CE 241 CE 241

Advanced Concrete
Technology
Advanced Concrete
Technology Technology Technology
CE 241
Advanced Concrete Technology
CE 241
Advanced Concrete Technology Advanced Concrete Technology Advanced Concrete Technology
Instructor: Paulo J.M. Monteiro
725 Davis Hall
Office hours: Monday 1-2 am, Tu Th 10-11 pm at 725 Davis Hall
Email: monteiro@ce.berkeley.edu
Grade: 10% HW + 20 % paper + 5% Presentation + 20% Midterm + 45% Final
Why a concrete technology
?
Why a concrete technology
? course? course?
Paradigm change: More money is
being spent in repairing structures
th i t t than in new structures.
50% of 500,000 bridges in distress
~ 200 billion to repair p
204 dams with AAR 0 da s t
Need for materials Need for materials Need for materials Need for materials
New materials that you should
specify: green concrete type of specify: green concrete, type of
cement, recycled aggregates, high-
strength concrete low heat strength concrete, low-heat
generation concrete
New criteria New criteria New criteria New criteria
Low-shrinkage
Crack Free Crack Free
Maximum temperature rise
Architectural concrete
Environmental Impact Environmental Impact
TWO MAJOR CHALLENGES TWO MAJOR CHALLENGES
Challenge I: Environmental Impact
World demand/year
11 5 billion ton of concrete 11.5 billion ton of concrete
1.5 billion ton of cement
1 billion ton of water
9 billion ton of aggregate 9 billion ton of aggregate
Consequences (1) Consequences (1) Consequences (1) Consequences (1)
1 5 billion ton of cement
P bl !
G t 1 5 billi
1.5 billion ton of cement
Problem!
Generates 1.5 billion
ton of CO
2
Responsible for 5 7% Responsible for 5-7%
CO
2
production in
the world the world
Business as usual is
t ti !
Business as usual is
t ti ! not an option! not an option!
Consequences (2) Consequences (2) Consequences (2) Consequences (2)
1 billion ton of water 1 billion ton of water
110,000 times the amount of water in
the SF Bay the SF Bay
Consequences (3) Consequences (3) Consequences (3) Consequences (3)
9 billion ton/y of aggregate
Depletion of p
natural
resources
Challenges Challenges Challenges Challenges
Challenge II: Long-term durability
Civil Infrastructure quickly Civil Infrastructure quickly
deteriorating
March 17, ,
2008,
I-95 in
Philadelphia
Major deterioration Major deterioration Major deterioration Major deterioration
Corrosion of reinforced concrete
Sulfate attack Sulfate attack
Alkali silica reaction
Hot and cold weather
Consequences Consequences Consequences Consequences
Of the 597,340 bridges in this
t 73 784 b t country, 73,784, or about
12.4 percent, are structurally pe ce t, a e st uctu a y
deficient.
Examples Examples Examples Examples
Itaipu Dam
Nervi Structures Nervi Structures
Petronas Tower
Itaipu Dam Itaipu Dam
To reduce the amount
of concrete in the dam,
the center of the block the center of the block
is hollow
The spillway, with a
length of 483 m, was
designed for a designed for a
maximum discharge
capacity of 62,220
m3/s.
Rome Sports Palace in
R
Rome Sports Palace in
RRome Rome
Nervi was a pioneer of ferro-
cemento or reinforced
mortar, where thin metallic
meshes are embedded in a
mortar to form structural mortar to form structural
elements with high ductility
and crack-resistance
High Strength Concrete
Jan 1994 Jan 1994 Jan 1994 Jan 1994
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
April 1994 April 1994 April 1994 April 1994
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
August 1994 August 1994 August 1994 August 1994
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
September 1994 September 1994 September 1994 September 1994
October 1994 October 1994 October 1994 October 1994
November 1994 November 1994 November 1994 November 1994
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
December 1994 December 1994 December 1994 December 1994
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
February
1995
February
1995 1995 1995
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
May
199
May
199 1995 1995
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
September September
1995 1995
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
February February
1996 1996
(photograph courtesy from Leornardo Garzon)
Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction
A semester in one hour -- relax and
enjoy enjoy
Pre-requisites: none (the course will
be self-contained))
T b k M h & M i ( hi d Textbook: Mehta & Monteiro (third
edition)
Structure and properties
of hydrated cement paste
Structure and properties
of hydrated cement paste of hydrated cement paste of hydrated cement paste
Obj ti Objectives:
Learn how the
microstructure controls the
ti f t properties of concrete.
Identify the main crystals
present in concrete
Transition zone
in concrete
Transition zone
in concrete in concrete in concrete
Obj ti Objectives:
Reinforce the concept that
concrete is not a
h t i l homogeneous material.
Show that the zone
between the aggregate and
th t t i th the cement paste is the
weak link of concrete
affecting many of its
properties properties.
Factors influencing the Factors influencing the
strength strength
Obj ti Objectives:
Review the main parameters controlling the strength
development of concrete structures.
Concrete strength under
various stress states
Concrete strength under
various stress states various stress states various stress states
Elastic behavior Elastic behavior
Creep and drying
shrinkage
Creep and drying
shrinkage shrinkage shrinkage
Obj ti Objectives:
To study the mechanisms
of creep, modeling, and
t t l structural consequences.
Show that creep and
shrinkage have the same
h i mechanism.
Thermal stresses Thermal stresses
Obj ti Objectives:
Analysis and control of thermal stresses due to the
hydration of cement.
Applications to dams, off-shore platforms, cathedrals, etc.
Permeability and
d bilit
Permeability and
d bilit durability durability
Durability to frost action and fire Durability to frost action and fire
Obj ti Objectives:
Describe the mechanism of deterioration caused by ice formation
in concrete.
Deterioration of concrete
b h i l tt k
Deterioration of concrete
b h i l tt k by chemical attacks by chemical attacks
Objectives:
Describe the damage mechanisms Describe the damage mechanisms
caused by sulfate attack and alkali-
ili ti silica reaction.
Deterioration from electrochemical
h
Deterioration from electrochemical
h phenomena phenomena
Concrete structures in
marine environment
Concrete structures in
marine environment marine environment marine environment
Concrete aggregates Concrete aggregates Concrete aggregates Concrete aggregates
Objectives:
Discuss the importance of Discuss the importance of
aggregates in concrete technology.
Hydraulic cements Hydraulic cements Hydraulic cements Hydraulic cements
Chemical admixtures Chemical admixtures
Objectives:
Discuss the importance of chemical admixtures for the
manufacture of advanced concrete
Mineral admixtures Mineral admixtures Mineral admixtures Mineral admixtures
Objectives:
Discuss the advantages of using Discuss the advantages of using
mineral admixtures both to
i th ti f t improve the properties of concrete
and to reduce the pollution in the
world.
Lightweight and
h i ht t
Lightweight and
h i ht t heavyweight concrete heavyweight concrete
High-strength and high- High-strength and high-
performance concrete performance concrete
Objectives:
To introduce mix proportions to To introduce mix proportions to
obtain high-strength concrete and
t di t ti th d to discuss construction methods
using HSC
Green Concrete
Shrinkage-compensating
t
Shrinkage-compensating
t concrete concrete
Fiber-reinforced concrete Fiber-reinforced concrete Fiber reinforced concrete Fiber reinforced concrete
Mass concrete Mass concrete Mass concrete Mass concrete
Objectives:
Techniques to minimize the thermal Techniques to minimize the thermal
stresses in concrete.
Polymers in concrete Polymers in concrete Polymers in concrete Polymers in concrete
Objectives:
To present new research using To present new research using
polymers in concrete to improve
i ti various properties.
Fracture Mechanics Fracture Mechanics Fracture Mechanics Fracture Mechanics
Non-destructive Methods Non-destructive Methods Non destructive Methods Non destructive Methods