1.

Grammar subject
THE VERB
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
PRESENT SIMPLE
S + V/V...s. (pers. a III sg.) Do/Does + S + V ? S + o!"t/oes!"t + V.
We write a composition every week.
He usually writes good composition.
Do you write compositions every week ?
Does he usually write good compositions ?
We dont write comp. every day.
He usually doesnt write bad comp.
It is used to express
Transation
actiuni obisnuite, repetate. Se foloseste cu:
every day!wee"!year#et$. on$e!twi$e a wee"!a month#et$ usuay#aways#never#often#sedom#et$.
prezent
PRESENT #$NTIN%$%S
S + am/&s/are + V...&!'. (m/Is/(re + S + V...&!' ? S + a&!"t/&s!"t/are!"t + V...&!'.
We are studying English now. Is he studying English now ? I am not studying Biology now.
It is used to express Transation
actiuni in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii. Se foloseste cu: now#at the moment#at present#et$. prezent
PRESENT PER)E#T SIMPLE
S + *a+e/*as + Verb ,r. Ha+e/Has + S + Verb ,r ? S + *a+e!"t/*as!"t + Verb ,r.
He has drun" his tea.
They have ust said ! "ood#bye$.
Has he already seen the photographs ?
Have you seen him lately ?
He hasnt %een here since %ovember.
We havent ta"ed to her this week.
It is used to express Transation
(.o actiune terminata al carei moment nu este precizat e&act
o actiune trecuta incheiata recent.Se foloseste cu:&ust#atey#re$enty aready#yet adver%e de fre$venta
o actiune terminata intr#o perioada de timp care nu s#a incheiat. Se foloseste cu: today#this wee"!year#et$.
perfectul compus
B.o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent. Se foloseste cu: sin$e#for prezent
PRESENT PER)E#T #$NTIN%$%S
S + *a+e/*as + bee! + V...&!'. Ha+e/Has + S + bee! + V...&!' ? S + *a+e!"t/*as!"t + bee! + V...&!'.
We have %een oo"ing a photo's for ( hrs. Have you %een iving here since )*+, ? They havent %een reading all this time.
It is used to express Transation
o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua in prezent. prezent
P(ST SIMPLE
S + V...e/Verb -! D& + S + V ? S + &!"t + V
-esterday,he rea$hed school at +../ am.
He went to school when he was younger.
Did he rea$h school at +../ am yesterday ?
Did he go to school when he was younger ?
He didnt rea$h school at + yesterday.
He didnt go to school when he was y...
It is used to express Transation
(.o actiune savirsita si incheiata intr#un moment trecut. Se foloseste cu:
yesterday#ast'wee" month#et$.( ..... ago in )*+,#on -onday#et$.
perfectul compus
B.actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecut. Se foloseste cu: often#fre.uenty#usuay#et$. imperfect
P(ST #$NTIN%$%S
S + .as/.ere + V...&!' /as//ere + S + V...&!' ? S + .as!"t/.ere!"t + V...&!'
He was tea$hing at * am yesterday.
We were waiting for him when he arrived
Was he tea$hing at * am yesterday ?
Were you waiting for him when he arrived
He wasnt teaching at + yesterday.
We werent reading, when he arrived.
It is used to express Transation
o actiune in desfasurare intr#un moment trecut. 0specificarea momentului trecut e obligatorie1
2omentul trecut se e&prima prin: adverb 0locutiune1: %y / o$o$"#0aturday#et$.
subordonata temporara: at this time# yesterday
imperfect
P(ST PER)E#T SIMPLE
S + *a + Verb ,r Ha + S + Verb ,r ? S + *a!"t + Verb ,r
We had already eft when you arrived. Had he eft before they arrived ? He hadnt eft by 3 p.m. yesterday.
It is used to express Transation
o actiune din trecut anterioara unui moment in trecut sau a unei alte actiuni din trecut.
2omentul trecut se specifica prin: adverbe 0locutiuni1: %y / o$o$"#0aturday#et$.
subordonate temporale: at this time# yesterday
mai mult ca perfect
P(ST PER)E#T #$NTIN%$%S Situation: Yesterday afternoon at 4 Mary started practicing the piano. At 5 oclock when her sister arrive
from work she was still practicing.
S + *a + bee! + V...&!' Ha + S + bee! + V...&!' ? S + *a!"t + bee! + V...&!'
0he had %een pra$ti$ing for an hour when her sister
came from work.
Had she %een pra$ti$ing for an hour ? 0he hadnt %een pra$ti$ing for an hour.
It is used to express Transation
o actiune inceputa inaintea unui moment sau actiuni din trecut, continuind pina in acel moment sau
pina la acea actiune. Se foloseste cu: sin$e# for
imperfect
)%T%RE SIMPLE
S + s*a00/.&00 + V S*a00//&00 + S + V ? S + s*a!"t/.o!"t + V
We sha go to the seaside ne&t summer.
1ur friends wi $ome with us if they can.
0ha I find them home if 4 go now ?
Wi he arrive ne&t week ?
We shant %e there when he arrives.
0he wont $ome back tomorrow.
It is used to express Transation
o actiune care are loc intr#un moment viitor. 2omentul viitor se e&prima prin:
adverbe: tomorrow,ne&t week5month5year,etc. subordonate temporale
o actiune viitoare a carei act. e conditionata de alta actiune. 6onditia se e&prima prin subordonata conditionala0if1
viitorul simplu
)%T%RE #$NTIN%$%S
S + s*a00/.&00 + be + V...&!' S*a00//&00 + S + be + V...&!' ? S + s*a!"t/.o!"t + be + V...&!'
They wi %e visiting the 7illage 2useum. Wi they %e waiting for me when 4 arrive? They wont %e standing outside...
It is used to express Transation
actiune in desfasurare intr#un moment viitor. Se foloseste cu:
adverbe0locutiuni1: this time#tomorow#at 2pm#on -onday
viitor
8he 9dverb
Adverb
9n adverb is a part of speech that normally serves to modify verbs, adectives, other adverbs, clauses, and sentences.
4n English, adverbs often have the suffi& 3y, but so do many adectives. 8he 3y is a common, but not reliable marker of an adverb.
Some others use the suffi& 3wise. 4t competed with a related form 3ways and won out against it. 4n a few words, like sideways, 3ways survives: words
like $rosswise show the transition .
Some other adverbs are identical in form to their adectives. ;therwise, other adverbs are derived from adectives.
8he comparative and superlative forms of adverbs that are identical to their adectives are generated by adding 3er and 3est. 8he comparative and
superlative forms of most other adverbs 0e&cept in poetic forms like wiseier1 use more or most. 9dverbs also take comparisons with as ... as, ess, and
east.
8he usual form pertaining to adectives or adverbs is called the positive. 8hus the three grades are positive <happy<, $omparative <happier<, and
superative <happiest<.
Examples
8he following e&amples are in English, because that is the language of this te&t. E&amples in other languages may be added, especially to show
language independent properties of adverbs.
0)1 4n the following e&amples, the adverb, as a verb#modifier, is highlighted in bold. 8he verb that it modifies is shown in italics.
4t is tiring to run quickly.
2y sister aughs loudly.
8he sun shone brightly.
8he captain went boldly.
8he farmer wor"ed hard. 0%B: %ot hardly1
8he minister spo"e well. 0%B: %ot goodly1
0(1 4n the following e&amples, the adverb, as an adective#modifier, is highlighted in bold. 8he adective it modifies is shown in italics.
=is poetry is very %eautifu.
8he meaning of this passage is abundantly $ear.
8hat sign is hardly visi%e.
0.1 4n the following e&amples, the adverb, as an adverb#modifier, is highlighted in bold. 8he adverb that it modifies is shown in italics.
4 know that he can write more $eary.
8he sun came out quite suddeny.
8his species is the slightly sower growing one.
0>1 4n the following e&amples the adverb modifies a whole sentence.
Finally, she went home.
Suddenly, the $at $ame in.
Today, we $an go on a day trip.
Prepositions
Prepositions are connectives which introduce prepositional phrases. 8hey can be regarded as a tool which links noun phrases with other
structures. 2any prepositions in English correspond to case inflection in other languages. 2ost common prepositions are short, invariable forms, such
as a%out# after# around# as# at# %y# down# for# from# in# into# i"e# of# off# on# round# sin$e# than# to# towards# with# without etc.
?ree prepositions have an independent meaning: the choice of preposition is not dependent upon any specific words in the conte&t. 4n contrast,
bound prepositions often have little independent meaning, and the choice of the preposition depends upon some other word 0often the preceding verb1.
8he same prepositional form can function as a free or bound preposition:
?ree preposition,
4ut the ony other thing perhaps# he go .&t* one of the "ids# thats a possi%iity.
Bound preposition,
Theyve got to %e wiing to part .&t* that %it of money.
2any of the same orthographic words can function as prepositions, subordinators, adverbs, and occasionally even verbs and adectives,
Its ong be1ore that. 0@reposition1
Hes sort of s"idded be1ore he got there. 0Subordinator1
Whatever he did be1ore at home Im not sure. 09dverb1 0Biber et al., )***: +>#*1
8here are many prepositions and adverbs that are inseparable from verbs, and are, indeed, a component part of verb phrases. Some e&amples
are: to augh at# to oo" into# to oo" at# to go through with# to tune in# to give in# to ma"e up for# to stand up for# to put up with# to tra$" down# to stand
for# to %rea" into. 8he word following the verb in such phrases as these may be either a preposition or an adverb 3 ver%a preposition or ver%a adver%.
8he conte&t must decide in all such e&pressions ust which Auality of functioning predominates, and the part of speech thus decided upon.
4n He wi get over, over is an adverb modifying wi get. 4n He wi get over the %ridge, over the %ridge is a prepositional phrase modifying
wi get. 4n He wi get over the disappointment, he wi get over is preferably regarded as predicate and disappointment as obect: the sentence actually
says He wi survive or outive the disappointment. 4n this last e&ample the word over is so closely embedded in the meaning of the verb that we canBt
say that over the disappointment is an adverbial phrase of manner modifying wi get.
8his use of preposition 0or adverb1 as part of a verb very often makes a verb transitive, as in the last e&ample above, and as again in
The ro%%ers %ro"e into the %an".
Sroka's classification 0)*+(1 differs from former classifications of the selected type of particle: in place of two traditional classes, i.e. adverbs
and prepositions, he has distinguished three, adverbs, prepositions and adverb#preposition words.
Sweet, 0)*//1 in his e&ample, I wonder where he $ame from, states that the preposition is completely detached from the noun word it
originally governed, and for this reason it is called a deta$hed preposition. He was thought of is liable to be dissociated from their noun#words not only
in position, but also in grammatical construction.
@repositions can have the following meanings:
a1 space, including place, rest and motion:
b1 time:
c1 other abstract relations such as Auantity, manner, cause deprivation.
Stanciulescu 0)*+C1 divides prepositions according to their semantic field as follows:
a) space: ahead of# %efore# in front of:
%) time: ahead of# %efore# pending# prior to# ti# unti# to:
$) movement towards a special place: at# down# for# into# on# to# towards# up# upon5
d) movement in time towards a moment: against# %y# into# towards:
e) space 0stative1: at# in# on:
f) time of action5state: at# in# on:
g) lapping: a%ove 0vertically1, over 0horizontally1:
h) settle underneath: %eow, %eneath# down# under# underneath:
i) seAuence in space: after# %ehind# %y# past:
&) setting out from: from# off# out of:
") seAuence in time: after# %ehind# %eyond# from# on# upon# past# sin$e:
) approach in space: a%out# against# aongside# %eside# %y# near# next to:
m) crossing in space: a$ross# at# athwart# %y# over# through# via:
n) duration: during# for# in# inside# over# pending# through# within:
o) middle: amid(st)# among(st)# %etween# %etwixt:
p) cause: at# %e$ause of# %y dint of# %y reason of# for# from# in $onse.uen$e of# on a$$ount of# out of# owing to# than"s to# through# with5
.) reference: a%out# anent# as for# as to# $on$erning# of# on# respe$ting# tou$hing.
9 very few instances can be found where pure prepositions occur in combinations without an obect. 8here are dialectal Dcome5go with' and
the standard Ddo5go without'.
Wait a minute and I $ome with.
If there is no sugar you simpy have to do without.
8here is an apparent reversal of the underlying obect if the particle is taken as a preposition,
6randmother %rushed off her green s"irt. 0She brushed the lint off1
=eaton 0)*+>1 says that much of the confusion associated with phrasal verbs has been caused by failure to distinguish between verb and
particle forms 0phrasal verbs1 and verb and prepositional forms. 8he mere fact that a verb and a preposition may form a collocation possessing an
entirely new meaning is no indication of the formation of a phrasal verb. Ehenever a preposition gives a verb a new meaning or causes the verb to
assume a secondary or subsidiary meaning it belongs to the verb.
7EFB G @FE@ G ;BH ;? @FE@
Abide by the law
7EFB G ;BH G @FE@ G ;BH ;? @FE@
A%andon a position to the enemy.
Because the direct obect of the verb is placed between the verb and the preposition in this latter sentence pattern, there is often a tendency to
confuse such prepositional verbs with separable phrasal verbs.
7EFB G ;BH G @FE@ G ;BH ;? @FE@
4ring the $hid up the stairs.
7EFB G ;BH G @9F8
Bring the child up
=ill 0)*3,1 classifies each preposition in three groups: elementary, intermediate and advanced. 4n the elementary part prepositions have their
basic meaning and are the least numerous. Ee find + meanings for off, e.g.,
1ff indicating separation from being attached, in contact, part of, or on, showing motion.
There is something wrong with that $hair. 1ne of the egs has $ome off# I thin".
4n the intermediate stage the prepositions enter phrasal verbs and lose their basic, concrete meanings and are more numerous than the
elementary. 1ff here has (( meanings, e.g.,
0ee some%ody off meaning Dsay good bye to somebody',
I went to the airport to see my %rother off when he eft for India ast wee".
8he advanced level includes phrases, idioms and phrasal verbs and are the most numerous. ;ff in this group has C) meanings, e.g.,
7ome off meaning Dbe successful',
-y tri$" $ame off 8a right.9 ()*/+: ),/3));)