Cardio

atrocities on med student smh

-nitric oxide is the most important mediator of coronary vascular
dilation in large arteries ad pre-arteriolar vessels .
-Adenosine, a product of ATP metabolism, acts as a vasodilatory
element in the small coronary vessels.
-acute pericarditis - pain decreases on sitting up and leaning
forward
-congetnital QT: AR condition, which is accompanied by congenital
neurosensory deafness.
-pulsus paradoxus is an important clue to cardiac tamponade. it is
dened as a decrease in the systolic pressure of 10mmHG or more
during inspiration as compare with the pressure during exhalation.
-paradoxical thromboembolism occurs when a blood clot from the
venous system crosses directly into the arterial circulation via an
abnormal connection between the the R and L cardiac chambers,
such as ASD or ventricular sepal defect. Ausculatory nding in an
ASD includes a wide and xed splitting of S2!
-pericarditis is the m commonly cardiovascular syndrome
associated with SLE.
-VSD: is associated with low-pitched, holosystolic murmur that
accentuates during maneuvers that increase after load (handgrip
maneuver). \
-VSD )holosystolic murmor over the left sternal border) can cause
increase in O2 saturation between the 2 right sided vessels or
chambers indicating the presence of a left-to-right shunt.
-heart failure due to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is the result
of an decrease in diastolic LV compliance. Amyloidosis( may cause
diastolic dysfunction).
-A pre systolic sound on cardiac auscultation that immediately
precedes S1 is most often an S4 gallop. An S4 requires normal
atrial contraction and results from rapid emptying of arterial blood
into a ventricle with reduced compliance (stiff ventricle).
-during aortic regurgitation, increase in left ventricular preload
(LVEDC) is rthe major long-term hemodynamic compensatory
response to the volume overload of AR.
-ou wont see high systolic pressure gradient between the LV and
Aorta in the case of dilated cardiomyopathy.
-squatting in tetralogy of fallout helps increase systemic vascular
resistance.
-mitral regurgitation: holosystolic murmor best heard at the apex
and the best indicator of MR is a presence of audible S3 gallop.
Brain Natriretic peptide is elevated in patients with heart failure and
is often used as a laboratory test inn the clonal setting to determine
if a patient is suffering from CHF exacerbation.It acts along with
ANP to cause vasodilation (decrease preload) and diuresis.
-holosystolic murmur found all over the cardiac apex = mitral
regurgitation,
-cardiac (pericardial) tamponade presents clinically with
hypotension, tachycardia, and an elevated central venous pressure
that produces venous distention.
-abnormal tachyarrhythmias = shortened PR interal, delta wave at
the start of QRS, and widened QRS interval.
-wide, xed splitting of the scone heart sound is a characteristic
auscultatory nding in patients with ASD. It requires surgical repair
to prevent irreversible changes in the pulmonary vessels.
-Rheumatic heart disease is avery common cause of MR in
underdeveloped countries.