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Alternatives to animal testing

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Alternatives to animal testing
Animal testing
Main articles
Animal testing
Alternatives to animal testing
Testing on: invertebrates
frogs primates
rabbits rodents
Animal testing regulations
History of animal testing
History of model organisms
IACUC
Laboratory animal sources
Pain and suffering in lab animals
Testing cosmetics on animals
Toxicology testing
Vivisection
Issues
Biomedical research
Animal rights Animal welfare
Animals (Scientific Procedures)
Great ape research ban
International trade in primates
Cases
Brown Dog affair
Cambridge University primates
Pit of despair
Silver Spring monkeys
UCR 1985 laboratory raid
Unnecessary Fuss
Companies
Jackson Laboratory
Charles River Laboratories, Inc.
Covance Harlan
Huntingdon Life Sciences
UK lab animal suppliers
Nafovanny Shamrock
Alternatives to animal testing
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Groups/campaigns
AALAS AAAS ALF
Americans for Medical Progress
Boyd Group BUAV
Dr Hadwen Trust
Foundation for Biomedical
Research FRAME
National Anti-Vivisection Society
New England Anti-Vivisection
Society
PETA Physicians Committee
for Responsible Medicine
Primate Freedom Project
Pro-Test
SPEAK SHAC
Speaking of Research
Understanding Animal Research
Writers/activists
Tipu Aziz Michael Balls
Neal Barnard Colin Blakemore
Simon Festing Gill Langley
Ingrid Newkirk Bernard Rollin
Jerry Vlasak Syed Ziaur Rahman
Categories
Animal testing Animal rights
Animal welfare
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[1]
Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live
animals.
There is widespread agreement that a reduction in the number of animals used and the refinement of testing to reduce
suffering should be important goals for the industries involved.
[2]
Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are
in vitro cell culture techniques and in silico computer simulation. However, some claim they are not true alternatives
because simulations use data from prior animal experiments and cell cultures often require animal derived products,
such as serum or cells. Others say that they cannot replace animals completely as they are unlikely to ever provide
enough information about the complex interactions of living systems. Other alternatives include the use of humans
for skin irritancy tests and donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. Another alternative is so-called
microdosing, in which the basic behaviour of drugs is assessed using human volunteers receiving doses well below
those expected to produce whole-body effects. While microdosing produces important information about
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics it does not reveal information about toxicity or toxicology. Furthermore, it
was noted by the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments that despite the use of microdosing,
"animal studies will still be required".
Guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing are the Three Rs (3Rs) first described by Russell and
Burch in 1959.
[3]
These principles are now followed in many testing establishments worldwide.
1. Replacement refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to
achieve the same scientific aim.
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2. Reduction refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer
animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.
3. Refinement refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering, or distress, and enhance animal
welfare for the animals used.
Types
Cell culture and tissue engineering
Cell culture in a special tissue culture dish
Cell culture can be an alternative to animal use in some cases. For
example, cultured cells have been developed to create monoclonal
antibodies; prior to this, production required animals to undergo a
procedure likely to cause pain and distress. However, even though cell
or tissue culture methods may reduce the number of experiments
performed on intact animals, the maintenance of cells in culture
normally requires the use of animal-derived serum. Although exact
figures are difficult to obtain, some have estimated that one million
fetal cows are sacrificed each year to obtain the world's supply of fetal
bovine serum, used to grow cultured cells.
[4]
Skin corrosion and skin irritation
Skin irritation and skin corrosion refer to localized toxic effects resulting from a topical exposure of the skin to a
substance. Human skin equivalent tests can be used to replace animal-based corrosive and irritative studies. EpiDerm
from Mattek and EpiSkin and SkinEthic RHE model are derived from human skin cells which have been cultured to
produce a model of human skin. These methods are currently accepted replacements in Canada and the European
Union (EU). In August 2010, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published the
Test Guideline 439 which describes the new procedure for in vitro hazard identification of irritant chemicals.
Another synthetic replacement uses a protein membrane to simulate a skin barrier and is approved as a partial
replacement by the US Department of Transportation and European Union.
Skin absorption
Several tissue culture methods which measure the rate of chemical absorption by the skin have been approved by the
OECD, although they have not yet been approved as a replacement in the US.
Phototoxicity
Phototoxicity is a rash, swelling or inflammation, like a severe sunburn, caused by exposure to light following
exposure to a chemical. The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Phototoxicity Test, approved by the OECD, detects the
viability of 3T3 cells after exposure to a chemical in the presence or absence of light. Although originally derived
from a mouse embryo, the 3T3 cell line was developed in 1962.
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Human-based
Skin irritation
A skinpatch test has been designed and is used in Canada to measure development of rashes, inflammation, swelling
or abnormal tissue growth on human volunteers. Unlike corrosives, substances defined as irritants cause only
reversible skin damage.
Another approach has been the development of test methods that use cultured human cells. Human epidermal
keratinocytes have been cultured to mimic the human epidermis, and are used to measure skin irritation and dermal
corrosion. This method has been accepted by the EU and is intended to replace the Draize rabbit skin irritation test.
Pyrogenicity
Pyrogens are most often pharmaceutical products or intravenous drugs that may cause inflammation or fever when
they interact with immune system cells. This interaction can be quickly and accurately tested in vitro.
Modular immune in vitro construct
The modular immune in vitro construct (MIMIC) uses human cells to create a model of the human immune system
on which the efficacy of new vaccines and other compounds may be tested, replacing some steps of the vaccine
development process that would otherwise be performed on animals. This process is faster and more flexible than
previous methods but critics worry that it may be too simple to be useful on a large scale.
Computer simulation
Crash test dummies have been used to replace live
animals in impact testing.
Examples of computer simulations available include models of
asthma,
[5]
though potential new medicines identified using these
techniques are currently still required to be verified in animal and
human tests before licensing. Computer operated mannequins, also
known as crash test dummies, complete with internal sensors and
video, have replaced live animal trauma testing for automobile
crash testing. The first of these was "Sierra Sam" built in 1949 by
Alderson Research Labs (ARL) Sierra Engineering. These
dummies continue to be refined. Prior to this, live pigs were used
as test subjects for crash testing.
Other non-animal simulators have been developed for military use
to mimic battlefield induced traumas. TraumaMan and the Combat
Trauma Patient Simulator can be used to simulate hemorrhaging,
fractures, amputations and burns. Previously, animals were
intentionally subjected to various traumas to provide military
training. TraumaMan is also now used for training medical
students.
Computer models have been constructed to model human
metabolism, to study plaque build-up and cardiovascular risk, and
to evaluate toxicity of drugs, tasks for which animals are also used.
In 2007, US researchers using the world's fastest computer at the
time, BlueGene L, modeled half a mouse's brain for just 10 seconds. However, due to limitations in computing
power, the simulation could only be run at 1/10th the speed of an actual mouse brain. Although this was an advance
in science, its representative power as a model was limited and the researchers were quoted as saying that "although
the simulation shared some similarities with a mouse's mental make-up in terms of nerves and connections it lacked
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the structures seen in real mice brains."
Medical imaging
Further information: Medical imaging and Microdosing
Medical imaging is able to demonstrate to researchers both how drugs are metabolized by use of microdosing, and
the detailed condition of organ tissue.
Fungal model for mammalian drug metabolism
Fungi like Cunninghamella elegans can be used as a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism thereby
reducing the need for laboratory animals.
Future alternatives
Organs on a chip
The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering (US) intends to develop in-vitro organs for drug screening
and thereby eliminate the use of animals for this type of testing. One model is the "lung-on-a-chip". This combines
microfabrication techniques with modern tissue engineering and mimics the complicated mechanical and
biochemical behaviours of a human lung.
Human toxome
Toxicity testing typically involves studying adverse health outcomes in animals subjected to high doses of toxicants
with subsequent extrapolation to expected human responses at lower doses. The system relies on the use of a
40+year-old patchwork of animal tests that are expensive (costing more than $3B per year), time-consuming,
low-throughput and often provide results of limited predictive value for human health effects. The low-throughput of
current toxicity testing approaches (which are largely the same for industrial chemicals, pesticides and drugs) has led
to a backlog of more than 80,000 chemicals to which humans are potentially exposed whose potential toxicity
remains largely unknown. In 2007, the National Research Council (NRC) released the report "Toxicity Testing in the
21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy", that charted a long-range strategic plan for transforming toxicity testing. The
major components of the plan include the use of predictive, high-throughput cell-based assays (of human origin) to
evaluate perturbations in key toxicity pathways, and to conduct targeted testing against those pathways. This
approach will greatly accelerate our ability to test the vast "storehouses" of chemical compounds using a rational,
risk-based approach to chemical prioritization, and provide test results that are hopefully far more predictive of
human toxicity than current methods. Although a number of toxicity pathways have already been identified, most are
only partially known and no common annotation exists. Mapping the entirety of these pathways (i.e. the Human
Toxome ) will be a large-scale effort, perhaps on the order of the Human Genome Project.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Research initiatives
SEURAT-1
SEURAT-1 is a long term strategic target for "Safety Evaluation Ultimately Replacing Animal Testing". It is called
"SEURAT-1" to indicate that more steps have to be taken before the final goal will be reached. SEURAT-1 will
develop knowledge and technology building blocks required for the development of solutions for the replacement of
current repeated dose systemic toxicity testing in vivo used for the assessment of human safety. SEURAT-1 is
composed of six research projects, which started on January 1, 2011 and will run for five years. These projects will
closely cooperate with a common goal and combine the research efforts of over 70 European universities, public
research institutes and companies. The collaboration between these six research projects, the dissemination of
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results, the cooperation with other international research teams, and the continuous updating on research priorities
will be facilitated by the coordination and support action project "COACH".
SEURAT-1 was developed through the Framework Programme 7 (FP7) research initiative and was created through a
call for proposals by the European Commission (EC) that was published in June 2009. The Cosmetics Europe
industry offered to match the EC's funds to make a total of EUR 50 million available to try to fill current gaps in
scientific knowledge and accelerate the development of non-animal test methods.
Euroecotox
Laboratory animals are not restricted to rats, mice, dogs, and rabbits, but also include fish, frogs and birds. Research
into alternatives to replace these species is often neglected, although fish are the third most widely used laboratory
animal used for scientific purposes in the EU. This is also the field where until now only two alternative tests exist
worldwide: One guideline, OECD TG 236, and one guidance (OECD series on testing and assessment 126) are so far
available.
Euroecotox is a European network for alternative testing strategies in ecotoxicoloy. It wasfunded by the Seventh
Framework Programme (FP7) of the European CommissionEnvironment Programme. The main objectives of
theEuroecotoxnetwork are: To contribute to the advancement of alternative methods of ecotoxicity testing in
Europe. To promote the validation and regulatory acceptance of new alternative ecotoxicity methods. To facilitate
the networking of research groups working in the field of alternative ecotoxicology. To provide a gathering point for
all stakeholders involved in the development, validation, regulatory acceptance and final use of alternative
ecotoxicity testing strategies.To act as the one voice for alternative ecotoxicity testing in Europe.
AXLR8
AXLR8 is acoordination action fundedby the European Commission Directorate General for Research &
Innovation under the 7 Framework Programme 7 (FP7) Health Theme.The European Commission is currently
funding a number of research consortia to develop new 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) test methods
and strategies as potential alternatives to the use of animals in safety testing. Monitoring of these 3Rs activities at
pan-European, national, and international levels is vital to facilitate swift progress. AXLR8 aims to fulfill this
growing need by providing a focal point for dialogue and collaboration. Humane Society International is part of the
consortium.
Scientific congresses
The European Society for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EUSAAT) organises an annual conference in Linz
(Austria) for
1. 1. Dissemination and validation of alternative methods to animal testing
2. 2. Promotion of research in the field of the 3Rs
3. 3. Reduction of the use of animals for tests in the field of education and continuing education
4. 4. Reduction of suffering and stress of laboratory animals by better breeding, keeping, test planning and other
accompanying measures
5. 5. Experts' guidance and referees' opinion for public and private organizations, companies, universities
6. 6. Suitable information for the public and the media
The World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciencestakes place every 2 years. The next
conference (9th) will be held in summer 2014 in Prague (Czech Republic).
The 1st Latino-Americano Congress on Alternative to Animal Testing took place in 2012. Colama (I Congresso
Latino-Americano De Metodos Alternativos Ao Uso De Animais No Ensino, Pesquisa E Industria).
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Industry and corporate initiatives
Cosmetics Europe: Represents the interests of more than 4000 companies in the cosmetic, toiletry and perfumery
industry since 1962.
Unilever: "We do not test finished products on animals unless demanded by the regulatory authorities in the few
countries where this is the law. In such cases, we try to convince the local authorities to change the law. Where
some testing of ingredients is required by law or currently unavoidable, we aim to minimise the number of
animals used."
BASF: "Systematic screening investigations provide information about important toxicological properties of
substances at an early stage of development. [...] We replace animal experiments whenever an alternative method
is available that complies with an OECD Test Guideline and is recognized by the authorities."
Legislation
EU Directive 2010/63/EU
On January 1, 2013, EU Directive 2010/63/EU "on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes" entered
into force for the 28 EU Member States (MS), repealing Directive 86/609/EEC. Because it is a Directive, it allows
Member States certain flexibility in transposition of national rules. The status of the implementation of the new
Directive in the EU is described by the EC General Environment Directorate. Purposes of this Directive are to
provide scope (via Articles 1 & 3), harmonise the current EU understanding of what defines an animal (Article 1.3),
map resources, identify competent people and authorities (Articles 47.5 & 48), establish a common framework, and
promote collaboration of the Member States with the EC to promote animal welfare in the EU as a European value in
Article 13 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the EU (TFEU).
Animal welfare is not an EU policy area per se as it is for agriculture, fisheries, research, etc., but rather that "In
formulating and implementing the Union's agriculture, fisheries, transport, internal markets, research, technological
development, and space policies, the Union and the Member States shall, since animals are sentient beings, pay full
regard to the welfare of animals, while respecting the legislative or administrative provisions and customs of the
Member States relating in particular to religious rites, cultural traditions and regional heritage". Therefore, no legal
action can be taken by the EC when animal welfare is not respected; one must refer a complaint directly to the
Member States. However, promotion and use of alternative test methods and 3Rs are written elsewhere within EU
legislation (e.g. REACH, Cosmetics, PPP, Biocides). EU agencies (ECHA, EMA, EFSA) also contribute to the
protection of laboratory animals used for scientific purposes.
Article 1.3: The new EU Directive applies to the following animals: (a) live non-human vertebrate animals,
including: (i) independently feeding larval forms; and (ii) foetal forms of mammals from the last third of their
normal development; (b) live cephalopods.
Article 4: The Directive refers directly to the 3Rs: "Principle of replacement, reduction and refinement".
Article 47-2: Member States shall assist the Commission in identifying and nominating suitable specialised
and qualified laboratories to carry out such validation studies.
In July 2013, Commission announced the creation of NETVAL (European Union Network of Laboratories for the
Validation ofAlternative Methods). EU-NETVAL's primary role is to provide support for EURL ECVAM validation
projects, including aspects of training and dissemination, and the identification of methods that have a potential to
reduce, refine or replace animals used for scientific purposes. Currently there are 13 test facilities in 9 Member
States: Germany (3), The Netherlands (2), Spain (2), Belgium (1), Czech Republic (1), Finland (1), France (1), Italy
(1) and Sweden (1).
Any EU laboratory is allowed to apply as long as they follow the eligibility criteria listed by the EC, such as
sufficient scientific staff, adequate equipment and GLP/or ISO certificates.
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EU cosmetic regulation
The Cosmetics Directive provides the regulatory framework for the phasing out of animal testing for cosmetics
purposes. It establishes prohibitions against (a) testing finished cosmetic products and cosmetic ingredients on
animals (testing ban), and (b) marketing in the EU finished cosmetic products and ingredients included in cosmetic
products which were tested on animals for cosmetics purposes (marketing ban). The same provisions are contained
in Cosmetics Regulation EU 1223/2009, which replaces the Cosmetics Directive as of July 11, 2013.
EU chemical policy: REACH
In 2007, EU legislation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH EC
1907/2006) came into force, relating to chemicals and their safe use. The aim of REACH is to improve the protection
of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the intrinsic properties of
chemical substances. It promotes the use of alternative methods for animal testing, but does not oblige the test
performer to do so; Article 25.1 - In order to avoid animal testing, testing on vertebrate animals for the purposes of
this Regulation shall be undertaken only as a last resort. It is also necessary to take measures limiting duplication of
other tests.
EU test methods regulation
In parallel to the adoption of REACH, the EC published standardised and acceptedmethods for testing hazardous
properties of chemicals. These were written into the"Test Methods Regulation". All the alternative test methods
among the in vivo studies are included in PART B; "The European Union is committed to promoting the
development and validation of alternative techniques which can provide the same level of information as current
animal tests, but which use fewer animals, cause less suffering or avoid the use of animals completely. Such
methods, as they become available, must be considered wherever possible for hazard characterisation and consequent
classification and labeling for intrinsic hazards and chemical safety assessment."
EU Regulation for Food Additives, Food Enzymes, and Food Flavourings
EU philosophy on food additives, food enzymes, and food flavourings and ingredients intended for human
consumption is that none should be put on the market unless they are included on a published Community list of
authorised substances, in accordance with the conditions laid down in relevant food law. This approach is intended to
bring food producers into compliance with the provisions of Regulation (EC) 1334/2008 that pertain to the safety of
food flavourings. As part of the approval process, the EC will require full disclosure of study data, safety issues, and
toxicological findings for all such additives.
Within the EU animal welfare law (2010/63/EU), the principles of the 3Rs are invoked whenever toxicological test
methods are necessary.
Animal welfare and animal rights organizations
Further information: Animal rights and List of animal welfare groups
Europe
Eurogroup for Animals: "An estimated 12.1 million animals including dogs, rabbits and even our closest
genetic relatives, primates are used in laboratory research throughout Europe every year. Eurogroup focusses on
ensuring their protection and works with legislators, experts and industry with the aim of ultimately replacing all
animal experiments with viable alternatives. We continue to actively promote the replacement, reduction and
refinement of animal tests and do all we can to improve the lives of those animals currently used for research."
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Austria
Vier Pfoten (Four Paws)
France
Antidote: "When it is about assessing drug safety, humans are not 70kg rats! It is about time to move on from the
actual paradigm on assessing drug safety. The first step would be to eliminate all the regulatory requirements for
animal testing and replace these tests by 21st century methods."
Germany
Deutscher Tierschutzbund:
Italy
Lega Anti Vivisezione
Monaco
The ALEXANDRA Association: "...aims at stimulating research and development (R&D) in the area of
alternative methods to animal experimentation by providing political, technical and educational support to
researchers and entrepreneurs worldwide. In particular alternative methods based on 'Open Source' concepts i.e.
non-patent protected core technologies for human tissue reconstruction and cell culture technologies will be
actively promoted."
United Kingdom
British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV): "For over 100 years the BUAV has been campaigning
peacefully to create a world where nobody wants or believes we need to experiment on animals."
United States
New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS): "Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has
resulted in the development of better techniques...NEAVS and its programs will help hasten the inevitable and
necessary transition away from animal-based experimentation, testing, and teaching, toward science and science
education governed by progressive scientific thought and compassionate ethics."
Joint
Humane Society International (HSI) in the US and UK: "Today, scientific and government authorities worldwide
are acknowledging the deficiencies of "animal models" and calling for a new approach to safety testing and health
research using state-of-the-art techniques. Advances in biology, genetics, computer science and robotics have
given scientists new tools to help identify the root causes of human toxicity and disease."
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in the US and UK: "We teamed up with CeeTox, Inc. to
fund work on a new humane skin test that could replace painful tests on mice and guinea pigs."
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Public campaigns and awards
Petition to the European Parliament for the abolition of vivisection as a European Citizen Initiative. The threshold
of 1 million signatures was reached for the deadline (1/11/2013). The European Commission is currently checking
the authenticity of each signature.
"Go cruelty free"
HSI's report "Advancing Safety Science and Health Research with Innovative, Non-Animal Tools"
The Lush Prize: "The Lush Prize is a major initiative which will use resources to bring forward the day when
safety testing takes place without the use of animals. The Lush Prize will focus pressure on toxicity testing for
consumer products and ingredients in a way which complements the many projects already addressing the use of
animals in medical testing."
EPAA (European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing) will grant a 3000 prize to a
laboratory technician involved in implementing and raising awareness of Replacement, Reduction and
Refinement of animal testing.
The Alternatives Research and Development Foundation (ARDF) provides grants to advance the use of
non-animal methods in the fields of biomedical testing, research, and education.
The international NC3Rs 3Rs Prize is awarded to highlight an outstanding original contribution to scientific and
technological advances in the 3Rs in medical, biological or veterinary sciences published within the last three
years.
The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funds a wide and encompassing range of
research involving the use, development, or validation of alternatives.
Education and training
IIVS: The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. is a non-profit research and testing laboratory dedicated to the
advancement of in vitro (non-animal) methods worldwide. Founded in 1997, IIVS has worked with industry and
government agencies to implement in vitro testing strategies that limit animal use while supplying key
information for product safety and efficacy decisions.
InterNICHE is the International Network for Humane Education. It has been developed to meet the needs of
teachers and trainers, students, ethics committees, alternatives producers and campaigners internationally.
"Tierschutz macht Schule" - the Association for Animal Welfare Education - was founded in the course of the
implementation of Austria's nationwide animal welfare law. The animal welfare education association aims to
improve the living conditions of pets, farm animals, laboratory animals and wild animals through providing
knowledge about their needs and behaviour to children, youth and the public. The association offers a teaching
magazine
[6]
about research animals and animal tests suitable for secondary schools and college, which can be
ordered on their website. It aims at explaining alternatives to animal testing in a youth appropriate language and
can be used in lessons straight away.
XCellR8's mission is to support, develop and implement the use of scientifically advanced and ethically sound
alternatives to animal testing. They are an exclusively in vitro company, with commitment to promoting
non-animal testing strategies at the core of all of their activities.
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Institutes and national or international organizations
Institutes and organizations that research or fund alternatives to animal testing include:
Asia - Oceania
Australia
Medical Advances Without Animals Trust
India
Alternatives to Animal Experimentation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical
College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
[7]
Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science, Bharathidasan
university, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India Education
Japan
Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JACVAM), since 2005
South Korea
The Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KOCVAM), since 2009
South America
Brazil
BraCVAM as the Brazilian Center for the Validation of Alternatives Methods. It was established in 2011.
North America
Canada
Canadian Council on Animal Care
Health Canada, which does not have a formal validation center, but coordinates health related test method
validation and acceptance issues
United States of America
American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR): "Over the years, AFAAR has funded alternatives
worldwide, including more than 200 human tissue culture tests to replace toxicity and other testing on
animals...Today, AFAAR funds a wide and encompassing range of research involving the use, development, or
validation of alternatives."
Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), since 1994;
Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
UC Davis Center for Animal Alternatives
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Europe
The EC's involvement in activities targeted to the validation of alternative approaches to animal testing started in
1991, with the launch of ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods), hosted by the
Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP). As from 2011, ECVAM's tasks are
assigned to EURL ECVAM. Official bodies such as the EURL ECVAM, hosts an online database of
toxicological, non-animal alternative test methods DB-ALM,.
Under the Framework Programmes 6 and 7, the EC funded a significant number of large integrated research
projects aiming to develop alternatives to animal testing for about EUR 330 million based on the Review of
REACH from February 2013 (the European Chemical Program).
The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) as a liaison between the EC and
industries.
The European Consensus Platform for Alternatives (ECOPA) coordinates efforts amongst EU member states.
Austria
Zentrum fuer Ersatz
Finland
Finish Center for Alternative Methods (FICAM), since 2008
France
FRANCOPA is the French platform dedicated to development, validation, and dissemination of alternative
methods in animal testing. It was created in November 16, 2007
Germany
Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergnzungsmethoden (ZEBET), since 1989
United Kingdom
Dr Hadwen Trust
Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), since 2004
International
ICATM
International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM): On April 27, 2009 the U.S., Canada, Japan and
EU signed a memorandum of cooperation that could reduce the number of animals required for consumer product
safety testing worldwide. The agreement will yield globally coordinated scientific recommendations on alternative
toxicity testing methods that should speed their adoption in each of these countries, thus reducing the number of
animals needed for product safety testing.
Alternatives to animal testing
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International Cooperation on Alternative Test
Methods (ICATM)Legend :ICH: The
International Conference on Harmonisation of
Technical Requirements for Registration of
Pharmaceuticals for Human UseOECD: The
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development has a Test Guideline program that
deals with chemicals.ICCR: The International
Cooperation on Cosmetics Regulation (ICCR) is
an international group of cosmetic regulatory
authorities from the U.S. (FDA), Japan (Ministry
of Health, Labour, and Welfare), the EU (EC, DG
Enterprise), and Canada (Health Canada). This
multilateral framework maintains the highest
level of global consumer protection, while
minimizing barriers to international trade.
OECD
The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) is a forum for discussion where
governments express their points of view, share their experiences, and search for common ground, as opposed to a
supranational organization. OECD is a forum where alternative test methods also undergo validation and are
therereafter accepted for regulatory purposes in more than 35 member countries worldwide. NGOs are represented at
the technical level at the OECD, under the ICOPA International Council on Animal Protection in OECD program.
The testing of chemicals is labor-intensive and expensive. Often the same chemical is tested in several countries
simultaneously, which means that redundant animal tests are performed. To relieve some of this burden, the OECD
Council adopted a decision in 1981, stating that data generated in a member country, in accordance with OECD Test
Guidelines and Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), shall be accepted in other member countries for
assessment purposes and other uses relating to the protection of human health and the environment. This principle is
referred to using the acronym MAD, for the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
References
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Animal_testing& action=edit
[2] [2] R E Hester R M Harrison et al. Alternatives To Animal Testing (Issues in Environmental Science and Technology) Royal Society of
Chemistry; 1 edition (June 7, 2006) ISBN 978-0-85404-211-1
[3] Russell, W.M.S. and Burch, R.L., (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Methuen, London. ISBN 0900767782 (http:/ /
altweb. jhsph. edu/ pubs/ books/ humane_exp/ het-toc)
[4] [4] Brunner, D., Jrgen Frank, Helmut App, Harald Schffl, Walter Pfaller and Gerhard Gstraunthaler. 2010 Serum-free Cell Culture: The
Serum-free Media Interactive Online Database. Altex 27:53-62.
[5] [5] (from internet archive)
[6] http:/ / www. tierschutzmachtschule. at/ en/ material/ teaching-magazines/ animal-pro/ research-animals. html
[7] A Guide to the Alternatives of Animal Experimentation (2009; revised edition 2010). Eds. Syed Ziaur Rahman and Mohd Tariq Salman, Ibn
Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences, Aligarh, India (ISBN 978-81-906070-4-9)
Alternatives to animal testing
14
External links
Alternatives to Animals: The Latest (http:/ / neavs. org/ alternatives/ to-animals-the-latest): Tracks news stories
about scientific developments in alternatives to animal use
International Network for Humane Education (http:/ / www. interniche. org/ )
Go3R: semantic search to avoid animal experiments (http:/ / www. Go3R. org/ )
The Use of Databases, Information Centers and Guidelines When Planning Research that May Involve Animals
(http:/ / www. nal. usda. gov/ awic/ newsletters/ v13n3/ AWICBulletinV13N3. pdf), Animal Welfare Information
Center Bulletin, National Agricultural Library. Provides an overview of databases, bibliographies and guidelines
that provide useful information on alternative methods when planning research that may involve animals.
CADASTER (http:/ / www. cadaster. eu/ ) Seventh Framework Programme project aimed to develop
computational methods to minimize number of experimental tests for REACH Registration, Evaluation,
Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
Article Sources and Contributors
15
Article Sources and Contributors
Alternatives to animal testing Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=613658323 Contributors: Aisteco, Akhran, Alan Liefting, Andycjp, Animalparty, AtticusX, Bgwhite,
Bob98133, BreakfastJr, Brighterfuture, Broktoon, Burlywood, Busquet.francois, Carl.bunderson, Carlacap, Cesium 133, Chow, Chris Capoccia, ChrisGualtieri, Crum375, Danrichards84,
Darkfrog24, Derek R Bullamore, Desoto10, DrChrissy, Dvampyrelestat, Dveduu, Elpiven, Figmented, Fyrael, Gabbe, Garden Radish, Gold123, Harrietwarburton, Hashemi1971, I dream of
horses, Ignatzmice, Ikajaste, J.delanoy, Jack Greenmaven, Johnand thegolden, Kadamsnal, Lalvers, London prophet, Lwaters2012, Mallocks, Mandarax, MaynardClark, Mdrailsback, Meatsgains,
Michaelmhughes, Mogism, Muhandes, NSH002, NateLeskovic, Neqq, NotWith, Nyashinski, Ochiwar, Pardofelis, Ph.eyes, Rjwilmsi, Rockpocket, SchreiberBike, Sidelight12, SlimVirgin,
Spitfire, Tassedethe, Toffanin, Tryptofish, Tsalman, Useight, Versus22, Wasell, Wayland, West.andrew.g, Wiki error, Wikignome0530, William Avery, Wtmitchell, Xmp, , 103
anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:Wistar rat.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wistar_rat.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Janet Stephens (photographer)
File:Cell Culture in a tiny Petri dish.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
Contributors: kaibara87
Image:IIHS crash test dummy in Hyundai Tucson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IIHS_crash_test_dummy_in_Hyundai_Tucson.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Brady Holt
File:International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM).jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:International_Cooperation_on_Alternative_Test_Methods_(ICATM).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Busquet.francois
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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