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The main concern of this field investigation is to observe the environmental condition, natural process, resource and anthropogenic influence of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district and adjacent areas and their impact on the surrounding ecosystem and environment as a whole. A very important objective of this trip is to identify the problems of the area and their possible mitigation process.
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Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District
The main concern of this field investigation is to observe the environmental condition, natural process, resource and anthropogenic influence of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district and adjacent areas and their impact on the surrounding ecosystem and environment as a whole. A very important objective of this trip is to identify the problems of the area and their possible mitigation process.
The main concern of this field investigation is to observe the environmental condition, natural process, resource and anthropogenic influence of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district and adjacent areas and their impact on the surrounding ecosystem and environment as a whole. A very important objective of this trip is to identify the problems of the area and their possible mitigation process.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District. Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
Submitted to Dr. Syed Hafizur Rahman Professor Mashura Shammi Assistant Professor Mirza A.T.M. Tanvir Rahman Lecturer
Submitted by Group-4 Examination Roll: 101393 101398 101399 101401
Date of Submission: March 10, 2013
Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar University Savar, Dhaka 1342
Acknowledgement Department of Environmental Sciences of Jahangirnagar University arrange Field work program each year that aims at the development of the problem solving capability of the students. Like the other years, we, the third year students of session 2009-10 have completed a field trip. Besides theoretical education, we are lucky to have such opportunity to implement various environmental methods and techniques in to solve potential environmental degradation as well as beneficial effects. This helps us a lot to watch the nature more closely and deeply that increases our ability to solve various complex environmental phenomena easily and effectively. This year, we visited Shyamnagar Upazila and adjacent areas of Satkhira district that are famous for their characteristic Bengal Delta formation and recent alluvial sedimentation pattern. Besides, it is the most disaster prone area of Bangladesh and the great tropical mangrove Sundarbans is really close to the area. We would like to thank our honorable teacher Dr. Shafi Mohammad Tareq for conducting such wonderful field work program. We would like to pay our profound gratitude to our honorable teacher Professor Dr. Syed Hafizur Rahman. We are extremely grateful to our honorable teacher Mashura Shammi. Without his parent- like care and all time supervision, it would have never been possible to complete such an excellent field work. We would like to express our best regards to Mirza A.T.M. Tanvir Rahman sir for his relentless hard work to make the field trip successful. His immense patience and excellent management skills support us to complete an exceptional and effective field investigation. In the last, but of course not the least, we want to give special thanks and also acknowledge the excellent support from Mr. Anil Babu and Mohammad. Harun. We are very much grateful to all of them for their precious information and important guidelines and their spontaneous inspiration and friendly discussion about various difficult topics. And, thanks to Mr. Ataur Rahman (office assistant) of the Department of Environment Sciences. We have no words known to say thanks to our lovely friends. We specially thank to the members of management committee, transportation committee and food committee for their hard work to make the field program successful. Contents Topic Page No 1. Introduction 01-04 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Location of the study area 1.3 Routes of our study area 1.4 Aims and Objectives 1.5 Limitations 1.6 Methodology 01 02-03 04 04 04 05 2. Physiography 06 3. Natural Resources and Capital 08-13
3.1 Forest resource 3.2 Water resource 3.3 Land resource 3.4 Food resource 3.5 Energy resource 3.6 Mineral resource 3.7 Types of capital 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 13 13 13 4. Ecology and Biodiversity 14-26 4.1 Ecosystem 4.2 Biodiversity 4.3 The Sundarbans 14-17 17-22 23-26 5. Natural Hazards, Impacts and Adaptation Strategies
27-30
5.1 Hazards Ranking 5.2 Vulnerability Assessment of Different Sectors 5.3 Impact and Adaptation strategies of major disasters 5.4 Severity and effectiveness of coping and adaptation strategies 27
27-28
29
30 6. Processes and Development of Shrimp Farming
31-34
6.1 Processes of Shrimp Culture 6.2 Impact of Shrimp Farming 31-32 32-34 7. Social Aspects 35 8. Health Hazards of the study area 36 9. NGOs name and Activities 37 Conclusion 38 Reference 39
Introduction
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study Practical implementation of analyzed knowledge is very important for developing the problem solving ability of a student. Environmental Sciences, like all other branches of science, requires a proper practical knowledge and ability to implement analyzed knowledge environment to minimize possible adverse environmental degradation and maximizing potential benefits. If an environmental Scientist fails to have a good knowledge about problems and possibilities in implementing environmental knowledge in the natural environment, he/she will have to suffer a lot. By realizing this fact, the Department of Environmental Sciences of Jahangirnagar University runs a course on field work as an academic study course each year. As a student of B.Sc. third year, we the students of the session 2009-10, visited the southern part of Bangladesh as a part of our field work. In this trip, we visited Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district. We studied about the coastal environment, their possibilities and problems. We also tried to investigate the major resources and hazards of the area. Bangladesh is a small, densely populated country with a long coastal line of about 700km. These area is the habitat of a large number of population that are exposed to many natural as well as anthropogenic hazards that results in a serious damage of both life and property. We had experienced SIDR, AILA and many more potentially hazardous calamities in the area. Some quick and sensible decision regarding these disasters helped us to avoid a huge amount of potential loss. But we strongly believe that, a proper investigation of the natural processes and their relationship with these hazards will help greatly to minimize the possible loss. Besides, there are many social problems in the area which causes the fall in the standard of living. The number of people that use sanitary latrine is very rare in the area while the rate of literacy is extremely low. We also tried to investigate the social problems like these and find out the possible remedial measures for these problems. So, we can say that, this field trip lies on a strong ground of socio-economic and scientific basis where the availability of information is very limited and the numbers of studies are extremely few. So, we are hopeful that this field investigation provides us with important data and information that will help us in taking decision on the proper management in the future time including the period of disaster.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
2 Introduction 1.2 Location of the study area Our study areas were: Shyamnagar Sadar Padma Pukur Gabura Munshiganj Sundarbans Area
Fig-2: Satellite image of the study area
Fig-1: Map of the Study area
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
3 Introduction
Shyamnagar Upazila - At a glance
COORDINATES: 22.3306N 89.1028E DISTRICT: Satkhira BOUNDARY: Kaliganj and Assasuni upazillas on the north, Sundarbans and Bay of Bengal on the south, Koyra and Assasuni upazillas on the east, West Bengal of India on the west. AREA: 1968.24 km. POPULATION: 2,65,004 50.46% male and 49.54% female LITERACY RATE: For males 38%, and for females 17.4%. Average 28.1% MAIN OCCUPATIONS: Agriculture 32.93%, agricultural labor 25.81%, wage laborer 6.21%, forestry 2.34%, fishing 5.5%, transport 1.61%, commerce 10.11%, service 3.38% and transport 12.11%. RELIGION: 74.14% Muslim, 25.40% Hindu, 0.06% Christian, 0.01% are Buddhist and 0.39% others. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: - Colleges (5), High Schools (28), Junior High Schools (4), Madrasas (98) and Government Primary Schools (96) MAIN CROPS: - Paddy, jute, potato, linseed, sesame, pumpkin, mustard seed, kanchu and vegetables. MAIN RIVERS: - Jamuna, Hariabhanga, Raymangal, Malancha, Arpangachia, Bhet Khal, kholpatua.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
4 Introduction 1.3 Routes of Our Study Area
1.4 Aims and Objectives The main concern of this field investigation is to observe the environmental condition, natural process, resource and anthropogenic influence of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district and adjacent areas and their impact on the surrounding ecosystem and environment as a whole. A very important objective of this trip is to identify the problems of the area and their possible mitigation process. Main objective is- Learning the environmental phenomenon of Shyamnagar upazilla, Satkhira district. 1.5 Limitations: Like all other activity, this study also exhibits some limitations in our investigation as well as decision making. Among them, these followings are significant- The data sources of the study tour were basically based on secondary data sources. Within such short time, it was difficult to collect all the necessary information we need. Our budget is limited. So we had to make some choices about an appropriate data collection method and use of instruments. Confusion was a major limitation during questionnaire survey that made us suffer a lot. JU Shyamnagar Upazila (Base camp) Surrounding areas of Shyamnagar Padma Pukur Gabura Munshiganj Surrounding area of Sundarban Back to JU
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
5 Introduction 1.6 Methodology Methodology is the way or manner by which the study is accomplished, which refers to the full outcome of the process at a glance. Methodology is always a compromise between options and choices and is frequently determined by the availability of relevant resource and time. It is very important in the sense that it gives one an idea about how the study has been conducted. A proper methodology is always necessary for any report, which helps to organize experiences, observations, examinations, analysis of data and information and their logical expression in a systematic process to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the report. Main methods which are applied during our field work: Questionnaire survey method Key Informant Interview (KII) Disaster Impact Assessment in the study area by Questionnaire Survey Method:
Supporting instruments: Various instruments were used in our Field work. Some of them are - Digital camera. pH meter(Soil, Water) Location map. Sample bags. Sample bottle Clip board. Cutter. Marker pen. Pen and pencil Erasers and others
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
6 Physiography 2. Physiography The study area lies in the South-western part of Bangladesh which is a part of the Khulna Division. Geologically this area is part of the overall Quaternary geology of the Bengal Basin. Sediments from early Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river systems were deposited over the northern and eastern parts of the basin during Pleistocene period. For this reason, the study area represents a tidal and fluvial delta formation. Sediments of the area are of mainly silt and clay in nature. Only a very small portion of land represents sandy soil.
Fig: Fine silt and clay sediment Land morphology is mainly plain and there is no depressed or uplifted land types were observed. Physiography of the adjacent area can be easily visualized by the following figures. This photograph was taken near Barakupot area.
Fig: Deltaic plain land of the study area
Natural Resources and Capital
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
7 Natural Resources and Capital 3. Natural Resources Shyamnagar Upazila is full of many significant amounts of resources. These resources are used in various ways for the growth and development of our society in various ways. The Natural resources of different areas of Shyamnagar Upazila differ with each other. The areas under study were Shyamnagar union, Padma Pukur union, Gabura union, Buri Goalini union and Munshiganj union. Different resources of these unions can be categorized as followes- Forest Resource Water Resource Land Resource Food Resource Energy Resource Mineral Resource
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
8 Natural Resources and Capital 3.1 Forest Resource As the forest is the important portion of every area, they provide different resources to the local inhabitants. Both Sundarban and different social forest are utilized in different ways by the local people of different union. A comparison is made among the utilization pattern of forest resource in different unions. Union Villages Utilization Pattern
Shyamnagar
Shyamnagar The effect of salinity is not so intense. The social forests are dominating. Provide oxygen. Provide fruits to people. Trees and shrubs used as fuel wood. Building material for construction and furniture. Medicinal products. Gums and resins.
Atulia
Nawabeki The amount of forest is moderate, mainly social forest. Provide fruits to people. Used as fuel wood. Building huts and houses. Provide oxygen. Grass for grazing. Medicinal products processed into drugs.
Barakupot Mainly social forest. Heterogeneous mixture of plants is observed. Grass for grazing and small feeding livestock. Small timber for building huts and houses. Provide oxygen. Used as fuel wood. Medicinal plants. Provide fruits to people.
Padma Pukur
Pakhimara Relatively small amount of forest present. Provide fruits to people. Firewood. Construction and furniture. Provide oxygen.
Gabura
Chakbara Small amount is observed, still developing. Mangrove forest observed. Provide fruits to people. Firewood. Construction purpose.
Dumuria Developing Social forest and Mangrove forest. Provide fruits to people. Firewood Used for construction purpose.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
9 Natural Resources and Capital
Buri Goalini
Nildumur Developing Social forest and Mangrove forest. Provide fruits to people. Firewood Used for construction purpose.
Munshiganj
Munshiganj Social forest is present as well as Mangrove forest. Provide fruits to people. Used as fuel wood. Building huts and houses. Provide oxygen. Grass for grazing. Medicinal products processed into drugs.
Fig: Forest resource of the study area 3.2 Water Resource Water resource is an important resource of the area. Water of this area is used in different ways for making our life easy and more comfortable. The local people use a huge volume of water in different ways. Cultivation of fish is the historical form of the use of water resource in the area. But recently the water use pattern has been changed a lot. The utilization pattern of water resources of different study areas are compared and given following in order of importance- Union Villages Utilization Pattern
Shyamnagar
Shyamnagar House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication Fish culture land
Agricultural land Aqua cultural land Sand extraction
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
10 Natural Resources and Capital
Atulia Nawabeki House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication
Barakupot Aqua cultural land Agricultural land House construction Brick production Roads and communication
Padma Pukur
Pakhimara Aqua cultural land House construction Roads and communication Agricultural land
Gabura
Chakbara House construction Aqua cultural land Roads and communication Construction medium
Dumuria Agricultural land House construction Aqua cultural land Roads and communication Fish culture land
Buri Goalini
Nildumur House construction Commercial land utilization Roads and communication Fish culture land
Munshiganj
Munshiganj House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication
Fig: Water resource of the study area 3.3 Land Resource Landforms formed from the huge amount of alluvial sediments play important role in the development of the local social and economic conditions. This area is basically agricultural and Aqua cultural land. Some of them are used for construction medium. The overall utilization patterns are compared in the following table:
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
11 Natural Resources and Capital Union Villages Utilization Pattern
Shyamnagar
Shyamnagar House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication Fish culture land
Atulia
Nawabeki Agricultural land Aqua cultural land Sand extraction House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication
Barakupot Aqua cultural land Agricultural land House construction Brick production Roads and communication
Padma Pukur
Pakhimara Aqua cultural land House construction Roads and communication Agricultural land
Gabura
Chakbara House construction Aqua cultural land Roads and communication Construction medium
Dumuria Agricultural land House construction Aqua cultural land Roads and communication Fish culture land
Buri Goalini
Nildumur House construction Commercial land utilization Roads and communication Fish culture land
Munshiganj
Munshiganj House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication Fish culture land 3.4 Food Resource This area provides us with valuable food resources from various sources. Among these sources, forest, agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery are important. The main food resources of the overall area are as follows-
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
12 Natural Resources and Capital Union Villages Utilization Pattern Shyamnagar Shyamnagar Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits etc.
Atulia Nawabeki Goat, Cow, Ram, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits, Rice, Vegetables, etc. Barakupot Cow, Ram, Goat, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits, Rice, Vegetables, etc. Padma Pukur Pakhimara Crab, Shrimp, Other river fishes, Fruits, Cow, Vegetables etc.
Gabura Chakbara Crab, Shrimp, Chiring, Other river fishes, Goat, Cow, Ram, Vegetables etc. Dumuria Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits etc. Buri Goalini Nildumur Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Rice, Hen, Pigeon etc. Munshiganj Munshiganj Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits etc.
Fig: Food resource of the study area 3.5 Energy Resource The area is highly potential in terms of energy resource. A large number of people are directly and indirectly dependent of the collection of fuel wood and their business. By this way, they earn a significant amount of money. The utilization of solar energy is also significant. Union Utilization Pattern Shyamnagar Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum products. Atulia Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum products. Padma Pukur Mainly Solar energy and also includes Fuel wood, Petroleum products, coal etc. Gabura Mainly Solar energy and also includes Fuel wood, coal, Petroleum products etc. Buri Goalini Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum products.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
13 Natural Resources and Capital Munshiganj Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum products, coal etc.
Fig: Energy resource of the study area 3.6 Mineral Resource The presence and extraction of mineral resource is very limited in the Shyamnagar area. There is hardly any mineral resource to be found in the area. The presences of petroleum and crude hydrocarbons are yet not discovered. This is mainly because of the nature of the sedimentation and stratigraphic succession pattern. This area is an example of recent alluvial sedimentation and its sedimentation stage is not matured yet. That is why the presence of any hydrocarbon or petroleum resource is not discovered so far. 4. Types of Capital
Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
14 Ecosystem and Biodiversity 4.1 Ecosystem Organisms and environment are two non-separable factors. Organisms interact with each other and also with the physical conditions that are present in their habitats. "The organisms and the physical features of the habitat form an ecological complex or more briefly an ecosystem." Major types of ecosystems of the area: Mainly two types of ecosystems were found in the area. Aquatic ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem: Two types of aquatic ecosystems were observed. Fresh water ecosystem Saline water ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystem: We found two types of terrestrial ecosystem. Crop vegetation Social forest
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
15 Ecosystem and Biodiversity Union Ecosystem Services
Shyamnagar
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Crop Vegetation Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic Ecosystem
Fresh water Ecosystem Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms Many fresh water fish species are cultivated Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water Ecosystem Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp culture This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture
Padma Pukur
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Crop Vegetation Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Social forest
Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
16 Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Padma Pukur Social forest the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic Ecosystem
Fresh water Ecosystem Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water Ecosystem Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth anddevelopment This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture
Gabura
Terrestrial Ecosystem Crop Vegetation Provide food for local people Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest Provide huge amount of Oxygen Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic Ecosystem
Fresh water Ecosystem Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms Many fresh water fish species are cultivated Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water Ecosystem Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp culture
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
17 Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Munshiganj
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Crop Vegetation Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects
Social forest Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy
Aquatic Ecosystem
Fresh water Ecosystem Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose
Saline water Ecosystem Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture 4.2 Biodiversity FLORA Both Mangrove and non-mangrove vegetation are observed. Major plant species found in study areas are as follows: Union Major Types of Plants Local name Scientific name
Shyamnagar
Mango Mangifera indica Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera Sil Koroi Albizia lucida Sofeda Eucalyptus spp.
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
21 Ecosystem and Biodiversity FAUNA Among various household and wild animal species, these followings are significant: Union Major Types of Animal Local name Local name Local name
Shyamnagar Cow Dog King fisher Hen Crow Mosquito Goat Pegion Salik Ram Swan Spider Duck Snail Crab Squirrel Monkey Butterfly Cat Rat Fly Snake Nilotica Chow Heron Shrimp Silver carp Grass carp Kholshe Punti
Padma Pukur Duck Snail Crab Squirrel Swan Butterfly Cat Rat Nilotica Snake King fisher Shrimp Heron Mosquito Butterfly Crab Hen Crow Ram Goat Pegion Duck Chiring Butterfly
Gabura Crab Shrimp Snail Snake King fisher Cat Heron Mosquito Snake Goat Crow Ram Butterfly Dog Duck Swan Spider Chiring Rat Grasshopper King fisher
Munshiganj Monkey Cow Duck Silver carp Hen Squirrel Punti Goat Cat Kholshe Butterfly Snake Shrimp Bee Duck Deer Ram King fisher
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
22 Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Fig: Major faunal species
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
23 Ecosystem and Biodiversity 4.3 The Sundarbans Location Mangroves (generally) are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. The word is used in at least three senses: 1. Most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal, for which the terms mangrove swamp and mangrove forest are used 2. To refer to all trees and large shrubs in the mangal 3. Narrowly, to refer to the mangrove family of plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more specifically just to mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora According to these facts the Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, which lies at the mouth of the Ganges and is spread across areas of Bangladesh (southern part) and West Bengal, India, forming the seaward fringe of the delta. The forest lies a little south to the Tropic of Cancer between the latitudes 2130N and 2230 'N, and longitudes 8900 and 8955E. Biodiversity of Sundarbans Floral composition: The mangroves of the Sundarbans are unique when compared to non-deltaic coastal mangrove forest. Unlike the later, the Rhizophoraceae are of only minor importance and the dominant species are Sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the Sundarbans takes its name, and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). The reason for this difference is the large freshwater influence in the north-eastern part and the elevated level of the ground surface. The Sundarbans can be classified as moist tropical serai forest, comprising a mosaic of beach forest and tidal forest (Champion, 1936). Of the later, they are four types: Low mangrove forests Tree mangrove forests Salt-water Heritiera forests Freshwater heritiera forests The vegetation is largely of mangrove type and encompasses a variety of plants including trees, shrubs, grasses, epiphytes, and lianas. Being mostly evergreen, they possess more or less similar physiological and structural adaptations. Prain (1903) gives an account of the flora of the mangrove forest of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta & Seidensticker and
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
24 Ecosystem and Biodiversity Hai (1983) report a total of 334 plant species, representing 245 genera, present in the Bangladesh portion of the delta, and principal woody and herbaceous species. Of these- Pteridophytes -17 Monocotyledons -87 Dicotyledons -rest Almost all mangrove plant species are evergreen, dwarf, shrubby or tall trees, and grow gregariously without leaving any space on the floor. Most trees have pneumatophores for aerial respiration. The prominent species is Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). In the Sundarbans the saltwater forest is situated in the south-western part where Gewa (E. agallocha), Goran (Ceriops decandra), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), Ora (S. caseolaris), Passur (Xylocarpus mekongensis), Dhundul (X. granatum), Bain (Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinales), Rhizophores, Banchandan, Hijal, Bhatkathi, Amur, Hudo, Shingra, Bhadal, Khalsha, Hingey, and Hantal (Phoenix pelludosa) dominate. The typical mangrove species dominate the central part of the forest. The moderate saltwater forest covers most of the southern parts of Khulna and Bagerhat districts where Sundari is the dominant species. There is a thick mat of the Nipa palm or 'Golpata' (Nipa fruticans) by the side of almost all the canals. Moderately freshwater zone results from the large amount of water, which flows down the Passur, Haringhata and Burisher, maintaining the surface water at a lower level of salinity. Table: Major floral species of sundarban General name Scientific name Sundari Heritiera fomes Gewa E agallocha Goran Ceriops decandra Golpata Nipa fruticans Keora Sonneratia apetala Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis Dhundul X. granatum Bain Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinales rhizophores Rizophoraceae Hantal Phoenix pelludosa Ora S. caseolaris
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
25 Ecosystem and Biodiversity Faunal composition: Sundarban mangrove forest is the single largest home of the Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris). The Sundarbans and the Royal Bengal Tiger are almost synonymous. But with the passing time the number of tigers in the Sundarbans is diminishing at an alarming rate. The number will be 450 but experts believe that it is more or less 200. According to different sources, there are 375 species of wild animals in the Sundarbans. Of them, 10 are amphibians, 63 are reptiles, 261 are birds, and 41 are mammals and 175 fish species. Different governmental and non-governmental organizations, including the forest department, are claiming that there are 200 crocodiles, 80 thousand deer, 20 thousand boars, 40 thousand monkeys, 20 thousand otters, more than 50 thousand birds and snakes including pythons. Among 175 species of fish 53 of pelagic belong to 27 families, 124 of demersal belongs to 49 families, 24 shrimps of 5 families. Besides, 7 species of crab from 3 families, 2 of gastropods, 6 of pelecypod, 8 of locust lobster & 3 species of turtle. This forest harbors a good number of rare and globally threatened animals including Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodilus porosus), Fishing Cat (Felts viverrina), Common otter (Lutra littra), Water Monitor lizard (Varanus sajvatoi), Gangetic Dolphin (Platinista gangetica), Snubfin dolphin (Orcella brevirostris), River Terrapin (Batagur baska), marine turtles like Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Hawksbill Turtle (Eritmochelys imbricat). Six species of Shark and Ray, which are found here, are included in Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act. Other mammals comprise of Wild boars, spotted deer, Porcupines and Rhesus macaque. Among the reptiles, the King cobra, the common cobra, Banded krait, Russells Viper comprise the community of venomous reptiles, while the Python, Chequered Kil-Back, Dhaman , Green Whip Snake and several other species constitute the non-venomous snakes. The common bird species consists of Herons, Egrets, Cormorants, Storks, Green Pigeons, Sand Pipers, Large and Small Spoonbills, Darters, Seagulls, Teal, Partridges, great variety of Wild Geese and Ducks. Cetaceans like Snubfin and Gangetic Dolphin are frequently found in the estuarine rivers, the former being more abundant. The Black Finless Porpoise (Necmeris porosus) is also found in the rivers near the estuary. The marshes and river offer asylum to the Estuarine Crocodile, one of the most endangered and the largest of crocodiles. A wide variety and assortments of fish, molluscs, crabs and prawns inhabit the estuaries. The amphibious mud-skipper fish such as Periopthalmus sp. and Boleopthalmus sp. arouse considerable interest. Also found are Whale Shark, Tiger Shark, Hammer Headed Shark, Saw fish, Guitar fish and some common edible fish e.g., Hilsa ilt'sha, Setipinna breviceps, Setipinna taty, Gudusia chapra etc. Among the crustaceans, commonly found are the One Asmed Fiddler Crab (Uca spp) and the two species of trilobite (Tachypleus gigus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda). Insects abound in the forests amongst which the honey bee (Apis dorssta) is a source of considerable income for the poor people living in fringe areas.
Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira.
26 Ecosystem and Biodiversity
Fig: Image of some flora and fauna we had observed. Tiger foot print
Natural Hazards, Impacts and Adaptation Strategies
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
27 Natural Hazards, Impacts and Adaptation Strategies 5. Natural Hazards The term "natural hazard" refers to all atmospheric, hydrologic, geologic (especially seismic and volcanic), and wildfire phenomena that, because of their location, severity, and frequency, have the potential to affect humans, their structures, or their activities adversely. A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. Name of the hazards of the Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District: Cyclone Storm surge Flood Salinity Drought Drainage congestion River bank erosion Hail storm 5.1 Hazards Ranking (Field Assessment) Hazard Ranking Salinity 1 Cyclone 2 Storm surge 3 Flood 4 River bank erosion 5 Drainage congestion 6 Hail storm 7 Drought 8
5.2 Vulnerability Assessment of Different Sectors Main Sectors of Vulnerability Assessment: Agriculture: Rain fed (Aman) Land fertility reduction Land encroachment Aggregation of aquaculture Destruction of standing crop Increase cost of cultivation High Low
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
28 Natural Hazards, Impacts and Adaptation Strategies Fisheries: Viral infestation of shrimp/ fresh water fish/ crab flattening Marketing of aquaculture Increase cost of farming Livestock: Reduction of grazing land for cows, buffalo, goat Scarcity of drinking water Destruction of livestock and poultry Disease infestation Forestry: Increase salinity Forest damage Scale of Vulnerability Assessment: 0= Not vulnerable to the hazard 1= Low vulnerable to the hazard 2= Medium vulnerable to the hazard 3= High vulnerable to the hazard 4= Very high vulnerable to the hazard Graphical assessment:
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
29 Natural Hazards, Impacts and Adaptation Strategies 5.3 Impact and Adaptation strategies of major disasters Hazard Impact Adaptation
Cyclone Flood occurs Destruction of vegetation Destruction of livestock Damage of embankment Increase salinity Damage to shrimp culture Loss of property and life Destruction of standing crops Cyclone shelter Community based adaptation (CBA) Build embankment Tree plantation
Storm Surge Flood occurs Destruction of vegetation Destruction of livestock Damage of embankment Increase salinity Damage to shrimp culture Destruction of standing crops Shelter center Tree plantation GO & NGO correlation Community based adaptation (CBA)
Flood Destruction of standing crops Destruction of livestock Damage of embankment Increase salinity Build embankment Shelter center GO & NGO correlation Drought Soil fertility loss Less production of crops Channel formation Salinity Soil fertility loss Less production of crops Saline ground water Rain water harvesting Proper Drainage
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
30 Natural Hazards, Impacts and Adaptation Strategies 5.4 Severity and effectiveness of coping and adaptation strategies Rating, using average value of the identified hazards according to their severity and effectiveness of coping and adaptation as- 1= Low severity/ effective coping and adaptation 2= Low to moderate severity/ effective coping and adaptation 3= Moderate severity/ effective coping and adaptation 4= High severity/ effective coping and adaptation 5= Very high severity/ effective coping and adaptation
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Processes and Development of Shrimp Farming
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
31 Processes and Development of Shrimp Farming 6.1 Processes of Shrimp Culture Procedure:
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
32 Processes and Development of Shrimp Farming
6.2 Impact of Shrimp Farming Positive impacts of shrimp farming: Shrimp farming and related activities helped the concerned people directly or indirectly to increase their household income which led them to more savings and investment resulting in better livelihood and socioeconomic condition. In the study areas, 50-73% shrimp-crop farmers reported this opinion. Coastal aquaculture has helped some households to become rich and majority of aqua- households improved their economic condition. Average income of shrimp farmers is several times higher compared to those involved in rice farming. As a result of shrimp farming, socioeconomic infrastructures have been developed. Overall 70% farmers reported this view. Shrimp farming in coastal areas has contributed to poverty alleviation through creating employment opportunity. Seventy three percent farmers reported that employment opportunity has been increased due to shrimp farming. Involvement in shrimp farming and shrimp farm activities, 38% sample farmers reported that their investment capacity to other business has increased and 59% farmers viewed that the educational facility for their children has increased due to extra income from shrimp farms. Social consequences are related to marketing facility and extension of electricity. Fifty to sixty five percent farmers reported that it has been developed due to shrimp farming. Benefits gained from coastal aquaculture operation are higher than any other agricultural activities compared to land productivity. Thus, there is a growing interest of local people towards coastal aquaculture.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
33 Processes and Development of Shrimp Farming Negative impacts: Shrimp farming has made a sign Bangladesh. This change has created a setback for the significant change in the production system from small-scale rice production and open water fishing to large-scale pond/gher based aquaculture in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. This change has created a setback for the small/marginal farmers and the fisherman who use engaged in open water fishing. Thus farmers and traders are alleged to have been achieved at the expense of the small/marginal farmers and the fisherman community. Actually, it is true that shrimp makes substantial contribution to the national economy by generating income, employment and by earning foreign exchange. Despite, positive gains there are some adverse effects of shrimp farming on the environment and society at large. Increase salinity of soils within polders leading to serious loss of soil fertility. Damage of traditional economic activities such as crop and animal husbandry. Decline of livestock population has resulted in manifold problems for agricultural production. Damage of household vegetation and social forestry. Loss of common property rights. Adverse effects on income distribution. Damage to the mangrove forest and loss of biodiversity. Raising river beds in shrimp growing areas. Increasing social tension resulting from absentee entrepreneurship, having no commitment to conservation of coastal resources and sustainable shrimp culture. Insufficient supply of vegetables and small fishes, local people have been suffering from imbalance diet. Administrative corruption has increased in shrimp farming areas. Socioeconomic and environmental consequences of shrimp farming as reported by shrimp farmers and others stakeholders. Detrimental effects on aquaculture (Shrimp culture): 1. Destroyed spawning and nursery grounds. 2. A reduction in fisheries habitats. 3. An end to natural fish recruitment. 4. Reduced natural fish food organisms like aquatic insects, mollusks and invertebrates.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
34 Processes and Development of Shrimp Farming
Fig; Shrimp Culture and Farming
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
35 Social Aspects 7. Social Aspects
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
36 Health Hazards 8. Health Hazards of the study area: Table: Health problems found in the study area
Health Hazards
Saline water related health problem Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Typhoid Fever(Viral and Bacterial)
Drinking water related health problem Unavailability of safe drinking water Taking polluted water as drinking water Taking poorly filtered water as drinking water
Nutritional problem Lack of availability of vitamin Diseases derived from the lack of vitamin Malnutrition
Physiological problem Weaken the digestive system Blood pressure Lowering the eye sight Lowering Immune system Lack of healthy muscle power Skin Diseases Teeth decay Looking over aged Hair loss
Lack of access in medication services Very few number of health care center Very poor services in health care center Very low availability of diagnostic center
Harsh Atmosphere Skin diseases Inhalation problem Respiration problem CNS Damage Sunburn Gastrointestinal tract damage Others Dengue, Malaria cold/cough/fever
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
37 NGOs name and Activities 9. NGOs Name Progoti CCDB Oxfam USAID NCA UNHCR HAP Shushilon Karitas Christian Aid BRAC
NGOs Activity Drinking water supply PSF(pond sand filter) Rain water harvesting Reverse osmosis filter process Sanitation Embankment building Road construction Employment Financial help Provide improved stove provide Cyclone shelter building
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
38 Conclusion Conclusion By considering literature review into account we can conclude that- Pure and drinkable freshwater is very rare in the area. Due to an acute scarcity of drinking water, local people have no other way but to drink the water of some freshwater ponds. But drinking water from such sources is not safe and hygienic at all. By drinking such water, many waterborne diseases may result. We interviewed many local people who told us that they frequently suffer from gastro- intestinal disorders and problems. In some parts of the study area we observed water supply for drinking and cooking purpose but this facility is not capable of providing safe drinking water for all those local peoples. Most of these water supply systems are funded and maintained by either an NGO or a volunteer organization. But if local government realizes the need of sufficient water supply system, it will definitely reduce the sufferings of the local villagers. Poverty is a serious social issue of the study area. More specifically after the impact of AILA, many people became homeless, jobless ad shelter less. Standing of this fact, it is easy to understand that the poor condition of law and order is nothing but the result of poverty in the area. If people have sufficient food and shelter, we strongly believe that the incident of crime will definitely reduce. In some parts of the area, coastal aquaculture practice is common and most farmers are moving towards shrimp and crab culture. But saline water is required for the cultivation of these aqua species. For this reason, aqua farmers created a large number of channels through the river. This practice is highly responsible for the gradual weakness of the dam that aims at the protection of the nearby road and locality from the devastation of flood and cyclone. Sluice gates of the areas are constructed under the data of 1962. These data should be reviewed and corrected where necessary to determine the appropriate sluice gate construction of the area. Enforcement of law should be strict to avoid further damage of the dams by the construction of channels form the rivers. Natural resource collectors should be trained well before they are permitted to collect nature resource to avoid further damage of biodiversity and natural resource of the Sundarbans.
Report on Field work in Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira District.
39 Reference Reference Publications: Erach Bharucha, Textbook of Environmental Studies, Universities Press-India. Md. Golam Mahabub Sarwar, Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh, Lund University Agrawala, S., Ota, T., Ahmed, A.U., Smoth, J., Aalst, M.V., 2003. Development and Climate Change in Bangladesh: Focus on Coastal Flooding and the Sundarbans, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris Alam, M., 2003. Bangladesh Country Case Study, National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Workshop, 9-11 September 2003, Bhutan. Ali, A.M.S., 2005. Rice to shrimp: Land use/ land cover changes and soil degradation in Southwestern Bangladesh, Land Use Policy [Inpress] Brammer, H., Asaduzzaman M. & Sultana, P., 1993. Effects of Climate and Sea-level Changes on the Natural Resources of Bangladesh. Briefing Ducument No. 3, Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP), Dhaka. http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.bangladesh_sundarbans.htm Chowdhury K. Rezaul et al., Southeast Coastal Belt Study, COAST Trust, 1999. Integrated Coastal Zone Management of the Government of Bangladesh; Report on Coastal Livelihoods June 2003 Kausher A, Kay RC, Asaduzzaman M. and Paul S. Climate change and sea-level rise: the case of the Bangladesh coast. In The implications of climate change and sea-level change for Bangladesh (eds. R.A. Warrick and Q.K. Ahmed), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1996, (335-396 pp.). Web resources: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sundarbans http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/satkhira http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shyamnagar_upazila http://www.bdix.net/sdnbd_org/world_env_day/2004/bangladesh/climate_change _sealevel.htm http://www.m-h-s.org/stiftung/upload/download/pdf/zockler_1.Pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Aila http://www.banglapedia.net/HT/S_0602.HTM http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=3