1 Focus On Exam 1

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.
(008974-T) 2012
CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS
Focus on Exam 1
1 (a) g(x)
=
16 x
2
For g(x) to be defined, 16 x
2

0
(4
+
x)(4 x)
0
x
4 4
Hence, the domain of g(x) is
{x : 4
4, x P R}.
(b)
x
y
O
4
4
4
16 x
2
y =
The graph of g(x) is
actually part of a circle
with the equation
y
2
= 16 x
2
x
2
+ y
2
= 4
2
.
(c) The range is { y : 0
4, y P R}.
2 (a) f : x x
2
9
f (x)
=
x
2
9
For f (x) to be defined, x
2
9
0
(x
+
3)(x 3)
0
x
3 3
Hence, the domain of f (x) is
{x : x
3 or x
3, x P R}.
(b)
x
O
y
3 3
x
2
9 y =
(c) The range is { y : y
0, y P R}.
3 First, consider only g(x)
=

1
2
x 2
. The
graph of g(x) is as shown below.
x
y
4
2
2
O
1
2
y = x 2
1
2
y = x + 2

1
2
x
+
2, x
<
4,
Thus, g(x)
=
5
1
2
x
2, x

4.
Next, consider only h(x)
=

1
2
x
+
2
. The
graph of h(x) is as shown below.
x
y
4
2
O
1
2
y = x + 2
1
2
y = x 2
Chap-1a.indd 1 3/1/2012 10:58:49 AM
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012
ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term 2

1
2
x 2, x
<
4,
Thus, h(x)
=
5
1
2
x
+
2, x

4.
Therefore,
for x
<
4, f (x)
=

1
2
x
+
2
1

1
2
x 2
2
= 4
for 4
x
<
4, f (x)
=

1
2
x
+
2
1
1
2
x + 2
2
=
x
for x
4, f (x)
=

1
2
x 2
1
1
2
x
+
2
2
=
4
4, x
<
4,
Hence, f (x)
=
5
x, 4

x
<
4,
4, x

4.
(a) The graph of f (x) is as shown below.
x
y
O
y = 4
y = 4
y = x
4
4
4
4
(b) The range of f (x) is
{y : 4
4, y P R}.
4 (a) (i) f (x)
=
(x
+
1)
2

+
2
x
y
3
y = (x + 1)
2
+ 2
(1, 2)
O
The domain of f (x) is {x : x P R}.
The range of f (x) is
{ y : y
2, y P R}.
(ii) g(x)
=

1
x 2
x
y
O
2
y =
1
x 2
1
2
The domain of g(x) is

{x : x P R, x
2}.
The range of g(x) is
{ y : y P R, y
0}.
(b) g
f
=
g[ f (x)]
=
g[(x
+
1)
2

+
2]
=

1
(x
+
1)
2

+
2 2
=

1
(x
+
1)
2
, x 1
The domain of g
f is
{x : x P R, x
1}.
The range of g
f is { y : y > 0, y P R}.
x
y
O
1
y = g f (x)
(x + 1)
2
=
1
5 (a) (i) f (x)
=
x 2
x
y
O
2
x

2 y =
The domain of f (x) is
{x : x
2, x P R}.
{ y : y
0, y P R}.
Chap-1a.indd 2 3/1/2012 10:58:52 AM
Fully Worked Solution 3
(ii) g(x)
=
x
2
3
x
y
O
y = x
2
3
3
The domain of g(x) is {x : x P R}.
{ y : y
3, y P R}.
(b) g
f exists because R
f
D
g
.

g
f
=
g[ f(x)]
=
g1 x 22
=
1 x 22
2
3
=
x 5
(c) For f
g to be defined, R
g
D
f
.
R
g
D
f
x
2
3 2
x
2
5 0
1x
+
521x 52 0
Hence, the required set of values of x is
{x : x 5 or x 5, x P R}.
6 (a) (i) f (x)
=
25 x
2
x
5
5 5
O
y
25 x
2
y =
{x : 5
5, x P R}.
{ y : 0
5, y P R}.
(ii) g (x)
=
x
2
5
x
y
O
5
y = x
2
5
{{
The domain of g(x) is {x : x P R}.
{y : y
5, y P R}.
(b) f
g does not exist because R

g
D
f
.
(c) For f
g to be defined, R
g
D
f
.
D
f
R
g
D
f
5 x
2
5 5
0 x
2
10
{x : 10 x 10, x P R}.
7 (a) (i) f (x)
=

1
x 2
x
y
O
2
1
2

{x : x P R, x
2}.
{ y : y P R, y
0}.
(ii) g(x)
=

2
x
+
4
x
O
y
1
2
4
The domain of g(x) is
{x : x P R, x
4}. (1)
{ y : y P R, y
0}.
(b) f
g
=
f [g(x)]
=
f
1
2
x
+
4
2
=

1
1
2
x
+
4
2
2
=

x
+
4
2 2(x
+
4)
}}}
Chap-1a.indd 3 3/1/2012 10:58:54 AM
=

x
+
4
6 2x
, x
3 (2)
Combining (1) and (2), the domain of
f
g is {x : x P R, x
4, x
3}.
8 (a) Let y
=
f
1
(x)
f (y)
=
x
2 + y 1
=
x
y 1
=
x 2
y 1
=
(x 2)
2
y 1
=
x
2
4x
+
4
y
=
x
2
4x
+
5
[ f
1
(x)
=
x
2
4x
+
5
The domain of f
1
is the same as the
range of f, i.e. {x : x
2, x P R}.
The range of f
1
is the same as the
domain of f, i.e. {y : y
1, y P R}.
(b) The graphs of y
=
f (x) and y
=
f
1
(x)
are as shown below.
x
y
O
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
y = f
1
(x)
y = f (x)
y

=

x
The graph of y = f
1
(x) is
the reflection of the graph of
y = f (x) in the straight line y = x.
The point of intersection of the graphs of
y
=
f (x) and y
=
f
1
(x) is the same as the
point of intersection of the curve y
=
f
1
(x)
=
x
2
4x
+
5 and the straight line y
=
x.
y
=
x
2
4x
+
5 (1)
y
=
x (2)
x
2
4x
+
5
=
x
x
2
5x
+
5
=
0
x
=

(5) (5)
2
4(1)(5)
2(1)

x
=

5 5
2
x
=
1.38 or 3.62
x
=
1.38 is not accepted
[ x
=
3.62
[ y
=
x
=
3.62
Hence, the required point of
intersection is (3.62, 3.62).
9 (a) The graph of y
=
f (x)
=
x
2
3x is as
shown below.
x
y
O
3
1
2
(
1
4
,
2
)
1
y = f (x) = x
2
3x
f
1
does not exist because f is not a
one-to-one function.
(b) In order for f
1
to exist, the domain of f
must be restricted to only

5
x : x
1
1
2
, x P R
6
.
Let y
=
f
1
(x)
f (y)
=
x
y
2
3y
=
x
y
2
3y x
=
0
y
=

(3)
+
(3)
2
4(1)(x)
2(1)
y
=

3
+
9 + 4x
2
[ f
1
(x)
=

3
+
9 + 4x
2
The domain of f
1
is the same as the
range of f, i.e.
5
x : x
2
1
4
, x P R
6
.
10 Since (x 2) is a factor of
P(x)
=
qx
3
rx
2

+
x 2,
P(2)
=
0
q(2)
3
r(2)
2

+
2 2
=
0
8q 4r
=
0
2q r
=
0 (1)
P(x) has a remainder of 12 when it is
divided by (x
+
1).
P(1)
=
12
q(1)
3
r(1)
2
1 2
=
0
q r
=
3 (2)
(1) (2):
2q r
=
0
q r
=
3
3q
=
3
q
=
1
From (1), 2(1) r
=
0
r
=
2
[ P(x)
=
x
3

+
2x
2

+
x 2
Chap-1a.indd 4 3/1/2012 10:58:56 AM

x
2

+
1
x 2 2 x
3

+
2x
2

+
x 2
x
3

+
2x
2
x 2
x 2
0
[ P(x)
=
(x 2)(x
2

+
1)

=
(x 2)(1
+
x)(1 x)
Hence, the zeroes of P(x) are 2, 1 and 1.
11 Since Q(x) is divisible by x
2

+
x 6
=

(x 2)(x
+
3), then it is also divisible by
(x 2) and (x
+
3).
Q(2)
=
0
m(2)
3
5(2)
2

+
k(2)
+
54
=
0
8m
+
2k
=
34
4m
+
k
=
17 (1)
Q(3)
=
0
m(3)
3
5(3)
2

+
k(3)
+
54
=
0
27m 3k
=
9
9m
+
k
=
3 (2)
(2) (1): 5m
=
20 m
=
4
From (1), 4(4)
+
k
=
17 k
=
33
12 Since (x
+
2) is a factor of P(x), then
P(2)
=
0
(2)
3

+
4(2)
2
h(2)
+
k
=
0
2h
+
k
=
8
k
=
2h 8 (1)
When P(x) is divided by (x h), the
remainder is h
3
.
P(h)
=
h
3
h
3

+
4h
2
h
2

+
k
=
h
3
3h
2

+
k
=
0 (2)
Substituting (1) into (2),
3h
2
2h 8
=
0
(3h
+
4)(h 2)
=
0
h
=

4
3
or 2
When h
=

4
3
, k
=
2
1

4
3
2
8
=

16
3
When h
=
2, k
=
2(2) 8
=
12
13 When a polynomial P(x) of degree n
2
is divided by 2x
2

+
3x 2
=
(2x 1)(x
+
2),
the remainder is an expression in the
form ax
+
b, where a and b are
constants. i.e.
P(x)
=
(2x 1)(x
+
2) Q(x)
+
(ax
+
b)
When P(x) is divided by (2x 1), the
remainder is
3
2
.
P
1
1
2
2

=
(0)
1
1
2

+
2
2
Q(x)
+

1
2
a
+
b
=

3
2
a
+
2b
=
3 (1)
When P(x) is divided by (x
+
2), the
remainder is 1.
P(2)
=
[2
(2) 1](0) Q(x)

+
(2a
+
b)
=
1
2a
+
b
=
1 (2)
Solving (1) and (2), a
=
1, b
=
1
Hence, the remainder when P(x) is divided
by 2x
2

+
3x 2 is ax
+
b
=
x
+
1.
14 6x
4
25x
3
12x
2

+
25x
+
6
=
0
Dividing throughout by x
2
,
6x
2
25x 12
+

25
x

+

6
x
2

=
0
6
1
x
2

+

1
x
2
2
25
1
x
+

1
x
2
12
=
0 (1)
Considering z
2

=

1
x
1
x
2
2
,
z
2

=
x
2
2
+

1
x
2
x
2

+

1
x
2

=
z
2

+
2
From (1), 6(z
2

+
2) 25z 12
=
0
6z
2

+
12 25z 12
=
0
6z
2
25z
=
0
z(6z 25)
=
0
z
=
0 or z
=

25
6
When z
=
0, x
1
x

=
0
x
2
1
=
0
x
=
1
When z
=

25
6
, x
1
x

=

25
6
6x
2
6
=
25x
6x
2
25x 6
=
0
x
=

25 (25)
2
4(6)(6)
2(6)

x
=

25 769
12
x
=
0.228 or 4.39
Chap-1a.indd 5 3/1/2012 10:58:57 AM
15 x
3

+
x 2
x
2
4 2 x
5
3x
3
2x
2
4x
+
8
x
5
4x
3
x
3
2x
2
4x
+
8
x
3
4x
2x
2

+
8
2x
2

+
8
0
The remainder is 0.
Since the remainder is 0, (x
2
4) is a factor
of P(x).
[ P(x)
=
(x
2
4)(x
3

+
x 2)
Let Q(x)
=
x
3

+
x 2.
If x
=
1, Q(x)
=
1
3

+
1 2
=
0
[ (x 1) is a factor of Q(x).
[ P(x)
=
(x
2
4)(x 1)(x
2

+
x
+
2)
When P(x)
=
0,
x
2
4
=
0 or x 1
=
0 or x
2

+
x
+
2
=
0
x
=
2, x
=
1,
No real solutions because
b
2
4ac
=
1
2
4(1)(2)
=
7 (< 0)
The zeroes of P(x) are 2 and 1.
16 x
2
1
=
(x 1)(x
+
1)
P(1)
=
1
2n
(m
+
2)(1)
2

+
m
+
1
=
1 m 2
+
m
+
1
=
0
Thus, (x 1) is a factor of P(x).
P(1)
=
(1)
2n
(m
+
2)(1)
2

+
m
+
1
=
1 m 2
+
m
+
1
=
0
Thus, (x
+
1) is a factor of P(x).
Since (x 1) and (x
+
1) are factors of P(x),
then (x 1)(x
+
1)
=
x
2
1 is a factor of P(x).
When m
=
8, P(x)
=
x
2n
(8
+
2)x
2

+
8
+
1
=
x
2n
10x
2

+
9
Since (x 3) is a factor, then
P(3)
=
0
3
2n
10(3)
2

+
9
=
0
3
2n

=
81
3
2n

=
3
4
2n
=
4
n
=
2
Hence, P(x)
=
x
4
10x
2

+
9
=
(x
2
9)(x
2
1)
=
(x
+
3)(x 3)(x
+
1)(x 1)
17 Let
2x
+
1
(x
2

+
x)
2

=

2x
+
1
x
2
(x
+
1)
2

A
x

+

B
x
2

+

C
x
+
1

+

D
(x
+
1)
2
2x
+
1 Ax(x
+
1)
2

+
B(x
+
1)
2
+
Cx
2
(x
+
1)
+
Dx
2
Letting x
=
1, 1
=
D(1)
2
D
=
1
Letting x
=
0, B
=
1
Letting x
=
1, 3
=
4A
+
4B
+
2C
+
D
3
=
4A
+
4(1)
+
2C 1
4A
+
2C
=
0 (1)
Letting x
=
2, 5
=
18A
+
9B
+
12C
+
4D
5
=
18A
+
9(1)
+
12C
+
4(1)
18A
+
12C
=
0
3A
+
2C
=
0 (2)
(1) (2): A
=
0
From (2), 3(0)
+
2C
=
0 C
=
0
Hence,
2x
+
1
(x
2

+
x)
2

=

1
x
2

1
(x
+
1)
2
18
4x
2
x
+
3
x
3
1

=

4x
2
x
+
3
(x 1)(x
2
+
x
+
1)

A
x 1

+

Bx
+
C
x
2
+
x
+
1
4x
2
x
+
3 A(x
2

+
x
+
1)
+
(Bx
+
C)(x 1)
Letting x
=
1, 6
=
3A A
=
2
Letting x
=
0, 3
=
A
+
C(1)
3
=
2 C
C
=
1
Letting x
=
1, 8
=
A
+
(B
+
C)(2)
8
=
2
+
(B 1)(2)
8
=
2
+
2B
+
2
2B
=
4
B
=
2
[
4x
2
x
+
3
x
3
1

=

2
x 1

+

2x 1
x
2

+
x
+
1
19 P(x)
=
x
3

+
x
2

+
px
+
q
P9(x)
=
3x
2

+
2x
+
p
Since (x 1) is a factor of P(x),
P(1)
=
0.
[ 1
3

+
1
2

+
p(1)
+
q
=
0
p
+
q
=
2 (1)
Since (x 1) is a factor of P9(x),
P9(1)
=
0.
[ 3(1
3
)
+
2(1)
+
p
=
0
p
=
5
From (1): 5
+
q
=
2 q
=
3
[ P(x)
=
x
3

+
x
2
5x
+
3
Since (x 1) is a factor of P(x) and P9(x),
thus (x 1)
2
[or x
2
2x
+
1] is a factor
of P(x).
Chap-1a.indd 6 3/1/2012 10:58:58 AM
x
+
3
x
2
2x
+
12 x
3

+
x
2
5x
+
3
x
3
2x
2

+
x
3x
2
6x
+
3
3x
2
6x
+
3
0
[ P(x)
=
(x 1)
2
(x
+
3)
20 4x
P(x)

=

20 4x
(x 1)
2
(x
+
3)

A
x 1

+

B
(x 1)
2

+

C
x
+
3
20 4x A(x 1)(x
+
3)
+
B(x
+
3)
+
C(x 1)
2
Letting x
=
3, 32
=
16C C
=
2
Letting x
=
1, 16
=
4B B
=
4
Letting x
=
0, 20
=
3A
+
3B
+
C
20
=
3A
+
3(4)
+
2
3A
=
6
A
=
2
[
20 4x
(x 1)
2
(x
+
3)

=

2
x 1

+

4
(x 1)
2

+

2
x
+
3
20 Since the remainders when P(x) is divided
by (x
+
1) is 0, P(1)
=
0.
P(1)
=
0
(1)
3

+
m(1)
2

+
15(1)
+
k
=
0
1
+
m 15
+
k
=
0
m
+
k
=
16 (1)
Since the remainders when P(x) is divided
by (x
+
2) is ( 4), P(2)
=
4.
P(2)
=
4
(2)
3

+
m(2)
2

+
15(2)
+
k
=
4
8
+
4m 30
+
k
=
4
4m
+
k
=
34 (2)
(2) (1): 3m
=
18 m
=
6
From (1): 6
+
k
=
16 k
=
10
[ P(x)
=
x
3

+
6x
2

+
15x
+
10
Since the remainders when P(x) is divided
by (x
+
1) is 0, (x
+
1) is a factor of P(x).
x
2

+
5x
+
10
x
+
12 x
3

+
6x
2

+
15x
+
10
x
3

+
x
2
5x
2

+
15x
5x
2

+
5x
10x
+
10
10x
+
10
0
[ P(x)
=
(x
+
1)(x
2

+
5x
+
10)
x
+
7
P(x)

=

x
+
7
(x
+
1)(x
2

+
5x
+
10)

A
x
+
1

+

Bx
+
C
x
2

+
5x
+
10
x
+
7 A(x
2

+
5x
+
10)
+
(Bx
+
C)(x
+
1)
Letting x
=
1, 6
=
6A A
=
1
Letting x
=
0, 7
=
10A
+
C
7
=
10(1)
+
C
C
=
3
Letting x
=
1, 8
=
16A
+
2B
+
2C
8
=
16(1)
+
2B
+
2(3)
2B
=
2
B
=
1
[
x
+
7
(x
+
1)(x
2

+
5x
+
10)

=

1
x
+
1

+

x 3
x
2

+
5x
+
10
=

1
x
+
1

x
+
3
x
2

+
5x
+
10
21 12
x
2
7x
10
The first inequality is
12
x
2
7x
x
2
7x
+
12
0
(x 3)(x 4)
x 4 0
x 3 0
+
+ +
x
3
+ +
4
Therefore, (x 3)(x 4)
0 if x
3 or
x
4.
The second inequality is
x
2
7x
10
x
2
7x
+
10
0
(x 2)(x 5)
x 5 0
x 2 0
+
+ +
x
2
+ +
5
Therefore, (x 2)(x 5)
0 if 2
5.

3 4
x
5 2
2 x 5
x 3 or x 4
The required set of values of x is
{x : 2
3 or 4
5}.
Chap-1a.indd 7 3/1/2012 10:59:00 AM
22 16
x
3
4x
2

+
4x 16
0
When 16
x
3
4x
2

+
4x 16,
x
3
4x
2

+
4x
0
x(x
2
4x
+
4)
0
x (x 2)
2

0
Since (x 2)
2

0,
in order that x(x 2)
2

0, then x
0 (1)
When x
3
4x
2

+
4x 16
0,
we let f (x)
=
x
3
4x
2

+
4x 16.
f (4)
=
4
3
4(4)
2

+
4(4) 16
=
0
Thus, (x 4) is a factor of f (x).
x
2

+
4
x 42 x
3
4x
2

+
4x 16
x
3
4x
2
4x 16
4x 16
0
x
3
4x
2

+
4x 16
0
(x 4)(x
2

+
4)
0
Since x
2

+
4 > 0,
in order that (x 4)(x
2

+
4)
0, then
x 4
0 x
4 (2)
Combining (1) and (2),
the required set of values of x is
{x : 0
x

4}.
23
3x 5
x

x 3
3x 5
x
x
+
3
0

3x 5 x
2

+
3x
x

0
x
2

+
6x 5
x

0
x
2
6x
+
5
x

0
(x 1)(x 5)
x

x 1 0
x 5 0
x 0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
x
0 1 5
{x : x
<
0 or 1
x

5}.
We write < and not
because x
0.
24
x
x 3
< 4
|x|
|x 3|

<
4
|x|
<
4|x 3|
x
2

<
16(x 3)
2
x
2

<
16x
2
96x
+
144
0
<
15x
2
96x
+
144
0
<
5x
2
32x
+
48
0
<
(x 4)(5x 12)
+ +
5x 12 0
+
x 4 0
4 12
5
+ +
x

5
x : x
<

12
5
or x > 4
6
.
Alternative method
4
<

x
x 3

<
4
For the left-end For the right-end
inequality, inequality,
4
<

x
x 3

x
x 3

<
4
x
x 3

+
4
>
0
x
x 3
4
<
0

x
+
4(x 3)
x 3

>
0
x 4(x 3)
x 3

<
0

x
+
4x 12
x 3

>
0
3x
+
12
x 3

<
0
5x 12
x 3

>
0
3(x
+
4)
x 3

<
0
3 12
5
+ +
+ +
x 3 0
5x 12 0
+
x + 4 0
x 3 0
4 3
+
+ +
+ +
x
x
[ x
<

12
5
or x
>
3 (1) [ x
<
3 or x
>
4 (2)
Combining (1) and (2):

3
x
4
x < 3 or x > 4
12
5
12
5
or x > 3 x <

5
x : x
<

12
5
or x > 4
6
.
Chap-1a.indd 8 3/1/2012 10:59:02 AM
25 The graphs of y
=
|x
+
2| and y
=

1
x
+
1
is as
shown below.

x
y
O
2
2
1
y =
1
x + 1
y = x + 2
y = x 2
A
y
=
x
+
2 (1)
y
=

1
x
+
1
(2)
x
+
2
=

1
x
+
1
x
2

+
3x
+
2
=
1
x
2

+
3x
+
1
=
0
x
=

3 3
2
4(1)(1)
2(1)
x
=

3 5
2
The x-coordinate of point A is
x
=

3
+
5
2
.
Based on the graphs, the solution set of x
for which |x
+
2| >
1
x
+
1
is

5
x
<
1 or x
>

3 + 5
2
6
.
This is the set of values of x where the
graph of y
=
|x
+
2| is above the graph of
y
=

1
x
+
1
.
26
x
O 1
1
1
1 3
y = x 1
y
A
y = x 1 x + 1 y =
To determine the x-coordinate of point
A, solve
y
=
x 1 (1)
y
=
x + 1 (2)
x 1
=
x + 1
(x 1)
2

=
x
+
1
x
2
2x
+
1
=
x
+
1
x
2
3x
=
0
x(x 3)
=
0
Thus, the x-coordinate of point A is x
=
3.
The part of the x-axis where the graph of
y
=
x + 1 is above the graph of y
=
|x| 1
is 1
3.
{x : 1
3}.
27 P(x)
=
2x
3

+
hx
2

+
kx
+
36
P(3)
=
0
2(3)
3

+
h(3)
2

+
k(3)
+
36
=
0
9h
+
3k
=
90
3h
+
k
=
30 (1)
P(x)
=
(x
+
2) f (x) 30 means that the
remainder when P(x) is divided by (x
+
2)
is 30.
P(2)
=
30
2(2)
3

+
h(2)
2

+
k(2)
+
36
=
30
4h 2k
=
50
2h k
=
25 (2)
(1)
+
(2): 5h
=
55 h
=
11
From (1): 3(11)
+
k
=
30
k
=
3
Therefore, P(x)
=
2x
3
11x
2

+
3x
+
36.
2x
2
5x 12
x 32 2x
3
11x
2

+
3x
+
36
2x
3
6x
2
5x
2

+
3x
5x
2

+
15x
12x
+
36
12x
+
36
0
Therefore, P(x)
=
(x 3)(2x
2
5x 12)
=
(x 3)(2x
+
3)(x 4)
3 4
x
3
2
The sets of values of x such that P(x) 0
is
5
x :
3
2
x 3 or x 4
6
.
Chap-1a.indd 9 3/1/2012 10:59:04 AM
28 P(x)
=
2x
3

+
px
2

+
qx
+
6
Since (2x
+
P
1

1
2
2

=
0
2
1

1
2
2
3
+
p
1

1
2
2
2

+
q
1

1
2
2

+
6
=
0

1
4

+

1
4
p
1
2
q
+
6
=
0
1
+
p 2q
+
24
=
0
p 2q
=
23 (1)
When P(x) is divided by (x
+
3), the
remainder is 15.
P(3)
=
15
2(3)
3

+
p(3)
2

+
q(3)
+
6
=
15
9p 3q
=
33
3p q
=
11 (2)
p 2q
=
23 (1)
6p 2q
=
22 (2)
2
5p
=
45
p
=
9
From (1): 9 2q
=
23 q
=
16
[ P(x)
=
2x
3

+
9x
2

+
16x
+
6
x
2

+
4x
+
6
2x
+
12 2x
3

+
9x
2

+
16x
+
6
2x
3

+
x
2
8x
2

+
16x
8x
2

+
4x
12x
+
6
12x
+
6
0
Let Q(x)
=
x
2

+
4x
+
6
=
x
2

+
4x
+

1
4
2
2
2

1
4
2
2
2

+
6
=
(x
+
2)
2

+
2 [> 0] [Shown]
P(x)
=
(2x
+
1)(x
2

+
4x
+
6)
Since x
2

+
4x
+
6 is positive for all real
values of x, then P(x) < 0 only if
2x
+
1 < 0 x <
1
2
.
Hence, the solution set is
5
x : x
<

1
2
6
.
29 f (x)
=

e
x

+
e
x
2

f (x)
=

e
x

+
e
x
2

=

e
x

+
e
x
2

=
f (x)
Since f (x)
=
f (x), f (x) is an even function.
g(x)
=

e
x
e
x
2

g(x)
=

e
x
e
x
2

=

1
e
x
e
x
2
2

=
g(x)
Since g(x)
=
g(x), g(x) is an odd function.
30
x
y
O
1
2
1
2
y = e
x
y = 2e
y = e
x
1
y = e
x
x
31 (a)
x
O
y
1
y = |ln x|
(b)
1 1
O
y
x
y = ln (x) y = ln x
(c)
1
O
y
x
y = ln (x)
32 x

1
2

+
2x
1

=
15
x

1
2

+
2
1
x

1
2
2
2

=
15
Let x

1
2

=
u
u
+
2u
2

=
15
2u
2

+
u 15
=
0
(2u 5)(u
+
3)
=
0
u
=

5
2
or u
=
3
Chap-1a.indd 10 3/1/2012 10:59:06 AM
When u
=

5
2
, When u
=
3,
x

1
2

=

5
2
x

1
2

=
3
x
1

=

1
5
2
2
2

1
x

=

25
4
x
=

4
25
33 8
x

+
6(8
x
)
=
5
8
x

+

6
8
x

=
5
Let 8
x

=
u
u
+

6
u

=
5
u
2

+
6
=
5u
u
2
5u
+
6
=
0
(u 2)(u 3)
=
0
u
=
2 or u
=
3
8
x

=
2 8
x

=
3
2
3x

=
2
1
x lg 8
=
lg 3
3x
=
1

x
=

lg 3
lg 8
x
=

1
3

x
=
0.528
34 log
2
x log
x
8
+
2
log
2
h

+
h log
x
4
=
0
log
2
x
log
2
8
log
2
x

+
h
+
h
1
log
2
4
log
2
x
2

=
0
y
log
2
2
3
y

+
h
+
h
1
log
2
2
2
y
2

=
0
y
3
y

+
h
+
h
1
2
y
2

=
0
y
2
3
+
hy
+
2h
=
0
y
2

+
hy
+
2h 3
=
0 [Shown]
When h
=

1
4
, y
2

1
4
y
+
2
1

1
4
2
3
=
0
4y
2
y 14
=
0
(4y
+
7)(y 2)
=
0
y
=

7
4
or 2
Given y
=
log
2
x, then x
=
2
y
.
When y
=

7
4
, x
=
2

7
4

=
0.297.
When y
=
2, x
=
2
2

=
4.
[Not possible because
x

1
2
> 0 for all real
values of x.]
35 2 log
c
x 3 log
x
c
=
5
2 log
c
x 3
1
log
c
c
log
c
x
2

=
5
2 log
c
x 3
1
1
log
c
x
2

=
5
Let log
c
x
=
u
2u 3
1
1
u
2

=
5
2u
2
3
=
5u
2u
2
5u 3
=
0
(2u
+
1)(u 3)
=
0
u
=

1
2
or u
=
3
log
c
x
=

1
2
log
c
x
=
3
x
=
c

1
2

=

1
c
x
=
c
3
36 x log
4
32 y log
8
2
=
4
x
log
2
32
log
2
4
y
log
2
2
log
2
8

=
4
x
log
2
2
5
log
2
2
2
y
log
2
2
log
2
2
3

=
4
5x
2

y
3

=
4
15x 2y
=
24 (1)
log
2
x
+

1
5
log
2
y
5

=
2 log
4
6
log
2
x
+

1
5
(5 log
2
y)
=
2
log
2
6
log
2
4
log
2
x
+
log
2
y
=
log
2
6
log
2
xy
=
log
2
6
xy
=
6
y
=

6
x
(2)
15x 2
1
6
x
2

=
24
15x
2
12
=
24x
5x
2
8x 4
=
0
(x 2)(5x
+
2)
=
0
x
=
2 or
2
5
x
=

2
5
is not accepted
[ x
=
2
When x
=
2, y
=

6
2

=
3
Chap-1a.indd 11 3/1/2012 10:59:07 AM
37 (a) The graph of y = f (x) = ln (x + 1) is as
shown below.

1
O
y
x
y = f (x) = ln (x + 1)
f
1
exists because f is a one-to-one and
an onto function.
(b) Let y
=
f
1
(x)
f (y)
=
x
ln (y
+
1)
=
x
y
+
1
=
e
x
y
=
e
x
1
f
1
(x)
=
e
x
1
The domain of f
1
is the same as the
range of f, i.e. {x : x P R}.
The range of f
1
is the same as the
domain of f, i.e. {y : y 1, y P R}.
(c) g

f
1

=
g[ f
1
(x)]
=
g(e
x
1)
=
e
x
1 + 1
=
e

1
2

x
The domain of g
f
1
is the same as the
domain of f
1
, i.e. {x : x P R}.
The range of g
f
1
is { y : y > 0, y P R}.

x
y
y = e
O
1
1
2
x
38 (a) f
g
=
f [g(x)]
=
f
3
ln
1
x 1
2
24
=
1
+
2e
ln

1
x 1
2
2
=
1
+
2
1
x 1
2
2
=
x
Since it is known that f f
1
(x)
=
x, by
comparison f
1
(x)
=
g(x) = ln
x 1
2
.
(b) The domain of f
1
is the same as the
range of f, i.e. {x : x
>
1, x P R}.
The range of f
1
is the same as the
domain of f, i.e. {y : y
P
R}.
(c) The graphs of y
=
f (x) and y
=
f
1
(x)
are as shown below.
1
1
O
y
x
y = f (x) = 1 + 2e
x
3
y

=

x
3
y = f
1
(x) = ln
x 1
2
) (
39 (a) The graph of y
=
|sin x| is as shown
below.
y
x
1
O
2p
p
2
p
3
p
2
y = sin x y = sin x
In the non-modulus form,
y = |sin x| is
f (x) =
sin x,
sin x,
0 x p,
p x 2p.
The graph of y
=
sin x for 0
<
x < 2p
is as shown below.
y
x
1
1
O
2p
p
2
p
3
p
2
Chap-1a.indd 12 3/1/2012 10:59:09 AM
Hence, the function f (x)
=
|sin x| sin x
in the non-modulus form is:
f (x)
=

{
sin x sin x, 0
<
x
<
p
sin x sin x, p
<
x
< 2p
f (x)
=

{
0, 0
<
x
<
p
2 sin x, p
<
x
< 2p
(b) Hence, the graph of y
=
f (x)
=
|sin x|
sin x for 0
<
x
<
2p is as shown below.
y
x
2
O
2p
p
2
p
3
p
2
y = f (x)
{y : 0
<
y
<
2, y P R}.
(c) By using the horizontal-line test, there
are two intersection points between the
horizontal line and the graph of
y
=
f (x)
=
|sin x| sin x. Hence, f (x) is
not a one-to-one function.
y
x
2
O
2p
p
2
p
3
p
2
y = f (x)
Two intersection points
40 (a) LHS
=
cos
4
q
+
sin
2
q
=
1cos
2
q2
2

+
sin
2
q
=
11 sin
2
q2
2

+
sin
2
q
=
1 2 sin
2
q
+
sin
4
q
+
sin
2
q
=
sin
4
q
+
1 sin
2
q
=
sin
4
q
+
cos
2
q
=
RHS
[ cos
4
q
+
sin
2
q
sin
4
q
+
cos
2
q
[Proven]
(b) LHS
=
sin (q
+
a)
+
cos (q a)
=
sin q cos a
+
cos q sin a
+

cosq cos a
+
sin q sin a
=
sin q cos a
+
cos q cos a
+

sinq sin a
+
cos q sin a
=
cos a(sin q
+
cos q)
+

sin a(sinq
+
cos q)
=
(sin q
+
cos q)(cos a
+
sin a)
=
RHS
[ sin (q
+
a)
+
cos(q a)
(sin q
+
cos q)(cos a
+
sin a)
[Proven]
41 LHS
=

sin q tan q
tan q sin q
=

sin q
1
sin q
cos q
2
sin q
cos q
sin q
=

sin
2
q
sin q sin q cos q
=

1 cos
2
q
sin q (1 cos q)
=

(1
+
cos q)(1 cos q)
sin q (1 cos q)
=

1
+
cos q
sin q
RHS
=

tan q
+
sin q
sin q tan q
=

sin q
cos q

+
sin q
sin q
1
sin q
cos q
2
=

sin q
+
sin q cos q
sin
2
q
=

sin q (1
+
cos q)
sin
2
q
=

1
+
cos q
sin q
=
LHS
[
sin q tan q
tan q sin q

tan q
+
sin q
sin q tan q
[Proven]
42 LHS
=
tan (P
+
Q) tan P
=

sin (P
+ Q)
cos (P
+
Q)

sin P
cos P
=

cos P sin
(
P
+ Q
)
sin P cos
(
P + Q)
cos P cos (P
+
Q)
Chap-1b.indd 13 3/1/2012 10:57:50 AM
=

cos P (sin P cos Q
+
cos P sin Q)
sin P (cos P cos Q sin P sin Q)
cos P cos (P
+
Q)

=

cos P sin P cos Q
+
cos
2
P sin Q
sin P cos P cos Q
+
sin
2
P sin Q
cos P cos (P
+
Q)
=

cos
2
P sin Q
+
sin
2
P sin Q
cos P cos (P
+
Q)
=

sin Q (cos
2
P
+
sin
2
P)
cos P cos (P
+
Q)
=

sin Q
?
(l)
cos P cos (P
+
Q)
=

sin Q
cos P cos (P
+
Q)
=
RHS
[ tan (P
+
Q) tan P

sin Q
cos P cos (P
+
Q)
[Proven]
43 LHS
=
cosec 2q cot 2q
=

1
sin 2q

cos 2q
sin 2q
=

1 cos 2q
sin 2q
=

1 (1 2 sin
2
q)
sin 2q
=

2 sin
2
q
2 sin q cos q
=

sin q
cos q
=
tan q
=
RHS
[ cosec 2q cot 2q
tan q [Proven]
tan 22.5
=
cosec 2(22.5) cot 2(22.5)
=

1
sin 45

1
tan 45
=

1
1
2

1
1
=
2 1 [Shown]
44 LHS
=

sin 3q
sin q

cos 3q
cos q
=

3 sin q 4 sin
3
q
sin q

1
4 cos
3
q 3 cos q
cos q
2
=
3 4 sin
2
q 4 cos
2
q
+
3
=
6 4(sin
2
q
+
cos
2
q)
=
6 4(1)
=
2
=
RHS
[
sin 3q
sin q

cos 3q
cos q

2 [Proven]
45 LHS
=

cos
5
2
A
+
cos
3
2
A
sin
3
2
A
+
sin
A
2
=

2 cos
1
2

1
5
2
A
+

3
2
A
2
cos
1
2

1
5
2
A
3
2
A
2
2 sin
1
2

1
3
2
A
+

1
2
A
2
cos
1
2

1
3
2
A
1
2
A
2
=

2 cos 2A cos
1
2
A
2 sin A cos
1
2
A
=

cos 2A
sin A
=

cos
2
A sin
2
A
sin A
=

cos
2
A
sin A

sin
2
A
sin A
=

cos A
sin A
cos A sin A
=
cot A cos A sin A
=
RHS
[
cos
5
2
A
+
cos
3
2
A
sin
3
2
A
+
sin
1
2
A

cot A cos A sin A

[Proven]
46 LHS
=

cos 2A 2 cos 4A
+
cos 6A
cos 2A
+
2 cos 4A
+
cos 6A
=

cos 6A
+
cos 2A 2 cos 4A
cos 6A
+
cos 2A
+
2 cos 4A
=

2 cos
1
6A
+
2A
2
2
cos
1
6A 2A
2
2

2 cos 4A
2 cos
1
6A
+
2A
2
2
cos
1
6A 2A
2
2

+
2 cos 4A
=

2 cos 4A cos 2A 2 cos 4A
2 cos 4A cos 2A
+
2 cos 4A
Chap-1b.indd 14 3/1/2012 10:57:51 AM
=

2 cos 4A (cos 2A 1)
2 cos 4A (cos 2A
+
1)
=

cos 2A 1
cos 2A
+
1
=

1 2 sin
2
A 1
2 cos
2
A 1
+
1
=

2 sin
2
A
2 cos
2
A
=

sin
2
A
cos
2
A
=
tan
2
A
=
RHS
[
cos 2A 2 cos 4A
+
cos 6A
cos 2A
+
2 cos 4A
+
cos 6A

tan
2
A
[Proven]
47 LHS
=

cos x
+
cos 2x cos 3x cos 4x
sin x
+
sin 2x
+
sin 3x
+
sin 4x
=

cos 2x
+
cos x (cos 4x
+
cos 3x)
sin 2x
+
sin x
+
(sin 4x
+
sin 3x)
=

2 cos
1
2x
+
x
2
2
cos
1
2x x
2
2

2 cos
1
4x
+
3x
2
2
cos
1
4x 3x
2
2

2 sin
1
2x
+
x
2
2
cos
1
2x x
2
2

+
2 sin
1
4x
+
3x
2
2
cos
1
4x 3x
2
2
=

2 cos
1
3x
2
2
cos
1
x
2
2
2 cos
1
7x
2
2
cos
1
x
2
2
2 sin
1
3x
2
2
cos
1
x
2
2

+
2 sin
1
7x
2
2
cos
1
x
2
2
/ /
=

cos
1
3x
2
2
cos
1
7x
2
2
sin
1
3x
2
2

+
sin
1
7x
2
2
=

2 sin
1
3x
+
7x
4
2
sin
1
3x 7x
4
2
2 sin
1
3x
+
7x
4
2
cos
1
3x 7x
4
2
=

sin (x)
cos (x)
=

sin x
cos x
=
tan x
=
RHS
[
cos x
+
cos 2x cos 3x cos 4x
sin x
+
sin 2x
+
sin 3x
+
sin 4x

tan x
[Proven]
48 Since A, B and C are angles of a triangle,
then A
+
B
+
C
=
180.
(a) tan A
+
tan B
+
tan C
=

sin A
cos A

+

sin B
cos B

+

sin C
cos C
=

sin A cos B cos C
+
sin B cos A cos C
+
sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C
=

cos C (sin A cos B
+
sin B cos A)
+
sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C
=

cos C [sin (A
+
B)]
+
sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C
=

cos C [sin (180 C)]
+

sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C
=

cos C sin C
+
sin C cos A cos B
cos A cos B cos C
=

sin C (cos C
+
cos A cos B)
cos A cos B cos C
=

sin C
{
cos [180 (A
+
B)]
+
cos A cos B}
cos A cos B cos C
=

sin C { cos (A
+
B)
+
cos A cos B}
cos A cos B cos C
=

sin C (sin A sin B cos A cos B
+

cos A cos B)
cos A cos B cos C
=

sin A sin B sin C
cos A cos B cos C
=
tan A tan B tan C [Shown]
(b) sin 2A
+
sin 2B
+
sin 2C
=
sin 2A
+
sin 2C
+
sin 2B
=
2 sin
1
2A
+
2C
2
2
cos
1
2A 2C
2
2

+
sin 2B
=
2 sin (A
+
C) cos (A C)
+
sin 2B
=
2 sin (180 B) cos (A C)
+
sin 2B
=
2 sin B cos (A C)
+
sin 2B
=
2 sin B cos (A C)
+
2 sin B cos B
=
2 sin B [cos (A C)
+
cos B]
=
2 sin B
3
2 cos
1
A C
+
B
2
2

cos
1
A C B
2
24
Chap-1b.indd 15 3/1/2012 10:57:51 AM
=
2 sin B
3
2 cos
1
A
+
B C
2
2

cos
1
A (B
+
C)
2
24
=
2 sin B
3
2 cos
1
180 C C
2
2

cos
1
A (180 A)
2
24
=
2 sin B
3
2 cos
1
180 2C
2
2

cos
1
2A 180
2
24
=
4 sin B [cos (90 C) cos (A 90)]
=
4 sin B [sin C sin A]
=
4 sin A sin B sin C [Shown]
49 (a) LHS
=
2 sin
1
A
+

p
4
2
cos
1
A
+

p
4
2
=
sin 2
1
A
+

p
4
2
=
sin
1
2A
+

p
2
2
=
sin 2A cos
p
2

+
cos 2A sin
p
2
=
(sin 2A)(0)
+
(cos 2A)(1)
=
cos 2A
=
RHS
[ 2 sin
A
+

p
4
+
cos
A
+

p
4
+

cos 2A
[Proven]
(b) LHS
=
2 cos
1
B
+

p
4
2
cos
1
B
p
4
2
=
cos
1
B
+

p
4

+
B
p
4
2

+

cos
3
B
+

p
4

1
B
p
4
24
=
cos 2B
+
cos
p
2
=
cos 2B + 0
=
cos 2B
=
RHS
[ 2 cos
B
+

p
4
+
cos
B
p
4
+
cos 2B
[Proven]
50 cos 3x
=
cos
2
x
4 cos
3
x 3 cos x
=
cos
2
x
4 cos
3
x cos
2
x 3 cos x
=
0
cos x (4 cos
2
x cos x 3)
=
0
cos x (4 cos x
+
3)(cos x 1)
=
0
cos x
=
0,
3
4
, 1
When cos x
=
0,
x
=
90, 270
When cos x
=

3
4
,
x
=
138.6, 221.4
When cos x
=
1,
x
=
0, 360
[ x
=
0, 90, 138.6, 221.4, 270, 360
51 sin 3q
+
sin
2
q
=
2
sin 3q
=
3 sin q 4 sin
3
q
(3 sin q 4 sin
3
q)
+
sin
2
q 2
=
0
4 sin
3
q sin
2
q 3 sin q
+
2
=
0
(sin q
+
1)(4 sin
2
q 5 sin q
+
2)
=
0
sin q
+
1
=
0 or 4 sin
2
q 5 sin q
+
2
=
0
When sin q
+
1
=
0
sin q
=
1
q
=
270
For 4 sin
2
q 5 sin q
+
2
=
0, there are no
real roots because b
2
4ac
=
(5)
2
4(4)(2)
=
7 (
<
0)
[ q
=
270
4 sin
2
q 5 sin q
+
2
sin q
+
1 2 4 sin
3
q sin
2
q 3 sin q
+
2
4 sin
3
q
+
4 sin
2
q
5 sin
2
q 3 sin q
5 sin
2
q 5 sin q
2 sin q
+
2
2 sin q
+
2
0
52 sin x sin 3x
+
sin 5x
=
0
sin 5x
+
sin x sin 3x
=
0
2 sin
1
5x
+
x
2
2
cos
1
5x x
2
2
sin 3x
=
0
2 sin 3x cos 2x sin 3x
=
0
sin 3x (2 cos 2x 1)
=
0
sin 3x
=
0 or cos 2x
=

1
2
When sin 3x
=
0
3x
=
0, 180, 360, 540
x
=
0, 60, 120, 180
Chap-1b.indd 16 3/1/2012 10:57:52 AM
When cos 2x
=

1
2
,
2x
=
60, 300
x
=
30, 150
[ x
=
0, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180
[ x
=
0,
1
6
p,
1
3
p,
2
3
p,
5
6
p, p
x
=
x

180
p
rad.
53 (a) 3 sin
1
x
+
cos
1
x
=
p
3 sin
1
x
+

1
p
2
sin
1
x
2

=
p
2 sin
1
x
=
p
p
2
2 sin
1
x
=

p
2
sin
1
x
=

p
4
x
=
sin
p
4
x
=

1
2
(b) cos
1
x
+
sin
1
x
=
sin
1

1
3
2
x
2
1
p
2
sin
1
x
2

+
sin
1
x
=
sin
1

1
3
2
x
2

p
2

=
sin
1

1
3
2
x
2

sin
p
2

=

3
2
x
1
=

3
2
x
x
=

1
2
54 tan x
=

2 tan
x
2
1 tan
2

x
2
Letting t
=
tan
x
2
,
tan x
=

2t
1 t
2

From the right-angled triangle above,
x
1 t
2
2t
1 + t
2
cos x
=

1 t
2
1
+
t
2
cot x
=

1
tan x
=

1 t
2
2t
cot x
=
cos x
1 t
2
2t

=

1 t
2
1
+
t
2
(1 t
2
)(1
+
t
2
)
=
(1 t
2
)(2t)
(1 t
2
)(1
+
t
2
) (1 t
2
)(2t)
=
0
(1 t
2
)(1
+
t
2
2t)
=
0
(1 t
2
)(t
2
2t
+
1)
=
0
(1 t
2
)(t 1)
2

=
0
(1
+
t)(1 t)(1 t)
2

=
0
(1
+
t)(1 t)
3

=
0 [Shown]
1
+
t
=
0 or (1 t)
3

=
0
t
=
1 t
=
1
When t
=
1, When t
=
1,
tan
x
2

=
1 tan
x
2

=
1
basic
=
45 basic
=
45
x
2

=
180 45
x
2

=
45
x
2

=
135 x
=
90
x
=
270
[ x
=
90, 270
55
q
1 t
2
2t
1 + t
2
(a) LHS
=
cosec q cot q
=

1
+
t
2
2t

1 t
2
2t
=

1
+
t
2
1
+
t
2
2t
=

2t
2
2t
=
t
=
tan
q
2
=
RHS
[ cosec q cot q
tan
q
2
Chap-1b.indd 17 3/1/2012 10:57:53 AM
(b) LHS
=
sec q tan q
=

1
+
t
2
1 t
2

2t
1 t
2
=

1
+
t
2
2t
1 t
2
=

t
2
2t
+
1
1 t
2
=

(t 1)
2
(1
+
t)(1 t)
=

(1 t)
2
(1
+
t)(1 t)
=

1 t
1
+
t
=

tan
p
4
tan
q
2
1
+
tan
p
4
tan
q
2
=
tan
1
p
4

q
2
2
=
RHS
[ sec q tan q
tan
p
4

q
2
+
cosec q cot q
=
sec q tan q
tan
q
2

=
tan
1
p
4

q
2
2
q
2

=

p
4

q
2
or
q
2

=
p
+

1
p
4

q
2
2
q
=

p
4
or q
=

5
4
p
56
q
1 t
2
2t
1 + t
2
1
+
sin q
+
cos q
1
+
cos q
=

1
+
cos q
1
+
cos q

+

sin q
1
+
cos q
=
1
+

2t
1
+
t
2
1
+

1 t
2
1
+
t
2
=
1
+

2t
1
+
t
2

+
1 t
2
First quadrant.
Third quadrant.
=
1
+

2t
2
=
1
+
t
=
1
+
tan
q
2
0
<
q
<
90
0
<

q
2

<
45
tan 0
<
tan
q
2

<
tan 45
0
<
tan
q
2

<
1
1
<
1
+
tan
q
2

<
2
1
<

1
+
sin q
+
cos q
1
+
cos q

<
2 [Shown]
57 8 sin q 3 cos q
=
r sin (q a)
=
r(sin q cos a cos q sin a)
=
r sin q cos a r cos q sin a
By comparison,
r cos a
=
8 (1)
r sin a
=
3 (2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2):
r
2
(cos
2
a
+
sin
2
a)
=
8
2

+
3
2
r
2
(1)
=
73
r
=
73
(2)
(1)
:
r sin a
r cos a

=

3
8
tan a
=

3
8
a
=
tan
1

1
3
8
2
=
20.56
[ 8 sin q 3 cos q
=
73 sin (q 20.56)
=
73 sin (q 20.6)
[Correct to the nearest 0.1]
The maximum value of 8 sin q 3 cos q
is 73.
The minimum value of 8 sin q 3 cos q
is 73.
8 sin q 3 cos q
=

73
4
73 sin (q 20.56)
=

73
4
Chap-1b.indd 18 3/1/2012 10:57:53 AM
sin (q 20.56)
=

1
4
q 20.56
=
14.48, 165.52
q
=
35.0, 168.1
[Correct to the nearest 0.1]
58 Sketch the graphs of y
=
| x 2| and y
=

1
x
.
2
O
1 2
P
Q
1
x
y =
1
x
y =
y = x + 2
y = x 2
2 1 +
y
x
To determine the x-coordinates of the
points of intersection of the graphs of
y
=
| x 2| and y
=

1
x
, solve the following
simultaneous equations.
Case 1 (for point P)
y
=

1
x
(1)
y
=
x
+
2 (2)
Substituting (1) into (2):
1
x

=
x
+
2
1
=
x
2

+
2x
x
2
2x
+
1
=
0
(x 1)
2

=
0
x
=
1
Case 2 (for point Q)
y
=

1
x
(1)
y
=
x 2 (3)
Substituting (1) into (3):
1
x

=
x 2
1
=
x
2
2x
x
2
2x 1
=
0
x
=

(2)
(2)
2
4(1)(1)
2(1)
=

2
8
2

=

2
2 2
2
=
1 2
x
=
1 2 is not accepted because x must
be positive.
[ x
=
1
+
2
Hence, the solution set for the inequality
| x 2|
<

1
x
is {x : 0
<
x
<
1
+
2 , x 1}.
This is the range of values of x where the
graph of y
=
| x 2| is below the graph
of y
=

1
x
.
59 (a) For f : x
x
x
+
1
, the domain is
{x : x
P
R, x 1}.
For g : x
x
+
2
x
, the domain is
{x : x
P
R, x 0}.
(b) g
f
=
g f (x)
=
g
1
x
x 1
2

=

x
x
+
1

+
2
x
x
+
1
=

x
+
2(x
+
1)
x
=

3x
+
2
x
=
3
+

2
x
, x 0
Other than x 0, the domain of g
f
also has to follow the domain of f, i.e.
x
P
R, x 1.
Hence, the domain of g
f is
{x : x P R, x 0, x 1}.
If x 1, then g f (x) 3
+

2
(1)
, i.e.
g f (x) 1.
Thus, the range of g
f cannot take
the value 1. Other than that, based on
the graph in (c), the range of g
f also
Chap-1b.indd 19 3/1/2012 10:57:54 AM
cannot take the value 3. Hence, the range
of g
f is {y : y P R, y 1, y 3}.
(c) For h : x 3
+

2
x
,
the domain is {x : x
P
R, x 0} and
the range is { y : y
P
R, y 3}.
3
O
y
x
2
3
2
x
h(x) = 3 +
(d) h g
f because the domain and the

range of g
f are not the same as the

domain and the range of h.
60 (a)
P(x)
=
x
4

+
ax
3
7x
2
4ax
+
b
Since (x
+
3) is a factor of P(x), P(3)
=
0.
(3)
4

+
a(3)
3
7(3)
2
4a(3)
+
b
=
0
81 27a 63
+
12a
+
b
=
0
15a
+
b
=
18 (1)
When p(x) is divided by (x 3), the
remainder is 60.
Therefore, P(3)
=
60
3
4

+
a(3)
3
7(3)
2
4a(3)
+
b
=
60
81
+
27a 63 12a
+
b
=
60
15a
+
b
=
42 (2)
(1)
+
(2), 2b
=
24
b
=
12
From (1), 15a
+
12
=
18
a
=
2
[ P(x)
=
x
4

+
2x
3
7x
2
8x
+
12
(b) x
3
x
2
4x
+
4
x
+
3 2 x
4

+
2x
3
7x
2
8x
+
12
(x
4

+
3x
3
)
x
3
7x
2
(x
3
3x
2
)
4x
2
8x
( 4x
2
12x)
4x
+
12
(4x
+
12)
0
Let f (x)
=
x
3
x
2
4x
+
4
f (1)
=
1
3
1
2
4(1)
+
4
=
0
Therefore, (x 1) is another factor of
P(x).
x
2
4
x 1 2 x
3
x
2
4x
+
4
(x
3
x
2
)
4x
+
4
( 4x
+
4)
0
Hence, P(x)
=
(x
+
3)(x 1)(x
2
4)
(x
+
3)(x 1)(x
+
2)(x 2)
12y
4
8y
3
7y
2

+
2y
+
1
=
0
12
1
1
x
2
4
8
1
1
x
2
3
7
1
1
x
2
2

+
2
1
1
x
2

+
1
=
0
12 8x 7x
2

+
2x
3

+
x
4

=
0
(x
+
3)(x 1)(x
+
2)(x 2)
=
0
x
=
3, 1, 2 or 2
1
y

=
3, 1, 2 or 2
Letting y
=

1
x
y
=

1
3
, 1,
1
2
or
1
2
61 Let 4 sin q 3 cos q
r sin (q a)
r
=
4
2

+
(3)
2

=
5
a
=
tan
1

1
3
4
2

=
36.87
[ 4 sin q 3 cos q
=
5 sin (q 36.9)
4 sin q 3 cos q
=
3
5 sin (q 36.87)
=
3
sin (q 36.87)
=

3
5
q 36.87
=
36.87, 143.13
q
=
73.7, 180.0
62 log
a

1
x
a
22

=
3 log
a
2 log
a
(x 2a)
log
a

1
x
a
22

=
log
a
2
3
log
a
(x 2a)
log
a

1
x
a
22

+
log
a
(x 2a)
=
log
a
8
log
a

31
x
a
22
(x 2a)
4

=
log
a
8
Chap-1b.indd 20 3/1/2012 10:57:55 AM
x
a
2
(x 2a)
=
8
x(x 2a)
=
8a
2
x
2
2ax 8a
2

=
0
(x
+
2a)(x 4a)
=
0
x
=
2a or 4a
x
=
2a is not accepted
[ x
=
4a
63
3x
2

+
5x
(1 x
2
)(1
+
x)
2

=

3x
2

+
5x
(1 x)(1
+
x)(1
+
x)
2
=

3x
2

+
5x
(1 x)(1
+
x)
3
3x
2

+
5x
(1 x)(1
+
x)
3

A
1 x

+

B
1
+
x

+

C
(1
+
x)
2

+

D
(1
+
x)
3
3x
2

+
5x
(1 x)(1
+
x)
3

A(1
+
x)
3

+
B(1 x)(1
+
x)
2
+
C(1 x)(1
+
x)
+
D(1 x)
(1 x)(1
+
x
3
)
3x
2

+
5x
A(1
+
x)
3

+
B(1 x)(1
+
x)
2

+
C(1 x)(1
+
x)
+
D(1 x)
Letting x
=
1, 8
=
8A A
=
1
Letting x
=
1, 2
=
D(2) D
=
1
Letting x
=
0, 0
=
A
+
B
+
C
+
D
0
=
1
+
B
+
C 1
B
+
C
=
0 (1)
Letting x
=
2, 22
=
27A
+
B(1)(9)
+

C(1)(3)
+
D(1)
22
=
27 9B 3C
+
1
6
=
9B 3C
3B
+
C
=
2 (2)
(2) (1), 2B
=
2 B
=
1
From (1), 1
+
C
=
0 C
=
1
64 Consider the expansion of
1
x
+

1
x
2
3
, as
follows.
1
x
+

1
x
2
3

=
x
3

+

3
C
1
x
2

1
1
x
2
1

+

3
C
2
x
1
1
x
2
2

+

1
x
3
=
x
3

+
3x
+

3
x

+

1
x
3
=
x
3

+
3
1
x
+

1
x
2

+

1
x
3
[ x
3

+

1
x
3

=

1
x
+

1
x
2
3
3
1
x
+

1
x
2

f (x)
=
x
3
4x 6
4
x

+

1
x
3
=
x
3

+

1
x
3
4
1
x
+

1
x
2
6
=

1
x
+

1
x
2
3
3
1
x
+

1
x
2
4
1
x
+

1
x
2
6
=

1
x
+

1
x
2
3
7
1
x
+

1
x
2
6
f (y)
=
y
3
7y 6
f (1)
=
0
[ ( y
+
1) is a factor of f ( y).
y
2
y 6
y
+
1 2 y
3

+
0y
2
7y 6
(y
3

+
y
2
)
y
2
7y
(y
2
y)
6y 6
(6y 6)
0
f (y)
=
0
( y
+
1)( y
2
y 6)
=
0
( y
+
1)( y
+
2)( y 3)
=
0
y
=
1, 2 or 3
When y
=
1,
x
+

1
x

=
1
x
2

+
1
=
x
x
2

+
x
+
1
=
0
x
=

1 1
2
4(1)(1)
2(1)

=

1 3
2(1)
(No real roots)
When y
=
2,
x
+

1
x

=
2
x
2

+
1
=
2x
x
2

+
2x
+
1
=
0
(x
+
1)(x
+
1)
=
0
x
=
1
When y
=
3,
x
+

1
x

=
3
x
2

+
1
=
3x
x
2
3x
+
1
=
0
Chap-1b.indd 21 3/1/2012 10:57:56 AM
x
=

(3) (3)
2
4(1)(1)
2(1)

=

3 5
2
Hence, the real roots of f (x)
=
0 are 1 and
3 5
2
.
65 tan x
+
cot x
=
8 cos 2x
sin x
cos x

+

cos x
sin x

=
8 cos 2x
sin
2
x
+
cos
2
x
sin x cos x

=
8 cos 2x
1
sin x cos x

=
8 cos 2x
2
2 sin x cos x

=
8 cos 2x
2
sin 2x

=
8 cos 2x
1
=
4 sin 2x cos 2x
1
=
2(2 sin 2x cos 2x)
1
=
2 sin 4x
sin 4x
=

1
2
Basic
=

p
6

If 0
<
x
<
p, then
0
<
4x < 4p.
4x
=

1
6
p,
5
6
p,
13
6
p,
17
6
p
x
=

1
24
p,
5
24
p,
13
24
p,
17
24
p
66 f : x
1
x
, x
P
R \{0}
A\B means A B
or A B9.
g : x 2x 1, x
P
R
f
g
=
fg(x)
=
f (2x 1)
=

1
2x 1
, x
1
2
The domain of f
g is
5
x : x P R, x
1
2
6
.
67 (a) P(x)
=
2x
3

+
4x
2

+

1
2
x k
Since (x
+
P(1)
=
0
2(1)
3

+
4(1)
2

+

1
2
(1) k
=
0
2
+
4
1
2
k
=
0
3
2
k
=
0
k
=

3
2
(b) P(x)
=
2x
3

+
4x
2

+

1
2
x
3
2
2x
2

+
2x
3
2
x
+
1
2
2x
3

+
4x
2

+

1
2
x
3
2
(2x
3

+
2x
2
)
2x
2

+

1
2
x
(2x
2

+
2x)

3
2
x
3
2
1

3
2
x
3
2
2
0
Hence, P(x)
=
(x
+
1)
1
2x
2

+
2x
3
2
2
=
(x
+
1)
1
4x
2

+
4x 3
2
2
=

1
2
(x
+
1)(2x
+
3)(2x 1)
68 y
=

4
x 1
4
x 1
, x
>
1,
y
=

5

1
4
x 1
2
, x
<
1.
As y `, x 1 0
x 1
Thus, x
=
1 is the asymptote.
As x `, y 0.
y
=
3
3
x
As y `, x 0.
Thus, x
=
0 (the y-axis) is the asymptote.
Chap-1b.indd 22 3/1/2012 10:57:56 AM
As x `, y 3.
Thus, y
=
3 is the asymptote.
1
O
y
x
3
3
4
3
x
y = 3
4
x 1
y =
A
3
x
y = 3
4
x 1
y =
The x-coordinate of point A is obtained
by solving the following equations
simultaneously.
y
=

4
x 1
(1)
y
=
3
3
x
(2)
4
x 1

=
3
3
x
4
x 1

=

3x 3
x
(3x 3)(x 1)
=
4x
3x
2
6x
+
3 4x
=
0
3x
2
10x
+
3
=
0
(3x 1)(x 3)
=
0
x
=

1
3
or 3
x
=

1
3
is not accepted.
Thus, x
=
3
The solution set for which
*
4
x 1
*
> 3
3
x
is given by the part of the graph where the
curve y
=

*
4
x 1
*
is above the curve
y
=
3
3
x
, that is, {x : 0
<
x
<
1 or 1
<
x
<
3}.
69 tan q
=

2 tan
q
2
1 tan
2

q
2
tan q
=

2t
1 t
2
AB
=

AC
2
+ BC
2
=
(1 t
2
)
2
+ (2t)
2
=
1 2t
2
+ t
4
+ 4t
2
=
1 + 2t
2
+ t
4
=
(1 + t
2
)
2
=
1
+
t
2

q
1 t
2
2t
1 + t
2
A C
B
Based on DABC,
sin q
=

2t
1
+
t
2
[Shown]
and cos q
=

1 t
2
1
+
t
2
[Shown]
10 sin q 5 cos q
=
2
10
1
2t
1
+
t
22
5
1
1 t
2
1
+
t
22

=
2
10(2t) 5(1 t
2
)
=
2(1
+
t
2
)
20t 5
+
5t
2

=
2
+
2t
2
3t
2

+
20t 7
=
0
(3t 1)(t
+
7)
=
0
t
=

1
3
or t
=
7
When t
=

1
3
,
tan
q
2

=

1
3
q
2

=
18.43
q
=
36.9 [correct to one decimal place]
When t
=
7
tan
q
2

=
7
q
2

=
98.13
q
=
196.3 [correct to one decimal
place]
70
x
x
+
1

>

1
x
+
1
x
x
+
1

1
x
+
1

>
0
x 1
x
+
1

>
0
+
x 1 0
x + 1 0
+
+
x
1
+
1
+
{x : x
<
1 or x
>
1}.
Chap-1b.indd 23 3/1/2012 10:57:58 AM
71 Simplify
2
log
2
a
first.
2
log
2
a

=

2
1
log
a
2
=
2 log
a
2
=
log
a
2
2
=
log
a
4
log
a
(3x 4a)
+
log
a
3x
=

2
log
2
a

+
log
a
(1 2a)
log
a
(3x 4a)
+
log
a
3x
=
log
a
4
+
log
a
(1 2a)
log
a
3x(3x 4a)
=
log
a
4(l 2a)
3x(3x 4a)
=
4(1 2a)
9x
2
12ax
+
8a 4
=
0
x
=

(12a) (12a)
2
4(9)(8a 4)
2(9)
=

12a 144a
2
288a + 144
18
=

12a (12a 12)
2
18
=

12a
(12a 12)
18
=

24a 12
18
or
12
18
=

4a 2
3
or
2
3
For 0
<
a
<

1
2
, x
=

4a 2
3
is not accepted
because when it is substituted into the given
equation, it produces log
a
(ve) which is
undefined.
[ x
=

2
3
72 (a) Since (x
+
2) is a factor, then
P(2)
=
0
6(2)
4
a(2)
3
b(2)
2

+
28(2)
+
12
=
0
96
+
8a 4b 56
+
12
=
0
8a 4b
=
52
2a b
=
13 (1)
P(2)
=
0
6(2)
4
a(2)
3
b(2)
2

+
28(2)
+
12
=
0
96 8a 4b
+
56
+
12
=
0
8a 4b
=
164
2a
+
b
=
41 (2)
(1)
+
(2): 4a
=
28
a
=
7
From (1), 2(7) b
=
13
b
=
27
P(x)
=
(x
+
2)(x 2)g(x)
6x
2
7x 3
x
2
4 2 6x
4
7x
3
27x
2

+
28x
+
12
() 6x
4
24x
2
7x
3
3x
2

+
28x
+
12
() 7x
3

+
28x
3x
2

+
12
() 3x
2

+
12
0
P(x)
=
(x
+
2)(x 2)(6x
2
7x 3)
=
(x
+
2)(x 2)(2x 3)(3x
+
1)
(b) P(x)
=
(x
+
2)(x 2)(2x 3)(3x
+
1)
=
(2x 3)[(x
+
2)(x 2)(3x
+
1)]
=
(2x 3)[(x
2
4)(3x
+
1)]
=
(2x 3)(3x
3

+
x
2
12x 4)
=
(2x 3)(3x
3
41
+
37
+
x
2
12x)
Q(x)
Q(x)
=
x
2
12x
+
37
=
x
2
12x
+
(6)
2
(6)
2

+
37
=
(x 6)
2

+
1
The minimum point is (6, 1).
When x
=
2, y
=
Q(2)
=
(2)
2
12(2)
+
37
=
65
When x
=
10, y
=
Q(10)
=
10
2
12(10)
+
37
=
17
The graph of y
=
Q(x) for x P [2, 10]
is as shown below.
y
x
(6, 1)
(10, 17)
(2, 65)
O
5
Chap-1b.indd 24 3/1/2012 10:57:58 AM
Hence, the corresponding range for
x P [2, 10] is [1, 65].
73 sin
3
x sec x
=
2 tan x
sin
2
x sin x
1
1
cos x
2

=
2 tan x
sin
2
x tan x
=
2 tan x
sin
2
x tan x 2 tan x
=
0
tan x (sin
2
x 2)
=
0
tan x
=
0 or sin
2
x
=
2
When tan x
=
0,
x
=
0 or p
When sin
2
x
=
2,
sin x
=

2
[sin x
=
2 is not possible because
it is out of the range of 1
<
sin x
<
1].
Hence, x
=
0 or p.
Chap-1b.indd 25 3/1/2012 10:57:58 AM
Chap-1b.indd 26 3/1/2012 10:57:58 AM

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