take into account
Less than or equal to 15
0
Between 15 and 20
10
Above 20
15

9.3.2Calculationofthecompressionforce

Thecompressionforceappliedonthefieldisthesumofthefollowingefforts:

forcetransmittedbythebaseinthecaseconsidered,

weightoftheconcrete,

weightoflandlocatedabovetheslab.

Thiscompressivestressmustnotdriveundertheslabatapressuregreaterthanthemaximum
allowablepressureoftheground.

9.3.3Calculationofthechimney

Itisacceptedthatcurrentfield,theshearforceappliedtothesolidisabsorbedbythereactionof
thesurroundingsoil.Theabovegroundpartofthechimneysisconsideredaconsolebuiltintothe
groundandsubjectedtoabendingforce.Forheightsabovegroundinexcessof0.70m,theconcrete
ofthechimneymustbearmed.

Ifnecessarytoensureproperdistributioneffortsontheslabandavoidworkingconcreteintension,
thefoundationisarmed.

10.CONSTRUCTION

10.1Introduction

Constructionincludesthefollowingmainphases:

repiquetagetheline,

deforestationandslashing,

preparationofaccessroadsandtheirmaintenance,

soiltests,

thefullrealizationoffoundations,includinggroundedandmeasurementofearthresistanceof
towers,

mountingmasts,

thedroulages,prints,clipupandadjustmentofthecables,

theintroductionofvibrationdampingandmarkupspheres,

cleanupsite,

prescribesuchformsofcontrol,

thevarioustestsandreceiving.

10.2Repiquetage

TopographicalworkLongitudinalprofile

Theworksconsistoftopographicrecognitionofdrawingthelineonthegroundinthepresenceof
theClientwhicharemarkedthepreliminarylayout,themainobstaclestoavoidandwherethe
definitionisgivenoftheprinciplestobeobserved.Markupofdrawingthelinewithrealizationof
theangularisthenmadeandthenafterapproval,weproceedtofieldsurveythelongitudinal
profileoftheline.Thescalesusedareasfollows:

Horizontalscale:1:2500

Verticalscale:1:500

Apointisraisedevery50mataminimum,thepointdensityisincreasedifrequiredbythefield.

Anexampleofverticalalignmentstandardisgivenattheendofthischapter.

Locationofpylons

Repiquetagephaseistoreviewandupdatethelongitudinalprofile(usuallymadeavailabletothe
ContractorbytheClient),thenafterapprovaloffinalprofilesalongwiththelocationoftowers,to
carryrepiquetageinlineandthedefinitivelocationofalltowers.

Thetowersarelocatedonthegroundbymeansofnumberedwoodenstakes,astakeinthe
centeryellowandtworedstakesindicatebothdirectionsoftheline.

Inthecaseoflatticetowers,isperformingthesurveycrosssectionsoflandtothetowersite
locatedonaslopeinordertodeterminetheexactlengthsofunevenfeet.Thesegradientsare
giveninthefinalbookpicket.

Anexampleofstandardpicketbookisgivenattheendofthechapter.

10.3TreeandBrushRemoval

Thewidthoftheinfluenceofdeforestationontheline,26meterseithersideoftheaxisofthe
lineisestablishedforeachstafffollowingtheindicationsontheLG027SS.Itisthendemarcated
onthegroundwithredflagsplacedevery25mfromtheaxisofthelineislocated.

Deforestationitselfconsistsoffellingandstumpremovaloftreesandundergrowthandclearing
theentirewidthofthewaydefinedabove.Thisdeforestationcanbedoneintwoways:

Cuttingandstumpremovaloftreesafterpruning,thebranchesandtrunksbeingstoredalongthe
way,
clearingbybulldozer,inthiscasethebranchesandtrunksarestoredalongthegripwhilethe
stemisremovedandtheholesinthegroundfilled,andleveled.

Beyondthetrenchslaughter,andeverytreewhoseheightis2m+equaltothedistancebetween
thetreeandtheverticalplanepassingthroughthedrivernearesttobeslaughtered.

Deforestationisdoneearlyenoughtoallowafinalinspectionofthelineprofileandanormal
cable.

10.4Identificationofdamage

Tomarkthefinalinspectionoftheverticalalignment,anexhaustiveandcontradictorydamageto
crops(perennialandseasonal)andconstructionwillbemadetowardscompensatingowners.

10.5Accesstracks

Thisworkaretocreateanaccesstrackatdifferentlongitudinallineofpylonsandaccesstracks
crosstoquicklyexploredifferentpointsofthelinefrommainroads.Thesetracksareproperly
gradedandhavealateralclearanceofvegetationsufficient.

Accesstrackscrossaresignpostedfromthemainroadwithsignsmarksofatleast1.0x0.5mand
areshownonthelongitudinalprofile.

Thegeneralcharacteristicsofthetracksare:

!Trackwidth:3m.

!Accessiblebyallterrainvehiclesevenintherainyseason.

!Equippedwithlightstructurescrossingseasonalstreams(riffles,gabions,bridges,culverts
buriedwithheadprotectionnozzles).

Thebasicprinciplesofimplementationare:
ATracks

1.Scouring

"Depth:(050cm),strippingoftopsoil
"Width:sufficienttoobtainatreadof3m.

2.Profilinganddrainage

Performinglongitudinalditcheswithgrader.
Divergentperformanceofditchesandoutfalls.
Formofslopeofatleast2%.

3.Embankmentandreloading

difficultpassages
!floodplains
!Accesscrossings
Areaswithhighexcavation
Crossingofexistingrunways

4.excavated

Easeslopesgreaterthan10%.

BStructures

submersibleraft
Gabionsandriprap
Culvertsabutmentswithprotection
Nozzlesraftwithheadprotection

Roadalignmentswillbedeterminedasfollows:

Thetransitionfromonepylontoanotheriscarriedoutpreferablyinastraightlinealongtheline
orreturningbyashortantennatotheslopesandexistingstructures.

Theroutewillbeestablishedinadvance,duringavisitcontradictory.Someminorchangescould
bemadelaterbasedonexperiencegainedduringthework.

10.6Foundations

10.6.1Recognitionofsoil

Ateachlocationofthepylon,apenetrationtestisperformedsoastodetermineresistancetothe
tipandthelateralfrictiontoaminimumdepthof2.5timesthewidthofthefoundationbelowthe
levelplannedfoundationarea.

Incaseswherethesoildoesnotperformthistypeoftest,apressuremetertestisperformed.

10.6.2Selectionoffoundations
Foundationsareselectedonthebasisoftestresultsofsoilandfoundationtypesdefinedinthe
precedingparagraph.
Inplaceswhere,giventhepredetermineddifferentialsettlement,thelandisnotconsidered
strongenoughtotreadonafoundation,afoundationslabisusedtoboundfeet.

10.6.3Execution

Excavationoffoundationsforstructuresareperformedwiththedimensionsshownontheplans
offoundations.Ifnecessary,temporaryconfortementswallsoftheexcavationareintroducedand
removedasandwhenconcreting.Searchfundsaremaintainedinthestateofnaturalterrain,
perfectlytunedtorelativelevelsandoverallcorrectbecausethefoundationcanonlybebasedon
fillmaterial.

Afteropeningthesoilexcavationtoexcavationbottomischeckedandthepresenceofabodyof
watertotakeallnecessarydecisionsincaseofdeviationsfromtheassumptions.

Ingoodgroundrunningsearchesaugerisrecommended.

MarkupSecurity

Securitymarkupwillbeinstalledaroundtheexcavationbeforebackfilling.

SummitFoundation

TheSummitFoundationislocated30cmabovethenaturalgroundandfinishedindiamondto
avoidwaterstagnation.Infloodproneareas,topsoffoundationsislocated30cmabovethe
highestwaterlevelsothatthemetalpartsareneversubmerged.

10.7Implementationofthebasesoftowers

Attentionisdrawntotheneedforestablishingstableandhighlyaccuratefoundationsandpylons
feetinalldirections,observingthedistances,angles,orientations,andrelativelevelsofalllevels.
Theseprecautionsarenecessarytoavoidintroducingimbalancesinthedistributionofeffort
betweenchordsordiagonals,orineligibletosecondaryefforts.

Thetrenchbottomshouldbecoveredwith10cmofstabilizedsand(composedof100kgof
cementperm3ofsand),perfectlylevelinordertointroducetheverticalflangesoftheanglesand
obtainacorrectsurface.Thedepthoftheexcavationshallbeadjustedaccordingly.

Thesettingofthebasesmustbebyanapprovedmethod(usingtemplatesortheodolites).The
permissibletolerancesonthepositioningofthepylonandthesettingofthebasesare:

Positioningtolerancesofthepylon

longitudinaldeviation:lessthan50cm

gaptransversetotheaxisoftheline:(D/500+5cm),Dbeingthedistanceinmetersofthepoint
consideredatthepointofclosestangle.

verticaldistance:3mmpermeter

Tolerancesinthesettingofthesockets

thedistancebetweenthetopofthebasesandtherealaxisalignmentmustnotexceed5mmper
meterwithamaximumof50mm.Angleforthetowers,(typeBandC),thesedistancesare
measuredfromtheinternalbisectoroftheangleoftheline.

thedistancesbetweenthetopsofthebasesshouldnotbedifferentfromthevaluesshownon
theplansofmakingmorethan0.5mmpermeterwithamaximumof
10mm.

Thegapontopofthediagonalsofthebasesmustbelessthan1mmpermeter,withamaximum
of20mm.

Thedifferenceintheinclinationofthebasesmustbelessthan3mmpermeter(0.3percent).

Thedistancebetweenthetheoreticalcentralpoint(step)ofthepylonandthepointof
intersectionofthediagonalsmustbelessthan2mmpermeterdiagonal,withamaximumof50
mm.

Thetopofthebasesmustbeinthesameplane.Themaximumdifferenceinlevelbetweentwo
basesmustnotexceed5mm.

10.8Earthingoftowers

Arecordoftheelectricalresistivityofthesoiliscarriedoutforalltowersalongthesoiltests.The
valuesobtainedarethebasisforchoosingthetypeofearthtorunfromthosepresentedinthe
planeSSLG024.Ifnecessary,andinallcasesforthelastthreepylonsbeforearrivalatthe
station,twocounterweightsareinstalledtoimprovethevalueoftheearth.

Thevalueofearthresistanceshouldnotexceed10ohms.Aftercompletion,thevalueofeach
earthismeasuredandifnecessarytheearthisimproved.

10.9Installationoftowers

Thisoperationincludesatleast:

reception,

unpacking,sortingandinspectionofparts,

transportmountingsites,

theassemblyitself,

checkingthetightnessoftheboltsandpunching,

repairbypaintingsufferedminordamagebygalvanizing.

Themountingiscarriedouteithertotheadvancement,ieelementbyelementwiththeaidofa
liftingmastwhichismovedgraduallyintothebarrelofthetower,ortothecranethatallowsthe
liftingpylonspreviouslyassembledontheground.

Aftereditingandrevision,thelackofverticalityofamediumdoesnotexceed50mm,regardless
oftheheightofthesupport.

10.10Repairofdamage

Forareasoftheelementsinplaceoftowersthathaveundergoneaslightalterationofthezinc
coatingduringassembly,arestorationmaybeauthorizedbyeditingusingazincrichpaint
approved.

Thesealterationsareperformedasfollows:

removingrustwithsandpaperorwirebrushareaswherecorrosionandappeardandruffzinc
nonadherent.Cleaningsolventandwipe.Thephosphoricacidtreatmentsareprohibited.

applicationofoneortwocoatsofpaintprequoted(minimumthicknessofdryfilm:100microns)
tobeimplementedaccordingtothesupplier'sinstructions.

Theholesdrilledonsitewillbepaintedasdescribedabovepriortoassemblyofcomponents.

10.11Installationofinsulatorstringsandaccessories

Thisoperationincludesatleast:

triagerooms,

verificationthatthepartsprovidedwiththeassemblies,

transportmountingsites,

assembly,

cleaningandmountingthepylons.

Thepulleysforthedrawcablesareinstalledatthattime.

10.12Drawandcontrolcables

Thisoperationincludesatleast:

Transportsitesdrawingofcabledrums,toolsandaccessories,

Theinstallationofprotectivetemplatescrossingsofrailways,roads,etc..,

Unrollingundertension,circulationandcableadjustments,

Makingjoints,anchorclampsandstraps,

Runningdownhillontheporchesoftransformerstations,

Theestablishmentofvariousaccessories(armorrods,vibrationdampers,spheresmarkup,
spacersetc..)

Thereturnofsurplusequipment,cleaningtheyardandrehabilitationplaces.

10.12.1Drawingcables

Protectiondrumsduringstorage,handlingandtransportissuchthatatthetimeofthedraw,the
reelsshownodamageandnodamagecables.

Theinstallationofgatestoprotectpassingoverhouses,roads,linesHT,MTorBTandother
obstaclesispartofthework.

Thecablepullingandpeelingarecarriedoutundermechanicaltensionbymeansofawinchanda
braketherebytensioningthecableandensuresthatthedriverdoesnottouchthegroundand
notlikelytobeinjuredbycontactwithsharpedges.

Thecablesarebased,tosupport,onpulleyswithballbearingdesignacceptabletoavoid
damagingthecable.Theeffectivediameterisatleast20timesthediameterofthecabletothe
phaseconductorandtheconductor.Alternatively,ifaseriesofpulleyssmallerisused,theymust
bearrangedsothatthecableisbasedonaradiusequaltoatleast20timesthediameterofthe
conductor.Blockhooksmustbeofuniformlengthsothattheconductorsareheldatauniform
distance,notmorethan500mmaboveorbelowtheirfinalpositionwhenhung.

Thecablevoltageattheoutputofreelscannotexceedthevaluespecifiedbythecablesupplier.
Thisvaluemustbecontrollablebythepermanentindicationbrakeman.

Unlesstheyareclampedonthecableendstosacrifice,theclampsaredrawingtypejawand
parallelcontactsurfacessmooth,ripplefreeandareofproperlengthtoensurethepowercable
withoutbending,notchorslippingofthecablestrandsandwithoutrelativeslidingofthesteel
coreimpregnatedwithgrease.

Thecablesarenotraisedwithtoolstosmallradiusofcurvatureorlikelytocauseinjury,the
curvatureofthecontactsurfaceisatleastequaltothatimposedaboveforthepulleys.

Anyportionofacablewithanyinjuryiseliminated.Thecablelengthsrejectedwithalengthless
than150mwillnotbeusedinfullonline.However,theycanuseinthemanufactureof
suspenders.

Duringpullingoperationsandadjustment,thecablesaregroundedtoavoidanyaccidentby
lightning.

10.12.2Manufactureofgasketsandclampsto

Jointsandclampstocompressiontypearemadeaccordingtothemanufacturer'sinstructions
andtoensure,firstly,theelectricalconductivitywarrantyandsecondly,amechanicalstrengthof
tensionmembersatleast95%ofthetheoreticalfailureofcablesonwhichtheyareinstalled.

Thecableendsarethoroughlycleanedbeforeintroductionintothejointsorclampsandinclude
cleanedoffat.Tocompressthesleevesarefilledwithspecialpaste,accordingtothe
manufacturer'sinstructions.

Aftercompression,theanchorclampsandjointsshouldbeasstraightaspossible.

Thejointsurfacesbetweenthelegoftheclampbodyandtheneckanchordeathmustbeclean
andflat.Tothisend,thetwocontactsurfacesarebrushedinordertoremovethealuminalayer
andcoatedwithgreaseorpasteappropriatecontactadvisedbyfittingmanufacturer.

Outsideendsofthelengthsonreels,theuseofsealsis,inprincipleavoided.Thereisnomore
thanonecableattachedto3litters,orattachedtolessthan15mfromthenearestclip.Thereare
nojointsinthecrossingsofroads,railways,lake,river,etc...

Intheeventofcabledamage,theContractorshallsubmitarepairmethodto
Maitred'Oeuvre:normalsealorrepair,orcutsomelengthsofcables.

10.12.3Trimmingcables

TheadjustmentisdoneseparatelyforeachTownshipposes,definedbybracketswithchain
anchor.Intermediateadjustmentsaremadewheneverthehorizontalcomponentofthevoltage
cannotbeguaranteedduetofrictioninthepulleysandthelargenumberoflittersorunevenness.

Drawingoperationsundermechanicaltensionandsettingareconductedsothatthetowersare
neveroverloaded.Tothisend,itbelongstotheContractortobringallnecessaryinformation,
especiallythetablesofmaximumpermissibleeffortsandsupportfortheloadcasesconsidered.
TheContractormayberequiredtostakeoutsomemediaconsolesormedianotintendedfor
loadcasesencounteredduringinstallation.Thistypeofoperationmustbekepttoaminimum.

Moreover,thevoltageappliedtothecablesmustnotexceedthemaximumvoltageshowninthe
tablesaslayingthecableissubjectedtophenomenasuchascreepundertheeffectofstressitis
submittedafterinstallation.

Ineachsetting,driversaretreatedasuniformlyaspossibletowhattheylaterthesamecreep.To
thisend,we'applytoacompletesetinthesamedayandforalldriversofagivenportionas
muchaspossible.

Afterthisoperation,thesuspensioninsulatorstringsarevertical,thetoleranceonthearrow
controlshouldnotexceed15cmandtoleranceamongthearrowsofvariousdriversfromthe
samelittershouldnotexceed7.5cm.

10.13Establishmentofmonitoringforms

throughouttheconstructionperiod,theContractormustmakehisselfcontrolusingforms
establishedforallphasesofwork.

TheseformsmustbecompletedasandwhenmeasuringtheprogressofconstructionbytheChief
engineeroftheCompanyandsubjecttoapprovalbythesupervisor.Theycontrolthequalityof
workandtheprogressinrelationtotheprovisionalprogramofwork.

Amodeloftheseformsofcontrolaregivenattheendofthechapter.

10.14Testingandreceiptofthecompleteline

Attheendoftheworkandbeforecommissioning,weproceedtofinalinspectionoftheline,
electricaltesting.
Finalinspectionoftheline