TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01

1.
M: I'm really having trouble with this calculus course. If I can't start doing better soon, I'm
going to have to drop it.
W: Why don't you get some help from the graduate assistant? That's what he's there for.
What does the woman s!!est the man do"
(! "pend more time wor#ing on calculus problems.
($! Tal# to an advisor about dropping the course.
(%! Wor# on the assignment with a classmate.
(&! s# the graduate assistant for help.
'.
W: (ey, don't forget to drop that boo# off at the library on your way home.
M: )h, than#s for reminding me. I am on my way.
What w#$$ the man %&o'a'$( do ne)t"
(! *o home to get a boo#.
($! +eturn a boo# to the library.
(%! ,ic# up a boo# at the library for the woman.
(&! s# the librarian for help in finding a boo#.
-.
W: I sure wish I had a metric ruler with me. I need the measurements in millimeters, not in
inches and I'm tired of converting.
M: Would it ma#e things go faster if you borrowed mine?
What does the man #m%$("
(! The woman could use his metric ruler.
($! (e'll finish ta#ing the measurements for the woman
(%! The woman's ruler is better than his.
(&! (e's faster at ma#ing the conversions than the woman.
..
M: *ood news. I'm not going to need surgery after all. The doctor says I can start wor#ing out
again soon. nd maybe play soccer again in a few wee#s.
W: That's terrific. It would be great if you could get bac# in shape in time for the state
tournament.
What does the woman mean"
(! "he wants the man to attend the tournament with her.
($! The tournament begins ne/t wee#.
(%! The man should chec# with his doctor again
(&! "he hopes the man will be able to play in the tournament.
0.
M: I already #now what I want to ta#e ne/t semester. "o why do I have to ma#e an
appointment to see my advisor? ll I need is her signature on my course sheet.
W: I'm afraid it doesn't wor# that way. "he has to tal# with you to ma#e sure everything is on
the right trac#.
What does the woman mean"
(! The advisor has already approved the man's class schedule.
($! The man should ma#e an appointment to see his advisor.
(%! The man should change his course schedule.
(&! The man should sign the document before leaving.
1.
W: ,rof "mith sure was acting strangely today.
M: I noticed that too. "he was tal#ing so 2uietly and then3 not giving us any homewor#. %an
you believe that?
What *an 'e #n+e&&ed a'ot P&o+ Sm#th"
(! "he didn't teach class today.
($! "he noticed that the students didn't do their homewor#.
(%! "he usually assigns homewor#.
(&! "he usually tal#s 2uietly.
4 1 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
5.
M: It's been pouring for three days now. I begin to wonder if it'll ever stop.
W: nd tomorrow is gonna be my day at the beach. $ut if it doesn't clear up by then, I'll 6ust
have to forget about that.
What does the woman #m%$("
(! It started to rain when she was at the beach.
($! "he'd li#e the man to go to the beach with her.
(%! The forecast calls for more rain tomorrow.
(&! "he won't go to the beach tomorrow if it rains.
7.
M: What a boring spea#er8 I could hardly #eep from falling asleep.
W: )h, I don't #now about that. In fact, it's been a long time since I've heard anyone as good.
What does the woman mean"
(! "he disagrees with the man.
($! "he doesn't en6oy long speeches.
(%! "he hadn't #nown how long the speech would be.
(&! "he doesn't have a strong opinion about the spea#er.
9.
W: *ee, Tom, I hear that you're wor#ing as a house painter this summer. It's got to be awfully
hot wor#ing up there on a ladder in the bla:ing sun all day.
M: Well it's hard wor#, but I get to be outdoors and the pay is decent.
What does the man #m%$("
(! (e ma#es more money than the woman.
($! (e's satisfied with his 6ob.
(%! (e had trouble finding a 6ob.
(&! (e doesn't li#e wor#ing outdoors.
1;.
W: I've been wor#ing on this report all day. nd I've still got 1' pages to write. t this rate, I'll
never get it done by tomorrow.
M: )h, that's right. <ou weren't in class today, so you probably haven't heard that the
deadline's been e/tended a wee#.
What does the man #m%$("
(! (e has already finished his report.
($! (e hasn't chosen a topic for his report.
(%! The woman's report is already long enough.
(&! The woman will have time to finish her
11.
M: %an you believe the way =arry was tal#ing to his roommate? >o wonder they don't get
along.
W: Well, maybe =arry was 6ust reacting to something his roommate said. There are two sides
to every story you #now.
What does the woman mean"
(! "he'll spea# to =arry about the problem.
($! =arry has apologi:ed to his roommate.
(%! =arry should find a new roommate.
(&! =arry's roommate may be partly responsible for the problem.
1'.
M: I 6ust called the travel agent. It's all set. )n ?une first, I'm heading for the mountains for
an entire wee#.
W: (ave you chec#ed the academic calendar? $ecause my classes aren't over till the 5th.
What does the woman #m%$("
(! The man should ta#e his vacation somewhere else.
($! "he doesn't #now when her semester ends.
(%! "he hasn't called the travel agent yet
(&! The man may have to reschedule his trip.
1-.
4 ' 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
M: What sort of grade did you get on your research paper? I #now how hard you wor#ed on it.
W: <eah, well, I was hoping for something really good. $ut the professor said that I made too
many broad claims that weren't supported enough.
What *an 'e #n+e&&ed a'ot the woman,s %a%e&"
(! "he didn't wor# hard enough on it.
($! It wasn't as good as she thought.
(%! (er professor was pleased with it.
(&! It was written according to the professor's guidelines.
1..
W: The state ballet's coming to town ne/t wee#end, and I can't find a tic#et anywhere.
M: <ou #now, my sister 6ust happens to have one and she can't go. "he's got some sort of
conflict in her schedule.
What does the man #m%$( the woman sho$d do"
(! *o to the ballet later in the year.
($! Ta#e ballet lessons with his sister.
(%! *et a schedule of future performances.
(&! *et a tic#et from his sister.
10.
M: (ave you found out yet what hotel you'll be staying in? I'm at the *ordon right across the
street from the conference center.
W: (uh, =uc#y you. I'm at the pple *ates si/ miles away.
What does the woman mean"
(! (er hotel is located far from the conference captor.
($! "he didn't want to stay at the *ordon.
(%! The man should consider moving to a different hotel.
(&! "he isn't sure how to get to the conference center.
11.
W: ?oe, I thought your article on the school newspaper was right on target. <ou certainly
convinced me anyway.
M: Than#s @ary. Anfortunately, based on the general response, you and I are definitely in the
minority.
What does the than mean"
(! Bew readers agreed with his ideas.
($! Cery few people have read his article.
(%! (e doesn't e/pect the article to be published.
(&! The woman doesn't fully understand the article.
15.
W: Why didn't you go to the hoc#ey finals last wee#end? <ou missed a great game.
M: )h, come on. <ou #now how sensitive I am to loud noise.
What *an 'e #n+e&&ed a'ot the man"
(! (e'll go with the woman to the ne/t hoc#ey game.
($! (e missed the hoc#ey game because he was ill.
(%! (e forgot about the hoc#ey game.
(&! (e doesn't li#e to go to hoc#ey games.
17.
W: I #now I promised to drive you to the airport ne/t Tuesday. $ut I am afraid that
something's come up. nd they've called a special meeting at wor#.
M: >o big deal. Daren said she was available as a bac#up.
What does the man mean"
(! Daren can drive to the airport on Tuesday.
($! Daren can attend the meeting on Tuesday.
(%! Daren had to change her plans at the last minute.
(&! Daren is returning from a trip on Tuesday.
19.
4 - 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
M: @y telephone doesn't seem to be wor#ing. nd I have lots of calls that I have to return this
afternoon.
W: Beel free to use mine if you want. I'll be in a meeting till five.
What does the woman s!!est the man do"
(! %all her after five.
($! @a#e calls from her phone.
(%! *o to the meeting with her.
(&! Bi/ her phone.
';.
M: I don't thin# we have nearly enough information for our financial plan. $ut it's due
tomorrow. "o I guess there isn't a lot we can do about it.
W: *uess not. t this point, we will 6ust have to ma#e do with what we have got.
What w#$$ the s%ea-e&s %&o'a'$( do"
(! =oo# for more information for their financial plan.
($! s# for more time to fetish their financial plan.
(%! Binish their financial plan with the material available to them.
(&! Turn in their financial plan late.
'1.
W: Ever since your girlfriend moved to $ridgeport, you're always driving there. (ow many
trips a wee# do you ma#e anyway?
M: I have lost count. $ut I can do it with my eyes closed.
What does the man mean"
(! (e doesn't want to drive anymore.
($! The road to $ridgeport 6ust opened.
(%! It doesn't ta#e long to get to $ridgeport.
(&! (e has memori:ed every part of the drive.
''.
M: I've noticed that you spend a lot of time tending to your garden. &o you thin# you might
li#e to 6oin the university gardening club? We meet every other Tuesday.
W: )h, than#s for the invitation. $ut this is how I rela/. I'd rather not ma#e it something
formal and structured.
What does the woman #m%$("
(! "he doesn't have time to wor# in a garden.
($! "he'll consider the man's invitation.
(%! "he doesn't want to 6oin a gardening club.
(&! "he was never formally invited to 6oin a gardening club.
'-.
M: &oes this music bother your studying, ,am?
W: ctually I'm not studying any more, but I'm trying to sleep.
What does Pam #m%$("
(! "he's en6oying the music.
($! The music will #eep her awa#e.
(%! The music doesn't bother her.
(&! "he would prefer a different style of music.
'..
W: I thin# we should hold our fast committee meeting in one of the meeting rooms of the
library. "o far, there're 7 of us who plan to come.
M: Wow, if it there were more than four, I'd say that we have it over at my place, but with 7 of
us, I guess I'd have to get along with your suggestion.
What does the man #m%$("
(! (is house can accommodate a meeting of the entire committee.
($! The woman should find out when the meeting starts.
(%! The meeting should be held at the library.
(&! smaller committee should be formed.
'0.
4 . 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
M: I 6ust don't #now if you should call everyone to collect the data or 6ust send out a
2uestionnaire. $ut you'd better ma#e a decision soon.
W: I #now. There's only one month till the election.
What does the woman mean"
(! "he doesn't have time to collect the data.
($! "he prefers to wait until after the election.
(%! "he needs to decide on a method soon.
(&! "he'll send out the 2uestionnaire in a month.
'1.
W: What's with you? <ou sure don't loo# li#e yourself.
M: "tay away from meF I don't #now what I've got, but whatever it is, you don't want to catch
it.
What *an 'e #n+e&&ed a'ot the man"
(! (e's angry with the woman.
($! (e feels sic#.
(%! (e doesn't get along well with some people.
(&! (e prefers to study alone.
'5.
W: <ou waited at the Tera's %afe yesterday, didn't you? Was there much of a wait to be
seated?
M: Was there? Wish I'd brought a boo# or something to occupy my time.
What does the man #m%$( a'ot the Te&a,s Ca+e"
(! It provides reading material for people waiting to get in.
($! (e had to wait a long time for a seat there.
(%! (e wasn't able to find a seat there.
(&! The seats used there are uncomfortable.
'7.
W: I thought there was still time for me to apply for student loan. $ut someone 6ust told me
that the closing date was last Wednesday.
M: re you sure? I thought we still had another month. Wait, I've got a brochure right here.
<eah, Wednesday was the opening date.
What does the man #m%$("
(! "tudents still have time to apply for a loan.
($! "tudents must wait until ne/t month to submit loan applications.
(%! The woman should find out whether her loan application was accepted.
(&! The woman should as# for an e/tension on the application deadline.
'9.
M: This casserole really tastes good. I guess that's because the vegetables in it are fresh
instead of canned.
M: I #now. Dind of a rare treat in this cafeteria.
What does the woman mean"
(! The casserole usually contains fewer vegetables.
($! "he wishes she hadn't ordered the casserole
(%! The cafeteria usually uses canned vegetables.
(&! "he doesn't usually eat in the cafeteria.
-;.
W: I don't thin# I want to live in the dormitory ne/t year. I need more privacy.
M: I #now what you mean. $ut chec# out the cost of renting an apartment first, I wouldn't be
surprised if you changed your mind.
What does the man th#n- the woman w#$$ do"
(! "tay in the dormitory.
($! Bind out the cost of living in the dormitory.
(%! s# for a reduction in her rent.
(&! @ove into an apartment with a roommate.
4 0 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
.est#ons /1-/0 =isten to a conversation between two students who meet in front of the
library.
M: (i, "ue. Where have you been?
W: )h. (i, &an. I was 6ust at the library. I have to hand in my biology paper tomorrow.
M: Tomorrow? )h, no8 I thought it wasn't due till @onday.
W: )h. &on't worry. It is due @onday. $ut I'm going away for the wee#end and won't be bac#
till @onday night.
M: )h, where are you going?
W: %alifornia. We're having a family reunion. It's my grandmother's ninetieth birthday, so all
the cousins and aunts and uncles are going. "he planned the whole thing herself.
M: Wow. That's great. (ow many people will be there?
W: round si/ty. @y family is big and spread up but we're pretty close. "o have you started
wor#ing on your biology paper?
M: <eah. I'm doing it on bees and how they're able to recogni:e whether another bee is
related to them.
W: (ow can they tell?
M: They use their sense of smell. The sweat bees guard their nest this way. If another bee
approaches the nest, the guard determines if the new bee is familiar. If it is, it's allowed to
enter.
W: Interesting. %an other insects do this? Well, the paper wasps can. Each wasp nest has a
special combination of plant fibers and so the wasps that live there have a uni2ue smell. Those
two are the only #inds I've read about so far.
M: Well, you've still got time. It sounds li#e that the bees are pic#y about who comes to their
family reunion.
-1. What #s the &e$at#onsh#% 'etween the s%ea-e&s"
(! They're classmates.
($! They're roommates.
(%! They're cousins.
(&! They're lab partners.
-'. Wh( was the man wo&&#ed at +#&st"
(! (e couldn't decide on a topic for his paper.
($! (e thought his paper was late.
(%! (e hadn't heard from his family in a while.
(&! (e thought the woman had been ill.
--. 1**o&d#n! to the man2 how do some 'ees se the#& sense o+ sme$$"
(! To find their way bac# to the nest.
($! To locate plant fibers.
(%! To identify #inds of honey.
(&! To identify relatives.
-.. What w#$$ the man %&o'a'$( do o3e& the wee-end"
(! Cisit his parents.
($! Write a paper.
(%! )bserve how bees build nests
(&! ,lan a family reunion.
.est#ons /4-/5 =isten to a conversation between two students.
W: (i, ?im. What are you doing?
M: )h. (i, =inda. I'm wor#ing on a report on energy sources for my environmental science
class. $ut I'm having trouble finding enough information.
W: <ou #now, we were tal#ing about sources of fuel in my class today.
M: <eah?
W: ,rof %ollins. (e's an authority on energy sources. (e was telling us about a new way of
getting fuel oil from coal.
M: I didn't #now that was possible.
4 1 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
W: (e said something about coal being set on fire and blasted with a mi/ture of steam and
o/ygen. This process produces a gas made up of hydrogen and carbon, the ...hum, the basic
elements of oil.
M: nd then they do something to change that gas to oil?
W: +ight. Birst, since coal contains fewer hydrogen atoms than oil, they have to add some
e/tra hydrogen to the gas. Then impurities are washed out with methanol, I thin#, before this
gas is sent on to reactors where it's changed into oil.
M: "ince coal is so plentiful I guess it won't be long till this new type of oil will be available all
over the place, ah?
W: I doubt it. ,rof. %ollins said something about the process not be economically enough to
use in this country. t any rate, you really ought to tal# to him. (e'll be able to help you more
than I can and he's got office hours all afternoon today.
M: Than#s. (e's over in nderson (all, right?
W: +ight.
-0. What a&e the stdents ma#n$( d#s*ss#n!"
(! n alternative use of fuel oil.
($! way to ma#e fuel oil less polluting.
(%! new method for locating underground oil.
(&! new source of fuel oil.
-1. How d#d the woman $ea&n a'ot the %&o*ess she des*&#'es"
(! "he was doing research for a paper on it.
($! "he read a newspaper article about it.
(%! "he was told about it by her roommate.
(&! "he heard about it in class.
-5. In the %&o*ess des*&#'ed '( the woman2 wh( #s the *oa$ '&ned"
(! To produce a gas containing carbon and hydrogen.
($! To remove impurities from methanol.
(%! To heat the reactors
(&! To prevent dangerous gases from forming
-7. What does the woman ment#on as a d#sad3anta!e o+ the %&o*ess she
des*&#'es"
(! It hasn't been fully tested.
($! It's 2uite e/pensive.
(%! It uses up scarce minerals.
(&! The gas it produces is harmful to the environment.
.est#ons /6- 02 =isten to part of a tal# in a music class. The professor is discussing a
musical theater production.
It may seem strange that we're discussing music from a $roadway production in this class,
GThe =ion DingG especially, since it's based on a popular (ollywood movie. I mean music
performed for $roadway theater in the heart of >ew <or# %ity surely would seem to be in the
western tradition of popular music and not have much in common with the music we've been
studying in this course, such as gamelan music of Indonesia, or Hulu chants of "outh frica I
music that developed outside the western tradition of Europe and merica. $ut in fact,
musicians have a long standing tradition of borrowing from one another's cultures. nd this
production's director intentionally included both western and non4western music. That way,
some of the rhythms, instruments, harmonies typical of non4western music contrast with and
complement popular music more familiar to audiences in >orth merica and Europe, music
li#e roc#, 6a:: or $roadway style show tunes. "o I want to spend the rest of this class and most
of the ne/t one on the music from the show GThe =ion DingG as a way of summari:ing some of
the technical distinctions between typical western music and the non4western music that
we've been studying. >ow the frican influence on the music is clear, the story ta#es place in
frica. "o the director got a "outh frican composer to write songs with a distinctly frican
sound. nd the songs even include words from frican languages. $ut we'll get bac# to the
frican influence later. Birst let's turn to the music that was written for the shadow puppet
4 5 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
scenes in GThe =ion DingG, music based on the Indonesian music used in the shadow puppet
theater of that region.
-9. What #s the ta$- ma#n$( a'ot"
(! The influence of European popular music on non4Western music.
($! The musical bac#ground of the director of the $roadway version of The =ion Ding
(%! The types of music used in the $roadway version of The =ion Ding.
(&! &ifferences between the music of the film version and the $roadway version of The =ion
Ding.
.;. What *an 'e #n+e&&ed a'ot most o+ the ms#* the stdents ha3e std#ed #n
the *o&se"
(! It was performed by the Hulu people of "outh frica.
($! It developed outside the musical traditions of Europe.
(%! It's familiar to most audiences in the Anited "tates.
(&! The students heard it performed in >ew <or# %ity.
.1. Wh( we&e 1+&#*an wo&ds #n*$ded #n some son!s +o& the 7&oadwa( 3e&s#on o+
8The L#on 9#n!8"
(! The director is of frican ancestry.
($! The director wanted the songs in the $roadway version to be identical to the songs in the
film.
(%! The $roadway version was first performed in frica.
(&! The story ta#es place in frica.
.'. What w#$$ the %&o+esso& %&o'a'$( ta$- a'ot ne)t"
(! type of music that originated in Indonesia.
($! The meaning of non4English words used in a song
(%! The plot of The =ion Ding
(&! ,opular roc# and 6a:: music performed in The =ion Ding.
.est#ons 0/-0: =isten to part of a tal# in a class on the history of science.
In ancient times, many people believed the earth was a flat disc. Well over ',;;; years ago,
the ancient *ree# philosophers were able to put forward two good arguments proving that it
was not. &irect observation of heavenly bodies was the basis of both these arguments. Birst,
the *ree#s #new that during eclipses of the moon, the earth was between the sun and the
moon, and they saw that during these eclipses, the earth's shadow on the moon was always
round, they reali:ed that this could be true only if the earth was spherical. If the earth were a
flat disc, then its shadow during eclipses would not be a perfect circle, it would be stretched
out into a long ellipse. The second argument was based on what the *ree#s saw during their
travels. They noticed that the >orth "tar, or ,olaris, appeared lower in the s#y when they
traveled south, in more northerly regions, the >orth "tar appeared to them to be much higher
in the s#y. $y the way, it was also from this difference in the apparent position of the >orth
"tar that the *ree#s first calculated the appro/imate distance around the circumference of the
earth, a figure recorded in ancient documents says .;;,;;; stadia, that's the plural of the
word stadium. Today, it's not #nown e/actly what length one stadium represents, but let's say
it was about ';; meters, the length of many athletic stadiums. This would ma#e the *ree#'s
estimate about twice the figure accepted today, a very good estimate for those writing so long
before even the fast telescope was invented.
.-. What #s the ta$- ma#n$( a'ot"
(! (ow ancient philosophers measured the distance between heavenly bodies.
($! (ow ancient philosophers e/plained the cause of an eclipse of the @oon.
(%! Why ancient philosophers thought the Earth was a sphere.
(&! Why ancient philosophers thought the Earth moved around the "un.
... 1**o&d#n! to the %&o+esso&2 what we&e2 the 'e$#e+s o+ the G&ee- %h#$oso%he&s
'ased %on"
(! (ow the natural world was described in *ree# mythology.
($! What they observed directly.
4 7 4
TOEFL SECTION ONE LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2000-01
(%! The writings of philosophers from other societies.
(&! @easurements made with scientific instruments.
.0. What does the %&o+esso& sa( a'ot an*#ent G&ee-s who t&a3e$ed soth"
(! They noticed an apparent change in the position of the >orth "tar.
($! They observed eclipses at different times of the year.
(%! They were the first to estimate the distance between heavenly bodies.
(&! They wanted to prove that the Earth was flat.
.1. What does the %&o+esso& sa( the te&m stad#m &e+e&s to"
(! place for ma#ing astronomical observations.
($! n instrument used for observing stars.
(%! unit of measurement.
(&! The >orth "tar.
.est#ons 0;-40. =isten to the beginning of a lecture given by a history professor.
*ood morning, class. $efore we begin today, I would li#e to address an issue that one of you
reminded me of after the last lecture. s you may recall, last time I mentioned that +obert E.
,eary was the first person to reach the >orth ,ole. Amm, what I neglected to mention was the
controversy around ,eary's pioneering accomplishment. In 191;, a committee of the national
geographical society e/amined %ommodore ,eary's claim to have reached the >orth ,ole on
pril 1
th
19;9 and found no reason to doubt him. This 6udgment was actually confirmed by a
committee of the A" %ongress in 1911. >evertheless, ,eary's claim was surrounded by
controversy. This was largely due to the competing claim of &octor Brederic %oo# who told
the world he had reached the ,ole a four4year earlier. )ver the decades ,eary was given the
benefit of the doubt, but critics persisted in raising 2uestions about his navigation and the
distances he claimed to have covered. "o the >avigation Boundation spent an additional 1'
months of e/haustive e/amination of documents relating to ,eary's polar e/pedition. The
documents supported ,eary's claims about the distances he covered. fter also conducting an
e/tensive computer analysis of photos ta#en by ,eary at the pole, they concluded that ,ierre
and his companions did in fact reach the near vicinity of the >orth ,ole on pril 1th, 19;9.
)D, today we're going to tal# about e/ploration of the opposite end of the world. I assume you
all read chapter - in our te/t and are now familiar with the namesJ Emerson and "cott.
.5. Wh( d#d the %&o+esso& ment#on the *ont&o3e&s( s&&ond#n! Pea&("
(! )ne of the students as#ed him about it in the previous class.
($! (e read about it the previous day.
(%! (e had 6ust read &r. Brederic# %oc#'s travel log.
(&! The students were re2uired to read about it for that day's class.
.7. What d#d <o*to& Coo- ma#nta#n"
(! That ,eary had announced his success prematurely.
($! That the investigation of ,eary's e/pedition wasn't thorough.
(%! That ,eary wasn't an e/perienced e/plorer.
(&! That he had reached the pole before ,eary did.
.9. How d#d the e)%e&ts dete&m#ne that Pea&( &ea*hed the No&th Po$e"
(! They tal#ed to one of ,eary's companions.
($! They interviewed ,eary.
(%! They conducted a computer analysis of photographs.
(&! They e/amined ,eary's navigation tools.
0;. Wh#*h to%#* w#$$ most %&o'a'$( 'e #n*$ded #n the *ont#nat#on o+ toda(,s
$e*t&e"
(! &r. %oo#'s e/pedition.
($! The conclusions of the >avigation Boundation.
(%! E/ploration of the E2uator.
(&! E/ploration of the "outh ,ole.
4 9 4