In the name of ALLAH who is most merciful..

Submitted to:-MAM MARIA SARFRAZ

Subbmitted by:- rou! "
#
Summary
A. Introduction
$. %auses: International Scenario
%. %auses: &olitical Situation
#. Attitude of Muslim Lea'ue
(. %onstitutional )eadloc*
+. Absence of Stron' $ond
,. Re'ional &olitics
-. &ro.incial /lections #0-,
1. 2iolation of #0-1 %onstitution
". eneral /lections #0"3
4. $oycott of 5ational Assembly Session
0. Mu6eeb7s Si8 &oints
). %auses: 5ational Issues
#. /conomic $ac*wardness of /. &a*istan
(. )omination of Hindus
+. Role of Hindu 9eachers
,. :rdu ; $en'ali %ontro.ersy
-. %rushin' of )emocratic Institutions
/. %auses: Atrocities in /ast &a*istan
F. %auses: Indian Hostility
. %ritical Analysis
.
R/AS<5 <F &AR9I9I<5 #0"#
I59R<):%9I<5
Histories of nations are often mar*ed with ruthless
wounds. 9ime !asses by but its scars ne.er .anish. )ecember #1= #0"#
bein' the dar*est day in the history of &a*istan ended with the creation of
$an'ladesh. It mi'ht ha.e been only a di!lomatic accident for our
!oliticians but the nation was dee!ly shoc*ed. It too* away our national
(
!ride and moral !resti'e. 9his tra'edy was the ultimate result of
irres!onsible and immature attitude of our leadershi!. 9he dee!-rooted
!re6udice of the Hindus and international intri'ues contributed to it. &a*istan
no lon'er remained the lar'est muslim state. >e lost -1? of our !o!ulation.
Some 03=333 troo!s and +=333 ci.ilians were ta*en as !risoners of war by
India. Let us ta*e an insi'ht to understand the causes= which led to the brea*
of &a*istan.
REASONS
A. International Scenario
9he se!aration of /ast &a*istan was a di!lomatic failure. Military
re'ime was reluctant to restore democracy. )emocratic institutions were
bein' eroded. &ress and 6udiciary were in chains. )elay in transfer of !ower
to le'itimate and elected re!resentati.es led to !olitical a''ression. So=
international community 'ot an im!ression as if the military 'o.ernment
was su!!ressin' ci.il liberty and democracy. At that critical moment= :5<
!ro!osed to turn &a*istan into a federation of two autonomous win's but
that too was ruled out. As the result &a*istan lost sym!athies of democratic
nations. <ur di!lomatic mission could not ta*e them in confidence and
&a*istan had to suffer from isolation.
9his was the time when !ro-Indian elements in /ast &a*istan had
started !ro!a'atin' $en'ali nationalism. 9hey too* the !lea that the $en'ali
Muslims had their own lan'ua'e and culture different from that of &un6abis=
Sindhis and others. 9hey demanded autonomy and indi.idual identity.
%onstitutional .iolations by the military rule made their demands 6ustified.
In these circumstances all democratic countries fa.ored $en'ali nationalism
and instantly ac*nowled'ed $an'ladesh soon after its creation.
B. Political Situation
&a*istan had been sufferin' from !olitical instability since its creation.
o.ernment chan'ed many hands after the death of @uaid-e-AAam and
LiaBat Ali Chan. &oliticians could not frame and !romul'ate any a'reed
+
constitution. All these factors aroused the an'er of 'eneral !ublic. Let us
re.iew se.eral other factors that contributed to this national tra'edy.
1. Stubborn Attitude of Muslim League Leaders
Many to! ran*in' leaders of Muslim Lea'ue dis!layed !olitical
immaturity. 9hey claimed that they had a birthri'ht to rule o.er &a*istan= as
it was Muslim Lea'ue that had created &a*istan. 9hey could not reconcile
with $en'ali leaders. 9heir stubborn attitude created a rift between the two
win's at earlier sta'es. As the result Muslim Lea'ue lost the su!!ort of
'eneral !ublic.
2. Constitutional Deadlock
9he first constituent assembly unanimously !assed 9he <b6ecti.e
Resolution. 9his resolution 'a.e some basic idea of future constitution. It
also laid stress on framin' a mutually a'reed constitution as soon as
!ossible. $ut no constitution could be !romul'ated until #0-1. 9he first
constitution was laid down after se.en years of thou'htful discussion. $ut
the constitution did no 6ustice with all 'rou!s. It raised se.eral dis!utes of
re!resentation in /ast and >est &a*istan 'o.ernment.
3. Absence of Strong Bond Beteen t!e "o #ings
9he Federation of &a*istan consisted of two win's but they lac*ed
any stron' cultural and economic standin'. )ifferences were there since the
Inde!endence )ay. 9he !eo!le of /ast &a*istan were !olitically conscious
whereas the !eo!le of >est &a*istan were under the influence of feudal
system. /.en the 'o.ernment made no sincere efforts in order to brin' the
!eo!le of both win's closer. Some intellectuals and !oets too* this 6ob but
their .oices were stron'ly su!!ressed.
$. %egional Politics
A !olitical chaos was !re.ailin' o.er the country. 9he country needed
a stron' and nationwide !olitical !arty. /.en the ma6or !arties did not try to
launch any countrywide cam!ai'n. 9his situation encoura'ed re'ional
!olitics. Hence a true re!resentati.e 'o.ernment could not be formed.
,
)ifferent alliances and 6oint !arties emer'ed but could not form a stron'
united !arty.
&. Aftermat! of 1'&$ Pro(incial )lections
Muslim Lea'ue lost elections a'ainst the :nited Front of $an'ladesh.
Leaders of Muslim Lea'ue refused to acce!t these results. 9he attitude of
H.S. Suharwardy and A.C. FaAl e HaB es!ecially on the issue of se!arate
electorate led to differences between leaders of the both win's.
*. +iolation of 1'&* Constitution
9he constitution of #0-1 'a.e !oor autonomy to the !ro.inces. Many
!ro.isions caused ma6or dis!utes. In #0-1= adult franchised elections were
held. Leaders of /ast &a*istan 'ot ma6ority .ote. 9hey demanded immediate
transfer of !ower but Si*ander MirAa in.ited Ayub Chan to im!ose martial
law in #0-4.
,. %esults of -eneral )lection of 1',.
&olitical uncertainty continued until #0"3. Fresh elections were held
resultin' in the success of Awami Lea'ue in /ast &a*istan ad &a*istan
&eo!les &arty in >est &a*istan. Awami Lea'ue won #1# out of #1( seats in
/ast &a*istan. Similarly= &&& and her allies 'ot 4" out of total #,+ seats in
>est &a*istan. A tu' of war started between the two !arties= which !ut
country7s unity at sa*e.
/. Post0onement of Marc! 31 1',1 Session
$hutto boycotted a session of national assembly to be held in )ha*a.
He e.en declared to se.erely !rosecute any member of the national assembly
who would attend the session 9hus= !olitical ri.alry led to thorou'h
disinte'ration of all !olitical institution.
'. Mu2eeb3s Si4 Points
Mu6eeb :r Rehman of /ast &a*istan came with si8 !oints. $oth the
win's could a'ree on these !oints after some discussion and modification.
$ut Mu6eeb em!hasiAed these !oints as the only !ossible solution. He
!ro!osed thatD
-
#. A fresh federal !arliament 'o.ernment should be formed by direct
elections.
(. &ro.inces should be 'i.en autonomy. <nly the !ortfolios of forei'n
affairs and defense should be 'i.en to the center.
+. Se!arate currency should be introduced in both win's. Resources of
one win' should not be transferred to the other.
,. $oth win's should be allowed to form their own !olicies.
-. /ast &a*istan should be 'i.en control o.er forei'n e8chan'e.
1. $oth win's should ha.e their own armies.
C. 5ational Issues
&olitical instability and freBuent economic and !olitical e8!eriments
'a.e birth to social and economic !roblems. <.erall state of the affairs was
so serious that &a*istan was declared a failed state in di!lomatic circles.
Many minor !roblems that had been ne'lected in the !ast were challen'in'
national economy and inte'rity. Here is only a brief descri!tion of some
ma6or national issues.
1. )conomic Backardness of )ast Pakistan
/ast &a*istan had a ma6or contribution in country7s e8!ort. It was one
of the lar'est !roducers of 6ute. $ut it was consciously ne'lected whene.er
there was formed any economic !olicy. /conomic u!lift and de.elo!ment
concentrated in >est &a*istan and /ast &a*istan suffered from ne'lect
des!ite of its !o!ulation and !roduction ratio. /ast &a*istan was also !rone
to floods and natural calamities and needed more funds. $ut a'ainst all the
e8!ectations of the !eo!le of /ast &a*istan= they were treated with
discrimination. Althou'h Ayub Chan7s !olicy ensured !rotection to /ast
&a*istan but they did not !ro.e to be successful and led to com!le8 conflicts
and situations. 9he table below shows economic de.elo!ment in both win's
durin' the si8ties.
Eear
&er %a!ita )& of
/. &a*istan
&er %a!ita )& of
>. &a*istan
#0-0-13 (10 +--
#013-1# ("" +1+
#01#-1( (41 +"1
#01(-1+ ("" +0+
1
#01+-1, (00 ,34
#01,-1- (0+ ,(1
#01--11 (0- ,("
#011-1" (03 ,,4
#01"-14 +3" ,14
#014-10 +#( ,03
#010-"3 +#, -3,
? rowth #"? ,(?
Source: &lannin' %ommission= o.ernment of &a*istan FGuly #0"3H
2. Domination of 6indus in )ast Pakistan
Hindus dominated the economy and beaurocracy of /ast &a*istan.
9he Hindus belon'in' to Indian 5ational %on'ress held most of the *ey
!osts. Althou'h they had 6oined &a*istan 5ational %on'ress but their
affiliations were with their counter!arts in India. 9hey en6oyed unchec*ed
control o.er !ress= 6udiciary and beaurocracy. 9he 'o.ernment=
unconsciously or under some !ressure= ne.er challen'ed their authority.
3. %ole of 6indu "eac!ers
Hindu teachers were already filled with !re6udice and hatred a'ainst
&a*istan. 9hey encoura'ed youn' 'eneration to re.olt and !ro!a'ated the
conce!t of $en'ali nationalism. 9hey 'a.e an im!ression that $en'alis had
a distinct culture li*e &un6abis= Sindhis and others and without their own
culture they would lose their identity. In this way they tried to undermine the
conce!t of one Muslim umma and the two-nation theory on which &a*istan
was based.
$. 7rdu 8 Bengali Contro(ers9
9he 'reater dama'e was done by the lan'ua'e contro.ersy. Althou'h
@uid-e-AAam had= already= declared :rdu as national lan'ua'e. $ut Hindu
teachers and some !ro-Indian $en'alis fanned this issue in order to create
a'itation. $en'ali was s!o*en and understood in /ast &a*istan only.
Similarly &un6abi= &ushto and Sindhi were s!o*en in their res!ecti.e
"
!ro.ince. <nly :rdu was the lan'ua'e that was easily understood by all
&a*istanis. $en'ali li*e other lan'ua'es could be used by $en'alis as a
re'ional lan'ua'e. 9here was no !oint in raisin' any contro.ersy. Howe.er=
the !ro!a'anda of the Hindus was .ery stron' and effecti.e. &a*istani
'o.ernment failed to counter it.
9he attitude of some !oliticians and bureaucrats towards $en'ali was
also .ery ne'ati.e. )urin' the days of Ayub Chan= o.ernor Monem Chan
attem!ted to ban the broadcast of 9a'ore7s Fa renowned $en'ali !oetH son's
or !oems and to !re.ent the im!ort of $en'ali boo*s from %alcutta. In social
circles= :rdu s!ea*in' &a*istanis used to scorn de.otion of $en'alis for
their lan'ua'e and their inability to !ronounce Muslim names.
&. Crus!ing of Democratic Institutions
/8tra democratic forces crushed democratic institutions. In Ayub
Chan7s !eriod ri'ht of e8!ression was su!!ressed. After @uaid-e-AAam=
leadershi! went to feudal lords. From #0," to #0"#= no 'eneral elections
were held. From #0-4 to #0"# martial law was im!osed. From #0," to #0-4
se.eral 'o.ernments were chan'ed. &ress was in chains. 9wo constitutions
had been !romul'ated and dismissed. 5o democratic norms were obser.ed.
IAfsar Shahi7 culture a!!eared. &a*istan suffered from beaurocratic
domination. All these factors resulted in wide 'a!s in leadershi!.
*. "!e Poer )lites of #est Pakistan
9he country was under the direct rule of !ower elites that mostly
belon'ed to military and bureaucracy. Most of the !olitical leaders came
from landownin' class. Another !owerful class of businessmen and
industrialists ra!idly emer'ed durin' the days of Ayub Chan. 9his class
fused itself with bureaucracy and !olitical 'rou!s. In the whole scenario=
common men stood nowhere. 9he 'ulf between elites and the !oor was .ery
wide. 9he same was the difference between the two win's. 9he western
win' emer'ed as an elite class and the eastern win' remained downtrodden
and ne'lected.
9he &a*istani army was recruited almost entirely from the &un6ab
FRawal!indi= Gehlum= u6rat etcH and the Frontier &ro.ince F&eshawar and
CohatH. Si8ty !ercent of the army men were &un6abis and thirty-fi.e !ercent
were &a*htuns.
4
9he same was the situation in bureaucracy. Almost all influential
!ositions in de!artments li*e economic affairs= communications= industries
and natural resources= in.estment !romotion= defense= secretary to !resident=
cabinet= a'riculture and establishment di.ision were e8clusi.ely held by
>est &a*istanis. 9hese officers dominated the structure of !olicy ma*in'.
9he ci.il ser.ants from /ast &a*istan were either ruled out or transferred.
Industrial sector concentrated in >est &a*istan. Si8ty-si8 !ercent of
the nations7 industrial assets= ei'hty !ercent of the ban*in' assets and
se.enty-nine !ercent of the insurance assets were controlled by only twenty-
two families mostly from >est &a*istan.
9his dis!arity created a fear amon' the $en'alis that they would be
eliminated from the 'o.ernment. 9his thin' ur'ed them to s!ea* for their
ri'hts.
D. Atrocities in )ast Pakistan
<ur leadershi! was clearly di.ided in eastern and western 'rou!s. 9he
situation was so much critical that Eahya Chan declared that there was no
!oint of return. He ordered to send more military troo!s to /ast &a*istan. <n
the other side= Mu6eeb :r Rehman ad.ised %olonel :smani of &a*istan
army to 'et ready for any military action. <n February (4= #0"#= Admiral
Ahsan who was the 'o.ernor of /ast &a*istan reBuested Eahya Chan to
resume dialo'ues and !re.ent un!leasant results. He made this reBuest on
the ad.ice of Mu6eeb :r Rehman howe.er= Eahya Chan blatantly refused to
acce!t it. <n March "= Mu6eeb :r Rehman hoisted the $an'ladeshi fla' on
his residence and declared an inde!endent 'o.ernment.
9he &a*istani army started military action durin' which thousands of
ci.ilians were ruthlessly butchered. 9he wor*ers of Awami Lea'ue alon'
with Indian army res!onded in the same way. 9hey started e8terminatin'
non-$en'alis. In Sira6 5a'ar= +-3 women and children were burnt ali.e in a
hall. In %hita'on'= more than ten thousand !eo!le were *illed in a sin'le
raid. Similarly= in Santabar area of $o'ra !ro.ince= fifteen thousand
inhabitants were massacred. 9he streets of )ha*a were flooded with blood
and cor!ses.
0
). Indian 6ostilit9
Indian hostile attitude and non-acce!tance of &a*istan worsened the
situation. India !ro.ided li! ser.ice to Mu6eeb and other rebel 'rou!s. She
si'ned an a'reement with Russia to recei.e the latest military eBui!ment.
International media was successfully used to create !anic and warli*e
situation. &a*istan was sub6ected to !sycholo'ical !ressure.
Indian 'o.ernment !lanned and successfully sta'ed a !lane hi6ac*
drama. &a*istan was com!letely isolated in di!lomatic circles. Soon after
this stunt= the air lin* between /ast and >est &a*istan was cut off. Indian
'o.ernment set u! a s!ecial tas* force named Mu*ti $ahini out of $order
Security Force F$SFH and recruited many $en'ali youn' men as its
members. $y the end of Se!tember #0"#= $SF and Mu*ti $ahini had been
de!loyed alon' the borders of /ast &a*istan for a dee! insur'ency. Mu*ti
$ahini in.aded on 5o.ember #0"# and &a*istani army surrendered on
)ecember #1= #0"#.
Critical Anal9sis
>e= as a nation= often hide our shortcomin's under the co.er of Isome
forei'n hands7. >e neither own them nor do we learn lessons from them.
Somehow= it is not .ery difficult to !oint out the cul!rits. 9he craAe of !ower
was not instilled by some Iforei'n !ower7. Social in6ustice= !olitical unrest
and re!ression of democracy were not im!orted. 9hese were the ultimate
result of our own mista*es.
Eahya Chan bein' the %hief /8ecuti.e of the country and
commander-in-chief of army cannot esca!e the res!onsibility. He made
!olitical mista*es. eneral 5iaAi was chief of army and res!onsible for all
defense reBuirements. $ut he did not count hostile elements in /ast &a*istan.
&a*istan could ha.e e8erted !ressure on India by timely attac*in' its
>estern borders. Furthermore= once the military o!tion was chosen it must
not ha.e been abandoned. eneral 5iaAi could ha.e delayed the stay of
&a*istani forces and could ha.e withdrawn them systematically to $urma.
/.en American troo!s who were in Sin'a!ore could hel! our army F&a*istan
#3
was in a defense a'reement with the :SAH. $ut both of them withdrew
forces.
India established Mu*ti $ahini. It was trained= 'uided= and controlled
by $SF and directed by Indian &rime Minister. Russia !ro.ided latest
military hardware and si'ned a security treaty with India. 9here were hectic
acti.ities in Indian 'o.ernment to set the deadline of war. 9he official
decision was ta*en on A!ril (4= #0"#. $ut the attac* was delayed for some
reasons. :nfortunately= Eahya Chan did not ta*e any action. He could not
e.en count American s!onsored element in his own cabinet and military
ad.isors. Abdul Mali*= the 'o.ernor of /ast &a*istan !layed a *ey role in
this matter and ordered &a*istan army to surrender.
In Au'ust #0"#= Indra andhi .isited Russia to discuss sensiti.e
matters on war. $etween <ctober (+ and 5o.ember #+= I. andhi went to
Austria= :SA= :C= France= and ermany to discuss military action and
secretly 'ot a I'o ahead7 si'nal from bi' !owers. A wee* after 5o.ember (#=
Indian forces in.aded /ast &a*istan.
In de!th study of the e.ents between #010 and #0"# shows that the
:SA= :C= Israel and :SSR were bac*in' India. <n #1
th
5o.ember #00-= a
former forei'n secretary of America= Henry Cassin'er= admitted that
>ashin'ton !layed an im!ortant role in the whole mission. A committee of
the forty members headed by Cassin'er himself !lanned the whole 'ame.
9hey camoufla'ed the whole !lannin' under the co.er of the cold war of
Russia and the :SA. In fact= both of them had 6oined hands.
5ic*son7s administration that was a!!arently fa.orin' &a*istan hid
Indian !lans and mis'uided &a*istan. He as*ed &a*istan not to !ublically
accuse India for its internal !roblems. %IA 'a.e financial and lo'istic
assistance under the co.er of humanitarian aid. It was raised from (- million
J to (-3 million J. 9he Arab- Israel war of #013 encoura'ed India to see*
American consent and attac* &a*istan. <ur leadershi! o.erloo*ed all these
acti.ities.
History re!eats itself. 9rue. <ne can understand the same intri'ues
and scenarios e.en today. $i' !owers are bent u!on eliminatin' Muslim
##
states. 9heir !lans are not hidden. 9heir strate'y has not chan'ed. <nly
names and !laces are different. Islamic fundamentalism and the Imenace of
9aliban7 and Saddam-mania are lame e8cuses. Indian hostility is e.en more
.iolent today. &olitical corru!tion is still 'nawin' at our inte'rity. >e need
unity and a true democratic culture. Surely= we do not want history to re!eat
its lesson.
O God, Confer on my land thy bounties
And a Spring that knows no Autumn.
(Faiz Ahmad Faiz)


Last :!dated: )ecember #1= (33(
Instrument of Surrender Signed At D!aka at 1*:31 6ours ;IS"< =n
December 1*1 1',1
9he &a*istan /astern %ommand a'rees to surrender all &a*istan
Armed Force in $an'ladesh to Lieutenant-eneral Ga'6it Sin'h Aurora=
eneral <fficer %ommandin' in %hief of the Indian and $an'ladesh forces
in the /astern 9heatre. 9his surrender includes all &a*istan land= air and
na.al forces as also all !ara-military forces and ci.il armed forces. 9he
forces will lay down their arms and surrender at the !laces where they are
currently located to the nearest re'ular troo!s under the command of
Lieutenant-eneral Ga'6it Sin'h Aurora.
9he &a*istan /astern %ommand shall come under the orders of
Lieutenant-eneral Ga'6it Sin'h Aurora as soon as the Instrument has been
si'ned. )isobedience of orders will be re'arded as a breech of surrender
terms and will be dealt with in accordance with the acce!ted laws and usa'es
of war. 9he decision of Lieutenant-eneral Ga'6it Sin'h Aurora will be final=
should any doubt arise as to the meanin' or inter!retation of the surrender
terms.
#(
Lieutenant-eneral Ga'6it Sin'h Aurora 'i.es a solemn assurance that
!ersonnel who surrender shall be treated with di'nity and res!ect that
soldiers are entitled to in accordance with the !ro.isions of the ene.a
%on.ention and 'uarantees safety and well-bein' of all &a*istan military and
!ara-military forces who surrender. &rotection will be !ro.ided to forei'n
nationals= ethnic minorities and !ersonnel of >est &a*istan ori'in by the
forces under the command of Lieutenant-eneral Ga'6it Sin'h Aurora.
Jagjit Singh Aurora
Lieutenant-eneral
eneral <fficer %ommandin' in
%hief
Indian and $an'ladesh Forces in the
/astern 9heatre
Abdullah Khan Niazi
Lieutenant-eneral
Martial Law
Administrator Zone $
and %ommander /astern %ommand
F&a*istanH
#+