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Data Communications
and Computer Networks
Peter Sjödin
KTH School of Electrical Engineering
Laboratory for Communication Networks
Introduction
• Goal
• Related courses
• Planning and rules
Lectures
Recitations
Laboration
• Material
Book
Exercises with solutions
Lab instructions
• Responsabilities of participants
2
Goal
• Basics
Data communications
o How information can be transfered
Protocols
o How system functions are performed
Services
o How the networks are used
Network architectures
o How the pieces are put together
Design principles and methods
2G1318 (4p)
Queuing theory and
teletraffic systems
2E1633 (5p)
Network services and
Internet-based
applications
Laboratory for Communication Systems, www.s3.kth.se/lcn
4
Course Planning
• Twelve lectures
• Nine recitations
• One laboration
Homework
Preparation for the laboration
5
Teachers
• Lectures
Peter Sjödin (Swedish)
• Recitation assistants
György Dan (English/Swedish)
Vladimir Vukadinovic (English)
Fetahi Wuhib (English)
• Laborations
Jing Fu
Mikael Rudholm
6
Students
• Please meet…
D3, D4
E3, E4
I2
MEDIA2
Medicinsk Informatik
o Karolinska institutet
Enstaka kurser…
7
Please Note!
• Exam March 13
• Important messages through Bilda
bilda.kth.se
Also at the lectures
You are responsible for staying
updated!
8
Lectures and Recitations
• F1: Introduction • F7 + Ö5: Wide Area Networks
• F2: Layered models Circuit switching
Packet switching
Internet
Virtual circuits
OSI
• F3 and F4 + Ö1 and Ö2: • F8 and F9 + Ö6 and Ö7:
Physical layer and data transfer Internetworking and IP
Modulation • F10 and F11 + Ö8: End-to-end
Coding communication
Link technologies Transport protocols
• F5 + Ö3: Data link layer Applications
Flow control • F12: — (spare)
Error control • F13 + Ö9: Summary
Data link protocols
• F6 + Ö4: Local Area Networks
Multiple Access
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
9
Laboration
• Purpose
Design and configuration of a computer network
Work with modern Internet equipment
• Laboratorium LQ303, Osquldas väg 10
• Groups with two students
• Sign up for lab sessions
(more details later)
• Homework
Must be completed in order to do the lab!
Deadline February 2
Hand in at lecture or recitation
10
Recitations
11
Course Material
• Book
Behrouz A Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 3rd edition,
12
Your Responsibilities
13
Course Committee (Kursnämnd)
• Volounteers?
• Meetings
Mid-course
End of course
14
Today’s Lecture
• Definitions
• Signals
• Requirements on communication
• Communication networks
Connections and topologies
Network types
• Examples of networks
15
Illustrations in this material are collected from
16
Information and Data
• Information—many meanings
Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org) lists
five meanings:
o 1. Negative entropy—the instructions that are
needed to produce order or reduce uncertainty
o ...
o 5. Any type of pattern that influences the
formation or transformation of other patterns
• Data
Representation of information
o Symbols with a certain syntax
17
Information
• Technical definition
Context known by sender and receiver
o The alternatives are well defined
Information represents one alternative
o To represent one of N alternatives requires
⎡log2N⎤ bits
o Example: The letters in the Swedish alphabet can
be represented by 5 bits (25 = 32)
18
Information
19
Communication
20
Network Functions
21
Signals
• Analog signals
Continuous in time
Infinitely many levels
o Continuously varying
• Digital signals
Limited number of levels
o Discrete
o Often binary (0 and 1)
Discrete in time
22
Sine Wave
• Fully described by
s(t) = A sin(2πft + φ)
A is amplitude, f is frequency, φ is
phase
23
Time and Frequency Domains
• A signal can be represented as
A function of time
A function of frequency
24
Composite Signals
25
Fourier Analysis
26
Bandwidth
27
Capacity
• Transmission capacity
Measured in bits per second [b/s, bit/s, bps]
• Increased bandwidth can give higher capacity
A noiseless analogous channel has infinite capacity
• Larger units
kilo (k) 103, mega (M) 106, giga (G) 109, tera (T)
1012, peta (P) 1015, exa (E) 1018, zetta (Z) 1021,
yotta (Y) 1024, … googol 10100, … googolplex 1010100
28
Data Communications
29
Requirements on Communication
• Quality • Cost
Delay Information
Information loss and Service
distortion o Resources (time,
Reliability capacity)
Security o Management
— Booking
• Connectivity — Directory services
One-way and two- — Security
way
o Simplex/duplex
One to one, one to
many
30
Connectivity
Duplex
Half duplex
Simplex
31
Point-to-point Connections
32
Multipoint Connection
33
Networks
34
Physical Topologies
Topology
Topology
Mesh
Mesh Star
Star Bus
Bus Ring
Ring
35
Mesh Topology
36
Star Topology
37
Bus Topology
• Point-to-multipoint • Disadvantages
Limited size
• Advantages
Maintainance
Ease of installation
o Reconfiguration
Cost o Fault isolation
38
Ring Topology
• Point-to-point links • Disdvantages
Between neighbours
• Signals rotate around the
Robustness
ring • Dual ring improves
• Advantages robustness and
Easy to install and
reconfigure capacity
Cost
39
Network Types
Network
Network
Local
LocalArea
AreaNetwork
Network Metropolitan
MetropolitanArea
AreaNetwork
Network Wide
WideArea
AreaNetwork
Network
(LAN)
(LAN) (MAN)
(MAN) (WAN)
(WAN)
40
Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Single organization
Office, building,
campus, etc
• Resource sharing
Printers, file servers,
Internet connection
• One type of medium
Ethernet most common
o 10, 100, 1000 Mb/s
Wireless LANs
41
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
42
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• International networks
• Use different kinds of equipment
Public, leased, private equipment
• International operators (carriers)
• Private WAN
”Enterprise networks”
43
Telephone Network
44
Cable TV
45
The Internet
46
Internet Today
47