Sheet Metal2

Sheet metal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_metal
Standard sheet metal gauges[9][10]

U.S. standard[11][12]
Steel[13] Galvanized steel Stainless steel Aluminium
Zinc[13]
Gauge for sheet and plate
inch (mm)
inch (mm)
inch (mm) inch (mm)
iron and steel
inch (mm)
decimal inch (mm)
0000000 0.5000 (12.70)
......
......
......
......
......
000000 0.4688 (11.91)
......
......
......
......
......
00000
0.4375 (11.11)
......
......
......
......
......
0000
0.4063 (10.32)
......
......
......
......
......
000
0.3750 (9.53)
......
......
......
......
......
00
0.3438 (8.73)
......
......
......
......
......
0.3125 (7.94)
......
......
......
......
......
0.2813 (7.15)
......
......
......
......
......
0.2656 (6.75)
......
......
......
......
......
0.2500 (6.35)
0.2391 (6.07)
......
......
......
0.006 (0.15)
0.2344 (5.95)
0.2242 (5.69)
......
......
......
0.008 (0.20)
0.2188 (5.56)
0.2092 (5.31)
......
......
......
0.010 (0.25)
0.2031 (5.16)
0.1943 (4.94)
......
......
0.1875 (4.76)
0.1793 (4.55)
......
0.1719 (4.37)
0.1644 (4.18) 0.1681 (4.27)
0.1719 (4.37) 0.1285 (3.26) 0.016 (0.41)
0.1563 (3.97)
0.1495 (3.80) 0.1532 (3.89)
0.1563 (3.97) 0.1144 (2.91) 0.018 (0.46)
10
0.1406 (3.57)
0.1345 (3.42) 0.1382 (3.51)
0.1406 (3.57) 0.1019 (2.59) 0.020 (0.51)
11
0.1250 (3.18)
0.1196 (3.04) 0.1233 (3.13)
0.1250 (3.18) 0.0907 (2.30) 0.024 (0.61)
12
0.1094 (2.78)
0.1046 (2.66) 0.1084 (2.75)
0.1094 (2.78) 0.0808 (2.05) 0.028 (0.71)
13
0.0938 (2.38)
0.0897 (2.28) 0.0934 (2.37)
0.094 (2.4)
14
0.0781 (1.98)
0.0747 (1.90) 0.0785 (1.99)
0.0781 (1.98) 0.0641 (1.63) 0.036 (0.91)
15
0.0703 (1.79)
0.0673 (1.71) 0.0710 (1.80)
0.07 (1.8)
16
0.0625 (1.59)
0.0598 (1.52) 0.0635 (1.61)
0.0625 (1.59) 0.0508 (1.29) 0.045 (1.1)
17
0.0563 (1.43)
0.0538 (1.37) 0.0575 (1.46)
0.056 (1.4)
18
0.0500 (1.27)
0.0478 (1.21) 0.0516 (1.31)
0.0500 (1.27) 0.0403 (1.02) 0.055 (1.4)
19
0.0438 (1.11)
0.0418 (1.06) 0.0456 (1.16)
0.044 (1.1)
20
0.0375 (0.95)
0.0359 (0.91) 0.0396 (1.01)
0.0375 (0.95) 0.0320 (0.81) 0.070 (1.8)
21
0.0344 (0.87)
0.0329 (0.84) 0.0366 (0.93)
0.034 (0.86)
0.028 (0.71) 0.080 (2.0)
22
0.0313 (0.80)
0.0299 (0.76) 0.0336 (0.85)
0.031 (0.79)
0.025 (0.64) 0.090 (2.3)
23
0.0281 (0.71)
0.0269 (0.68) 0.0306 (0.78)
0.028 (0.71)
0.023 (0.58) 0.100 (2.5)
0.162 (4.1)
0.012 (0.30)
0.1875 (4.76) 0.1443 (3.67) 0.014 (0.36)
0.072 (1.8)
0.057 (1.4)
0.045 (1.1)
0.032 (0.81)
0.040 (1.0)
0.050 (1.3)
0.036 (0.91) 0.060 (1.5)
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24
0.0250 (0.64)
0.0239 (0.61) 0.0276 (0.70)
0.025 (0.64)
0.02 (0.51)
0.125 (3.2)
25
0.0219 (0.56)
0.0209 (0.53) 0.0247 (0.63)
0.022 (0.56)
0.018 (0.46)
......
26
0.0188 (0.48)
0.0179 (0.45) 0.0217 (0.55)
0.019 (0.48)
0.017 (0.43)
......
27
0.0172 (0.44)
0.0164 (0.42) 0.0202 (0.51)
0.017 (0.43)
0.014 (0.36)
......
28
0.0156 (0.40)
0.0149 (0.38) 0.0187 (0.47)
0.016 (0.41)
0.0126 (0.32)
......
29
0.0141 (0.36)
0.0135 (0.34) 0.0172 (0.44)
0.014 (0.36)
0.0113 (0.29)
......
30
0.0125 (0.32)
0.0120 (0.30) 0.0157 (0.40)
0.013 (0.33)
0.0100 (0.25)
......
31
0.0109 (0.28)
0.0105 (0.27) 0.0142 (0.36)
0.011 (0.28)
0.0089 (0.23)
......
32
0.0102 (0.26)
0.0097 (0.25)
......
......
......
......
33
0.0094 (0.24)
0.0090 (0.23)
......
......
......
......
34
0.0086 (0.22)
0.0082 (0.21)
......
......
......
......
35
0.0078 (0.20)
0.0075 (0.19)
......
......
......
......
36
0.0070 (0.18)
0.0067 (0.17)
......
......
......
......
37
0.0066 (0.17)
0.0064 (0.16)
......
......
......
......
38
0.0063 (0.16)
0.0060 (0.15)
......
......
......
......
Tolerances
During the rolling process the rollers bow slightly, which results in the sheets being thinner on the edges. [3] The
tolerances in the table and attachments reflect current manufacturing practices and commercial standards and are
not representative of the Manufacturer's Standard Gauge, which has no inherent tolerances.
Forming processes
Bending
The equation for estimating the maximum bending force is,
,
where k is a factor taking into account several parameters including friction. T is the ultimate tensile strength of
the metal. L and t are the length and thickness of the sheet metal, respectively. The variable W is the open width
of a V-die or wiping die.
Curling
Decambering
Deep drawing
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Aluminium sheet metal tolerances[3]
Steel sheet metal

tolerances[3][14]
Gauge
10
11
12
14
16
Nominal
[in (mm)]
Max
[in (mm)]
Min
[in (mm)]
Thickness
[in (mm)]
Sheet width
36 (914.4)
[in (mm)]
48 (1,219)
[in (mm)]
0.1345 (3.42) 0.1405 (3.57) 0.1285 (3.26) 0.0180.028 (0.460.71) 0.002 (0.051) 0.0025 (0.064)
0.1196 (3.04) 0.1256 (3.19) 0.1136 (2.89) 0.0290.036 (0.740.91) 0.002 (0.051) 0.0025 (0.064)
0.1046 (2.66) 0.1106 (2.81) 0.0986 (2.50) 0.0370.045 (0.941.14) 0.0025 (0.064) 0.003 (0.076)
0.0747 (1.90) 0.0797 (2.02) 0.0697 (1.77) 0.0460.068 (1.21.7) 0.003 (0.076) 0.004 (0.10)
0.0598 (1.52) 0.0648 (1.65) 0.0548 (1.39) 0.0690.076 (1.81.9)
0.0478 (1.21) 0.0518 (1.32) 0.0438 (1.11) 0.0770.096 (2.02.4)
0.003 (0.076) 0.004 (0.10)
0.0359 (0.91) 0.0389 (0.99) 0.0329 (0.84) 0.0970.108 (2.52.7)

0.0299 (0.76) 0.0329 (0.84) 0.0269 (0.68) 0.1090.125 (2.83.2)
0.004 (0.10)
0.005 (0.13)
0.0045 (0.11)
0.005 (0.13)
0.0045 (0.11)
0.005 (0.13)
26
0.0239 (0.61) 0.0269 (0.68) 0.0209 (0.53) 0.1260.140 (3.23.6)

0.0179 (0.45) 0.0199 (0.51) 0.0159 (0.40) 0.1410.172 (3.64.4)
0.006 (0.15)
0.008 (0.20)
28
0.0149 (0.38) 0.0169 (0.43) 0.0129 (0.33) 0.1730.203 (4.45.2)
0.007 (0.18)
0.010 (0.25)
0.2040.249 (5.26.3)
0.009 (0.23)
0.011 (0.28)
18
20
22
24
0.0035 (0.089) 0.004 (0.10)
Drawing is a
forming process
Stainless steel sheet metal tolerances
in which the
Sheet width
metal is
Thickness
36
(914.4)
48
(1,219)
stretched over a
[in (mm)]
[in (mm)]
[in (mm)]
form.[15] In deep
0.0170.030 (0.430.76) 0.0015 (0.038) 0.002 (0.051) drawing the
depth of the part
0.0310.041 (0.791.04) 0.002 (0.051) 0.003 (0.076)
being made is
Example of deep drawn part
0.0420.059 (1.11.5) 0.003 (0.076) 0.004 (0.10) more than half
0.0600.073 (1.51.9) 0.003 (0.076) 0.0045 (0.11) its diameter.
Deep drawing is used for making automotive fuel tanks,
0.0740.084 (1.92.1) 0.004 (0.10) 0.0055 (0.14) kitchen sinks, two-piece aluminum cans, etc. Deep
0.0850.099 (2.22.5) 0.004 (0.10) 0.006 (0.15) drawing is generally done in multiple steps called draw
reductions. The greater the depth the more reductions
0.1000.115 (2.52.9)
0.005 (0.13) 0.007 (0.18)
are required. Deep drawing may also be accomplished
0.1160.131 (2.93.3)
0.005 (0.13) 0.0075 (0.19) with fewer reductions by heating the workpiece, for
example in sink manufacture.
0.1320.146 (3.43.7) 0.006 (0.15) 0.009 (0.23)
[3]
0.1470.187 (3.74.7)
0.007 (0.18)
0.0105 (0.27) In many cases, material is rolled at the mill in both

directions to aid in deep drawing. This leads to a more
uniform grain structure which limits tearing and is
referred to as "draw quality" material.
Expanding
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Sheet metal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Standard sheet metal gauges[9][10]

000000 0.4688 (11.91)

0.1644 (4.18) 0.1681 (4.27)

0.1719 (4.37) 0.1285 (3.26) 0.016 (0.41)

0.1495 (3.80) 0.1532 (3.89)

0.1563 (3.97) 0.1144 (2.91) 0.018 (0.46)

0.1345 (3.42) 0.1382 (3.51)

0.1406 (3.57) 0.1019 (2.59) 0.020 (0.51)

0.1196 (3.04) 0.1233 (3.13)

0.1250 (3.18) 0.0907 (2.30) 0.024 (0.61)

0.1046 (2.66) 0.1084 (2.75)

0.1094 (2.78) 0.0808 (2.05) 0.028 (0.71)

0.0897 (2.28) 0.0934 (2.37)

0.0747 (1.90) 0.0785 (1.99)

0.0781 (1.98) 0.0641 (1.63) 0.036 (0.91)

0.0673 (1.71) 0.0710 (1.80)

0.0598 (1.52) 0.0635 (1.61)

0.0625 (1.59) 0.0508 (1.29) 0.045 (1.1)

0.0538 (1.37) 0.0575 (1.46)

0.0478 (1.21) 0.0516 (1.31)

0.0500 (1.27) 0.0403 (1.02) 0.055 (1.4)

0.0418 (1.06) 0.0456 (1.16)

0.0359 (0.91) 0.0396 (1.01)

0.0375 (0.95) 0.0320 (0.81) 0.070 (1.8)

0.0329 (0.84) 0.0366 (0.93)

0.028 (0.71) 0.080 (2.0)

0.0299 (0.76) 0.0336 (0.85)

0.025 (0.64) 0.090 (2.3)

0.0269 (0.68) 0.0306 (0.78)

0.023 (0.58) 0.100 (2.5)

0.1875 (4.76) 0.1443 (3.67) 0.014 (0.36)

0.036 (0.91) 0.060 (1.5)

Sheet metal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

0.0239 (0.61) 0.0276 (0.70)

0.0209 (0.53) 0.0247 (0.63)

0.0179 (0.45) 0.0217 (0.55)

0.0164 (0.42) 0.0202 (0.51)

0.0149 (0.38) 0.0187 (0.47)

0.0135 (0.34) 0.0172 (0.44)

0.0120 (0.30) 0.0157 (0.40)

0.0105 (0.27) 0.0142 (0.36)

Sheet metal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aluminium sheet metal tolerances[3]

Steel sheet metal

0.003 (0.076) 0.004 (0.10)

0.0359 (0.91) 0.0389 (0.99) 0.0329 (0.84) 0.0970.108 (2.52.7)

0.0239 (0.61) 0.0269 (0.68) 0.0209 (0.53) 0.1260.140 (3.23.6)

0.0149 (0.38) 0.0169 (0.43) 0.0129 (0.33) 0.1730.203 (4.45.2)

0.0035 (0.089) 0.004 (0.10)

0.0105 (0.27) In many cases, material is rolled at the mill in both

referred to as "draw quality" material.

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