M

O
N
E
L

a
l
l
o
y

4
0
0
www.specialmetals.com
MONEL

nickel-copper alloy 400 (UNS N04400/

W.Nr. 2.4360 and 2.4361) is a solid-solution alloy that
can be hardened only by cold working. It has high
strength and toughness over a wide temperature range
and excellent resistance to many corrosive
environments. Composition is shown in Table 1.
Alloy 400 is widely used in many fields, especially
marine and chemical processing. Typical applications
are valves and pumps; pump and propeller shafts;
marine fixtures and fasteners; electrical and electronic
components; springs; chemical processing equipment;
gasoline and fresh water tanks; crude petroleum stills,
process vessels and piping; boiler feedwater heaters and
other heat exchangers; and deaerating heaters.
Table 1 - Limiting Chemical Composition, %,
of MONEL Alloy 400
Nickel (plus Cobalt) .....................................................63.0 min.
Carbon..........................................................................0.3 max.
Manganese ...................................................................2.0 max.
Iron................................................................................2.5 max.
Sulfur ........................................................................0.024 max.
Silicon...........................................................................0.5 max.
Copper ......................................................................28.0 - 34.0
Table 2 - Physical Constants of MONEL Alloy 400
a
Density, g/cm
3
.....................................................................8.80
lb/in.
3
...................................................................0.318
Melting Range, F .....................................................2370-2460
C.....................................................1300-1350
Modulus of Elasticity, 10
3
ksi
Tension .............................................................................26.0
Compression ....................................................................26.0
Torsion................................................................................9.5
Poissons Ratio....................................................................0.32
Curie Temperature, F.....................................................70-120
C ......................................................21-49
The physical constants and thermal properties of
MONEL alloy 400 are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The
effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity in tension
is in Figure 1.
It will be noted in Table 2 that the Curie
temperature lies within the ambient range. It is affected
by variations in chemical composition. The values
shown represent the range which can be expected from
normal production; therefore, some heats will be
magnetic at room temperature and others not. If there is
a strong requirement for nonmagnetic characteristics,
other MONEL alloys should be considered.
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND
THERMAL PROPERTIES
a
These values also apply to MONEL alloy R-405, the free-machining
version of MONEL alloy 400.
Publication Number SMC-053
Copyright Special Metals Corporation, 2005 (Feb 05)
MONEL, INCONEL, and INCOFLUX are trademarks of the Special Metals Corporation group of companies.
The data contained in this publication is for informational purposes only and may be revised at any time without prior notice. The data is believed to be accurate
and reliable, but Special Metals makes no representation or warranty of any kind (express or implied) and assumes no liability with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained herein. Although the data is believed to be representative of the product, the actual characteristics or performance of the
product may vary from what is shown in this publication. Nothing contained in this publication should be construed as guaranteeing the product for a particular use
or application.
MONEL

alloy 400
2
Table 3 - Thermal Properties of MONEL Alloy 400
The nominal room-temperature tensile properties of
MONEL alloy 400 are shown in Table 4. Additional data on
hardness of various tempers of sheet and strip are in Table 5.
Figures 2 and 3 are based on typical data that show
relationships between properties of rods and forgings and
sheet and strip.
Short-time high-temperature properties of hot-rolled
annealed material are shown in Figure 4.
MONEL alloy 400 has excellent mechanical properties
at subzero temperatures. Strength and hardness increase
with only slight impairment of ductility or impact resistance.
The alloy does not undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition
even when cooled to the temperature of liquid hydrogen.
This is in marked contrast to many ferrous materials which
are brittle at low temperatures despite their increased
strength. Table 6 shows mechanical properties of the alloy at
low temperatures.
Figure 1. Effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity in tension
of MONEL alloy 400 (determined by dynamic method).
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Temperature, F
27
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
M
o
d
u
l
u
s

o
f

E
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
,

1
0
3
k
s
i
Temperature Electrical Resistivity
a,c
Specific Heat
a
Thermal Conductivity
a
Mean Linear Expansion
b
F m ohm-circ mil/ft J/kgC Btu/lb/F W/mC Btu-in/h/ft
2
/F m/mC in/in/F x 10
-6
C
-320 -200 - - - - - - 205 .360
-300 -180 6.1 11.1 113 16.5 0.050 223 - -
-200 -130 6.4 11.4 130 18.2 0.078 320 - -
-100 -70 6.7 12.1 139 19.8 0.088 378 - -
70 21 - - 151 22.0 0.102 427 307 0.511
200 100 7.7 14.2 167 24.0 0.105 445 322 0.537
400 200 8.6 15.2 193 26.9 0.110 459 337 0.559
600 300 8.8 15.7 215 30.1 0.114 470 346 0.574
800 400 8.9 16.1 238 33.4 - - 355 0.587
1000 500 9.1 16.3 264 36.5 - - 367 0.603
1200 600 9.3 16.6 287 39.4 - - 379 0.620
1400 700 9.6 17.0 311 42.4 - - 391 0.639
1600 800 9.8 17.4 335
d
45.5
d
- - 403 0.658
1800 900 10.0
d
17.7 360
d
48.8
d
- - 415 0.675
2000 1000 10.3
d
18.1
d
- - - - 427 0.692
a
These values also apply to MONEL alloy R-405, the free-machining version of MONEL alloy 400.
b
Annealed material. Between 70F (21C) and temperature shown.
c
Annealed material.
d
Extrapolated.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile Properties and Hardness
Rod and Bar
Annealed 75-90 517-620 25-50 172-345 60-35 110-149 60-80
Hot-Finished (except Hexagons over
2 1/8 inches and Angles)
80-110 552-758 40-100 276-690 60-30 140-241 75-100
Hot-Finished Hexagons over 2 1/8
inches and Angles
75-100 517-690 30-55 207-379 50-30 130-184 72-90
Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved 84-120 579-827 55-100 379-690 40-22 160-225 85-20C
Plate
Hot-Rolled, As-Rolled 75-95 517-655 40-75 276-517 45-30 125-215 70-96
Hot-Rolled, Annealed 70-85 482-586 28-50 193-345 50-35 110-140 60-76
Sheet
Annealed 70-85 482-586 30-45 207-310 45-35 - 65-80
Cold-Rolled, Hard 100-120 690-827 90-110 621-758 15-2 - 93 min.
a
Strip, Cold-Rolled
Annealed 70-85 482-586 25-45 172-310 55-35 - 68 max.
a
Spring Temper 100-140 690-965 90-130 621-896 15-2 - 98 min.
a
Tube and Pipe, Seamless
Cold-Drawn, Annealed 70-85 482-586 25-45 172-310 50-35 - 75 max.
a
Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved 85-120 586-827 55-100 379-690 35-15 - 85-100
a
Heat-Exchanger, Annealed 70-85 482-586 28-45 193-310 50-35 - 75 max.
a
Heat-Exchanger, Stress-Relieved 85-105 586-724 55-90 379-621 35-15 - 85-97
a
Hot-Extruded -
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
-
b
- -
b
No. 1 Temper (Annealed) 85 max. 586 max. 30-45 207-310 45-30 - 73 max.
a
No. 2 Temper (Half-Hard) 85-105 586-724 55-80 379-552 30-10 - 75-97
a
No. 3 Temper (Full-Hard) 110-130 758-896 90-110 621-758 10-3 - 95-27C
Wire, Cold Drawn
c
Annealed 70-95 482-655 30-55 207-379 45-25 - -
No. 1 Temper 85-100 586-690 50-75 345-517 30-20 - -
Quarter-Hard 95-120 655-827 65-95 448-655 25-15 - -
Half-Hard 110-135 758-931 85-120 586-827 15-8 - -
Three-Quarter-Hard 125-150 862-1034 100-135 690-931 8-5 - -
Full-Hard--Spring Temper 145-180 1000-1241 125-170 862-1172 5-2 - -
MONEL

alloy 400
Table 4 - Nominal Room-Temperature Tensile Properties of MONEL Alloy 400
a
Some torsional properties of alloy 400 are shown in Table 7.
Table 5 - Hardness of Cold-Rolled MONEL Alloy 400 Sheet and Strip
Form and Condition
Rockwell B
ksi MPa ksi MPa
Elongation,
%
Brinell
(3000-kg)
Hardness
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset)
Tensile Strength
a
The ranges shown are composites for various product sizes and therefore are not suitable for specification purposes. Hardness values are suitable for
specification purposes providing tensile properties are not also specified.
b
Properties on request.
c
Properties shown are for sizes from 0.032 to 0.250-in. diameter. Properties for other sizes may vary from these.
Torsional Strength
Compressive Strength
Compressive properties, determined in triplicate on single
typical melts, are shown in Table 8 along with the
corresponding tensile properties and hardness. The modulus
of elasticity in compression is the same as that in tension.
More detailed information may be found elsewhere.
Strip
Rockwell B Hardness
Temper
Sheet
Deep-Drawing and Spinning Quality 76 max. 76 max.
Annealed
a
73 max. 68 max.
Skin-Hard - 68-73
Quarter-Hard 73-83 73-83
Half-Hard 82-90 82-90
Three-Quarter-Hard - 89-94
Hard 93 min. 93-98
Spring - 98 min.
a
Hardness for information only where tensile requirements apply.
3
MONEL

alloy 400
4
Figure 2. Approximate relationships between tensile properties and
hardness of hot-rolled and cold-drawn MONEL alloy 400 rods and
forgings.
Figure 3. Approximate relationships between tensile properties and
hardness of MONEL alloy 400 sheet and strip.
Table 6 - Tensile Properties of MONEL Alloy 400 at Low Temperatures
60 70 80 90 100
Rockwell B
Hardness
120
40
60
80
100
20
0
Y
i
e
l
d

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
0
.
2
%

O
f
f
s
e
t
)

T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

k
s
i
80
20
40
60
0
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n

R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

A
r
e
a
,

%
10 15 20 25
60 70 80 90 100
120
40
60
80
100
20
0
Y
i
e
l
d

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
0
.
2
%

O
f
f
s
e
t
)

T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

k
s
i
20
40
60
0
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n
,

%
Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Elongation
Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Elongation
Reduction of Area
Rockwell C
Rockwell B
Hardness
10 15 20 25
Rockwell C
Temper
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset), ksi
Tensile Strength,
ksi
Temperature,
F
Reduction of Area,
%
Elongation,
%
Cold-Drawn Room 103.80 93.70 19.0 71.0
-110 117.45 100.85 21.8 70.2
Room
a
103.40 93.30 17.3 72.5
Forged 70 92.00 67.00 31.0 72.7
-297 128.25 91.50 44.5 71.8
-423 142.00 96.40 38.5 61.0
Annealed 70 78.65 31.30 51.5 75.0
-297 115.25 49.50 49.5 73.9
a
Held at -110F for several hours prior to testing at room temperature.
MONEL

alloy 400
5
Figure 4. High-temperature properties of annealed MONEL alloy 400.
Table 7 - Torsional Properties of MONEL Alloy 400
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature, F
90
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
10
20
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i

E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n
,

%
Tensile Strength
Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)
Elongation
Shear Strength
Room-temperature shear strength of MONEL alloy 400
sheet is shown in Table 9. The values are the averages of
several tests. The shear strength of rivet wire at various
temperatures is given in Table 10. Shear properties were
determined on 1/8-in. diameter wire in double shear.
In U.S. Navy tear tests at temperatures down to -320F,
the material showed excellent ductility and tough fracture
characteristics over this temperature range with the
maximum load increasing considerably with decrease in
temperature. The data appear in Table 11.
Bearing Strength
It is possible, in riveted joints, for failure to occur by tearing
out a segment of sheet instead of by shearing the rivet. The
resistance of sheet metal to this deformation is known as
bearing strength. It can be evaluated by using a hard pin or
rivet to enlarge or tear a hole in a sample of sheet metal.
The data shown in Table 12 were determined with
samples 0.062 X 1.25 X 2.5 in. in size having a 3/16-in. hole
located so that its center was 3/8-in. from the edge. A snugly
fitted pin was placed in the hole. The maximum load for
tearing out the hole and the load required for a permanent
enlargement of the hole diameter by 2% were determined
and calculated as ultimate and yield strengths, respectively,
in bearing.
Form and Condition
Torsional
Proportional
Limit/Torsional
Breaking
Strength
Tortional
Propertional
Limit/Tensile
Strength
Breaking
Strength
Torsional/Ten
sile Strength
Proportional
Limit,
ksi
Breaking
Strength,
ksi
Yield
Strength
(0.2% Offset),
ksi
Tensile
Strength,
ksi
Dia.,
in.
Ratio Torsional Properties Tensile Properties
Wire
Cold-Drawn, 75% 0.148 157 - 110 68 0.700 0.433 0.618
Cold-Drawn, 75%
Stress-Relieved 0.148 160 - 105 65 0.656 0.404 0.619
Rod
Hot-Rolled 1 86 38 66 23 0.768 0.267 0.349
Cold-Drawn, 20% 1 115 107 72 47 0.626 0.408 0.653
1.5 113 102 71 45 0.628 0.398 0.634
Shear Strength, ksi
Room 48.5 54.5
600
b
45.0 52.0
800
b
37.0 47.5
1000
b
29.0 38.0
800
c
38.5 49.5
1000
c
30.5 38.5
Tensile Strength, ksi 78.5 88.0
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset), ksi
46.0 75.5
Elongation, % 41 18
Temper
Ratio
Shear
Strength/
Tensile
Strength
Hardness,
Rb
Tensile
Strength,
ksi
Shear
Strength,
ksi
Thickness,
in.
MONEL

alloy 400
6
Table 8 - Compressive Properties of MONEL Alloy 400
Table 9 - Shear Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Sheet
a
Table 10 - Shear Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Rivet Wire
Table 11 - U. S. Navy Tear Tests on MONEL Alloy 400 Hot-Rolled Plate
a
Table 12 - Bearing Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Sheet
Hot-Rolled 33 38 84 37 41 39.5
Cold-Drawn
a
58 81 97 75 87 27.0
Annealed
b
19 28 78 28 33 44.0
Compression
Temper
Elongation,
%
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset), ksi
Yield Strength
(0.01% Offset), ksi
Tensile Strength,
ksi
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset), ksi
Yield Strength
(0.01% Offset), ksi
Tension
a
Stress-equalized at 525F after cold drawing.
b
Cold-drawn +1450F/3 hr, F.C.
Hot-Rolled,
Annealed
0.042 48.75 73.0 65 0.67
Cold-Rolled,
Annealed
0.029 49.50 76.8 60 0.65
a
Double-shear tests at room temperature.
Property
Condition
B & S No. 1
a
Annealed
a
Corresponds to the approximate strength of the shank of a headed rivet.
b
30 min at temperature before testing.
c
24 hr at temperature before testing.
Temperature,
F
Reduction of
Thickness,
%
Total Propagation Initiation
Maximum Load,
lb
Corrected Energy Values, ft-lb
Room 32,340 715 2008 2723 57.0
-184 39,000 649 2402 3051 50.0
-238 42,000 795 2408 3203 51.0
-320 47,800 899 2802 3701 46.0
-320
b
41,300 676 2138 2814 45.0
a
In all cases, appearance of fracture was double-cup shear.
b
Tested with jewelers-saw notch
Temper
Ultimate
Strength
Yield Strength
Ultimate
Strength
b
,
ksi
Yield Strength
a
,
ksi
Elongation,
%
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset),
ksi
Tensile Strength,
ksi
Ratio, Bearing Strength/ Bearing Strength Tensile Properties
Annealed 70.0 27.2 42.5 58.0 145.0 2.13 2.07
Half-Hard 75.8 56.2 32.0 98.1 166.0 1.75 2.19
Full-Hard 117.8 110.0 5.0 162.0 211.5 1.47 1.79
a
2% enlargement of hole diameter in sheet.
b
Tearing out of sheet.
MONEL

alloy 400
7
MONEL alloy 400 is notable for its toughness, which is
maintained over a considerable range of temperatures. Table
13 shows room-temperature Charpy and Izod impact
strength values as determined on typical material from
production melts. Tension and torsion impact data appear in
Tables 14 and 15. Complete fractures occurred in the
tension impact test specimens whereas the torsion specimens
remained intact. Attempts to produce fractures in the torsion
specimens by reducing the minimum area by 75% were not
successful because of the toughness of the material.
Table 13 - Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400
a
Table 15 - Charpy Torsion Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Rod
Table 16 - Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 (Charpy V-Notch)
The effect of decrease of temperature on impact strength
appears in Table 16. Impact tests conducted on hot-finished
plate at liquid-hydrogen and liquid-helium temperatures are
summarized in Table 17. Tests were conducted on samples
representing both longitudinal and transverse orientation in
the plate, and on welded samples. No evidence of brittle
fractures was shown. The welded specimens all fractured in
the weld. No significant amount of anisotropy was
evidenced.
Impact Strength
Hot-Rolled 100-120+ 220
Forged 75-115 -
Cold-Drawn 75-115 150
Annealed 90-120+ 215
Temper
Impact Strength, ftlb
Charpy U Notch Izod
a
Tested at room temperature. None of the specimens was completely
fractured.
Table 14 - Tension Impact Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Rod
Temper
Hardness,
Brinell
(3000-kg)
Reduction
of Area,
%
Elongation
in 2 in.,
%
Yield
Strength
(0.2% Offset),
ksi
Tensile
Strength,
ksi
Reduction
of Area,
%
Elongation
in 3.54 in.,
%
Impact
Strength,
ftlb
Tensile Properties Tensile Impact
Cold Drawn 24%
Stress Relieved
96
a
15.0 63.7 97.25 86.65 27.0 66.4 199
Annealed 1450F/
3 hr
129
a
29.5 68.0 78.35 33.35 44.0 65.9 123
a
Specimen completely broken.
Temper
Hardness, Brinell
(3000-kg)
Angle of Twist
a
,
Degree
ftlb/in
2
ftlb
Impact Strength
Hot-Rolled 34 694 101.5 145
Cold-Drawn 24%, Stress-Relieved 39 788 98.0 199
Annealed 1450F/3 hr 30 599 102.0 123
a
Gage length about 3/16 in.
Temper
-310F 75F -20F -112F
Hot-Rolled 219 - 213 196
Cold-Drawn, Annealed 216 212 219 212
Weld, As-Welded 78 - - 73
Impact Strength, ftlb
Annealed 21.0 74.7 0.28
Quarter-Hard 24.5 76.5 0.32
Half-Hard 28.5 84.2 0.34
Full-Hard 39.0 126.0 0.31
Full-Hard, Stress-Equalized
(525F/21 hr)
41.0 133.0 0.31
Fatigue
Strength
(10
8
cycles),
ksi
Tensile
Strength,
ksi
Ratio,
Fatigue
Strength/
Tensile
Strength
MONEL

alloy 400
8
Table 17 - Charpy Impact Strength of Hot-Finished MONEL Alloy 400 Plate
Table 18 - Fatigue Strength
a
of MONEL Alloy 400 Rod
Table 19 - Fatigue Strength of MONEL Alloy 400 Sheet and Strip
a
Figure 5. Fatigue strength of commercially produced MONEL alloy
400 wire (0.0375-in. diameter, cold-drawn 75% after final anneal).
Tested in processed condition. Data determined with a rotating-
wire (5000 rpm) arc-fatigue machine.
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
Cycles to Failure
80
40
50
60
70
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
Temperature,
F
Impact Strength,
ftlb
Orientation Notch
-423
a
V Long. 141-219
-423
a
V Trans. 121-216
-423
a
Keyhole Long. 81-87
-423
a
Keyhole Trans. 72-75
-440
b
V Long. Unbroken
-440
b
V Trans. 171-193
-440
b
Keyhole Long. 123-146
-440
b
Keyhole Trans. 91-116
a
Range for 5 tests liquid-hydrogen temperature.
b
Range for 4 tests at liquid-helium temperature.
Fatigue Strength
Fatigue strength of various tempers of alloy 400 is given in
Table 18. Values for sheet and strip are in Table 19, cold
drawn wire in Figure 5, and annealed rod in Figure 6.
Temper
a
As-rolled surface. Tested in air at room temperature. Specimen length
parallel to direction of rolling. Completely reversed stress.
Fatigue
Strength
(10
8
cycles),
ksi
Tensile
Strength,
ksi
Ratio,
Fatigue
Strength/
Tensile
Strength
Temper
Annealed 33.5 82.0 0.41
Hot-Rolled 42.0 88.0 0.48
Cold-Drawn, As-Drawn 40.5 105.0 0.39
Cold-Drawn, Stress-Equalized
b
44.0 104.0 0.42
Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved
c
37.0 96.5 0.38
a
Rotating-beam tests of polished specimens in air at room temperature and
10,000 rpm.
b
525F/3 hr.
c
1000F/3 hr.
Figure 6. Fatigue strength of commercially produced MONEL alloy
400 rod (0.500-in. diameter, cold-drawn, annealed 1500F/3 hrs).
Tested in the processed condition. Data determined by the R.R.
Moore rotating beam technique.
Cycles to Failure
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
30
40
50
60
20
10
0
MONEL

alloy 400
9
0.01 0.1
Creep Rate, %/1000 hr
100
10
20
30
40
60
80
1
2
3
4
6
8
700F
1000F
900F
800F
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
100
10
20
30
40
60
80
2
3
4
6
8
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
1
0.01 0.1
Creep Rate, %/1000 hr
1000F
750F
800F
900F
Figure 7. Creep properties of hot-rolled MONEL alloy 400.
Figure 8. Creep properties of cold-drawn annealed (1500F/3 hr)
MONEL alloy 400.
100
10
20
30
40
60
80
2
3
4
6
8
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
1
0.01 0.1
Creep Rate, %/1000 hr
Figure 9. Creep properties of 20% cold-drawn stress-relieved
(1000F/8 hr) MONEL alloy 400.
750F
900F
950F
850F
800F
1000F
Creep and Rupture Properties
MONEL nickel-copper alloy 400 is useful at temperatures
up to and including 1000F in oxidizing atmospheres.
Higher temperatures may be employed if the alloy is in a
reducing environment.
Creep and rupture properties are shown in Figures 7-11.
MONEL

alloy 400
10
Figure 10. Rupture properties of cold-drawn annealed (1500F/30
min) MONEL alloy 400.
Figure 11. Rupture properties of cold-drawn, stress-relieved
(1100F/8 hr) MONEL alloy 400.
MONEL alloy 400 is a solid-solution binary alloy. As nickel
and copper are mutually soluble in all proportions, it is a
single-phase alloy. It has a face-centered cubic lattice
structure with a lattice parameter of 3.534 A. Figure 12
shows the typical microstructure of the material.
In the unetched condition, a polished specimen of
MONEL alloy 400 will exhibit only randomly dispersed
nonmetallic inclusions. These consist of metal sulfides or
silicates. Under some conditions, graphite particles may
also be present.
Figure 12. Longitudinal section of cold-drawn MONEL alloy 400
rod. Etchant: Sodium cyanide--ammonium persulfate. 100X.
100 1000 10,000
Rupture Life, hr
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
10
60
40
30
20
100
80
1100F
900F
700F
100 1000 10,000
Rupture Life, hr
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
20
30
40
60
80
100
700F
950F
1000F
900F
850F
800F
MICROSTRUCTURE
10
MONEL

alloy 400
11
CORROSION RESISTANCE
MONEL alloy 400 exhibits resistance to corrosion by many
reducing media. It is also generally more resistant to attack
by oxidizing media than higher copper alloys. This
versatility makes alloy 400 suitable for service in a variety of
environments.
Alloy 400 is widely used in marine applications. While
alloy 400 products exhibit very low corrosion rates in
flowing seawater, stagnant conditions have been shown to
induce crevice and pitting corrosion. Alloy 400 is also
resistant to stress corrosion cracking and pitting in most
fresh and industrial waters.
MONEL alloy 400 can be readily joined and fabricated. By
proper control of the amount of hot or cold work and by the
selection of appropriate thermal treatments, finished
fabrications can be produced to a rather wide range of
mechanical properties.
satisfactory at 1400 to 1500F for 1-3 hr at temperature.
The effects of heating on properties of cold-drawn and
hot-rolled material are compared in Figures 13 and 14. In
these tests, the cold-drawn rod developed an annealed
temper after 3 hr at temperature at 1300F, and the hot-rolled
plate, after 3 hr at about 1470F. More data on time-
temperature-hardnesss relationships are shown in Figure 15.
They may be used as guides for establishing procedures for
specific applications.
Grain growth occurs when material is heated in the
upper portion of the annealing temperature range. Figure 16
indicates grain sizes which may be expected from open
annealing of cold-rolled strip.
PICKLING. Pickling can produce bright, clean surfaces on
MONEL alloy 400. Procedures and precautions are
described in the Special Metals publication, Fabricating,
on the website www.specialmetals.com.
WORKING INSTRUCTIONS
Heating and Pickling
THERMAL TREATMENTS. General procedures and
precautions for heating alloy 400 either in preparation for
hot working or for achievement of desired mechanical
properties may be found in the Special Metals publication
Fabricating, on the website www.specialmetals.com. The
material will remain bright and free from discoloration when
heated and cooled in a reducing atmosphere or quenched in
an alcohol-water solution. Rate of cooling will have no
significant effect. Alloy 400 will form an adherent oxide
film if allowed to cool in air after heating.
Both cold-worked and hot-worked MONEL alloy 400
requires thermal treatment to develop the optimum
combination of strength and ductility and to minimize
distortion during subsequent machining. How thermal
treatment affects properties is shown in Figure 13.
Stress equalizing of cold-worked material causes an
increase in the yield strength at 0.00% offset without marked
effects on other properties (see Figure 13). Stress equalizing
is done by holding for about 3 hr at a temperature of 575F.
Stress relieving will reduce stresses without producing a
recrystallized grain structure. This treatment is
recommended to obtain minimum walking or distortion
after metal removal. Heating for 1 to 2 hr at 1000 to 1050F
will relieve strains in either hot or cold-worked products.
Stress relief (1000-1200F/1 hr, followed by slow cooling)
is strongly recommended as a precaution against stress-
corrosion cracking in certain environments. As shown in
Figure 13, stress relieving slightly decreases tensile strength,
yield strength, and hardness and slightly increases
elongation.
Annealing can completely soften work-hardened
material. Time and temperature required depend on the
amount of previous cold work. In general, alloy 400 is
annealed by the open heating method by holding at 1600 to
1800F for 2-10 min, whereas box annealing is done most
MONEL alloy 400 is readily fabricated by standard
processes. Special recommendations may be found in the
Special Metals publication Fabricating, at
www.specialmetals.com.
Hot Forming. With respect to its resistance to hot
deformation, MONEL alloy 400 is softer than many steels.
It can, therefore, be hot-formed into almost any shape.
The use of proper temperature during hot forming is
important. The range of hot-forming temperatures is 1200F
to 2150F. For heavy reductions, recommended metal
temperature is 1700 to 2150F. Light reductions may be
taken down to 1200F. Working at the lower temperatures
produces higher mechanical properties and smaller grain
size.
Prolonged soaking at hot-working temperatures is
detrimental. If a delay occurs during processing, the furnace
should be cut back to 1900F and not brought to temperature
until operations are resumed. In no case should the alloy be
heated above 2150F; permanent damage may result.
Heavy forging should not be carried out so rapidly that
the metal becomes overheated from working. The use of an
optical pyrometer is recommended.
Fabricating
MONEL alloy 400 offers exceptional resistance to
hydrofluoric acid in all concentrations up to the boiling
point. It is perhaps the most resistant of all commonly used
engineering alloys. Alloy 400 is also resistant to many
forms of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids under reducing
conditions.
For information on the resistance of alloy 400 and other
alloys to attack by various corrosive media, the reader is
directed to the Special Metals publication High
Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion
on the website www.specialmetals.com.
MONEL

alloy 400
12
Figure 13. Effect of annealing (3 hr) on room-temperature
properties of MONEL alloy 400 cold-drawn rod.
Figure 15. Approximate time required at various temperatures to
produce different hardness levels in MONEL alloy 400 cold-rolled
strip by open annealing.
Figure 14. Effect of annealing (3 hr) on room-temperature
properties of hot-rolled MONEL alloy 400 plate. At 1470F,
material is fully annealed. (Hardness converted from BHN.).
Figure 16. Approximate time required at various temperatures to
produce different grain sizes in MONEL alloy 400 cold-rolled strip
by open annealing.
In hot-bending operations the metal should be worked
as soon as possible after removal from the furnace.
Preheating tools and dies to about 500F is helpful to
prevent chilling the material while working.
A controlled forging procedure is necessary to meet the
requirements of some specifications for forged, hot-finished
parts. Both the amount of reduction and the finishing
temperature must be controlled in order to develop the
desired properties.
One procedure for producing forgings to such
specifications consists of taking 30-35% reduction following
the final reheat.
This is accomplished as follows:
1. Reheat.
2. Forge to a section having about 5% larger area
than the final shape (take at least 25% reduction).
3. Cool to 1300F.
4. Finish to size (5% reduction).
High-tensile forgings, as described in certain military
specifications, also require a minimum of 30-35% reduction
following the last reheat. This is taken in the following
manner:
1. Reheat.
2. Forge to a section having an area about 25% larger
than the final shape (take about 5% reduction).
3. Cool to 1300F.
4. Finish to size (25% reduction).
Grain refinement is achieved by using a temperature of
2000F for the final reheat and by increasing the amount of
reduction taken after the last reheat.
Cold Forming. MONEL alloy 400 is adaptable to virtually
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature, F
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n
,

%








H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
,

R
b
Elongation
Yield Strength
(0.0% Offset)
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset)
Hardness
Tensile
Strength
120
30
45
60
75
90
105
0
15
Yield Strength
(0.0% Offset)
Elongation
Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)
Reduction of Area
Tensile
Strength
Hardness
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature, F
120
70
80
90
100
110
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

A
r
e
a
,

%
S
t
r
e
s
s
,

k
s
i
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n
,

%











H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
,

R
b
1800F
1700F
1500F
1600F
1400F
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time-at-Temperature, min
100
80
60
40
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
,

R
b
G
R
A
I
N

S
I
Z
E
F
i
n
e





















M
e
d
i
u
m




















C
o
a
r
s
e

(
0
.
0
0
1
5
-
i
n
.

m
a
x
.








(
0
.
0
0
2
5
-
i
n
.

m
a
x
.




(
L
a
r
g
e
r

t
h
a
n

0
.
0
0
2
5
-
i
n
.
a
v
.

d
i
a
.
)



















a
v
.

d
i
a
.
)






















a
v
.

d
i
a
.
)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Open Annealing Time to Produce
Soft Temper, min
1800F
1700F
1600F
1500F
1400F
Material
Not Soft
MONEL

alloy 400
13
Figure 17. Effect of cold work on hardness.
all methods of cold fabrication. The forces required and the
rate of work hardening are intermediate between those of
mild steel and Type 304 stainless steel (see Figure 17).
MONEL alloy 400 is readily joined by conventional
processes and procedures. Information on welding, brazing,
and soldering are found in the Special Metals publication
Joining, on the website www.specialmetals.com.
Most of the conventional welding processes may be
used to join MONEL alloy 400 to itself or dissimilar alloys.
The choice of welding product is dependent upon the
materials being joined and the environment to which they
will be exposed.
For shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), MONEL
Welding Electrode 190 is used to deposit near-matching
composition weldments. For some applications, Nickel
Welding Electrode 141, INCO-WELD A Welding Electrode,
or INCONEL Welding Electrode 112 may be preferred.
Properties of weldments deposited with MONEL Welding
Electrode 190 between two sections of MONEL alloy 400
plate and between sections of alloy 400 and carbon steel
plate are shown in Tables 20 and 21.
For gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc
welding (GMAW), MONEL Filler Metal 60 is used to
deposit near-matching composition weldments. For some
applications, Nickel Filler Metal 61 or INCONEL Filler
Metal 625 may be preferred. These same filler metals may
be used for submerged arc welding (SAW). INCOFLUX 5
is used with MONEL Filler Metal 60. INCOFLUX 6 is used
with Nickel Filler Metal 61. INCONEL Filler Metal 625 is
used with INCOFLUX 7.
Additional information on joining is available in the
Special Metals publication Joining on the website,
www.specialmetals.com.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Cold Work, %
V
i
c
k
e
r
s

H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

N
o
.
500
300
250
200
150
100
50
400
450
350
INCONEL alloy 625
INCONEL alloy 718
Aluminum
Copper
Mild Steel (1020)
Nickel 200
MONEL alloy K-500
MONEL alloy 400
Type 304 Stainless Steel
INCONEL alloy 600
INCONEL alloy X-750
Machining
Alloy 400 can be machined at satisfactory rates with
machine tools generally employed by industry. The best tool
materials and design, speeds, coolants, and other factors are
discussed in the Special Metals publication Machining. In
general, cold-drawn or cold-drawn, stress-relieved material
is recommended for best machinability and smoothest finish.
MONEL alloy R-405 is the free-machining version of
MONEL alloy 400. Additional information on machining is
available in the Special Metals publication Machining on
the website, www.specialmetals.com.
Joining
All-Weld Metal
As-Welded
Temperature,
F
Elongation,
%
Yield Strength
(0.2% Offset), ksi
Reduction of Area,
%
Tensile Strength,
ksi
MONEL

alloy 400
14
Table 20 - High-Temperature Tensile Properties of MONEL Alloy 400 Welds Made with MONEL Welding Electrode 190
a
Table 21 - Room-Temperature Properties of Butt Joint Weld of 1 1/4-in. MONEL Alloy 400 and Steel Using MONEL Welding Electrode 190
AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
MONEL alloy 400 is designated as UNS N04400 and
Werkstoff Nr. 2.4360 and 2.4361. It is listed in NACE MR-
01-75 for oil and gas service. Alloy 400 is furnished in a
wide range of standard mill forms including pipe, tube,
sheet, strip, plate, round bar, flat bar, forging stock, hexagon
and wire. Popular forms and sizes are available from stock;
many specialty products may be obtained from converters.
MONEL alloy 400 is approved as a material of
construction by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
Allowable stresses for Section III construction up to 800F,
Section VIII Division 1 construction up to 900F and
Section VIII Division 2 construction up to 800F are
contained in Tables 1B and 2B of ASME Section II, Part D.
Plate, Sheet, and Strip - BS3072NA13 (Sheet and Plate),
BS3073NA13 (Strip), ASTM B 127, ASME SB 127 (Plate,
Sheet, and Strip), SAE AMS 4544 (Sheet, Strip, and Plate),
DIN 17750 (Plate, Strip and Sheet), QQ-N-281 (Plate,
Sheet, Strip, Bar, Rod, Wire, and Forgings)
Bar, Rod, Wire, and Forgings - BS3075NA13 (Wire),
BS3076NA13 (Bar), ASTM B 164 (Rod, Bar, and Wire),
ASTM B 564 (Forgings), ASME SB 164 (Rod, Bar, and
Wire), ASME SB 564 (Forgings), AECMA PrEN 2305
(Wire for Rivets), SAE AMS 4675 (Bars and Forgings),
SAE AMS 4730 (Wire), SAE AMS 4731 (Wire and
Ribbon), DIN 17752 (Rod and Bar), DIN 17753 (Wire),
DIN 17754 (Forgings), VdTV 263 (Sheet, Plate, Bar, and
Tubing), QQ-N-281 (Plate, Sheet, Strip, Bar, Rod, Wire,
and Forgings)
Pipe and Tube - BS3074NA13 (Tube), ASTM B 163
(Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tube), ASTM B 165
(Seamless Pipe and Tube), ASTM B 725 (Welded Pipe),
ASTM B 730 (Welded Tube), ASTM B 751 (Welded
Tube), ASTM B 775 (Welded Pipe), ASTM B 829
(Seamless Pipe and Tube), ASME SB 163 (Condenser and
Heat Exchanger Tubes), ASME SB 165 (Seamless Pipe and
Tube), ASME SB 725 (Welded Pipe), ASME SB 730
(Welded Tube), ASME SB 751 (Seamless and Welded
Tube), ASME SB 775 (Seamless and Welded Pipe), ASME
SB 829 (Seamless Pipe and Tube), SAE AMS 4574
(Seamless Tubing), DIN 17751 (Pipe and Tube), VdTV
263 (Sheet, Plate, Bar, and Tubing),
Welding Products - MONEL Filler Metal 60-AWS
A5.14/ERNiCu-7; MONEL Welding Electrode 190-AWS
A5.11/ENiCu-7.
Other Products - ASTM B 366, ASME SB 366 (Welded
Fittings), SAE AMS 7233 (Rivets), DIN 17743 (Chemical
Composition)
All-Weld Metal
Room 74.35 46.65 41.0 66.4
200 42.25 46.05 39.0 56.5
400 68.60 43.10 33.5 64.2
600 69.25 43.15 34.0 59.9
800 66.10 43.00 32.5 47.4
1000 55.95 38.70 22.0 24.5
Transverse Across Weld
b
Room 76.2 48.50 24.0 48.0
400 69.6 45.00 24.0 58.3
600 68.5 45.80 21.0 56.5
800 69.0 41.00 28.0 44.2
a
Butt joints--1/2-in. MONEL alloy 400.
b
All breaks occurred in weld.
Property
Transverse Across Weld
a
All-Weld Metal Transverse Across Weld
a
Heat-Treated 1150F/10 hr, A.C.
Tensile Strength, ksi 71.0 78.0 70.5 76.4
Yield Strength, ksi 48.3 51.5 45.3 36.7
Elongation, % 38 21 38 31
Reduction of Area, % 63.3 60.5 63.3 59.3
a
Break occurred in weld.
15
The Special Metals Corporation
trademarks include:
BRIGHTRAY

CORRONEL

DEPOLARIZED

DURANICKEL

FERRY

INCOBAR

INCOCLAD

INCO-CORED

INCOFLUX

INCOLOY

INCONEL

INCOTEST

INCOTHERM

INCO-WELD

KOTHERM

MONEL

NILO

NILOMAG

NIMONIC

NIOTHERM

NI-ROD

NI-SPAN-C

RESISTOHM

UDIMAR

UDIMET

601GC

625LCF

718SPF

725NDUR

800HT

956HT

www.specialmetals.com
France
Special Metals Services SA
17 Rue des Frres Lumire
69680 Chassieu (Lyon)
Phone +33 (0) 4 72 47 46 46
Fax +33 (0) 4 72 47 46 59
Germany
Special Metals Deutschland Ltd.
Postfach 20 04 09
40102 Dsseldorf
Phone +49 (0) 211 38 63 40
Fax +49 (0) 211 37 98 64
Hong Kong
Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.
Unit A, 17th Floor, On Hing Bldg
1 On Hing Terrace
Central, Hong Kong
Phone +852 2439 9336
Fax +852 2530 4511
India
Special Metals Services Ltd.
No. 60, First Main Road, First
Block
Vasantha Vallabha Nagar
Subramanyapura Post
Bangalore 560 061
Phone +91 (0) 80 2666 9159
Fax +91 (0) 80 2666 8918
Italy
Special Metals Services SpA
Via Assunta 59
20054 Nova Milanese (MI)
Phone +390 362 4941
Fax +390 362 494224
The Netherlands
Special Metals Service BV
Postbus 8681
3009 AR Rotterdam
Phone +31 (0) 10 451 44 55
Fax +31 (0) 10 450 05 39
Singapore
Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.
24 Raffles Place
#27-04 Clifford Centre
Singapore 048621
Phone +65 6532 3823
Fax +65 6532 3621
Affiliated Companies
Special Metals Welding
Products
1401 Burris Road
Newton, NC 28658, U.S.A.
Phone +1 (828) 465-0352
+1 (800) 624-3411
Fax +1 (828) 464-8993
Canada House
Bidavon Industrial Estate
Waterloo Road
Bidford-On-Avon
Warwickshire B50 4JN, U.K.
Phone +44 (0) 1789 491780
Fax +44 (0) 1789 491781
Controlled Products Group
590 Seaman Street, Stoney Creek
Ontario L8E 4H1, Canada
Phone +1 (905) 643-6555
Fax +1 (905) 643-6614
A-1 Wire Tech, Inc.
A Special Metals Company
4550 Kishwaukee Street
Rockford, IL 61109, U.S.A.
Phone +1 (815) 226-0477
+1 (800) 426-6380
Fax +1 (815) 226-0537
Rescal SA
A Special Metals Company
200 Rue de la Couronne des Prs
78681 Epne Cdex, France
Phone +33 (0) 1 30 90 04 00
Fax +33 (0) 1 30 90 02 11
DAIDO-SPECIAL METALS
Ltd.
A Joint Venture Company
Daido Shinagawa Building
6-35, Kohnan 1-chome
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0057, Japan
Phone +81 (0) 3 5495 7237
Fax +81 (0) 3 5495 1853
U.S.A.
Special Metals Corporation
Billet, rod & bar, flat
& tubular products
3200 Riverside Drive
Huntington, WV 25705-1771
Phone +1 (304) 526-5100
+1 (800) 334-4626
Fax +1 (304) 526-5643
Billet & bar products
4317 Middle Settlement Road
New Hartford, NY 13413-5392
Phone +1 (315) 798-2900
+1 (800) 334-8351
Fax +1 (315)798-2016
Atomized powder products
100 Industry Lane
Princeton, KY 42445
Phone +1 (270) 365-9551
Fax +1 (270) 365-5910
Shape Memory Alloys
4317 Middle Settlement Road
New Hartford, NY 13413-5392
Phone +1 (315) 798-2939
Fax +1 (315) 798-6860
United Kingdom
Special Metals Wiggin Ltd.
Holmer Road
Hereford HR4 9SL
Phone +44 (0) 1432 382200
Fax +44 (0) 1432 264030
Special Metals Wire Products
Holmer Road
Hereford HR4 9SL
Phone +44 (0) 1432 382556
Fax +44 (0) 1432 352984
China
Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.
Room 1802, Plaza 66
1266 West Nanjing Road
Shanghai 200040
Phone +86 21 3229 0011
Fax +86 21 6288 1811
Special Metals Pacific Pte. Ltd.
Room 910, Ke Lun Mansion
12A Guanghua Road
Chaoyang District
Beijing 100020
Phone +86 10 6581 8396
Fax +86 10 6581 8381