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This paper presents the results of a long-term performance analysis of PV-hybrid system based on 5 years operational data from the field site of Noyon soum, Umnugobi province, Mongolia. The main purpose of this project was to improve system reliability and cost performance on the natural conditions and distinctive social systems, which are rarely seen in J apan. High PV penetration (during project period: 80.4% during 09 / 2003-12 / 2007) 71% of total supplied energy, and
This paper presents the results of a long-term performance analysis of PV-hybrid system based on 5 years operational data from the field site of Noyon soum, Umnugobi province, Mongolia. The main purpose of this project was to improve system reliability and cost performance on the natural conditions and distinctive social systems, which are rarely seen in J apan. High PV penetration (during project period: 80.4% during 09 / 2003-12 / 2007) 71% of total supplied energy, and
This paper presents the results of a long-term performance analysis of PV-hybrid system based on 5 years operational data from the field site of Noyon soum, Umnugobi province, Mongolia. The main purpose of this project was to improve system reliability and cost performance on the natural conditions and distinctive social systems, which are rarely seen in J apan. High PV penetration (during project period: 80.4% during 09 / 2003-12 / 2007) 71% of total supplied energy, and
1 NUM-SPE, Department of Application Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, National University of Mongolia, Address: Ikh surguuliin gudamj - 1, Baga toiruu, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Cell: +976-99045070, Fax: +976-11-329993, email: amarbayar@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of a long-term performance analysis of PV-hybrid system based on 5 years operational data from the field site of Noyon soum, Umnugobi province, Mongolia, project supported by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization of J apan (NEDO). The NEDO has performed demonstrative research on the independent dispersed PV- hybrid systems: PV, 200kW, DEG (Diesel Engine Generator): 100kVA*3set) from 2002 to 2004 in Mongolia. The main purpose of this project was to improve system reliability and cost performance on the natural conditions and distinctive social systems, which are rarely seen in J apan. It has been observed that the high PV penetration (during project period: 80.4% during 09/2003-12/2007) 71% of total supplied energy, and the low system failure ratio. On the other hand, average PR (performance ratio) indicated 0.20 (during project period), 0.14 (estimated values between 09/2003-12/2007) due to the limited demand and distributed/grid-connected PV units (100kW) with the auxiliary power mode.
INTRODUCTION
The NEDO has performed demonstrative research on hybrid type photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems from 2002 to 2004 at Noyon soum, Umnugobi province, Mongolia (see Figure 1).
Ulaanbaatar Noyon
Figure 1 Location of the Noyon soum center
The main purpose of these projects was to improve system reliability and cost performance on the natural conditions and distinctive social systems are rarely seen in J apan [1]. This paper describes the results of a long-term performance analysis of PV-hybrid systems based on measured operation data during project period, and actual record data after the project period.
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The system consists of 4 dispersed grid-connected PV units, 2 centralized PV units, 2 lead-acid battery units, central controller unit, and 3 sets of existing DEG (see Figure 2). Dispersed PV units located at school (40kW), hospital (40kW), admin office (10kW), and telecommunication station (10kW). Modular PC (power conditioner) 10kW employing multi units build up systems were used in each PV unit. PC (10kW*10set) in a power center (PV 100kW), were separated into 2 lines (units) and each of them were designed to connect storage batteries (288kWh, 1000Ah*2V*144cell).
PVarray Battery Local Grid Diesel Gen. AC380V PVarray 288kWh*2 unit 50kW*2 unit Cent.Controller DC/AC Distributed grid-connected PV 100kW (40kW*2, 10kW*2) 100kVA*3 set 50kW*2unit DC/AC
Figure 2 System configuration of the Noyon field site
Figure 3 Main operation mode (PV+Bat and DEG switching operation)
Power conditioners of two centralized PV units, alternately switch between self-sustained operations and grid-connected operations by orders of a central controller and carry out adjustment of PV outputs and control of load sharing according as power demand variation (figure 3). In this site, all of PV array are mounted at a fixed angle (60 degree) and facing south (azimuth 0 degree).
ANALYSIS METHOD
The field data analysis is divided into 2 parts: solar energy resource evaluation, and system performance. For evaluation of the solar energy resource, we use monthly average irradiation, and irradiation variable ratio. The system performance indices include reference yield, final yield, system performance ratio, PV penetration ratio. In this analysis, system operation data referred by 2 different source. Main data is measured operation data during the project period (09/2003-03/2005), which was provided by an implementer of the NEDO project. The actual data recorded after project period (04/2005- 12/2007), which was obtained by a follow-up survey at the field site. Main operation data was measured every 30 minutes and stored in the data loggers. Measurement items were as follows: incident global irradiance in array- plane (tilt angle: 60 degree), PV unit outputs [kWh/30minut], battery input (charge) [kWh/30minut], DEG output [kWh/30minut] [1]
Solar Energy Resource Indices: The horizontal and in- plane irradiations [kWh/m 2 /day] were used for the indices of solar energy resource.
System Performance Indices: All system performance data have been evaluated in terms of operational performance and reliability. The evaluation procedures are based on the IEC Standard 61724 [7].
Yr = HA / GS (1) YA = EA,d / Pmax (2) Yf = Eload,d / Pmax (3) PR =Yf / Yr (4)
The reference yield Yr is based on the in-plane irradiation HA and represents the theoretically available energy GS per day and kWp. The final PV system yield Yf is the daily PV system output energy EP to the load per day and kWp, represents the number of hours per day that the array would need to operate at its rated output power Pmax to contribute the same daily array energy to the system as it was monitored. The system performance ratio PR is the ratio of PV energy actually used to the energy theoretically available (i.e. Yf/Yr). It is independent of location and system size and indicates the overall losses on the arrays rated output due to module temperature, incomplete utilization of irradiance and system component inefficiencies or failures [2, 3].
RESULTS
An average value of 2 year horizontal and in-plane irradiation indicated 4.51, 5.53 [kWh/m 2 /d/yr] in the Noyon site. Monthly in-plane irradiations were relatively constant, because a seasonal variation of solar energy at the PV panel reduced by the high tilt angle (Figure 4). Other reason of high tilt angle were as follows: 1) higher electric demand for lighting in winter than warmer season, 2) snow sliding off by gravity, to avoid the snow cover.
Figure 4 Horizontal and In-plane (Tilt angle 60 degree) Irradiation [kWh/m 2 /d], NA in 2004/8 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 E n e r g y P r o d u c t i o n
[ k W h / h ] 2004/3/25 Charge-2 Charge-1 DEG Admin 10kW School 40kW Telecom 10kW Hospital 40kW Center-2 50kW Center-1 50kW IrradTilt [kW/m2] Daily Operation Profile of PV hybrid system
Figure 5 Hourl y energy flow (sample day: 2004/3/25)
Figure 6 Dail y energy flow (2004/04)
The figure 5 shows a typical one day operating condition of the system. In the morning, a centralized and dispersed PV units charges batteries which have discharged on the previous day. After charging, the system starts load following operations and the dispersed PV units will be in standby conditions. Power demand increases in the evening and the system supplies electricity according to shortfalls by order of central controller when solar irradiation decreases. During DEG scheduled time (around 18:00-22:00PM), all the PV systems are stopped, the system switches to only DEG operation modes. After that, electricity is supplied by battery discharge at evening when power demand is low. Parallel hybrid operation of PV and DEG avoided due to governor of existing DEG was manual. Figure 6 for daily energy flow shows the centralized PV units (Center-1, 2 50kW) conducts sharing operations of load power and operation time by switching between self- sustained operations and grid-connected operations every other day.
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 -100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 S e p - 0 3 O c t - 0 3 N o v - 0 3 D e c - 0 3 J a n - 0 4 F e b - 0 4 M a r - 0 4 A p r - 0 4 M a y - 0 4 J u n - 0 4 J u l - 0 4 A u g - 0 4 S e p - 0 4 O c t - 0 4 N o v - 0 4 D e c - 0 4 J a n - 0 5 F e b - 0 5 E n e r g y P r o d u c t i o n [ k W h / d ] Charge-2 Charge-1 DEG Admin 10kW School 40kW Telecom 10kW Hospital 40kW Center-2 50kW Center-1 50kW Ref. Yield [h] Monthly Operation Profile of the Noyon PV hybrid system
Figure 7 Monthl y average energy flow (NA in 2004/8)
Regarding the reference yield, compared to 3.72 hours of an average value of Tokyo (tilt angle 40 deg.), 5.86 hours (Table 1) in Noyon, Mongolia was about 1.6-fold greater, which means Noyon had rich solar energy resource. The average performance ratio indicated 0.20 (Table 1) during project period, 0.14 (estimated value between 09/2003-12/2007, used in-plane irradiation data of 2003 (Figure 4) for reference yield in every year) An average final yield of grid-connected PV systems in J apan was about 1,000 hours a year (2.74h/d) and a system performance ratio indicated around 0.75. An average performance ratio of 37 portable solar home systems in Mongolia, was around 0.24 [4]. Compared to these results, a performance ratio of Noyon system was a low value. Causes of the low system performance ratio in this site were as follows: The PV systems performed in self- sustained operation modes, and the PV systems whose size was about three times as much as peak power demand (70kW) were installed to keep system reserved capacities to maintain voltages and frequencies of the off- grid system. As a result, many dispersed PV units stood by except when solar irradiation was low. The system provides a high-level solar energy contribution of 80% and low-level of failure rates from the view point of long-term reliability, environmental issues, and dependency rates on fossil fuels. On the other hand, to achieve self-sustained operations which provide power control capabilities, installation of large-capacity PV systems and expensive initial investments are required, which requires to be considered. To prevent this situation, some measures are considered to increase the energy availability factor. The measures are; an installation of PV system at low cost condition, decrease and dispersion of peak load by DSM (Demand Side Management), an installation of adjustment load (icemaker, pump).
LESSON LEARNED
Measure for a demand increase A soft measure to change a tariff system provided a stable transition according to dramatic increase of power demand just after commencement of a project (Figure 8). Total power consumption became more than double because electricity supply time had been extended from about 5 hours to more than 12 hours. In addition, employment of a fixed charge system was also one of the factors that power demand increased. Watt-hour meter were installed at each consumers house and a metered rate system was employed as a new electric bill collection system. As a result, half a year later, whole electric demand decreased and showed a stable transition.
Cut and restart of fuel subsidies The field survey found DEG operation was limited and power supply decreased because government subsidies of diesel fuel cost for local electric companies who ran at a loss, were cut. The subsidies were not supplied for one year and a half (see Figure 8). The limit of DEG operation led to putting more load to battery, and then caused early deterioration and decline in function. Since local government acknowledged that battery capacity of this hybrid system was not designed to cover whole night load, local government resumed the subsidy system. Then DEG power supply returned to the same level as before, that is: completion of the demonstrative research project. To gain local government and residents correct recognition for functions, characteristics and disadvantages (running cost, replacement cost and etc.) of the installed system, site tour and events with experiences activities during construction period are necessary.
Multi-parallel modular inverters Installation of multiple inverters to form multi-parallel system, are important to deal with component failures. To reduce system failure time and shortage for planned maintenance or lightning stokes. In fact, 10kW modular inverter 20 sets with 4 spare for 200 kW PV capacity were installed in September 2003, but three broke down because of lightning strikes from time of installation to September 2009. Multi-parallel modular inverters demonstrated by fact that the modular inverters provide highly-efficient operations even at low load level and it leads to high maintainability in fault conditions, and reduction of installation costs and quantity of works for system extension.
When dispersed-multiple PV systems with centralized controller are installed, additional investment for control communication lines and control technologies focusing on demand-and-supply balance among several PV systems are to be considered.
CONCLUSION
It has been observed that the high PV penetration ratio (during project period: 80.4%, during 09/2003-12/2007: 71%) of total supplied energy, and the low system failure ratio. On the other hand, average PR (performance ratio) indicated 0.20 (during project period), due to the limited demand and distributed/grid-connected PV units (100kW) with the auxiliary power mode.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work has been done as the Development of Supportive Technology for Designing PV-Hybrid Power Generation Systems under the NEDOs International Cooperative Demonstration Project Utilizing Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems (FY2006 - 2010). The authors wish to thank NEDO and project implementers for providing the measured data during project period.
REFERENCES
[1] NEDO, Report of the Demonstrative Research Project on Dispersed Photovoltaic Power Generation System in Mongolia, 2003-2005, March 2005, in J apanese
[2] IEC; The International Electrotechnical Commission, Photovoltaic system performance monitoring Guidelines for measurement, data exchange and analysis, IEC 61724, 1998
[3] U. J ahn, D. Mayer, M. Heidenreich and etc. International Energy Agency PVPS Task 2: Analysis of the operational performance of the IEA Database PV systems, 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Glasgow, United Kingdom, May 2000
[4] A. Amarbayar, Kosuke Kurokawa, Performance Analysis of Portable Photovoltaic Systems based on the Demonstrative Research Data in Mongolia, J . J SES, 168 Vol.31 No.4, 2005, page 83-88