https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=12YklALUbU8
A case study is a i!depth study o" oe pe#so. $uch o" Freud'swo#k ad theo#ies we#e
developed th#ou%h idividual case studies.
& a case study' ea#ly eve#y aspect o" the sub(ect)s li"e ad histo#y is aaly*ed to seek
patte#s ad causes "o# behavio#. +he hope is that lea#i% %aied "#om studyi% oe case
ca be %ee#ali*ed to may othe#s. U"o#tuately' case studies ted to be hi%hly sub(ective
ad it is di""icult to %ee#ali*e #esults to a la#%e# populatio.
Types of Case Studies
Explanatory: Used to do causal investigations.
Exploratory: A case study that is sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-
depth research. This allos researchers to gather more information !efore developing
their research "uestions and hypotheses.
#escriptive: $nvolves starting ith a descriptive theory. The su!%ects are then
o!served and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
$ntrinsic: A type of case study in hich the researcher has a personal interest in the
case.
&ollective: $nvolves studying a group of individuals.
$nstrumental: 'ccurs hen the individual or group allos researchers to understand
more than hat is initially o!vious to o!servers.
Case Study Methods
(rospective: A type of case study in hich an individual or group of people is
o!served in order to determine outcomes. For example, a group of individuals might !e
atched over an extended period of time to o!serve the progression of a particular
disease.
)etrospective: A type of case study that involves loo*ing at historical information. For
example, researchers might start ith an outcome, such as a disease, and then
!ac*ards at information a!out the individuals life to determine ris* factors that may
have contri!uted to the onset of the illness.
Sources of Information Used in a Case Study
+he#e a#e a umbe# o" di""e#et sou#ces ad methods that #esea#che#s ca use to %athe#
i"o#matio about a idividual o# %#oup. +he si, ma(o# sou#ces that have bee ideti"ied by
#esea#che#s -Yi' 1../0 1take' 1..23 a#e:
+. #irect o!servation: This strategy involves o!serving the su!%ect, often in a natural
setting. ,hile an individual o!server is sometimes used, it is more common to utili-e a
group of o!servers.
.. $ntervies: 'ne of the most important methods for gathering information in case
studies. An intervie can involves structured survey-type "uestions, or more open-
ended "uestions.
/. #ocuments: 0etters, nespaper articles, administrative records, etc.
1. Archival records: &ensus records, survey records, name lists, etc.
2. (hysical artifacts: Tools, o!%ects, instruments and other artifacts often o!served
during a direct o!servation of the su!%ect.
3. (articipant o!servation: $nvolves the researcher actually serving as a participant in
events and o!serving the actions and outcomes.
these are the kind of enterprises/indutries
in a private (pvt.) sector enterprise, the owner of assest and resources is an individual or a group of
indivisduals. market force (demand:supply) determine the price of articles. the main aim is PROFIT
E.g.: Toyota
in a public sector eneterprise, the government owns the resources and determines the price, and the
main aim is the welfare of the citizens
e.g.: in India, BSNL, SAIL, Indian Airlines
when the govt and individual(s) come together to run an industry jointly, it is called a joint sector
eneterprise. both of them have a hand in decision making.
e.g.: in India, Power Trading Corporation (PTC)
when the same people produce the raw material of an industry and also process it into products for
distribution, it is called cooperative sector. take sugar for example. the farmer grows sugarcane. then,
a group of farmers (all of whom grow sugarcane) come together, take a loan and set up a plant that
produces sugar from their crop. this is then distributed to the public. so, the farmers grow and
process the raw materials, they COOPERATE with each other in both felds. hence, cooperative
sector. e.g. in india is Amul (Gujrat Cooperative Society Ltd.) and Lijjat
vroom expectancy theory
assumes that behavio# #esults "#om coscious choices amo% alte#atives whose pu#pose it
is to ma,imi*e pleasu#e ad miimi*e pai. +o%ethe# with 4dwa#d Lawle# ad Lyma 5o#te#'
6icto# 6#oom su%%ested that the #elatioship betwee people)s behavio# at wo#k ad thei#
%oals was ot as simple as was "i#st ima%ied by othe# scietists. 6#oom #eali*ed that a
employee)s pe#"o#mace is based o idividuals "acto#s such as pe#soality' skills'
kowled%e' e,pe#iece ad abilities.
+he theo#y su%%ests that althou%h idividuals may have di""e#et sets o" %oals' they ca be
motivated i" they believe that:
+he#e is a positive co##elatio betwee e""o#ts ad pe#"o#mace'
7avo#able pe#"o#mace will #esult i a desi#able #ewa#d'
+he #ewa#dwill satis"y a impo#tat eed'
+he desi#e to satis"y the eed is st#o% eou%h to make the e""o#t wo#thwhile.
+he theo#y is based upo the "ollowi% belie"s:

Valence
6alece #e"e#s to the emotioal o#ietatios people hold with #espect to outcomes
8#ewa#ds9. +he depth o" the wat o" a employee "o# e,t#isic 8moey' p#omotio' time!o""'
bee"its9 o# it#isic 8satis"actio9 #ewa#ds3. $aa%emet must discove# what employees
value.

Expectancy
4mployees have di""e#et e,pectatios ad levels o" co"idece about what they a#e capable
o" doi%. $aa%emet must discove# what #esou#ces' t#aii%' o# supe#visio employees
eed.

Instrumentality
+he pe#ceptio o" employees as to whethe# they will actually %et what they desi#e eve i" it
has bee p#omised by a maa%e#. $aa%emet must esu#e that p#omises o" #ewa#ds a#e
"ul"illed ad that employees a#e awa#e o" that.
6#oom su%%ests that a employee)s belie"s about 4,pectacy' &st#umetality' ad 6alece
ite#act psycholo%ically to c#eate a motivatioal "o#ce such that the employee acts i ways
that b#i% pleasu#e ad avoid pai.

http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/06/frederick-taylor-principles-of.html
http://www.cilory.com/131-t-shirts?gclid=!"#ic$%&'()d*+,odl%w-lw./
http://www.yo&t&be.com/watch?+=2/301#l'*mo
The Secrets of Determining the Sex of Your
Children
By Dr. Violet Butler (Special guest writer to the group)
You men out there are the sole parties responsible for passing on the genetic
codes to determine if a child is male or female. It is a simple fact of biology: the
Xx combination of sperm and egg create a female; the Xy are male. All eggs are
X. Sperm can be either X or Y. So don't blame us for the child's sex; it's really up
to you. No I'm going to explain in !ery simplistic terms the ays you can
actually turn the odds in fa!or of your choice of girls or boys.
No remember " conception ta#es place in the fallopian tube ith the first sperm
to reach and penetrate the surface of the egg. $hus conception is the result of a
race amongst millions of little simming sperm to reach the single a!ailable egg.
%A small percentage omen o!ulate on both sides simultaneously and ha!e a
higher propensity to create fraternal tins&.
$here are to #inds of sperm: the androsperm or male"genetic"code"carrying
!ersion and the genosperm or female. 'or simplicity let's call the boys Andys and
the girls (ennys. )etermining the sex of your child has to do ith ta#ing
ad!antage of the uni*ue characteristics of each. +ere are those e can easily
manipulate:
Andys are smaller and sim faster. ,ut li#e the hare !ersus the turtle-
Andys don't sim as far and don't last !ery long. .onsider them the
sprinters.
$he (ennys are larger and sloer. $hey can last up to /0 hours in some
!aginal en!ironments. .all them the long"distance runners.
1en tend to increase the ratio of Andys to (ennys in the 2load2 hen
there has been an extended period of abstinence. $his has been shon o!er
the years here the first generation of children after men ha!e been aay
at ar ha!e a higher portion of males than the long"term a!erage. Also
certain cultures ho only engage in sexual intercourse once a month at the
expected time of fertility ha!e !ery high proportions of males %034
percent&-
(ennys fa!or more acidic en!ironments. Andys li#e basic.
5hat to do6 $here are fi!e things to remember:
7enetration " $he closer the point at hich the 2load2 %the e8aculate& is
deli!ered to the egg the more li#ely a sprinter %an Andy& ill in the race.
So guys- to ma#e boys- stic# it all the ay in hen you reach climax.
$iming " If the load is deli!ered before the egg is a!ailable the Andys ill
die off and the (ennys ill be there aiting. 9!ulation usually ta#es place
around the :;th day of the cycle %measured by as day one being the start of
the menstrual period&. Intercourse on the :<th or :/th day ill fa!or
(ennys because there ill be no egg to fertili=e for a day or to. $o ma#e
boys- ma#e an appointment on the :;th day. If you really ant to be
specific get a thermometer and ait until her temperature rises slightly.
>iscocity " >aginal li*uids are relati!ely thic# and present an impediment
to the (ennys. Andys sim right through these thic# li*uids. $o ma#e
boys- ma#e her real happy %se!eral times& prior to deli!ering the load.
?!en you 28ac#"rabbit2 03"second climaxers can ma#e boys if you
properly prepare your oman's lo!e canal ith some oral or other
stimulation. So ta#e your time. %If you must cheat use a little sterile
lubricant li#e @"Y.&
Abstinence " If you do it e!ery day you'll probably ma#e a girl as the
2AndyA(enny2 ratio in the e8aculate ill decline. So sa!e it up a little if
you ant a boy.
AcidAbase " $o ma#e girls use the acid"containing douches %!inegar&. 'or
boys use ba#ing soda.
If you follo these steps- a study from the mid"B3's determined that you ill ha!e
an CDE chance of getting hat you ant.