Japan CP

notes
Contributors
Tiffany Haas
William Neme-Micula
Mrs. Randall
Jennifer Chan
Jared Sawyer <--- blame him for formatting even though we know deep down that its beautiful

Generic notes There are two distinct CPs that can be written
1. Japan just do the affirmative
2. Japan coop with the US do the affirmative

The soft power net benefit is better against clean tech/renewables affirmatives than generically
versus ocean development/exploration.
The trades-off cards for the internal link component are included in the AT Permutation section.
<<<neg>>>
***solvency
1nc cp
Japan solves
MEXT 12 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology for Japan,
(7/8/12,
http://www.mext.go.jp/component/english/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2012/08/07/1324370_11.pdf/
/nemo)
The ocean is still a new frontier for human beings because of its vastness and difficulty to access. It has long been investigated and studied with the intellectual desire to clarify
the unknown. Through these approaches, the existence of unused energy and mineral resources and the relation of the ocean to global environmental changes, including climate
changes, have been made clear. Thus, pursuing and clarifying the principle of various phenomena in the ocean
are necessary to address important issues closely related to human development, including the
solution to global environmental problems, countermeasures for ocean-trench earthquakes, and
the development of ocean resources. MEXT has conducted a discussion on issues to be promoted in relation to marine science and technology in
preparation for implementation of the New Growth Strategy in the CSTs Subdivision on Ocean Development in FY 2010. In the sectoral promotion strategy for the frontier
(ocean) field in the 3rd Basic Plan, the Next-generation Ocean Exploration Technology which constitutes the
Earth Observation and Ocean Exploration System of the Key Technologies of National
Importance, and the Offshore Platform Technology were chosen as strategically prioritized
S&T. Furthermore, the important R&D issues in the following three domains were chosen. (Deep sea
and deep seabed exploration technology, technology to utilize marine resources) MEXT is promoting the development of the advanced
fundamental technology necessary for the observation/exploration of oceans by JAMSTEC. For
example, in August 2010, as a part of key technologies of national importance Next generation deep sea exploration technology [Literal
translation], R&D were promoted on small Lithium ion batteries for deep sea use that enables long
time stable supply of electricity and developed new technologies such as highly functional
imaging system that can record three-dimensional information and managed to successfully
demonstrate in deep sea. Moreover, the deep-sea cruising AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)URASHIMA, with
the world record for the longest continuous autonomous cruise (317km), and the manned research submersible SHINKAI 6500, with a world-class depth range
(6,500m), are used for investigation, observation and research of the ocean. Concerning strategically prioritized S&T, next-generation ocean exploration technology was
selected as one of the technologies to constitute the Earth Observation and Ocean Exploration System of the Key Technologies of National Importance. JAMSTEC
promotes the development of the worlds best technology for ocean riser drilling using the deep
sea drilling vessel CHIKYU, which was developed for drilling into the mantles previously
untouched and for collecting useful microorganisms in the crust; the development of technology
for a next-generation deep-sea cruising vessel; and the development of technology for a deep-sea
high-performance unmanned vessel. These technologies enable surveys and observations in
sea/hydrographic areas where investigation is difficult through conventional means, such as
ships, and in the very deep-sea areas where heavy or precise work is required. Furthermore, based on
Promotion on development and dissemination of marine resources and marine renewable
energy, which was listed on the Growth Strategic Execution Plan of New Growth Strategy,
in order to promote the development of unused marine resources, such as sea-floor
hydrothermal deposits, etc., at MEXT, the investigative commission of effective uses of marine
resources in the CSTs Subdivision on Ocean Development, held in August 2010, considered
their position about future technological development, focusing on the development and
operation of AUVs which are expected to play important roles in exploration of marine mineral
resources and finalized a report titled, About How to Conduct Demonstration of the
Technologies for Marine Mineral Resources Exploration [literal translation]. In relation to the sensors and other exploration
technologies, MEXT is implementing the Program for the development of advanced sensor technologies to search
for marine resources [literal translation], aiming at promoting R&D for enabling effective exploration of
marine resources such as sea-floor hydrothermal deposits in a broad area. In addition, in September 2010, deep
sea drilling at Iheya-North hydrothermal area of Okinawa trough was implemented and various metal sulfides similar to that of black ore were extracted. (Oceanic
environment observation/forecasting technology, ocean usage technology, oceanic environment
conservation technology) JAMSTEC is promoting observation and simulation research on the
global environment (observation of ocean, land and atmosphere and conducted around the world using observation facilities such as research vessels, buoys and
terrestrial observation tools and prediction/simulation of climate changes, aiming to clarify global environmental changes including global warming). Furthermore, JAMSTEC
analyzed the data obtained through observation and research by utilizing the supercomputer Earth Simulator, which has the world's highest level of performance, and
conducted modeling research for physical, chemical, and ecological programs of the global environment, thus contributing to improvement in prediction accuracy of phenomena
that affect the climate on a global scale. METI continues to implement surveys for reserves of oil and other
resources in cooperation with Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation. MLIT is working jointly with
the Port and Airport Research Institute to improve the Nationwide Ocean Wave Information Network for Ports and Harbors (NOWPHAS). JMA continuously
implements surveys and research to improve monitoring and observation information of ocean
phenomena and climate changes, including the observation of oceanic and maritime climatic
phenomena and the clarification of the El Nino phenomenon. JCG conducts R&D on oceanic surveying and observation
technology as well as analysis technology. The National Maritime Research Institute implements research on safety
and environmental conservation in terms of ocean technology. In regards to the North-East Asian Regional Global Ocean
Observing System (NEAR-GOOS project), JMA and JCG operate a system for promoting the exchange of oceanic
data for NEAR-GOOS areas, further enhancing oceanographic research. (Research on clarification of the inner
structure of the earth, lives within the earths crust, undersea earthquakes and tsunami prevention technologies) JAMSTEC is promoting research on the dynamics of the earth's
interior including the dynamics analysis of ocean floor plates and the crustal structure exploration for continental shelf territorial delimitation are implemented using the
remotely operated vehicle KAIKO 7000 and deep sea research vessels. For example, an ocean-floor observation system is being
developed to monitor earthquakes, tsunamis and crustal movements in real-time at the source
zone of the Tonankai and Nankai Earthquakes, which is predicted to cause extensive damage to Japan. In addition, JAMSTEC promotes ocean
drilling with the deep-sea drilling vessel CHIKYU in the Kumano Basin, off the Kii Peninsula under the framework of the Integrated
Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), aiming at clarifying the mechanism of massive ocean-trench earthquakes and the biosphere under the ocean floor. In the FY 2010, JAMSTEC
implemented scientific drilling in Nankai Trough to collect core samples, data through measurement of physical properties, and installation of long-term borehole measurement
system for providing invaluable insights into the mechanism of great earthquakes. Furthermore, drilling expedition was carried out at
the Iheya- North hydrothermal field in the Okinawa trough to obtain evidence for microbial
communities, including their biomass and ecosystem roles and function.
2nc generic solvency
Japan is ready for ocean exploration and development
MEXT 12 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology for Japan,
(7/8/12,
/nemo)
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology -Core technologies of satellite for disaster prevention measures
and risk management - Infrastructural tool development program for marine resource applications. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Next-generation ocean exploration technology -Development of the
worlds best deep sea riser drilling technology by CHIKYU -Development of technology for next-generation deep-sea
cruising AUV -Development of technology for deep sea high performance unmanned research vehicles. Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency R&D on rockets -H-IIA /H-IIB rockets, solid rockets Promotion of Application and
R&D on satellites -Land and sea observation, Earth environmental observation, advanced communication,
accession Research on space science -X-ray, infrared rays, radio waves, Moon and planets, research on space engineering. -R&D
on remote sensing technology -Methane hydrate technology development. National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) -Prediction of Earth and ocean environments based on
geochemical and paleontological research of modern and past environments -Marine geological
research and survey. New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) -Project on the
development of fundamental technology for next generation transportation system design. Japan
Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) -Deep-sea mineral exploitation survey. Hydrographic and
Oceanographic Department, Japan Coast Guard -IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific Region (WESTPAC)
JAMSTEC is ready for exploration
Shirayama 14 - Dr. Yoshihisa Shirayama, Executive Director for Science of JAMSTEC, (Deep
Sea Exploration by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC),
May 23, 2014, http://www.accj.or.jp/en/events/details/21949-deep-sea-exploration-by-the-
Japan-agency-for-marine-earth-science-and-technology-jamstec//nemo)
JAMSTEC is one of the largest, most active and accomplished research agencies in the world. It
operates 7 research vessels, one manned deep-sea submersible, four autonomous underwater
vehicles, and three remotely operated underwater vehicles. In addition, the agency is operating a
scientific drilling ship "Chikyu". The fleet is so strong that sediments, rocks and organisms from
water depths exceeding 7000 m or from depths more than 2000 m below the surface of the
ocean bottom have been collected so far. Based on such high technologies, JAMSTEC have
carried out a variety of unique sciences, such as observation of fault rock that caused the Tohoku
great earthquake, and biological research of microbes living in the ultra-deep biosphere.
2nc - aquaculture
Japan solves aquaculture they have the demand, investment and regulations
Takeda 09 [Ikuo TAKEDA, Fish Ranching and Aquaculture Division, Fisheries Agency, 1-2-1
Kasumigaseki Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, The Measures for Sustainable Marine Aquaculture in
Japan, August 10
th
, 2009, https://www.fra.affrc.go.jp/bulletin/bull/bull29/15.pdf] // t-haas
Aquaculture has a very long history in Japan, beginning with nori seaweed culture in the 16th century.
The artificial feeding of marine species was said to initiate in 1927 with yellowtail in Kagawa Prefecture. The aquaculture of
yellowtail was suspended in World War II, but had come back in the decade following the War. And new
aquaculture technologies were gradually applied to an increasing number of species. At present, it is
said that about 30 species are cultivated in Japan; a part of those comprise most of the domestic
production. In 2004, cultivated nori, oysters and coho salmon accounted for 100% of the domestic supply of those species, and
cultivated yellowtail and red sea bream account about 70 or 80% of the domestic supply of those species. Aquaculture and fisheries
production levels in Japan during 2004 are presented in Table 1. In 2004, marine aquaculture production in Japan
amounted to 1.2 million metric tons valued at 436 billion yen and represented 21.4% of the total Japanese
marine fisheries in volume and 29.0% of the total in value (Table 2). Dividing Japanese marine fisheries into four
major sectors: distant-water, offshore, coastal and aquaculture, aquaculture production
exceeded that of the distant-water fishery and was nearly equal to coastal fisheries. The value of
aquaculture production has exceeded that of the distant-water fishery since 1988 and that of the
offshore fishery since 1992 (Figure 1). Today, marine aquaculture is a major food production
industry in Japan. Some big companies, e.g., Nihon Suisan, Maruha and foreign-affiliated firms such as
Norwegian companies have entered into aquaculture through subsidiaries. Aquaculture products
generally meet the tastes of consumers and consist mainly of medium- to high-quality products.
As marine aquaculture continues to develop and expand, protecting the marine environment from the effects of
water pollution is vital to the health of the industry. At the same time, Japanese consumers have been concerned about "Anzen" and
"Ansin" on food including cultured seafood since the discovery of outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, i.e., BSE in
Japan. In English, "Anzen" can be translated into "safety" and "Ansin" can be translated into "trust." Accordingly, aquaculture
policy of Japan has to point to the preservation of the environment of aquaculture grounds and
the safety of aquaculture products.

Japanese aquaculture solves environment best regulations are already in place
and are working
Japan, August 10
th
In the course of aquaculture development, environmental problems have occurred. The fact is that aquaculture grounds, the
environmental condition of which is suffering from excessive organic sediment, are expanding. Excessive organic
loading of the sediments is primarily caused by high-density farming and excessive feeding, both
of which are aimed at increasing production. In order to resolve the situation, the "Law to
Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production" was established in 1999 with a view to facilitating
voluntary actions by fishermen to promote sustainable aquaculture by improving and
maintaining environmental conditions, and by preventing the spread of fish diseases. According to
the law, the Minister for the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall develop a "Basic
Guideline" which establishes criteria for environmental indicators required for sustainable
utilization of aquaculture grounds. The "Basic Guideline" established thus far contains the following
three categories as the criteria: 1. Water quality. 2. Sediment condition on the bottom of aquaculture
grounds. 3. Health condition of cultured fish, including mortality rate of cultured fish by diseases. Each
fisheries cooperative that conducts aquaculture, will voluntarily establish an "aquaculture ground
improvement program" individually, or in cooperation with a neighboring cooperative or cooperatives, for its or their
aquaculture grounds, based on the "Basic Guideline." The "aquaculture ground improvement
program" shall indicate the goal of the improvement and indicate measures to be taken for the
improvement of environmental conditions, and shall also be authorized by a prefectural
Governor (Figure 2). To be concrete, an "aquaculture ground improvement program" for fish aquaculture shall report fish
population density in the fish preserve, promote the use of assorted feeds and avoid using harmful materials for livestock and so on.
The program for seaweed contains weed population density in the seaweed preserve and avoids using harmful materials for livestock
and so on. When the "aquaculture ground improvement program" is not carried out, the Governor recommends the cooperative to
develop thep rogram in case its aquaculture ground is recognized to be conspicuously deteriorated, and can make it public if there no
compliance. In the past, farmers used fresh fish as feed, but this leads to environmental degradation because of
wastage. Now, according to the guideline and programs, the use of fresh fish as feed and assorted feed of a type that mixes fish with
dry ingredients that is made into moist pellets has been decreasing. The use of dry pellets which do not incorporate
fresh fish has increased in Japan (Figure 3). The Acid Volatile Sulfide in mud of seabed has
decreased after establishment of the "aquaculture ground improvement program" (Figure 4). This
is just one example of how the environment of many aquaculture grounds has been improved
since the establishment of the "aquaculture ground improvement program." Currently, nearly 85% of
the production of cultured fish is farmed on aquaculture grounds where the "aquaculture ground improvement program" has been
established (Table 3). The Fisheries Agency has promoted sustainable aquaculture production by
establishing and implementing the "aquaculture ground improvement program" for all
aquaculture grounds around Japan.
Squo regulations means Japan solves disease
Japan, August 10
th
Measures for Ensuring Food Safety. In aquaculture, residual medicines brought on much criticism
because it is said that aquaculture farming uses to much medication. To resolve this matter, the
amount and usage of medications are governed by the "Pharmaceutical Affairs Law." This law
regulates the usage of medicine, e.g., antibiotics, in conjunction with all aquatic animals. Recently,
the development of vaccines for fish diseases has changed the situation with respect fish diseases. Furthermore, Governors can
prevent the movement of cultured organisms in case of specific diseases outbreaks, and fish
disease prevention officials use medicines and vaccines in accordance with "Law to Ensure
Sustainable Aquaculture Production." As a result, the amounts of damage caused by fish diseases
and the sales volume of medicines for fish diseases have declined.
Japan solves best current developments are a step in the right direction
Ito 11 [Fuminari ITO, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency,
Minamiise, Watarai, Mie 516-0193, Japan, Course of the Research for Sustainable Aquaculture
in Japan, August 22
nd
, 2011, https://www.fra.affrc.go.jp/bulletin/bull/bull35/35-1.pdf] // t-
haas
In contrast, some new industries, as bluefin tuna aquaculture, have been developed in Japan.
Aquaculture production of tuna is estimated to have reached 10,000 tons in 2010, up from less than 500 tons in 1999. The number
of management entities entering tuna aquaculture has increased. That development still does not supply enough
bluefin tuna to satisfy domestic demand. That is due to reduced production in world capture and aquaculture in the
Mediterranean and by the regulation of tuna fisheries due to heightened international interest in the conservation of the resource.
In addition, hatchery production is one of the technologies for which the Japanese are proud.
Table 1 shows hatchery production of various species in Japan. Many species are produced both for aquaculture and
stock enhancement3). Further, consumers in Japan ask for an abundance of seafoods that are rich in
variety. Therefore, we think that Japanese aquaculture has the potential for further
development.
Japan solves best scallops prove
Cicin-Sain 01 [Biliana Cicin-Sain, Susan M. Bunsick, Rick DeVoe, Tim Eichenberg, John
Ewart, Harlyn Halvorson, Robert W. Knecht, Robert Rheault, part of the Center for the Study of
Marine Policy at University of Delaware, DEVELOPMENT OF A POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR
OFFSHORE MARINE AQUACULTURE IN THE 3-200 MILE U.S. OCEAN ZONE, July, 2001,
http://www.lib.noaa.gov/retiredsites/docaqua/reports_noaaresearch/sgeez1final.pdf] // t-haas
Example of Economic Success of Offshore Aquaculture in Japan One of the most successful international examples
of offshore marine aquaculture is in Japan where sea scallop aquaculture has been dramatically
improved by collecting spat and outgrowing them offshore (Rappaport 1999). In Japan per capita fish
consumption is nearly nine times greater than in the United States, and the wild capture fishing industry and the aquaculture
industry are seen as complementary to one another. The Japanese sea scallop fishery was active as far back as
1915. The sea scallop fishery exhibited wide fluctuations in landings through the 1930s, presumably driven by variability in larval
recruitment, similar to trends in the U.S. scallop fishery. In the last several years, the Japanese scallop fishery
(Ito 1998) became based almost entirely on an intensive and directed effort to collect spat scallop
from ocean waters. The fastest growing 10% of juveniles are selected for outgrowing in the ocean in hanging nets or on
hanging lines. The remaining 90% of the juvenile scallops are seeded directly on the bottom in areas where scallops are left to grow
to market size. Scallop production continues to increase dramatically each year, with about half the annual
output in weight contributed from the spat collection, contained raising of juveniles, bottom sowing, and rotational harvesting
methodology (see www.seascallop.com). Pre-WWII landings peaked at about 21.8 million pounds in 1934. Postwar landings
averaged 2.7 to 5.5 million pounds until the late 1960s and have steadily increased in 1997 to
over 150 million pounds (550,000 metric tons whole weight) using these methods (Ito 1998). In contrast, as noted in
Figure 1.5, U.S. landings averaged around 22 million pounds over this same period.
Solves imports increaseing
Nose 85 [Dr. Takeshi Nose, Director General at the National Research Institute of Aquaculture
Recent Advances in Aquaculture in Japan, GeoJournal, Vol. 10, No. 3, AQUACULTURE:
Promises and Constraints (April 1985), pp. 261-276, JSTOR] // t-haas
Despite the continuous rise in total landings during recent years and despite the attained high
overall production figures of the Japanese fishery, imports of high-priced marine products such as
shrimp, tuna and eggs of various species (herring, sea urchin etc.) have increased rapidly, reaching about 1.3
million t in 1981. With 900 billion Yen, the value of imports was equivalent to almost one third of the
value of the total fishery landings. This figure underlines the recent trend of the Japanese customers to prefer high-
priced fish, although large quantities of a variety of fishery products are consumed. Sea food is also considered to be a very healthy
diet. This image of sea food has also increased the demand for high quality, high-priced products. Therefore, the already
existing big gap between demand and domestic supply of fishery products is still increasing. It is
generally believed that aquaculture has developed so quickly in Japan as a tool to counter balance at
least in part for this gap. The general role of aquaculture in the Japanese fishery production Out of
a total of about 1 1 .5 million t of aquatic products with a value of about 2,778 billion Yen, 1.0 million t with a value of 563
billion Yen originates from marine and freshwater aquaculture. Aquaculture products now
comprise about 20% of the value of the total landings, though only 10% of the total weight. As shown in Fig 3
about 7.8 million t of the total amount of fishery products supplied to domestic markets were utilized for human consumption. Since
it can be assumed that only 53% of this figure was edible (due to various processing methods), only 4.15 million t have actually been
used as food. This figure corresponds to a per capita consumption of 96 g per day. The consumption figure for aquatic products is,
therefore, several times higher when compared to the equivalent figures in Europe and North America. In Japan, the total supply of
dietary protein was 80.7 g per capita and day in 1981. Animal protein supply amounts with 39.7 g to 49% of the total protein supply.
45.6% of this animal protein originates from fishery products. These figures indicate the important role of fishery
products, on which the Japanese consumer largely depend to satisfy their protein needs.
Japan is already competitive with global aquaculture leads Asian research
Ito 11 [Fuminari ITO, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency,
Minamiise, Watarai, Mie 516-0193, Japan, Course of the Research for Sustainable Aquaculture
in Japan, August 22
nd
, 2011, https://www.fra.affrc.go.jp/bulletin/bull/bull35/35-1.pdf] // t-
haas
Production of aquaculture in the world has grown dramatically, and the increased rate since 1970 is much
higher than that of world population growth during the same period according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as
can be found in The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (2008)1). Recently, aquaculture has been considered to
be the answer for food security since the depletion of natural fisheries resources is concerned.
While the aquaculture industry overall continues to grow, its status in Japan is not necessarily favorable. However,
considering global food supply and food security, it is said that future continued expansion of
the industry is strong. This paper introduces the current state of aquaculture in the world and Japan, indicating the direction
of research is heading in the Fisheries Research Agency. Situation of aquaculture in the world. The global aquaculture
industry continues unprecedented development. Over the past 20 years aquaculture production has increased
rapidly, while capture fisheries production has not (Fig. 1). Aquaculture accounted for 47 percent of the global
supply of edible fish and shellfish in 2006. Of that, 90 percent is produced in Asia (FAO Statistics,
2006). This dominance is mainly due to Chinas enormous production, most of which consists of freshwater fish. Looking at
the top ten countries of aquaculture production, excluding seaweeds, Asian countries dominate, with
Japan eighth on the list. Chile and Norway, the worlds leading producers of salmon, occupy the positions of seventh and
ninth.
Japanese aquaculture technology solves best
TFS 14 The Fish(Seakitten) Site gives fish(Seakitten) news, (Japanese Technology Making
Aquaculture Possible in Cambodian, 20 May, 2014,
http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/23207/Japanese-technology-making-aquaculture-
possible-in-cambodian-mountains//nemo)
Japan - A Japanese technique for creating artificial river and seawater is expected to enable Cambodian
farmers to open three prawn farms in the mountains. The artificial water is a blend of fresh water and a carefully measured mix of minerals,
including salts of sodium, potassium and calcium, reports Japan Times. This is magic water that enables fish farming without
chemicals. We can turn a mountain village into a fishing village, said Toshimasa Yamamoto, an Okayama University of
Science professor who developed the technique. Scientists and economists have long believed that upland aquaculture can help solve
malnutrition and poverty, but disease has been a hurdle. Yamamotos water helps to prevent
infections from spreading between farmed animals. Farmers add about 10 grams of minerals to 1 liter of fresh water a mixture that
produces a slightly salty taste. This produces a medium suitable for aquaculture that costs 10 per cent the
price of traditional artificial seawater. The technique was patented in 2012. To date, tiger puffers and eels have been cultivated with the water.
Research has found a reduced incidence of disease because the water has properties that do not
exist in nature and lacks the infectious agents often found in seawater and fresh water. Moreover, fish
farmed this way tend to grow faster than in their natural habitat. The university ships tiger puffers six to eight months earlier than those cultivated in seawater. This growth
advantage is believed to stem from fish not having to use as much energy to adjust their osmotic pressure. Such adjustment is necessary when
they live in the wild or in conventional fish farms. The project in the Cambodian province of Takeo will be led by Japans overseas aid
organization, the Japan International Cooperation Agency. Roughly 30,000 giant river prawns are to be
reared at each of three farms from August this year. The prawn sells for eight times the price of
fish in Cambodia. JICA will monitor the farms efficiency and cost savings. The water is likely to
help spur onshore aquaculture technology in developing countries, said Kenji Kaneko of JICAs Rural Development
Department. Yamamoto, the techniques developer, is enthusiastic about the opportunities for his water, which has been dubbed third water. He said the world
needs to reduce its dependence on ocean-based aquaculture farms, which can be strongly
affected by weather. There is mostly no need to regulate the water temperature at land-based
aqua farms in Cambodia, because temperatures remain high throughout the year. However, Yamamoto
recognizes that some countries might need to use electricity to keep temperatures constant for certain fish species. He is studying ways to cut the cost of this by using geothermal
and solar heat. Aquaculture is possible anywhere if you only have water and electricity, he said. In
the future, we hope to conduct aquaculture in deserts and even in space.

Japan should take a lead on aquaculture
Fujise et al 10 -- Masahide FUJISE, Salmon Resources Research Section, Tohoku National
Fisheries Research Institute, FRA, Sakiyama, Miyako, Iwate, Tomoaki Kanmuri Fish Ranching
and Aquaculture Division, Fisheries Agency, Tokyo, (The Issues Surrounding Aquaculture
Feeds and the Current Measures Associated with Them in Japan, 2010,
https://www.fra.affrc.go.jp/bulletin/bull/bull31/31-1-1.pdf//nemo)
In recent years, the annual aquaculture production of marine fish in Japan hasremained stable at about 250,000 tons and has occupied an important position in Japanesemarine fish production. However, the
high price of fishmeal since 2006 has inflated theprice of aquaculture feeds, which has led to the deterioration of management by fish farm-ers. Therefore, it is necessary to promote sustainable aquaculture
production, for example,through development of aquaculture feeds that contain little or no fishmeal and through theintroduction of self-feeding systems to prevent excessive use of aquaculture feeds. Annual
production from marine fish aquaculture in Japan has reached around two hundred fifty thousand tons during the past years (Fig. 1). Highest production has been through the production of yellowtail, mainly
Seriola quinqueradiate and S. dumerili, followed by red sea bream (Pagrus major). Those species account for about ninety percent of the production. Other cultured species include coho salmon, olive flounder and
globefish. The annual feed amounts used for yellowtail production consist of raw feed used directly and mixed feed which is made in feed processing plants, range from 800,000 to 1,000,000 tons and feed used in
conjunction with red sea bream production ranges from 300,000 to 400,000 tons (Fig. 2). Mixed feed accounts for about 40% of yellowtail and 80% of red sea bream production. Exact annual amounts of feed
used is not known, however judging from the data on cultured fish production, feed production of major makers and other information concerning the raw feed marketing trade, we estimate that the production of
mixed feed has reached approximately 450,000 tons and the production of raw feed is about 800,000 tons. The details on ingredients for mixed feed production in the last three years in Japan showed fishmeal
accounted for more than half (Fig. 3). Most of fishmeal is imported from overseas. Peru and Chile are major sources of fishmeal for Japan. Increasing prices of fishmeal, fish oil and other feed ingredients will
certainly affect the amount and cost of mixed feeds. The monthly average amount and price of imported fishmeal since January 2004 are shown in Fig. 4. The price has been increasing gradually since 2004, and
jumped to 140,000 per ton in the middle of 2006. We dont have any official statistics on the price of mixed feed used for fish aquaculture, either. We were able to obtain information from feed manufacturers
and assumed that the price of mixed feed increased by 20 to 30% in 2006 and remained at the same level later. Though the price of imported fishmeal has decreased from 2007 to 2008, it was difficult for the
suppliers to reduce their feed prices. A certain major maker explained that the prices of other commodities such as fish oil and vitamins have been increasing. Raw feeds are widely utilized for yellowtail production
in Japan (Fig. 2). Sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel (called large captured pelagic fishes) are low value species commonly utilized as raw feed. The catch amounts of these large capatured pelagic fishes in
Japan are shown in Fig. 5. For example, 4.5 million tons of sardines were landed in 1988. At that time, sardine were a very important as raw feed for fish aquaculture. Since that time, the catch of sardines has
gradually decreased until it reached a very small amount in recent years. Thus, raw feed for fish aquaculture has a tendency to be from by anchovy, jack mackerel and saury fisheries in addition to sardines. Jack
mackerel is now an important species for use in raw feed (Fig. 5), however, the amount of export is gradually increasing (Fig. 6). The catch of mackerel decreased by 200,000 tons in 2007 compared with 2006,
however, the amount of export didnt decrease to the same extent. It seems that the demand for low-price fishes such as mackerel has been increasing in places such as China, Korea and southeastern Asian
countries. The prices obtained for raw fish for export and food are higher than for aquaculture feed. The details production costs for yellowtail and red sea bream are shown in Fig. 7. The proportion of feed cost to
total production one was 67% in yellowtail and 64% in red sea bream in 2006. It seems that a sudden rise in prices of mixed and raw feeds has affected the management practices of aquaculture farmers as the feed
costs have increased as a percentage of total production costs. It can be assumed that fish farmers have not passed the increased cost of feed to the market prices of their products because there has been little
change in the average prices of yellowtail and red sea bream since the significant increase in feed costs (Fig. 8). The Japanese government (Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries) is comprehensively and systematically promoting measures related to fisheries,
including aquaculture, by developing sustainable production targets according to the Basic Plan
for Fisheries Policy, which was established in 2007 based on the Basic Law on Fisheries Policy.
The plan describes the means to address the issues related to aquaculture in Japan, including
the promotion of creation and improvement of aquaculture grounds, prevention of diseases and
introduction of new species for aquaculture, as well as improvement of the quality of
aquaculture products through the improvement of breeding methods. With respect to aquaculture feeds (Fig. 9), some
laboratories have been carrying out investigations on new types of mixed feeds that can reduce
costs. Studies have included evaluation of some low-cost materials such as lees (sediments) from
shochu, which is a clear liquor distilled from sweet potatoes. In addition, studies have evaluated
artificial taurine as a means of reducing the amount of fishmeal in mixed feeds. The Japanese
government supports the investigations and budgets for them. It is important for fish farmers to
obtain feeds at reasonable prices. However, the prices of such feed components as fishmeal and
fish oil have been increasing recently. In addition, the recent depression has beaten down the
price of products. Therefore, many fish farmers are being confronted with financial difficulties
that can lead to the closure of their businesses, with the consequence being reduction in
aquaculture production. To address the situation, the government has promoted the mechanization of
aquaculture through, for example, the use of voluntarily feeding machines which can improve
the efficiency of feed utilization and provide more eco-friendly farm sites. The government is also attempting to establish a
framework for providing a consistent supply of trash fish for use as feed by fish farmers. To achieve sustainable
aquaculture, we established a fisheries mutual aid system which played an important role in risk
management by fish farmers. AsJapan is one of the most advanced countries for
aquaculture and one of the largest consuming countries of fisheries products, we
are responsible for the development of sustainable aquaculture, must discharge
that responsibility and we can!

2nc - arctic
Japan solves shipping satellite tech monitors ice to guide ships
Aoki 12 [MIZUHO AOKI, staff writer at the Japan Times, Satellite to monitor ice in Arctic
Ocean shipping lanes, May 16
th
, 2012,
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/05/16/national/satellite-to-monitor-ice-in-arctic-
ocean-shipping-lanes/#.U7ryw5RdX0k] // t-haas
The forecasting company Weathernews Inc. unveiled a micro satellite Tuesday that it developed to
monitor Arctic Ocean ice for purposes of guiding ships through the area in summer. The 10-kg
cube-shaped satellite, jointly developed by Tokyo-based AXELSPACE Corp., is scheduled to be launched
from the Yasny Cosmodrome in Russia on Sept. 28. It will be the first attempt by a private company to use a satellite to monitor ice
in the Arctic Ocean, Weathernews said. Weathernews plans to use the data to provide navigational information to
commercial vessels plying the Arctic Ocean during the summer. The service will be available
starting in summer 2013, it said. Due to global warming, the Arctic Ocean has been navigable since
around summer 2007, according to Weathernews. Eleven vessels used the route in 2010 and 34 ships used it in 2011,
spokesman Hitoki Ito told The Japan Times, adding the route does not remain navigable on a regular basis. An Arctic passage
can shorten the distance ships have to travel between Europe and Asia to one-third of the route via the
Cape of Good Hope and half the distance of the route through the Suez Canal, it said. Weathernews invested some 200 million in
the satellites development and 60 million in its production, Ito said. It is now planning to develop a more
enhanced second satellite. This one is more like an experiment. By actually operating it, we want to accumulate
knowhow, said Masaya Yamamoto, leader of the satellite project at Weathernews. As of Tuesday, some 6,000 vessels
around the world had used or were using the companys weather information service.
Japan can work in the Arctic specifically with navigation
OPRF 12 -- The Arctic Conference Japan Organized by Ocean Policy Research Foundation,
(Developing Japan Policy towards the Arctic Ocean, 2012,
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:XvZPr0C0irsJ:www.nccj.or.jp/wordp
ress/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Developing-a-Japan-Policy-towards-the-Arctic-Ocean-
OPRF.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us//nemo)
Ocean Policy Research Foundation(OPRF) with the warm support of the Nippon Foundation has long been carrying out studies
on the Northern Sea Route, including the international Northern Sea Route Programme (lNSROP,1993-1999), reinforced with
the domestic project, JANSROP, and JANSROP "(2002-2006)" which laid particular stress on the Far East Asia and Russia. Since 2007, every fiscal year, OPRF has
carried out an up-dated survey of the academic and business activities in the Arctic in the world
and compiled it annually into the lNSROP Follow-up Report. Various impacts of global warming can be seen in many places. The Arctic Ocean is particularly
sensitive to climate change of the globe. According to the fourth report of the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (lPCC), it is very likely that the temperature rise in
the Arctic is far higher than the average temperature rise globally. The extent of sea ice in summer has recently been greatly reducedfrom the mean value of 700 million km2 in
the latter half of last century. This reduction is too large to be attributed to inter-annual fluctuation. These changes in the environment and ecosystem as well as expectations of
natural resource exploitation have led to a growing interest in the Arctic Ocean. Although Japan is not an Arctic state, Japan is
closely tied to the Arctic for various reasons. For example, climate change in the Arctic has various impacts on
the climates of Japan and even those of monsoon countries; Japan has already taken part in
natural resource development in the Arctic, and should be more so in the future; the increasing
sailings via the Northern Sea Route would have a large influence on Japan as a major state in
the Asian market; and there are many unsolved issues related to securityand governance of the
Arctic. it is a matter for deep regret that there had been sporadic researches at the national level
on the Arctic, since the significance of the region has not been sufficiently recognized in the
society. Although data and information of the Arctic issues have been flooded in the web, until a year ago, the Government had not taken any initiative to establish an
academic policy for the Arctic issues. As a consequence, the industry, in particular, has hopelessly been bewildered in making decision of its business strategy in the Arctic. Page
4 in view of this situation, the Ocean Policy Research Foundation initiated the ArcticConference Japan in 2010 with experts in international law,
security, climatology, oceanography, polar science in general, marine technology,
navigation, and regulations of classification society. Over the past two years, the conference members have met to establish
a unified view of multifaceted Arctic issues and toaddress Japans Arctic policy and strategy to meet the interests of Japan
and theworld as well. This report summarizes the findings and the discussion in the conference and issues the proposals for the Arctic policy of Japan. The multi-disciplinary
proposals cover wide areas such as scientific research, naturalresources, shipping routes, security and management of the Arctic Ocean. The Conference is confident that the
efforts would soon be made by the Government to define policy for the Arctic, analyzing the Conferences proposals and referring the outcome of the GRENE project organized
by the Ministry ofEducation, Science, Technology and Sports. With the policy the industry would belikely to develop new
strategies and develop the business in the Arctic.
Japan cares about the Arctic
Tulupov 13 - Dmitry Tulupov
Faculty of International Relations of St. Petersburg State University, (towards The Arctic Ocean
through the Kuril Islands, April 15, 2013,
http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=1711#top//nemo)
Japans Initial Steps in the Arctic Ocean Of all the foreign states that have displayed some interest in the Arctic
Ocean, Japan has been one of the first to demonstrate its ambitions to develop the region. It was in 1987,
immediately after Gorbachevs speech in Murmansk when the President of the USSR proposed turning the Arctic Ocean into a zone of peace and
cooperation. From the outset, Japans focus on the region was due to the transit potential of the Northern
Sea Route, which offered new opportunities for optimizing Japanese exports to Europe. Its practical
outcome was the active involvement of two leading Japanese entities, the Nippon Foundation and the Ocean Policy Research Foundation, together with
Norway and Russia, in the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP). The stated purpose of the programme was
to conduct a comprehensive study of the prospective use of Russian Arctic shipping lanes by
foreign shippers. Remarkably, all INSROP costs were covered by the Nippon Foundation: between June 1993 and March 1999 the expenses
amounted to USD 13 million [1]. The INSROP expertise and practical results prompted Japanese entities to launch a follow-up project, JANSROP
Phase II. This project, implemented in 20022005, was to conduct an extensive study of the eastern sector of the Russian Arctic and Russias Far East.
Its outcome was a geographical information system of data on the natural resources, climate and geography of the study area. Japans Arctic Strategy In
the late 2000s, based on the knowledge generated by the above programmes, the Japanese government proceeded to formulate the conceptual
framework of its Arctic policies. Extra impetus was added by the fact that other interested parties were busy developing their own Arctic strategies
(Norway became a trail-blazer, approving its government strategy for the Arctic Ocean in December 2006). On 2nd September 2010 the Japanese
Foreign Office set up its Arctic task force. It was charged with a comprehensive examination and monitoring of
changes in the region in a number of areas: economy, security, environment and international
maritime law. Early in 2012, efforts to develop a diplomatic strategy for the Arctic Ocean were given a boost by the Japan Institute of
International Affairs. It launched a research project, Arctic Governance and Japans Diplomatic Strategy, and its results are expected to be published
in 2013. Polar naval routes seem to be the focal point of Japans interests in the region, and this is expected
to be appropriately reflected in future Arctic strategy. According to Commander Takahiro Ishihara, a distinguished Japanese expert on maritime policy,
Japan needs to decide whether, it will pursue freedom of navigation in the Arctic Ocean together
with the US, or accept Russia and Canadas demands to pay levies on Arctic passage. Commander
Ishihara also believes that it is imperative for Japan as a maritime nation to be actively engaged in
international Arctic policies at the rule-setting stage, and it is therefore extremely important that
it obtain permanent status in the Arctic Council. Japanese media (in particular, Yomiuri Shimbun) have been saying lately
that Japan has been postponing its entry into the grand Arctic game for too long. Yet playing that game could bring
substantial gains for the national economy. Japan has been lagging behind, particularly by
comparison with diplomatic efforts by extra-regional players (China in particular), who are
striving to increase their influence in the Arctic Ocean.
2nc cthullu
Japan has access to the origins of cthullu
Mullis 13 -- Justin Mullis is a M.A. Candidate at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte
enrolled in the Religious Studies program. His B.A. thesis Playing Games with the Great Old
Ones: Ritual, Play, and Joking within the Cthulhu Mythos Fandom was selected and presented
at the 2010 North Carolina Religious Studies Association and will be published in a forthcoming
issue of The Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, (THE CTHULHU MYTHOS IN JAPAN,
January 9, 2013, http://lovecraftzine.com/2013/01/09/the-cthulhu-mythos-in-japan///nemo)
This article marks the beginning of a short series of essays illuminating the connection between
author H.P. Lovecraft and the Land of the Rising Sun, Japan, both of which have been nearly
life-long obsessions of mine. Also please bear in mind that in Japan family names precede personal names. So director
Akira Kurosawa would actually be Kurosawa, Akira over there. However for the convenience of the reader I have rendered all names
as they would be in English. Origins and Literature It should be no surprise that Lovecrafts Cthulhu Mythos
stories would have become popular in Japan long before they were recognized in America.[1] Why?
Well for starters at least in Japanese, which is a phonetic language, one can pronounce Cthulhu. Katulf
is how they say it. Lovecrafts stories began appearing in Japanese publications as early as the 1940s, with The Statement of
Randolph Carter (1919) being amongst the first when it was translated by Nishio Tadashi and serialized in Hakaba (Graveyard)
Magazine. However, as was the case in America, it was the popularity of Sandy Petersons Call of
Cthulhu roleplaying game that truly brought Lovecraft and the Cthulhu Mythos into Japanese
mainstream otaku or geek culture. The first Japanese translations of the Call of Cthulhu game appeared in Hobby
Japan magazine in 1986 (at the height of the 80s Japanese horror boom) and were later reprinted by Enterbrain. As a result of
the popularity of the Call of Cthulhu RPG, Hobby Japan in a move similar to that of American
RPG publisher Chaosium began commissioning original Lovecraft inspired manga and short
stories to be printed in their various sister publications including RPG Magazine and Comic
Master magazine. As in the States and elsewhere, many prominent Japanese fantasy, sci-fi, and horror writers were soon
dabbling in the world of the Cthulhu Mythos. Some of the more recognizable include Kaoru Kurimoto (creator of the Guin Saga
novels), Jun Hazami (the Japanese translator of Douglas Adams Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy books), Vampire Hunter D
creator Hideyuki Kikuchi, acclaimed horror manga writer and artist Junji Ito (Tomie, Uzumaki, Gyo) as well as the renowned
manga-ka Shigeru Mizuki; creator of the celebrated childrens horror manga GeGeGe no Kitaro (1956 to Present) the premises of
which is akin to a cross between Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolos Casper the Friendly Ghost and Mike Mignolas Hellboy. In 1963
Mizuki penned a manga adaptation of Lovecrafts The Dunwich Horror titled Chitei no Ashioto (Footsteps of the Underworld)
which kept the plot exactly the same but changed the characters names and moved the story to
rural Japan. However, amongst the numerous Japanese writers who have been influenced by Lovecrafts Legacy two in
particular rise above the rest: Chiaki J. Konaka (b. 1961) and Ken Asamatsu (b. 1956). Chiaki J. Konaka is a prolific writer who has
worked in print as well as in film, television, anime and tokusatsu. For anime fans some of Konakas best known works include;
Armitage III (1995), Serial Experiments Lain (1998), BIG O (1999-2003), Digimon Tamers (2001), RahXephon (2002), Texhnolyze
(2003), and Ghost Hound (2007), just to name a few. Konaka is also well known to fans of the long running and much beloved
tokusatsu superhero series Ultraman having worked on several different incarnations including Ultraman Tiga, Ultraman Gaia,
Ultraman Max, and Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy. In a future post we will look more closely at Lovecrafts influence within the anime and
tokusatsu genres including the shows written by Konaka. Konaka, as life-long fan of Lovecraft and the Cthulhu Mythos, has admitted
to frequently borrowing elements of H.P.L. and other authors of the Cthulhu Saga for my scenarios.[2] The Lovecraftian and
Cthulhu Mythos related elements which Konaka places in his work range from the obscure (the name of the android title character
in Armitage III is taken from the heroic professor of the same name in The Dunwich Horror) to the overt, including his 1992
screenplay Innsmouth wo Kage, an adaptation of Lovecrafts The Shadow over Innsmouth, which was turned into a made for TV
movie. Konaka has said that as a writer for TV, where deadlines are often very short, one of the major benefits of borrowing from
Lovecrafts Cthulhu Mythos universe is that it saves time in fleshing out a story. I dont have the desire to create an original world
for each new production, notes Konaka, So when its effective, I use [Lovecrafts] elements. In addition to Lovecraft, Konaka is
also a big fan of Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland and will also borrow elements from there as well. When it comes to original
Mythos fiction, very little of Konakas output is currently available for an English audience. To my knowledge his short stories
Those Who Walk in the Abyss (1994), Dagon, Uchusen 88 (1999) and Shiny [A Little Help from the Gods] (1999) have never
been translated into English. For Japanese readers however, all of them can be found in the collection Those Who Walk in the Abyss
(2001) available from publishing company Tokuma Dual Bunko. An English translation of Konakas short story Terror Rate (2002)
does appear in The Inverted Kingdom; the second volume of Ken Asamatsus Lair of the Hidden Gods anthology series. Terror
Rate is about a young woman named Inami Yoshie who is offered a sizeable sum of money to spend the night in an allegedly
haunted house as part of an experiment being conducted by a scientist who is interested in measuring the escalation of fear in
humans. Inami doesnt believe in ghosts but does believe herself to be fearless and intends to last the whole night. However like the
protagonist in Stephen Kings 1408, Inami quickly discovers that ghosts are not what she needs to be worried about. The
Mythos elements in this story are actually rather subdued with the most overt nod being in the
form of a record that Inami finds and plays. Rather than music the record is filled with a familiar
chant: phnglui mglwnafh Cthulhu Rlyeh wgahnagl fhtagn An interesting take on the evil house story,
Terror Rate is recommended if for no other reason than it being the only literary example of Konakas excellent work that English
readers can currently get their hands on. The reason why non-Japanese audiences now have stories like Konakas Terror Rate
available in English is in part thanks to one man; Ken Asamatsu who could probably be called Lovecrafts Official Japanese
Ambassador. I say this with little to no hyperbole involved since any attempt to list Asamatsus lengthy Mythos related bibliography
would undoubtedly end up occupying the rest of this article. Asamatsu first encountered Lovecraft as a teenager while visiting
Lovecrafts home turf of Providence, RI and reading the novella The Case of Charles Dexter Ward. I was stunned by the way it
pulled me in, and its superb structure. Reports Asamatsu in an interview with James Grainger, I felt that Lovecraft would be my
mentor and guide in literature for the rest of my life. At that time there was no translation of Lovecrafts
complete works available in Japanese, so Asamatsu, along with several likeminded friends,
started translating the missing works themselves while in high school. They also started a
Lovecraft-themed fanzine in which they published original horror fiction, criticism, and essays
on the occult. Later Asamatsu got a job working for publishing company Kokusho Kankokai and helped to oversee an official
translation and release of Lovecrafts complete works in Japanese. It was also at this time, 1986, that Asamatsu released his debut
work; Makyo no Genei (trans. Echoes of Ancient Cults or Phantom of the Devil Cult). This original Mythos-based horror novel tells
the story of an aristocratic family who comes to ruin due to a pact made by an ancestor five-centuries earlier with an evil god named
Kushiruu (who turns out is Cthulhu under a Japanese alias). The work itself was very Lovecraftian in nature, explains Asamatsu,
such as in the way the viscounts youth is gradually taken over by something inhuman, and the cult itself. In 1998, Asamatsu set
out to publish an anthology of Mythos fiction by Japanese authors. The stories were to all be set in the fictional town of Yotoura;
Asamatsus idea for a Japanese equivalent of Lovecrafts own Arkham. The anthology, titled Hishin (trans. The Hidden Gods), was
published in 1999 and, unfortunately, was a bomb. Asamatsu blames the anthologys failure on the publisher and also the cultural
climate in Japan at the time. In March of 1995, a Japanese based doomsday cult called Aum Shinrikyo had attacked the Tokyo Metro
subway line, releasing sarin gas into the air. The attack killed thirteen people, injured fifty and resulted in permanent neurological
damage in thousands more. Though it may seem small in comparison this attack was essentially Japans version of 9/11 and resulted
in a dislike for horror media amongst the Japanese public for years afterwards. In particular, stories about evil cults trying to end the
world seemed to be in particularly poor taste. Not all was lost howevehttp://www.fright.com/edge/LairsHiddenGods2.jpgr.
Asamatsu continued writing and eventually decided to put together a second Cthulhu Mythos anthology. This became the two-
volume Lairs of the Hidden Gods which collected short Mythos fiction from many of Japans top horror writers as well as several
essays on Mythos by Japanese writers. Lairs of the Hidden Gods was published by Tokyo Sogensha and proved to be a huge hit with
the Japanese public. The success attracted the attention of Kurodahan Press, a publishing house which translates Japanese works
into English. Kurodahan Press contacted Asamatsu and got permission to translate and reissue the collection. For the American
edition, Kurodahan kept the title Lairs of the Hidden Gods but split the anthology into four smaller volumes: Vol. 1 Night Voice,
Night Journeys (2005), Vol. 2 The Inverted Kingdom (2005), Vol. 3 Straight to Darkness (2006), and Vol. 4 The Dreaming God
(2007).Also Asamatsu wrote new introductions for each volume while renowned Lovecraft scholar Robert M. Price contributed
essays and notes for each volume as well. The stories collected in Lairs of the Hidden Gods span a wide
variety from straight Lovecraftian horror to unique fusions of genres including noir, historical
fiction, fantasy, sci-fi, romance, and eroticism. A personal favorite of mine is Tanaka Hirofumis The Secret
Memoir of the Missionary (Prologue) translated by Daniel K. Day. Set in the 17th-Century and based around the very real tension
that arose in Japan at that time in reaction to Christian missionaries coming to the country to try and convert the populace. Here
Hirofumi reimagines the historical figure of St. Francisco Xavier, the Apostle to the Far East, as a covert Cthulhu cultist bringing
his poisonous new faith to Japan. Fortunately a samurai named Yoshitaka recognizes Xaviers religion for what it is and steps forth
to oppose him. So yes, you eventually get samurai verses Cthulhu spawn. Awesome! Lairs of the Hidden Gods is a great four volume
anthology and worth the time of any fan of Lovecraft and the Cthulhu Mythos, especially those who may think theyve read it all. Of
course, as in America, Lovecrafts eldritch influence quickly spread in Japan beyond the world of
horror literature and tabletop gaming infecting the medium of anime, tokustasu and film. As we
continue with this series of articles throughout the rest of December and into January we will
look at some of those other mediums and how the Mythos have affected them as well.
2nc - c02 ag
Solves Co2 ag
Heng 14, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, (Yee-Kuang Beyond kawaii pop culture:
Japans normative soft power as global trouble-shooter The Pacific Review, Volume 27, Issue 2, 2014, Taylor and Francis)
Under an intriguing caption Can Japanese weeds save the world? , METI (2009: 457) cited how countries
such as Algeria have imported the weed lippia nodiflora to control soil erosion from Japans
Green Produce Inc. Sakata Seed Corporation also produces plants that purify the environment by
absorbing four times more CO2 than other plants. It has distributed nine million seeds
worldwide. Japanese business entities, not just the state, have central roles in combating climate
change. Very often the problem is that the conception of soft power is overly related to government efforts (Lee 2011: 17), Japan
luckily appears to have a surfeit of non-governmental actors that generate normative soft power.

2nc - deep sea research
JAMSTEC has deep sea research technology
Phys.org 14- (Delving into the spread of marine life, May 29, 2014,
http://phys.org/news/2014-05-delving-marine-life.html//nemo)
In order to understand the spread of marine life, Dr. Nakamura studies benthos, which are animals that are sessile or hardly move in the adult stage.
They include deep-sea limpets, reef-building corals, and coral predator crown-of-thorns starfish.
In autumn 2011, she boarded a deep-sea research vessel of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
(JAMSTEC) to collect samples of deep-sea benthos from hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough.
Hydrothermal vents, where heated, mineral-laden seawater spews from cracks in the ocean
crust, are home to various diverse organisms. From the collected samples, Nakamura took some deep-sea limpets back to her
laboratory to study their population formation and colonization patterns. She did this by examining two characteristics: shell length and distribution
pattern. Each sample was carefully measured to examine the time the sample has lived in a colony. The longer the shell length, the longer the
inhabitance.
2nc - demonstration
Japan could do a demonstration project of technology
AIZAWA 07, President, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Masuo, Toward the Reinforcement of
Science and Technology Diplomacy, The Council for Science and Technology Policy, April 24,
2007,
http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/doc/s_and_t_diplomacy/20070424tow_the_reinforceme
nt_of.pdf
Japan will actively provide the fruits of its superior environmental technology to the developing
countries according to their need. For example, satellite imagery from advanced earth observation satellites could be provided to
China, India, and other countries in Asia, as well as to countries in Africa. Data from the Earth Simulator could be
provided to forecast changes in climate and water conditions in regions around the world 100
years into the future. Support could also be provided for local demonstrations of Japan's world-
class technology in such fields as the environment, energy, and water. This would be done with the
participation of industry at the most suitable locations. In ways such as these, Japan can actively deliver its
technology to the world. (3) Foster World Environmental Leaders The government of Japan will take the
initiative to make it possible for young people from Asia and other parts of the world to study
Japan's environmental technology and policy. This will enable the young people to help realize
environmentally harmonious economies and sustainable societies in their own countries and to take action
in the world. To this end, the government will take initiative in having the ministries and agencies concerned to cooperate with
academia and industry inside and outside Japan to establish and implement programs to develop those environmental leaders. Such
programs will include the acquisition of academic degrees as well as actual experience in
laboratories and other research settings. Implementation should also take into account how these activities are to
interface with existing student exchange programs and technical cooperation programs. (4) Strengthen Cooperation in Advanced
Science and Technology Fields Research activities conducted at universities and public research
institutions in Japan should be opened up to participants from overseas. Then science and technology
cooperation can be actively promoted through partnership with the world's top intellectual leaders and other varied forms of
diversity. Particular efforts should be made to actively open up advanced research facilities to
overseas participation and joint utilization in order to facilitate the acceptance and dispatch of
researchers and promote joint research.

2nc - desalinization
Japan can create desalinization plants
Suga et al 14 - Masumi Suga and Yuriy Humber are both staff writers for Bloomberg, (Israels
IDE in Japan Talks to Build Floating Desalination Plant April 8
th
, 2014,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-09/israel-s-ide-in-japan-talks-to-build-floating-
desalination-plant.html//nemo)
Israels IDE Technologies Ltd. is in talks with Japans shipbuilders and government to design
and build off-shore desalination plants, seeking to tap rising demand for alternate sources of
short-term freshwater supply. The maker of land-based desalination equipment wants to start delivering floating
platforms to clients within three years, Udi Tirosh, a business development director at the Kadima-based company, said in an
interview. IDEs ship-based designs could supply water for a city of 850,000 people and Japans shipbuilders are
among potential partners, he said. The market for floating desalination plants may develop
within a decade to as much as 400 billion yen ($3.9 billion) in annual sales as freshwater shortages and tighter environmental
rules for land-based plants boost demand, according to a March 28 report by Deloitte Tohmatsu Consulting Co. IDE is in talks with
companies from different countries, though the ones involving Japan are most progressed, Tirosh said. Were in early stages
on the commercial side, Tirosh said in phone interview on April 7, declining to specify which
Japanese companies are in talks with IDE. Were advanced in the technical side. Japans
major shipbuilders include IHI Corp. (7013), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (7011) Ltd. and Kawasaki Heavy Industries
(7012) Ltd. The Deloitte report was ordered by Japans Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, which supports the
talks between IDE and domestic shipbuilders. Quite Big We intend to coordinate a business match between
IDE and any Japanese company interested in the desalination ship project, Naoto Nakagawa, a deputy
director at the ministrys maritime bureau, said by e-mail. From the research weve seen the market for desalination ships is quite
big. As China and South Korea push ahead of Japan in the mass shipbuilding markets, Asias second-largest economy is looking at
new niches. Japanese shipmakers last year unveiled plans to build a new kind of floating structure labeled a megafloat, which may
be used as an off-shore base for oil exploration. Some examples of floating desalination plants exist today, such as in Saudi Arabia,
though the technology up to now has been too expensive to implement widely, Tirosh said. The global desalination
market is forecast to more than double from last years $6 billion, or 6 million cubic meters per
day, to $15 billion by 2018, as the world population grows and water gets more scares, Deloitte said
in the report. Water Tables While floating desalination plants will not replace all conventional, land-based ones, they can become an
alternative that does not sadle a country with the burden of maintenance once local water tables improve, Tirosh said. The use of
floating technology is spreading. Turkeys Karadeniz Holding AS runs a fleet of seven Powerships that carry thermal
power plants, while Russias Rosatom Corp. is building a prototype ship housing a nuclear generator. IDE plans to create a fleet of
ships that could service clients all over the world, with current designs for vessels drafted to produce about 50,000 cubic meters a
day to 120,000 cubic meters a day, Tirosh said. The idea is to develop with our partners a multi-year, multi-
vessel plan that would eventually supply significant capacity in various places in the world,
Tirosh said.
Japan has desalinization technology
Ogino 13 - TAKUYA OGINO, Nikkei staff writer, (Japan technology helps slake world's thirst
for fresh water, December 30, 2013, http://asia.nikkei.com/print/article/10241//nemo)
TOKYO--More countries are turning to desalination to deal with fresh water scarcity, and Japanese
companies are providing key technologies for some of the big desalination projects taking place
around the world. Creating enough fresh water for people to drink and for farming is not only critical to the future of humanity; it will also be
profitable for the companies that can do it cheaply and efficiently. Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
estimates the global market for desalination will reach 4.4 trillion yen ($41.7 billion) by 2025, more than three
and half times the 1.2 trillion yen it was worth in 2007. Water, water everywhere One of the largest desalination plants in the Middle East began
operating earlier this year in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, one of the largest cities on the country's Red Sea coast. The plant can create 260,000 cu. meters of
fresh water a day, enough to provide drinking water for about 1 million people. Many parts of the world are suffering serious shortages of potable water.
One solution is to desalinate seawater, which makes up 97% of the earth's total water supply. But to be effective, turning saltwater fresh must be
efficient and economical. One method of purifying saltwater is reverse osmosis, which uses a semipermeable membrane to trap the salt on one side and
allow the fresh water to pass through to the other. The process begins by pumping seawater through a filter to remove inorganic and organic foreign
matter. The water is then forced through a membrane with countless tiny holes measuring less than 1 nanometer (one-billionth of a meter) in diameter.
This traps the salt particles, while letting the water itself pass through. The Jiddah desalination plant employs reverse
osmosis and uses membranes made by Toyobo, a Japanese textile maker. These are made by wrapping hollow
fibers around a tube. Each of these fibers is 5 microns (millionths of a meter) thick. Water that has passed through the skin is then collected for use.
Freshen up Reverse osmosis has been around for some time, but recent improvements in the membranes and other aspects of the technology have
created new interest in the method. Today's membranes remove more salt and allow more fresh water to pass through, reducing the energy needed for
desalination. The cost of the membranes themselves has also been declining. One drawback of these
membranes is that they can become clogged with dirt and microorganisms. Toyobo gets around
this problem with a membrane made of cellulose triacetate, which makes it possible to use
chlorine to purify the water. Another Japanese company, Nitto Denko, commands a high share
of the global market for reverse-osmosis membranes. The company has succeeded in expanding
the surface area of its membranes by giving them a folded surface. The membranes can filter out
about 99.8% of the salt from seawater, the company says. Toray Industries, another textile maker, offers a range of
reverse-osmosis and other types of membranes. This allows the company to offer products suited to local conditions, such as membranes that filter out
coarse foreign objects prior to reverse osmosis. Leave it behind Another way of taking the salt out of seawater is evaporation. In essence, the water is
boiled, leaving the salt behind when the water vapor cools. This method is popular in the Middle East, where energy is plentiful. Only a handful of
companies worldwide have the skills to operate facilities large enough to make evaporation economically feasible. One is Hitachi Zosen,
which uses the "multistage flash" method of desalination. This involves passing seawater
through multiple chambers to collect the vapor through tubes placed at the top. The water is heated to 110
C before it is fed into the first chamber. As the water passes through each chamber, the temperature drops. By lowering the air pressure from one
chamber to the next, the water's boiling point gradually falls, keeping the water suspended in desalinated vapor form. By the time it reaches the last
chamber, the water temperature has fallen to around 40 C. This water is recycled to make the most of the remaining heat and boost the thermal
efficiency of the system. This is key to lowering the cost of the evaporation method, which is more expensive than reverse osmosis.
Japan solves desalinationsaves energy and creates new drinking water sources
Takahashi 3
(Masayuki Mac Takahashi, Department of Systems Sciences @ The University of Tokyo,
translated by Kazuhiro Kitazawa, Japan Marine Science & Technology Center, and Paul
Snowden, Waseda University, 2003, DOW: Deep Ocean Water as our Next Natural Resource,
Chapter 3, OTEC Is Not a Dream, p. 43,
http://faculty.petra.ac.id/dwikris/docs/cvitae/docroot/html/www.terrapub.co.jp/e-
library/dow/pdf/dow.pdf, Accessed 6/29/14, JC)
Water obtained in this way is very pure almost as pure as distilled water. It is true, there is a possibility that it might be be slightly
contaminated by sea-water when warm sea-water is sprayed through tiny nozzles at the vaporization stage in an open cycle system.
Therefore, contaminants would have to be filtered out through sand before it could be supplied as
drinking water, but that is tantamount to no processing at all, in comparison with the sewage
treatment, chemicals and other processes that are required to purify dirty river waters in
countries like Japan. There are many places, such as the Middle East or isolated islands in the world, where fresh water is not
available in sufficient quantities. As long as such locations face the sea, it should be possible to obtain fresh water easily with DOW
and open-cycle OTEC. Japan used to be famous for its abundant supplies of clean, fresh water. It was said that vessels
crossing the Pacific looked forward to replenishing their supplies of water in Japan. But now, on
account of the severe pollution, Japan can no longer be said to have any clean water, apart from
a few springs in remote, unspoilt forests. Water pollution has reached incredible levels throughout the country, in
rivers, lakes, and the very ground water. The water now not only tastes bad but is also getting more and more harmful to our health.
Efforts to clean polluted waters require tremendous energy, equipment and resources: it is like
trying to collect together grains of sugar that have been scattered on the ground. The ground water is especially polluted when water
passes through polluted soil. Once that has happened, it can never be cleaned. The only thing would be the impossible task of
pumping it all out and somehow preventing the surrounding ground water and soil from coming into any contact with it. The effects
of ground water pollution sometimes appear relatively soon after the soil is polluted, but generally they do not appear for decades or
even centuries. Porous soil will let pollutants pass through relatively rapidly and affect the ground water in a short time, while it
takes much longer in the case of clay. It is fortunate that Japan is surrounded by deep seas with warm
surface waters. It must be possible to produce safe, clean water by using DOW technology in a
variety of ways to exploit them and their temperature difference.

2nc - environmental regulations
Squo environmental regulations solve for ocean environment
Nakata 91 [Hideaki NAKATA, Associate Professor, Ocean Research Institute, University of
Tokyo, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF
JAPANESE COASTAL WATERS: AN ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE, July 1991,
http://www.glocom.ac.jp/column/1991/07/environmental_problems_and_env.html#3] // t-
haas
In addition, following the enactment of the Basic Environment Law in November 1993, a national
Environmental Impact Assessment Law was also enacted after several years of effort. The objective of the
Environmental Impact Assessment Law is to ensure the adequate consideration of environmental
preservation in the implementation of projects. This law will enter into force in June 1999. Basic technical
guidelines are now being prepared for the assessment process. An important task related to this movement is to establish the
appropriate methods for the rational assessment of all possible risks to the marine coastal
environment. A practical method for assessing the human impact on coastal ecological systems
related to the fisheries production has recently been proposed (Nakata and Hirano, 1989). In addition,
ecosystem modeling has not yet been incorporated as a practical tool for this assessment, although there are high
expectations that it will become a significant aid to the prediction of habitat changes and proper
management of living resources (Nakata, 1991). Again, it is necessary to include long- term monitoring
of ecological responses to the environment change as an essential part of any environmental
impact assessment program. 4. TOWARD THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT
The Basic Environment Plan, established by the Japanese Government in December 1994,
outlines the overall and long-term policies through the middle of the 21st century of the
government in environmental conservation. This plan sets the following four long-term objectives: to
establish a socioeconomic system fostering environmentally sound cycling of substances, to
ensure harmonious coexistence between nature and human beings, to build a society where all
parties participate in environmental conservation activities, and to promote international
environmental efforts. Needless to say, these objectives apply to conservation and restoration of
marine environment, as well as other areas of environmental concern. Current socioeconomic
systems dominated by mass production, mass consumption and mas disposal must be first reexamined. Increasing
disposal needs a new disposal cites in the sea and would promote reclamation of the coastal nurseries and habitats. The gravitation
of population toward cities would have accelerated the speed of disposal increase. It is necessary to develop a method for evaluating
proper economic values of environmental damages and costs in comparison with the socioeconomic benefit of the projects such as
the reclamation.
2nc - food security
Squo Japanese policies solve food security
UN 6/23 [Undercurrent News, Japan to expand seafood exports ten-fold, market under Japan
Brand, June 23, 2014, http://www.undercurrentnews.com/2014/06/23/japan-to-expand-
seafood-production-10-fold-market-under-japan-brand/ ] //t-haas
Japan aims to expand its exports of farm and marine products by 10-fold to 5 trillion yen a year by
2030, reported Nikkei Asian Review. The strategy to be unveiled later this month will seek concerted
efforts around the country to promote those exports collectively as Japan Brand, according to a draft
government strategy. The government earlier set a goal of doubling those exports from the present
level to 1 trillion yen by 2020. In a related move, the three northeastern Japanese prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi and
Fukushima, which were devastated by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, plan to cooperate with each other in promoting
exports of farm and marine products amid slow progress of local economic recovery from the disaster, sources close to the matter
said Saturday. The governments growth strategy, known as the third arrow of Prime Minister Shinzo
Abes pro-growth policy mix following massive monetary easing and fiscal spending, will aim to improve the brand
image of Japanese food on a tailwind of last years registration of traditional Japanese cuisine on
UNESCOs Intangible Cultural Heritage list, according to the draft. By coordinating each prefectures
export promotion efforts, the government will try to avoid competition among prefectures in
overseas markets and expand the sales network of Japanese foods abroad, the draft says.
2nc - lng
Japan has the capacity to spur oceanic LNG development
Nikkei 14- With journalists in more places across Asia than any other business publication, and
with an extensive network of contributors including academics, government leaders and
captains of industry, Nikkei Asian Review gives you a fuller picture of business in Asia, from
every angle, (Japan to finance offshore LNG projects to support domestic firms, March 27,
2014, http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Japan-to-finance-offshore-
LNG-projects-to-support-domestic-firms//nemo)
TOKYO -- The Japanese government plans to provide financing to liquefied natural gas
development projects off the coasts of Asian nations and Australia to help Japanese engineering
companies and shipbuilders win more orders. A panel studying natural resources and energy under the Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry is expected to unveil the financing initiative in a meeting Friday. The government intends to guarantee up
to 75% of the amounts of loans taken out by Japanese businesses and invest in energy
development joint ventures through a program under the government-backed Japan Oil, Gas
and Metals National Corp., or Jogmec. Several offshore LNG projects are underway in Australia and Southeast Asia, with an eye toward
beginning production around 2016. Inpex is participating in the Prelude project off the Australian coast, for example. Offshore LNG
projects drill the ocean floor for natural gas, which is liquefied on huge floating facilities. They
eliminate the need to lay the pipelines, costing hundreds of millions of yen per kilometer, that traditional offshore natural gas projects need to transport
gas to land for liquefaction. But constructing just one of the floating facilities can run to a massive 300 billion yen to 500 billion yen ($2.9 billion to
$4.84 billion). The financial risks make the field difficult to enter, according to an official at a major engineering company. By some estimates, total
investment in offshore natural resource development will grow from 6 trillion yen at present to 11 trillion yen in 2020. Orders for offshore LNG
facilities are projected to increase. Japanese corporations possess strong technologies that would be useful
for offshore LNG projects. A Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding subsidiary has technologies for stabilizing floating plants. And
engineering companies from around the world are interested in IHI's work on developing tanks that inhibit the gasification of LNG due to wave
movements. The government hopes to help Japanese businesses compete on a better footing with
South Korean shipbuilders and other rivals. Another objective of the government is to
accumulate technologies for the future development of methane hydrate and other resources in
Japanese waters. The oceans near Japan have estimated methane hydrate deposits equivalent to
a century's worth of the nation's gas consumption, but prohibitive development costs have
prevented this resource from being tapped.
2nc - methane hydrates
Japan has tech to find methane hydrates
IODP 12 integrated ocean drilling program under JAMSTEC (Integrated Ocean Drilling
Program Expedition 337 Deep Coalbed Biosphere off Shimokita: Microbial Processes and
Hydrocarbon System Associated with Deeply Buried Coalbed in the Ocean, July 12, 2012,
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20120712///nemo)
The deep-sea drilling vessel Chikyu, operated by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), will embark on her
next mission, IODP (*1) Expedition 337: Deep Coalbed Biosphere off Shimokita- Microbial Processes and Hydrocarbon System Associated with Deeply Buried Coalbed in the Ocean (see Appendix) - from 26 July
to 27 September 2012, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The expedition is supported in part by "Strategic Fund for Strengthening Leading-Edge Research and Development" by the Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science to JAMSTEC. *1. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). IODP is an international marine research-drilling program dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of the Earth by
monitoring and sampling subseafloor environments. Through multiple platforms, scientists explore IODP's principal themes: the deep biosphere, environmental change, and solid Earth cycles. IODP has been in
operation since October 2003, funded jointly by the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and by the U.S. National Science Foundation. The 18-member European Consortium of
Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD), the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand (ANZIC), provide additional support. 3. Operation summary The D/V Chikyu's riser
drilling system will be used to reconnect to and extend the bore hole drilled to 650 m below the sea floor 80 km offshore of Hachinohe (Fig. 1) during the 2006 shakedown cruise. This expedition will extend the
borehole to 2,200 meters below the sea floor to collect core samples and fluids (groundwater, etc. in strata) along with LWD (logging-while-drilling) to collect physical properties data on the strata. This
investigation was originally planned for March 2011 but was delayed due to the impact of the Tohoku Earthquake. 4. Purpose of the expedition Understanding
the system of carbon cycling, including methane hydrates and natural gas, below the continental
coastal sea floor is not only directly linked to issues of Japan's energy resources but is also an
important scientific area for understanding past global environmental warming events,
ecosystem changes, and for building a future sustainable low-carbon society. Previous studies of this
sea floor area found natural gas (methane) from coal beds more than 2,000 m beneath the sea floor in the marine sediments offshore of Shimokita-Hachinohe. In addition, it has
been shown that methane hydrates have accumulated in relatively shallow strata down to about 365 m below the sea floor. It is believed that underground
microorganisms have been involved in producing this natural gas and methane hydrates. The core samples
collected during this expedition and analysis of physical data from the strata will clarify deep underground
biological activity with the objective of understanding the carbon cycling system beneath the sea
floor. In addition, it is anticipated that these research results will provide the basis for research
on carbon dioxide sequestration in deep sediments beneath the sea floor and the possibility of
sustainable carbon cycling based on the activity of underground microorganisms.
2nc - minerals
Japan has capabilities for deep sea minerals
Kyodo 14 Kyodo News International, (Japan signs agreement on rare metal exploration in
Pacific Ocean, January 26, 2014, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/kyodo-news-
international/140127/Japan-signs-agreement-rare-metal-exploration-pacific-o//nemo)
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp. on Monday signed an agreement with the International Seabed Authority on rare metal
exploration in high seas areas about 600 kilometers off Japan's easternmost territory, Minamitori Island. The contract regarding the
so-called cobalt-rich crusts on the deep-sea floor will allow the semi-governmental agency to
exclusively study areas of about 3,000 square kilometers, while giving advantage to Japan in
securing the mining rights, according to JOGMEC officials. "Japan aspires to become a country that has resources, from one that has none...This signing
ceremony was a symbolic event (toward that end)," Midori Matsushima, senior vice minister of economy, trade and industry, said after attending the event. JOGMEC President
Hirobumi Kawano said the latest move will contribute to the stable supply of natural resources for Japan, but
acknowledged that developing mining technologies and reducing costs are part of the key issues that need to be tackled. Rare metals are used in high-tech devices. Japan
currently imports such mineral resources. The contract is effective for 15 years. JOGMEC plans to start in April a survey on the size of deposits, the officials said.
JOGMEC will also offer technical training to researchers from developing countries, including
training aboard research vessels.
Japan has access to deep sea minerals
Tsujino 7 -- TERUHISA TSUJINO Monodzukuri Technology, Infrastructure and Frontier
Research Unit , (Exploration Technologies for the Utilization of Ocean Floor Resources
Contribution to the Investigation for the Delineation of Continental Shelf, July 2007,
http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/stfc/stt024e/qr24pdf/STTqr2405.pdf//nemo)
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) are
implementing the seabed drilling to collect seabed rocks that may enable the prolongation of
continental shelf using a boring machine system (BMS) installed on Daini-Hakurei Maru, a specialized vessel
for resource exploration for deep sea mineral resources. Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation makes
survey voyages about six times a year, and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology makes survey voyages about
once a year. The number of operating days of Daini-Hakurei Maru reaches as many as 290 days per year. Figure 10 shows the outline of equipment
installed on Daini-Hakurei Maru.
2nc - nanotech
JAMSTEC has oceanic nanotechnology
JAMSTEC 13- Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology, (Nanotechnology
Inspired by Extreme Environments in the Deep Sea -Making Nanoemulsions in Just 10 Seconds
May 14, 2013, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20130514_2///nemo)
Shigeru Deguchi and his student from Institute of Biogeosciences, the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
(JAMSTEC, Asahiko Taira, President) used unique properties of water at high temperature and high
pressure to develop a novel bottom-up process for making nanoemulsions. The work was motivated by
their interest in hydrothermal emissions from deep seafloor hydrothermal vents (Figure 1), where water is in the supercritical state
(Tc = 374 C, Pc = 22.1 MPa) in some places. At such high-temperature and high pressure, water and oil freely blend (Figure 2).
They developed a flow-type instrument that could reproduce the high-temperature and high-pressure conditions of hydrothermal
vents in the laboratory (Figure 3), and successfully produced emulsions containing nano-sized oil droplets (less than 100 nm
diameter) in water in less than 10 seconds (Figure 4). Unlike conventional emulsification processes where droplet formation occurs
in a top-town manner by disrupting large oil droplets into smaller ones, droplet formation in the new process occurs in a bottom-up
manner where oil molecules self-assemble to form nano-sized droplets (Figure 5). The new process, which is called
MAGIQ(Monodisperse nAnodroplet Generation In Quenched hydrothermal solution), has several outstanding
characteristics compared to conventional processes such as short processing time and
versatility. It is anticipated that the process will be applied in manufacturing emulsion-based
products in various industries including cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals. These findings are the
fruits of a collaboration between JAMSTEC and Yokohama City University. The two organizations signed a graduate school
collaborative agreement in 2005 and are working to strengthen education and research.
2nc - nuclear shipping
Its predictable heres comparative evidence
Adams 14 Rod Adams is a staff writer for Atomic Insights, (SUNY Maritime Student
Advocates Commercial Nuclear Ship Propulsion, March 21, 2014,
http://atomicinsights.com/suny-maritime-student-advocates-commercial-nuclear-ship-
propulsion///nemo)
Stimulated by early atomic optimism, naval successes and Eisenhowers Atoms for Peace initiative, four nations built
ocean going ships with nuclear propulsion plants. The US built the NS Savannah, Germany built
the Otto Hahn, Japan built the Mutsu, and Russia built a series of nuclear powered icebreakers.
More comparative evidence
Adams 5 - Rodney M. Adams works for Adams Atomic Engines, (Nuclear Power for
Commercial Ships, 2005, http://www.atomicengines.com/Ship_paper.html//nemo)
There is currently little interest in the United States on the part of either the government or
major corporations to consider the possibility of uranium fueled ships. There are obvious hurdles that
must be overcome, but the benefits of nuclear propulsion make the effort worthwhile. The benefits are
enough to encourage Japan to continue to support nuclear ship research, though they have yet to develop
any commercial vessels.
Japan has done it before
HAAS their author 14 (Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, Strategies for the
Success of Nuclear Powered Commercial Shipping, Presented to the Connecticut Maritime
Association, March 2014, http://atomicinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/CMA-Nuclear-
Paper_Benjamin-Haas-3.pdf//nemo)
The first nuclear powered cargo vessel was launched in 1962 by the United States of America. This ship, the NS Savannah, was not meant to be economical, but a 8 technology
demonstrator for the new method nuclear marine propulsion and a way of developing the port-entry protocols for subsequent series of economical nuclear powered cargo ships
(Adams, 2011). The Savannah was a success in this respect; it did exactly what was intended and once its mission was complete, there was no longer an economic reason to
operate a first-of-a-kind technology demonstrator (Koehler, 2013). Germany and Japan each built a nuclear powered commercial ship of
their own and achieved similar results. The exception is Russia who has been operating a series of highly successful nuclear powered ice breakers in the arctic for the past few
decades and a nuclear powered LASH carrier which has been operating since 1988. The Russians use of nuclear power for their icebreakers reflects the demands imposed by
their arctic operating environment, but their ships are restricted to Russian territorial waters, so the Russian experience does not represent true commercial nuclear shipping.
Japan is a model
Haas their author no date(Benjamin, engineering student at SUNY Maritime, Nuclear
Power Shipping, How to Make it Happen http://atomicinsights.com/wp-
content/uploads/CMA_Nuclear-Shipping_Presentation.pdf//nemo)
TM TM Strategies for the Success of Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime Why Use Nuclear Power? Safe Economical (less than $5 mil per year in
fuel) U.S. Merchant Marine revival Zero emissions Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime Build Upon NS Savannah Regulatory basis Accepted by major ports U.S. Flag Port
Visits NS Savannah New York Rotterdam Bremerhaven Southampton Le Havre Antwerp Barcelona Dublin Savannah Norfolk Panama Canal San Francisco Portland
Houston New Orleans Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime Philadelphia Baltimore Long Beach Seattle Galveston Honolulu U.S. Flag Currently too Expensive Dual
nationality for crew Shipyards must maximize efficiency through: Large order book ONE type of ship Federal assistance
Japan as model similar labor costs, still competitive Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime Container Ships Focus of U.S. program With nuclear power,
Significant fuel savings: $5 mil to >$30 mil per year 13% of Seaborne Trade Overcome higher initial investment Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime What kind of Reactors?
Gas-cooled reactors Proven technology Simple to operate No melt down High efficiency Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime What Size Reactor? Maritime nuclear market
initially small Wide market potential Wartsila; 4 20 Megawatts popular 10 30 Megawatts for ships Installation of multiple reactors Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime
Economic Study 10,000 TEU container ship North Atlantic 25 knot design speed 2 reactors - $48 mil. each Foreign slow steaming LNG Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime
Freight Rate - $ / TEU 600 550 500 450 Break-Even Economics U.S. Nuclear Slow Steam LNG Lloyd's 2025+ 400 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 LNG Price - $/tonne
Nuclear vessel will generate additional $700,000/year Nuclear = consistently higher speed = higher vessel utilization = higher rate of return = higher profit = Higher Bottom
Line Benjamin S. Haas - SUNY Maritime 900 Normal Operating Economics LNG at 25 knots Break-even - $490/tonne Nuclear always cheaper Lloyd's 2025+ Freight Rate, $ /
TEU 800 700 600 500
And more comparative evidence
RFA no date - Read Facts About, (Nuclear marine propulsion, no date, http://www.fakten-
uber.de/nuclear_marine_propulsion//nemo)
Nuclear-powered, civil merchant ships have not developed beyond a few experimental ships.
The US-built on 126 voyages over 10 years without any technical problems. However, it proved
too expensive to operate and was converted to diesel. The Japanese , it is the only nuclear-
powered merchant ship in service. Civilian nuclear ships suffer from the costs specialized infrastructure. The Savannah was
expensive since it required many initial costs for the first ship of its class and a nuclear civilian ship, as well as costs for a nuclear shore staff, and
servicing facility. As there was only one ship, this was an expensive infrastructure for one. A larger nuclear fleet would be able to use the same
infrastructure reducing successive incremental costs: each ship would be cheaper than the last. Recently there has been renewed interest in nuclear
propulsion, and some proposals have been drafted. For example, the cargo coaster is a new design for a nuclear cargo ship.
2nc - ocean acidification
Japan has ocean acidification research capacity
UN 11 RIO+20, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, (Messages for
Rio+20, 2011, http://www.bioacid.de/upload/downloads/press/OA.AoE_RIO20_low-
res.pdf//nemo)
Five major programmes in Japan fund research relevant to ocean acidification. Japans Ministry of
Environment supports research programmes to elucidate the future impact of ocean acidification on
various marine organisms using sophisticated mesocosm facilities (e.g. AICAL, Acidification Impact on CALcifiers). The Ministry of
Education, Science, Sport and Culture (MEXT) and the Japan Agency for Marine Science and TEChnology (JAMSTEC) also
support ocean acidification research such as modelling efforts on the Earth Simulator
supercomputer to predict future ocean conditions
2nc - offshore wind
Current investment and desire for wind leadership means Japan solves best
Kurtenbach 13 [Elaine Kurtenbach, Japan starts up offshore wind farm near Fukushima,
November 12
th
, 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/world/japan-starts-up-offshore-wind-farm-
near-fukushima-20131112-2xct0.html] // t-haas
Japan switched on the first turbine at a wind farm 20 kilometres off the coast of Fukushima on Monday, feeding electricity to the
grid tethered to the tsunami-crippled nuclear plant onshore. The wind farm near the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear
power plant is to eventually have a generation capacity of 1 gigawatt from 143 turbines, though its
significance is not limited to the energy it will produce. Symbolically, the turbines will help restore the role of
energy supplier to a region decimated by a population exodus following the multiple meltdowns
triggered by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami. "Many people were victimised and hurt by the accident at the
Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant, so it is very meaningful to have a new source of energy renewable energy based here,"
said Kazuyoshi Akaba, a vice minister of economy, trade and industry, after the turbine was turned on. Advertisement "It is the
government's mission to ensure this project is a success," he said. The project also highlights
Japan's aspirations to sell its advanced energy technology around the globe. Trading houses such
as Marubeni Corporation, which is leading the consortium building the offshore wind farm, are
investing aggressively in renewable energy as well as conventional sources, helped by government policies aimed at
nurturing favoured industries.

Wind energy specifically good for Japan solves economy
Matsutani 13 [MINORU MATSUTANI, staff writer at Japan Times, Japan hopes to blow
ahead in renewables with floating wind farm, September 10
th
, 2013,
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/09/10/business/economy-business/japan-hopes-to-
blow-ahead-in-renewables-with-floating-wind-farm/#.U7hMJpRdX0k] // t-haas
The renewable energy sector plays a key part in Japans growth strategy. Among options such as solar and
geothermal, wind power may be the most suitable for Japan as it is surrounded by the ocean. Winds are
strong and stable at the ocean due to the absence of structures blocking the wind. The noise and
vibrations from wind turbines disturbing residents is another reason the ocean is preferable. The
challenge is that the ocean floor around Japan is steep, so it would only make sense if wind turbines float. But there are no floating
offshore wind farms in the world. Japans answer is to create the worlds first wind farm off the coast of
Fukushima Prefecture. Its the best solution for Japan, said Takeshi Ishihara, a professor in the Department of Civil
Engineering at the University of Tokyos Graduate School of Engineering. The university, along with several manufacturing
companies, formed a consortium to build the wind farm. Potential for wind power generation is huge in Japan,
he said. According to the Environment Ministry, the amount of offshore wind energy that can be
potentially generated in Japan is 1.6 billion kilowatts, 10 times that of solar power and 100 times that of thermal
power and small and mid-size hydraulic power. It is also eight times the current capacity of Japans power companies. Japan lags
very much behind European countries in wind power generation. Wind power accounts for less than 1 percent of power generation
in Japan, Ishihara said. Meanwhile, Britain, for example, aims to increase wind power and its goal is to have a third of its power
generated from wind. Japan should also have a similar goal, Ishihara said.
Squo project has funding and gives Japan lead in offshore wind
Rose 13 [Chris Rose, Floating offshore wind turbines could drive Japans green energy future,
November 13
th
, 2013, http://www.ewea.org/blog/2013/11/floating-offshore-wind-turbines-
drive-japans-green-energy-future/] // t-haas
Fukushima is making a stride toward the future step by step, Bloomberg quoted Sato saying at a
ceremony marking the projects initiation. Floating offshore wind is a symbol of such a future.
The experimental project is funded by the government and led by Marubeni Corp. It requires approval
from local fishermen before becoming a commercial operation. The 2-megawatt turbine from Hitachi Ltd. was nicknamed
Fukushima Mirai, the Bloomberg report said, adding a floating substation has also been set up and bears the
name Fukushima Kizuna. Mirai means future, while kizuna translates as ties. Two more turbines by
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., with 7 MW of capacity each, are expected to also be installed.
Bloomberg noted the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has said the floating offshore capacity may
be expanded to 1,000 MW. For Japan, which is surrounded by deep oceans, floating wind
turbines hold the promise of opening up large areas to produce clean energy, the Bloomberg story
added. The technology involves attaching turbines to structures that float in areas too deep for
traditional towers fixed to the seafloor. The Associated Press reported that Kazuyoshi Akaba, a vice minister of
economy, trade and industry, said it is the governments mission to ensure the project is successful. Many
people were victimised and hurt by the accident at the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant, so it is very meaningful to have a
new source of energy renewable energy based here, Akaba said. With continuing problems facing the heavily-damaged nuclear
power plant in Fukushima, theres little doubt that some of the people gathering in Frankfurt next week for EWEAs Offshore 2013
conference will be discussing Japans new offshore wind solution to the nations energy conundrum.

Japan has tech and investors current project proves
reNews 6/12 [reNews, electronic newspaper and real time news website tracking the
renewable energy market, Japan on pace with floater demo, June 12
th
, 2014,
http://renews.biz/68247/japan-on-pace-with-floater-demo/] // t-haas
Preparations to deploy a 7MW floating offshore wind turbine demo in Japan are continuing apace
with the semi-sub platform completed and construction of the machine underway. A consortium
led by Marubeni and featuring Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is targeting deployment off Fukushima
by year-end. The three-column semi-sub is now moored at MHIs shipyard in Nagasaki while the turbine is being worked on at
MHIs dock in Yokohama. Elsewhere, production of undersea cabling has kicked off and preparations are
being made to connect lines to a 66kV floating substation. Chains, anchors and subsea cabling are slated to be in
place at the Fukushima test site by end-August. The turbine will be mounted on the semi-sub base in early December. The 7MW oil
pressure drive-type turbine is being deployed under the second phase of the floater trial. The consortium previously deployed a
2MW downwind-type machine off Fukushima. The scheme is sponsored by Japans Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry and the other partners in the consortium are University of Tokyo, Japan Marine United,
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, Hitachi,
Furukawa Electric, Shimizu and Mizuho Information & Research.

Increased tariffs and projects indicates Japanese readiness to take the lead in
offshore wind
Watanabe 3/7 [Chisaki Watanabe, Japan May Set Higher Offshore Wind Subsidy, Reduce
Solar Tariff, March 7
th
, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-07/japan-may-set-
higher-offshore-wind-subsidy-reduce-solar-tariff.html] // t-haas
Japan plans to reduce incentives for solar power and introduce a higher tariff for offshore wind
than onshore turbines to encourage installations. The offshore wind tariff would be set at 36 yen (35 cents) a
kilowatt-hour for 20 years, according to a report by a panel advising the trade ministry. Onshore wind would get a separate rate, of
22 yen, unchanged from fiscal 2013. The solar tariff would decline 11 percent to 32 yen. Wind-turbine makers such as
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (7011) Ltd. and Vestas Wind Systems A/S (VWS) as well as
construction companies such as Kajima Corp. may benefit from the new tariff in a country that
lacks open land for onshore installations. Japan has just 40 megawatts of offshore capacity compared with 3,689
megawatts in the U.K. and 1,272 megawatts in Denmark, according to data compiled by Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The
suggested offshore wind tariff is surprisingly low, said Takehiro Kawahara, a BNEF analyst. The rate is lower than the estimated
levelized cost of electricity of 45 yen per kilowatt hour for offshore wind in Japan, hence unlikely to speed up project development.
The recommended tariffs require approval by Trade Minister Toshimitsu Motegi and would affect applications from April 1. Sales
tax, which will be raised from 5 percent to 8 percent from that date, will be added to all tariffs. Small Hydropower Since the country
introduced the feed-in tariff subsidy in July 2012, most new capacity has been solar. Its now possible to reduce incentives as the
efficiency of solar panels improve, according to the report released today by the five-member panel led by Kazuhiro Ueta, a professor
of environmental economics at Kyoto University. As for small hydropower, the panel proposed setting rates of 14 yen to 34 yen per
kilowatt-hour for 20 years depending on the size of the project and whether it will use existing waterways. The group also suggested
keeping tariffs for geothermal and biomass power unchanged. Japan, seeking to become a leader in floating
offshore wind technology, is conducting pilot projects in Fukushima and Nagasaki. The Fukushima
project, which began with a 2 megawatt turbine last year near the site of a nuclear disaster in 2011, plans to add two more with 7
megawatts of capacity each.
Japan is ready to invest in offshore wind that will spill over
Milford 13 -Lewis Milford is the President of the Clean Energy Group (CEG), (Offshore Wind
and Japan: Will the U.S. Win or Lose This Technology Race, 10/21/13,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lewis-milford/offshore-wind-and-
Japan_b_4136564.html//nemo)
The nuclear power crisis in Japan may open up new opportunities for offshore wind innovation,
based on recent developments following the Fukushima Daiichi meltdown in March 2011.
Japan's rapid response to find alternative energy solutions, including decisive government
action, suggests how the U.S. could gain a foothold in a new segment of offshore wind -- floating
turbines. Following the devastating earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent nuclear
disaster in the spring of 2011, Japan decided to curtail its nuclear power industry and committed
to diversifying its power supply through renewable energy technologies. Most recently, Japan
invested heavily in deep water offshore wind floating technology demonstration projects. The
country has seized the opportunity to move away from reliance on nuclear power and focus on
building a nascent, but economically powerful industry. Whereas Europe has had the upper
hand and decades of experience innovating and constructing "fixed" offshore wind turbines,
floating turbine technology is still a competitive field where no single technology-type or
manufacturer dominates or has a significant lead. And the market potential is huge -- deep
offshore designs can unlock potential markets off the U.S. Pacific coast , Japan, the
North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, and presents a global export opportunity. In fact, a 2011
U.S. Department of Energy report estimates that more than 2000 GW of offshore wind capacity
are in deep water. To accelerate the growth of renewable energy development, Japan introduced
a feed-in-tariff (FIT) in July of 2012, requiring utilities to purchase electricity from renewable
sources at fixed prices. The generous FIT (23.1 Yen/kWh) has incentivized both land-based and
offshore wind development and has also led to a growth in the domestic production of turbines.
Domestic production is expected to expand in anticipation of the government's announcement
that it will issue a separate FIT rate for offshore wind in the spring of 2014. And while there are
no official targets for offshore wind deployment, offshore wind is on the political agenda and the
budget set aside for the project is 18.8 billion Yen. It is estimated that 5-6 GW could be installed
by 2030.
Japan will get the private sector on board and get modeled internationally
The anticipated FIT and Japan's focus on domestic renewable energy deployment are driving
innovation in offshore wind technology, primarily in deep water technology, which is where 80
percent of its offshore wind resource lies. With the government's support, several Japanese
developers are constructing and deploying deep water offshore pilot projects. Several scale
models and full-scale spar turbines have already been deployed. And in an interesting political
twist of fate, a new public-private Fukushima Consortium -- Marubeni, Mitsui, Mitsubishi,
Japan Marine United, Statoil, University of Tokyo, and Hitachi, among others -- has plans to
deploy three different prototype floating turbines off the Fukushima coast, right off the site of
the nuclear failure. This project is largely government-funded to the tune of US$242 million.
The first of the floating turbines to be deployed is a 2MW Hitachi turbine on a semi-submersible
structure; two 7MW floating turbines shall follow. The goal is to ultimately reach full
commercialization by 2018 with 1GW of offshore wind capacity. But it is not only project
developers and component manufacturers who see the economic potential of offshore wind
development. Investors such as the Goldman Sachs Group Inc. recognize the
promise of offshore wind and have established Japan Renewable Energy, which
plans to invest as much as 50 billion Yen into clean energy projects in Japan over the next five
years. Norwegian energy company Statoil, which is eager to build floating offshore pilot projects
in international markets, has signed an agreement with Hitachi to use Statoil's Hywind
technology off the coast of Japan. On the surface, Japan's offshore wind installation capacity
and current project development look very similar to the offshore wind deployment in State of
Maine. Despite each having a strong manufacturing base and university R&D centers, both lag
far behind the offshore wind industry in Europe and have much to gain from Europe's decades
of experience not only building offshore wind farms, but also in developing innovative
technologies. Still, both are trying hard to catch the wind and recently set goals of achieving
5GW of offshore wind energy by 2030. It makes sense for these two political entities to focus on
deep-water offshore wind -- the resource is greatest at these depths and both have workforces
accustomed to employment at sea. But that's where the similarities end. Maine may have
laudable goals, but they lack teeth. Japan on the other hand, has established a very strong FIT,
and its offshore wind industry is expected to get even stronger in April 2014. The FIT legislation
requires utilities to purchase the power produced by offshore wind farms. Contrast this to the
situation in Maine, where local politics have led to the withdrawal of a major European power
player, Statoil, which was to bring its floating turbine technology to a 12MW project off the coast
of Boothbay Harbor. And while Japan and the U.S. talk about jobs, jobs, jobs, Japan
is investing in and developing technologies at a much more rapid pace . Once its
domestic power generation base is achieved, the Japanese government expects to export
the floating turbine technology to markets across the globe . Some have ventured that
the domestic production of turbine and turbine components can have an economic effect that
rivals Japan's auto industry. European countries see the same potential -- at the national level,
they also are investing in demonstration projects and research that will move the technology
from the research stage to full commercial deployment. The U.S. Department of Energy (U.S.
DOE) has also invested in offshore wind demonstration projects; in 2012, US$168 million was
dedicated to funding seven offshore wind demonstration projects over six years; three of these
are floating projects. Understandably, governments and politics vary across political borders.
But the take home message is clear: public support in the form of clear and long-term policies is
needed to draw developers, alleviate risk, and attract private investment. The development of
floating offshore wind in Japan could signal a familiar pattern: The U.S. loses out once again to
the next generation clean energy technology, while it dawdles away on policy confusion. And it
could be this technology -- floating turbines -- where there is a real opportunity to develop
industry authority against European manufacturers who dominate the pile and gravity
foundation market.
Case solves back the counterplan investment in the US solves
Other countries are taking offshore wind development far more seriously than the U.S. It's not
too late, but the U.S. needs to up its game to see offshore wind as a scalable, commercial sector.
The field is still wide open for the first mover in deep water technology. The U.S. has a scalable
manufacturing sector, an experienced oil and gas sector (from where floating technology
originates), significant federal R&D investment, and a large domestic market. U.S. DOE's
investment in R&D is significant and critical for domestic innovation, but investment is also
needed in launching commercial-scale projects. Japan is showing that a country can do both.
The U.S. should follow its lead and become a real competitor on the world stage for offshore
wind.
Japan can pursue offshore wind thats a key symbol for their leadership
Rose 13 - Chris Rose is a freelance journalist for EWEA, (Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Could Drive Japans Renewable Energy Future, November 18, 2013,
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2013/11/floating-offshore-wind-
turbines-could-drive-Japans-renewable-energy-future//nemo)
Less than three years after the disaster at a nuclear power plant in Fukushima, a hotly-anticipated floating offshore wind turbine began
operating 20 kilometres from the damaged site on Monday. A number of news organisations reported that Yuhei Sato, governor of Fukushima, said that the
floating turbine could become a symbol of the regions desire to become a green
energy centre . Fukushima is making a stride toward the future step by step, Bloomberg quoted Sato saying
at a ceremony marking the projects initiation. Floating offshore wind is a symbol of such a future . The experimental
project is funded by the government and led by Marubeni Corp. It requires approval from local fishermen before becoming a commercial operation. The 2-megawatt turbine
from Hitachi Ltd. was nicknamed Fukushima Mirai, the Bloomberg report said, adding a floating substation has also been set up and bears the name Fukushima Kizuna.
Mirai means future, while kizuna translates as ties. Two more turbines by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., with 7 MW of capacity each, are expected to also be installed.
Bloomberg noted the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has said the floating offshore capacity may be
expanded to 1,000 MW. For Japan, which is surrounded by deep oceans, floating wind turbines hold
the promise of opening up large areas to produce clean energy, the Bloomberg story added. The technology involves
attaching turbines to structures that float in areas too deep for traditional towers fixed to the seafloor. The Associated Press reported that Kazuyoshi Akaba, a vice minister of
economy, trade and industry, said it is the governments mission to ensure the project is successful. Many people were
victimised and hurt by the accident at the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant, so it is very meaningful to have a new source of
energy renewable energy based here, Akaba said. With continuing problems facing the heavily-damaged nuclear power plant in
Fukushima, theres little doubt that some of the people gathering in Frankfurt next week for EWEAs Offshore 2013 conference will be discussing
Japans new offshore wind solution to the nations energy conundrum.
Japan is investing in offshore wind now they want leadership
Watanabe 14 Chisaki Watanabe is a writer for Bloomberg, (Japan May Set Higher Offshore
Wind Subsidy, Reduce Solar Tariff, March 7, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-
03-07/Japan-may-set-higher-offshore-wind-subsidy-reduce-solar-tariff.html//nemo)
Japan plans to reduce incentives for solar power and introduce a higher tariff for offshore wind
than onshore turbines to encourage installations. The offshore wind tariff would be set at 36 yen (35 cents) a kilowatt-hour for 20 years,
according to a report by a panel advising the trade ministry. Onshore wind would get a separate rate, of 22 yen, unchanged from fiscal
2013. The solar tariff would decline 11 percent to 32 yen. Wind-turbine makers such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (7011) Ltd. and Vestas Wind Systems A/S (VWS) as well as
construction companies such as Kajima Corp. may benefit from the new tariff in a country that lacks open land for onshore installations. Japan has just 40 megawatts of offshore
capacity compared with 3,689 megawatts in the U.K. and 1,272 megawatts in Denmark, according to data compiled by Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The suggested offshore
wind tariff is surprisingly low, said Takehiro Kawahara, a BNEF analyst. The rate is lower than the estimated levelized cost of electricity of 45 yen per kilowatt hour for
offshore wind in Japan, hence unlikely to speed up project development. The recommended tariffs require approval by Trade Minister Toshimitsu Motegi and would affect
applications from April 1. Sales tax, which will be raised from 5 percent to 8 percent from that date, will be added to all tariffs. Small Hydropower Since the country introduced
the feed-in tariff subsidy in July 2012, most new capacity has been solar. Its now possible to reduce incentives as the efficiency of solar panels improve, according to the report
released today by the five-member panel led by Kazuhiro Ueta, a professor of environmental economics at Kyoto University. As for small hydropower, the panel proposed setting
rates of 14 yen to 34 yen per kilowatt-hour for 20 years depending on the size of the project and whether it will use existing waterways. The group also suggested keeping tariffs
for geothermal and biomass power unchanged. Japan, seeking to become a leader in floating offshore wind technology,
is conducting pilot projects in Fukushima and Nagasaki. The Fukushima project, which began with a 2 megawatt turbine last year near the site of a nuclear disaster in 2011,
plans to add two more with 7 megawatts of capacity each.
Japan is investing in offshore wind now
Watanabe 14 Chisaki Watanabe is a writer for Bloomberg, (Japan Cuts Subsidy for Solar
Power, Boosts Offshore Wind, March 25, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-
25/Japan-cuts-subsidy-for-solar-power-boosts-offshore-wind.html//nemo)
Japan approved a cut in tariffs for solar power as a building boom meant the technology made up 97 percent of new renewable capacity since it offered
incentives. The country gave final approval for the 11 percent cut to 32 yen (31 cents) a kilowatt-hour for the 20 years from the fiscal
year starting April and offered 36 yen for offshore wind, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said in a statement. We expect the solar
boom to continue for at least the next two years after the cut, Takehiro Kawahara, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance, said by e-mail. Some
projects approved under the prior rates havent yet started up, he said. The ministry plans a six-month deadline for developers to secure land and
equipment after gaining approvals in the wake of a probe that found hundreds without machinery or sites, said Keisuke Murakami, a ministry official in
charge of clean energy. The government plans to introduce those changes next month after a public consultation, Murakami told reporters today.
Among other tariffs, small hydropower plants will get 14 yen to 34 yen a kilowatt-hour under the plans, depending on size and whether they use current
waterways. Such rates may help cut Japans bias in renewables toward solar. The feed-in tariffs, first introduced in July 2012, are 22 yen for onshore
wind. Clean Energy Other types of clean energy have not increased, said Mika Ohbayashi, a director at the Japan
Renewable Energy Foundation. That means feed-in tariffs are not enough. Measures like better grid links are also needed,
she said. The new tariffs will be applied for projects approved in fiscal 2014 and passed onto consumers as surcharges. The new surcharge, applied from
May, will rise to 0.75 yen a kilowatt-hour from 0.35 yen now as renewable capacity expands. Tariffs for geothermal power will be
unchanged from fiscal 2013 at 26 yen a kilowatt-hour for 15 years at plants with at least capacity of 15,000 kilowatts. Smaller plants get 40 yen.
Biomass rates will be also be kept at 13 yen to 39 yen a kilowatt-hour for 20 years, depending on their fuel types. Feed-in rates were based on
recommendations by a panel this month. Sales tax, which will be increased in Japan by 3 percentage points to 8 percent on April 1, will be added to
each rate.
2nc - otec
Japan has OTEC and will make it commercially viable
Kennedy 12 - Charles is a writer for Oilprice.com, (Japan to Judge Viability of OTEC
Technology with Pilot Plant, July 25, 2012, http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-
News/Japan-to-Judge-Viability-of-OTEC-Technology-with-Pilot-Plant.html//nemo)
Three Japanese engineering companies IHI Plant Construction Corporation, Xenesys Incorporated, and Yokogawa Electric
Corporation, will work together to build a trial Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant in the waters of the Okinawa coast.
An OTEC system generates energy by taking advantage of the temperature difference between
warm water at the surface and cold water deep down. It is believed to be one of the most
efficient methods of using thermal energy from the sea. Select the reports you are interested in: Who Will be the Big
Winners in the Coming LNG Bonanza How to Play the Coming Boom in Advanced Fracking Technology Why the Subsea Processing Sector will See
Huge Gains in the Near Future Investment Opportunities in Geothermal Power Generation Machine to Machine Technology A $1 Trillion
Opportunity! Our Top Water Technology Picks for 2013 NO-SPAM: Under no circumstances will we EVER rent, sell or give away your email Xenesys
will design and manufacture the power generator and heat exchange units. Yokogawa will design and manufacture the monitoring and control systems
for the plant, including systems for the power generation unit and the electronics for any interconnecting power schemes in the future. IHI will then
construct the entire facility. The OTEC plant is expected to be completed by March 2013 and will prove a
useful study to determine whether or not a commercial scale version would be viable for the
future.
Japans seas can produce the equivalent of 8.6 billion tons of oil with OTEC
Takahashi 3
(Masayuki Mac Takahashi, Department of Systems Sciences @ The University of Tokyo,
translated by Kazuhiro Kitazawa, Japan Marine Science & Technology Center, and Paul
Snowden, Waseda University, 2003, DOW: Deep Ocean Water as our Next Natural Resource,
Chapter 3, OTEC Is Not a Dream, p. 43,
http://faculty.petra.ac.id/dwikris/docs/cvitae/docroot/html/www.terrapub.co.jp/e-
library/dow/pdf/dow.pdf, Accessed 6/29/14, JC)
A Japanese committee for OTEC estimated the amount of energy potentially usable for Japan. Figure 34 shows the situation
of ocean energy within the area where Japan could utilize it exclusively: the Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ), within 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) from the coast. The total amount was estimated at 30 billion
kilowatts. This figure corresponds to about 8.6 billion tons of oil per year, which is about 20
times as much as the total energy consumed in Japan in 1980. Supposing only one percent of
this energy was used, it would be possible to reduce oil consumption by about one billion tons. It
may be necessary to study the oceans and the climate surrounding Japan in greater detail for a more precise estimate, but what is
certain is that a great deal of energy could be extracted from the seas both to the east and to the west of
Japan. What is more, it could be used for ever.
Japan is a OTEC leader in Asiatrial projects with other nations
ABO 11
(Asia Biomass Office, 2011, Exporting Japanese Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technology
to Asia, http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1301_04.html, Accessed 6/30/14, JC)
Owing to the fact that Japan is surrounded by ocean on all sides it has been carrying out
research and development on ocean thermal energy conversion, which uses the temperature differences in the warm
ocean water at the oceans surface and the cold ocean water in the oceans depths. With the current technology, power can be
generated with a temperature difference of 20C, with the development of heat exchangers in particular being carried out in order to
enable power to be generated with a difference of 15C. The oceans surface maintains a year-round temperature of about 26 30C
in low latitude regions, while the temperature is 1 7C at ocean depths of 600 - 1,000 m. Since there is enough of a temperature
difference it is well suited for ocean thermal energy conversion. By region, the potential for introducing this is high in areas under
the jurisdiction of Tokyo Electric Power Company, Okinawa Electric Power Company, Incorporated, and Kyushu Electric Power Co.,
Inc., which includes Okinawa, Kyushu, the Izu Shichito Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands. The Institute of Ocean Energy at Saga
University has been operating a trial plant with a power output of 30 kW since 2003. Technical
assistance for the development of a power generating facility (1 MW or more) in southeastern India is
being provided to the National Institute of Ocean Technology of India by harnessing the research results
obtained here. What is more, in Indonesia a survey on power generation potential is being carried
out jointly with Saga University. Indonesia has a difference of about 20C between the ocean
surface and a depth of 500 - 600 m, with the understanding being that it has great conditions
for this.

Japan solves OTECcontinuing research now
The Japan Times 12
(3/26/12, The Japan Times, Tapping into oceanic energy,
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2012/03/26/commentary/world-commentary/tapping-
into-oceanic-energy/#.U7HCQPldW0c, Accessed 6/30/14, JC)
According to one estimate, the total potential energy to be generated with this method around Japan
could equal or surpass that obtained from wave power. There are two ways of implementing this ocean thermal energy
conversion: closed cycle and open cycle. In the closed cycle, ammonia is used as a medium. Since it has a boiling point of -33
Celsius, it boils when it is near the sea surface at around 20 Celsius. Ammonia steam generated near the sea surface turns the
turbines of a generator. A condenser then cools the steam, which is liquefied when cold deep seawater is supplied. This cycle is
repeated to continuously rotate the turbine. In the open cycle, warm surface seawater is led into a low-pressure container in which it
boils; the resulting steam turns a generator turbine. The steam is then cooled by cold deep seawater and becomes pure fresh water.
This method not only generates electricity but also desalinates seawater. Saga University is experimenting with
ocean thermal energy conversion. The Okinawa Prefectural Deep Seawater Research Center has
built a facility to start testing the same method in fiscal 2013. Another interesting attempt involves taking
advantage of differences in salt concentration between fresh water and seawater. A student of a physics 101 class knows that when
fresh water and seawater are separated by a osmotic membrane, fresh water flows toward the seawater through the membrane.
Scientists are studying how to make use of this principle. Kyowakiden Industry Co. in Nagasaki has collaborated with Tokyo
Institute of Technology, and Nagasaki University has succeeded in generating power by using treated water from a sewerage system
and condensed seawater. Another means of generating electricity known as reverse electrodialysis utilizes differences in salinity
but does not rely on kinetic energy. In this method, freshwater and seawater are separated alternately by a series of membranes. One
type of membrane lets through positive ions and the other lets through negative ions. Electricity is generated as sodium ions and
chlorine ions move in opposite directions while passing through the membranes. Research in this field by Mitsuru Higa, professor at
the Yamaguchi University Graduate School, has attracted international attention. The major bottleneck is the high cost of the special
membranes. Little attention has been paid to utilization of oceanic energy. But it is likely to receive
much attention from now on as a target of future-oriented investment to generate electricity. As
an island nation, Japan is in an good position to make this big dream come true, although there are
many difficulties to overcome.
Japanese demonstration solves commercialization
OTEC News 12
(7/27/12, OTEC News, OTEC pilot plant to be built in Okinawa Prefecture,
http://www.otecnews.org/2012/07/otec-pilot-plant-to-be-built-in-okinawa-prefecture/,
Accessed 6/30/14, JC)
This month, Japanese engineering companies IHI Plant Construction Corporation, Xenesys
Incorporated and Yokogawa Electric Corporation announced their collaboration in building a
50kW OTEC demonstration plant in the waters of Kumejima Island, located in the very south of Japan and part of the
Okinawa Islands. The OTEC plant will be integrated in the Okinawa Prefecture Deep Seawater Research Center, which is the largest
of four deep seawater pumping systems in Japan. The companies aim to have the OTEC plant up and running
in March 2013. Regarding the roles in this project: Xenesys will design and manufacture the power generation unit and the heat
exchangers; Yokogawa will design, manufacture and do the engineering of the monitoring and control system for the generation unit
and the electronics for the interconnected power schemes; and IHI will develop and construct the entire facility. Okinawa
Research Center is active in deep seawater utilization for over 10 years. The center established several
deep seawater projects, including local area cooling services, water desalination, aquaculture and agriculture. Next year the OTEC
demonstration plant will be added and connected to the deep seawater infrastructure. The OTEC plant will be used for
practical testing and optimization of the output. It is an important step in the
commercialization following the 30kW demonstration unit at Saga University in Saga, Japan. The current
capacity of the Okinawa Research Center is about 13,000 tons of seawater per day, pumped up from a depth of 612 meter where the
water is between 6 and 8C. The temperature of the surface seawater is around 26C annual average,
providing stable production possibilities. Regarding future scale-ups, Xenesys estimated that it
is possible to increase the intake of deep seawater to 100,000 tons per day and install 1.25MW
OTEC power capacity. This would supply 10,600 MWh of electricity per year, which accounts for 10% of Kumejimas total
annual consumption.The island of Kumejima, which entered into a Sister City Relationship with the county of Hawaii last year, aims
to become a self-sustaining community and model for other small islands in the Okinawa Prefecture.
OTEC is Japans only energy optionensures development
Takahashi 11
(Patrick, Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, 5/24/11, Huffington Post, The
Blue Revolution Is the Optimal Solution for Japan, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/patrick-
takahashi/the-blue-revolution-is-th_b_865378.html, Accessed 6/30/14, JC)
Japan is too crowded for biomass, not sunny enough for solar and has limited wind potential.
While they are number two to Germany in solar photovoltaic cell sales, the fact of the matter is that, like the rest of the world, the
total amount of renewables used todayis far less than five percent of the total energy used, with most of this being hydroelectric
power. Furthermore, the winds and sun are intermittent, and can safely accommodate only up to 20 percent the electricity load.
What can they do about the remaining 80 percent, plus ground and air transport requirements? These challenges, actually, are also
faced by the rest of the world, but Japan has to address them right now. First, forget more fossil energy, easy to do, for they
have essentially none anyway. It would be smart to ignore this option, for there will soon be something like a carbon tax, as global
warming won't be ignored for too much longer. Mind you, nothing much might happen for as long as a decade, but someday, when
the crunch of peak oil and global warming results in something catastrophic, irrational steps will arbitrarily be taken. Japan could
well be at an economic advantage under these conditions. They do have somepotential for marine methane hydrates (MMH), but the
cost will be astronomical and, although there could be twice the amount of energy in these deep sea deposits compared to all the
known coal, oil and natural gas resources, MMH is too dispersed and difficult to harvest. Second, geothermal energy seems
attractive, for onsens (geo-spas) can be found throughout the country. Their current geo-production is on the order of 500
megawatts, around half that of a nuclear power plant. So even if they can increase geothermal electricity by a factor
of 10 (and this won't happen because very little of this resource approaches the temperatures
needed to make the effort worthwhile) they won't even match the production of all those nuclear
facilities now decommissioned in and around Fukushima. Third, become truly serious about energy conservation. Room
fans are flying off the shelves, so people are already anticipating an uncomfortable summer. Use of people movers, escalators and
elevators, will mostly be halted, major cities will darken in the very early evening, companies will face a long recessionary period and
life will become supremely inconvenient for the populace. But I can offer a possible solution. The ocean is the only
productive answer for Japan. They don't have much in terms of current, tidal and salinity
gradient resources. Waves are possible, and this country has had several pioneering projects, with yet another one being
planned. Certainly, continue this development, but I've long worried that this option will never become truly competitive, mostly
because of the cost required to protect these devices from major storms. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) remains as
the best marine alternative. Japan's only successful experiment, led by Toshiba and Tokyo Electric Power
Company, occurred 30 years ago on Nauru. Unfortunately, yet another natural disaster, a hurricane this time, wiped out the
experiment. OTEC can be used to power a grazing plantship, where the economic opportunities
would include: next generation fisheries, marine biomass plantations (from which methane and
various biofuels can be produced at sea), electricity (plus hydrogen can be electrolyzed) and
freshwater. Certainly, these platforms can be utilized to capture the sun and winds, too. Of
particular intrigue is the potential to prevent hurricanes and remediate global warming.
Japanese growth benefits the USeconomic interconnectivity, clean energy
collaboration
Connell 14
(Sean, Japan Studies Visiting Fellow at the East-West Center in Washington, 1/12/14, Rappler,
Innovation, the 'Third Arrow' and US-Japan relations,
http://www.rappler.com/world/specials/47756-apb-japan-us-tpp, Accessed 6/30/14, JC)
A growing, prosperous Japan benefits the United States. Japan is the fourth-largest US export
market, and US subsidiaries of Japanese companies employed more than 680,000 US workers in
2011. The two economies are increasingly integrated through trade, investment, and global supply
chains. A TPP agreement will accelerate and further deepen integration by removing significant market access, regulatory, and
other barriers in Japan to US exports. Moreover, the recent approval of US shale gas exports to Japan will make energy an
increasing area of the bilateral economic partnership. The Abe government's growth agenda shares with US domestic economic
strategies the goal of spurring innovation to generate new productivity and growth engines. It is valuable to consider the
potential impacts these strategies have not only for Japan, but also their interconnectivity with
the US economy at a time when both countries face intensifying global competitive pressure.
One consideration for policymakers is the matter of where engagement supports Japan's growth
strategies, and presents opportunities for bilateral cooperation in creating new industries and
advancing related goals globally. First, governments play key roles in facilitating conducive environments and policy
frameworks for innovation, and in coordinating among various actors including businesses, universities, non-governmental
organizations, and entrepreneurs from whose interactions innovations emerge. The Japan Revitalization Strategy announced in
June 2013 indicates an active role for the Japanese government in advancing these proposals. This is important for enhancing basic
research for which government support is vital, such as the proposed establishment of a Japanese version of the National Institutes
of Health, along with university reforms. It will be essential to implement deep structural reforms, such as those
required for TPP, electricity deregulation, and in labor and agriculture policy in order to overcome long-
recognized constraints to productivity and Japan's innovation ecosystem. The Abe government should,
however, be careful to avoid actions that could inadvertently distort markets, including picking industry and standards champions,
and consider appropriate exit strategies for government stimulus in order to allow competitive businesses and entrepreneurs to fully
unleash innovative capabilities. These are issues with which the US also grapples, and that present useful opportunities for
continued engagement and dialogue around best practices and policy solutions. Second, coordination around innovation policy is
increasingly important within the US-Japan relationship. Center stage for this is TPP, given the role trade and investment play in
fostering innovation by encouraging competition and bringing new products, technologies, and ideas across borders. TPP presents
opportunities to enhance key elements of innovation frameworks, including stronger intellectual property protections, greater
alignment of standards-setting processes, opening market sectors closed to investment, removing localization barriers, improving
transparency and eliminating regulatory impediments. Some of these issues remain challenges to foreign businesses in Japan, but
on others Japan has strong rules and shared goals with the United States. This makes TPP an important venue for cooperation to
ensure a high-standard agreement that encourages innovation in Japan, and fosters a more competitive environment across the
Asia-Pacific region for Japanese and US innovations. The two governments are additionally exploring common
issues in clean energy, the Internet economy, and other innovation-driven industries. These dialogues
have increasingly incorporated both small and large businesses from both countries, positive for
pragmatic discussions on policy, commercial developments, and areas of potential collaboration.
Expanding this inclusive approach, and exploring untapped synergies across existing initiatives
and institutional lines on cross-cutting innovation topics, could present beneficial opportunities.
This includes in new growth areas, such as smart grid systems, health care technologies
including regenerative medicine, and services for aging societies. Third, innovation is borderless and
requires a global orientation. Japan is world-leading in its innovation capabilities, but Japanese companies have stumbled in recent
years in bringing these assets to global markets. Contributing factors have included business and organizational models, and an
inward, domestic focus. The Abe administration's growth strategy includes a comprehensive set of actions to address these and
related challenges in Japan's innovation ecosystem. These range from incentives for corporate governance reform and business
organization, and encouraging more women and high-skilled foreign professionals in the workforce, to attracting foreign direct
investment through special economic zones featuring bold regulatory reforms. Increased engagement with US
partners, at multiple levels of government, the private sector, and civil society can support
Japan as it moves forward with this agenda. For example, the two governments are discussing opportunities to
facilitate more mergers and acquisitions into Japan, which could help introduce more global perspectives and get innovative
Japanese goods, services, and ideas out to global markets. Leveraging the diverse networks of people and institutions across both
countries already collaborating bilaterally and active in these areas could also contribute positively. Examples include
entrepreneurial business competitions and women's leadership programs such as those under the TOMODACHI initiative. Building
on this, stakeholder-driven initiatives could be valuable as models for collaboration in achieving these goals. For example, the
International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), a joint Kyushu
University/University of Illinois institute funded by Japan's Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, is
emerging as a unique venue for US-Japan basic research collaboration. Initiated by researchers from both
universities, I2CNER is not only developing innovative technologies, but also emerging as a laboratory for new practices in a
Japanese university environment, including through introducing a US-style tenure system for researchers. A joint US-Japan smart
grid demonstration project in Maui, which came on line in December 2013, is intended to develop a functioning smart grid system
and business model that could be exported to other island or isolated communities. Additionally, Okinawa Prefecture and the
State of Hawai'i have each taken the lead in opening ocean thermal energy conversion
demonstration facilities and exchanging information to study the potential of this energy
resource.
2nc - overfishing
Japanese regulations solve for overfishing
Iwata 7/3 [MARI IWATA, Correspondent for Japanese energy policies for The Wall Street
Journal, Japan Moves to Curb Overfishing, July 3
rd
, 2014,
http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2014/07/03/japan-moves-to-curb-overfishing/] // t-haas
Japan has moved to curb overfishing of some species after data showed rapidly falling populations of fish such
as tuna and eel. For decades, Tokyo has set catch limits that exceeded levels seen as sustainable.
Officials have justified the relatively lax standards as necessary to protect the livelihood of fishing communities. This week, the
Fisheries Agency said it would tighten the quotas so they are sustainable. The new quotas apply to seven
species: saury, cod, horse mackerel, sardine, mackerel, a kind of squid and snow crab. The agency will also introduce
individual quotas for big ships that catch mackerel in the Pacific and impose cuts on catching
young Pacific bluefin tuna to help them reproduce. Fishing groups enjoy considerable clout in
Japan, where people have relied on the sea for their protein for thousands of years. However, the
loose supervision of the industry has backfired by depleting stocks, said Mie University fisheries expert Toshio Katsukawa. Japanese
eel are now on the International Union for Conservation of Natures endangered species list. An international committee set up by
the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan to monitor commercial fishing said in a report this year that stocks
of the Pacific bluefin are at a near historically low level. The fish, beloved by sushi eaters, is experiencing high exploitation rates,
the committee said. The stock of the Pacific bluefin was about 20,000 metric tons in 2012 compared with some 100,000 tons in the
1960s, according to the committee. Likewise, the stock of mackerel in the northern part of the Sea of Japan was about 85,000 tons
compared with roughly 800,000 tons in the 1990s, according to the Fisheries Agency.
2nc - poetry
Here, have some Japanese oceanic suffering poetry
Miller and Donnelly 6 - PATRICK DONNELLY's collection of poems is The Charge (Ausable
Press, 2003). He is an Associate Editor at Four Way Books, and has taught at the New School
University, Clark University, and the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference. His poems have appeared
in American Poetry Review, Ploughshares, The Yale Review, The Virginia Quarterly Review, and
The Massachusetts Review. With Stephen Miller he has translated the 16th century Japanese N
play Shunzei Tadanori for Translations and Transformations: the Heike Monogatari in N.
STEPHEN MILLER is assistant professor of Japanese language and literature at the University
of Massachusetts, Amherst. He is translator of A Pilgrim's Guide to Forty-Six Temples
(Weatherhill Inc., 1990), and editor of Partings at Dawn: An Anthology of Japanese Gay
Literature (Gay Sunshine Press, 1996). He lived in Japan for nine years between 1980 and 1999,
in part as the recipient of two Japan Foundation fellowships for research abroad. He is currently
working on a study of the Buddhist poetry in the Japanese imperial poetry anthologies,
(CROSSING THE OCEAN OF SUFFERING, 2006,
http://www.thedrunkenboat.com/waka.html//nemo)
WRITTEN ON THE SPIRIT OF THE VERSE TURNING TO THE MOON BRINGS PARADISE
TO MIND

people who think
I'm only watching
moonset behind the mountain:

when I face the West,
I'm composing
my will

Minamoto Toshifusa

Senzaish 1208

iru tsuki o
miru to ya hito wa
omouran
kokoro o kakete
nishi ni mukaeba

FROM A HUNDRED POEMS ON THE LAW, THIS ONE ON THE VERSE ONLY THE
BODHISATTVA OF WISDOM WILL NEVER ABANDON ME

on the night
when I leave home
forever

an out of this world trip

I hear it's moonlight
will lead the way

Shikishi Naishinn

Senzaish 1222

furusato o
hitori wakaruru
ybe ni mo
okuru wa tsuki no
kage to koso kike

ON THE MEANING OF THE TEACHING SECRETLY INSIDE HE IS A BODHISATTVA
FROM THE LOTUS SUTRA

before they realized
you didn't need to cross

were helping others across

did they think you crossed it alone,
the ocean of suffering?

Sakon Middle Captain Yoshitsune

Senzaish 1227

hitori nomi
kurushiki umi o
wataru to ya
soko o satoranu
hito wa miruran

NOTICING A PAINTING IN THE MONKS' HALL IN WHICH THE PRIEST CHREN WEEPS
OVER A CORPSE, THE AUTHOR SPEAKS AS THE PRIEST

my fate
brought me
to this corpse

who will
visit me
when I'm in this shape?

Minamoto Sukekata

Shish 1328

chigiri areba
kabane naredomo
ainuru o
ware oba tare ka
towan to suran

WRITTEN BEFORE THE POET ENDURED TROUBLES ON PILGRIMAGE TO PRESENT A
LOTUS SUTRA IN GOLD INK

while I wait for daybreak
to wake me out of this dream
light the dark bedazzlement
of the Law

(found by someone
in the poet's house, after he
made his offering
on the mountain and died)

Fujiwara Atsuie

Senzaish 1210

yume samemu
sono akatsuki o
matsu hodo no
yami o mo terase
nori no tomoshibi

WRITTEN WHEN THE MINISTER OF THE RIGHT CAME TO THE PARADISE HALL OF
SENSAI SHNIN'S TEMPLE

looking down into
the flawless pond

I saw my face
reborn

when for so long I was sure
I'd fall into hell

Jingihaku Akinaka

Senzaish 1232

isagiyoki
ike ni kage koso
ukabinure
shizumi ya sen to
omou waga mi o

WRITTEN WHEN THE TENRYAKU EMPEROR'S PLANS FOR A CELEBRATION IN HIS
MOTHER'S HONOR WERE CUT SHORT BY HER DEATH, AND A CEREMONY TO RECITE
THE SUTRAS WAS HELD INSTEAD

I wanted to hurry them
to you
for your journey

the tender
shoots of spring
I picked today

Gyosei

Shish 1338

itsu shika to
kimi ni to omoishi
wakana o ba
nori no michi ni zo
ky wa tsumitsuru

[Gathering young herbs was a springtime ritual at the court. The poem also alludes to the
Buddha's teaching (in the Devadatta chapter of the Lotus Sutra) that he reached
enlightenment in a previous lifetime by performing tasks for others: gathering herbs, chopping
wood, carrying water.]

the debt
I owe the breasts
my mother in tender mercy gave

to one hundred stones
add eighty

I repay today

Gyki

Shish 1347

momokusa ni
yasokusa no soete
tamaiteshi
chibusa no mukui
ky zo waga suru
2nc - private industry
Japan can attract private investment
TBD 14 Tribune Business Desk, (JICA: Economic zones to bring Japanese investment, June
29, 2014, http://www.dhakatribune.com/money/2014/jun/29/jica-economic-zones-bring-
japanese-investment//nemo)
The development of economic zones in the country will attract more Japanese investment, Chief
Representative of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in Bangladesh Mikio Hataeda said yesterday. He said Japanese investment will help
technological development of industries in Bangladesh. Hataeda was addressing a seminar on Economic Zones Development for Japanese Investors at a hotel in
the city, reports UNB. JICA Ban gladesh and Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA) organised the seminar in association with Japan External Trade Organisation (JETRO) to sensitise Japanese
investors about the recent developments in economic zones scenario, rules, regulations as well
as incentives offered by the government in promoting foreign direct investment (FDI). Prime Ministers
principal secretary Abdus Sobhan Sikder, Jetro representative Jei Kawano and Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA) chairman Fakhrul Islam also addressed the seminar. The JICA representative said the
implementation of the Bay of Bengal Industrial Growth Belt (BIG-B) plan would play a big role in promoting Bangladesh-Japans economic cooperation. BIG-B is a grand design to promote industrial
agglomeration and take full advantage of the vibrant economic growth from Pacific to Indian Ocean. He said economic zones for Japanese investors would be a primary trigger for the prospective industrial
agglomeration and international trade under the BIG-B initiative. The other speakers observed that though Bangladesh with its huge potentials is being regarded as Next 11 country in the world economy, it has
failed to attract much FDI from Japan and other countries while ASEAN countries like Vietnam, Indonesia are successful in this field. Some Japanese investors said they
found high operation cost in business, non-friendly regulatory measures and critical financial
issues as major impediments for Japanese investment. They suggested the BEZA to showcase
the incentives they are offering to foreign investors. The seminar was told that about 180 Japanese firms are now doing business in Bangladesh.
Reiterating the governments strong commitment towards improving investment climate, Abdus Sobhan said the number of Japanese companies
may increase rapidly if they take benefit of low production cost compared to other countries in
the world. BEZA chairman said the government has been developing five economic zones to
attract FDI.
2nc - rem
Japan has tech to find and access to rare earth minerals
INN 13 Investing News Network by Resource Intelligence, (OCEAN EXPLORATION:
Underwater rare earth behemoth arises, April 2, 2013,
http://www.resourceintelligence.net/ocean-exploration-underwater-rare-earth-behemoth-
arises///nemo)
All eyes shifted east this week when Japanese researchers announced the discovery of a large-scale deposit of rare earths
in the seabed surrounding Minami-Tori-shima Island in the Pacific Ocean. Scientists from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science
and Technology and the University of Tokyo confirmed the discovery of a huge new deposit on the Pacific seabed. They claim that the deposit
can be mined at very low cost and will be able to produce materials that are 20 to 30 times more
concentrated than those currently being mined in China. Some analysts believe that if the Asian manufacturing giant is able to implement a cost-effective way of
extracting this resource, which is said to be located approximately 5,700 meters below sea level, it will have access to approximately 6.8 million metric tons (MT) of rare earths, equivalent to 230 years of local demand, according to The Australi an. What sets this
discovery apart? Mud sample concentration is what makes this discovery notable. Yasuhiro Kato, a Tokyo University professor and the researcher who led the underwater discovery,
admitted that he assumed the finding was a mistake when he first saw the astronomically high
level of rare earth minerals present, The Guardian reported. The newly discovered metals are in higher than usual
concentrations and will be cheap to mine; researchers intend to explore for another two years
before scaling up efforts aimed at the extraction of the elements from the seabed, according to a report by The Telegraph.
When researchers brought back the data to me, I thought they must have made a mistake, the levels were so high. The fact is this discovery could help supply Japan with
60 percent of its annual needs merely with the contents of a single vessel, said Kato. While countries such as the US and Australia have
been actively ramping up production of rare earth elements (REEs), they have yet to discover viable quantities of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), such as dysprosium, terbium, europium and ytterbium. The possible exception is Ucore Rare Metals (TSXV:UCU),
whose Bokan property in Alaska is enriched with heavy REEs, including dysprosium, terbium and yttrium, according to the companys 2012 PEA. The importance of securing such REE supplies was highlighted only last week, when the Department of Defense
released its biannual Strategic and Critical Materials 2013 Report on Stockpile Requirements, which calls for the government to stockpile $120.43 million worth of HREEs. On the same note, the US Department of Energy (DOE) announced earlier this year that it
would allocate up to $120 million for the creation of a rare earths research facility aimed at decreasing the countrys dependence on REEs from China. Exploration gaining momentum This is not the first instance of Japan expanding its search for viable REE
resources into more remote locations. The country has been openly aggressive in its stance towards diversifying supply,
and this search gained momentum when it, along with the US and European Union, formed an alliance that
moved in on the World Trade Organization to challenge Chinas restrictive REE export policies.
The countrys goal of breaking its reliance on China was highlighted when Kato told The Telegraph that Chinas restrictive export
policies are meant to force manufacturing companies to build inside of the country, allowing the communist state to steal
their technologies. This is also not the first time Japanese researchers have claimed to have discovered an unusual REE deposit. Earlier this year, Japanese mining company Nippon Light Metal Holdings Company (TSE:5703) stated that Jamaica may host a large
amount of REEs in its red mud, or bauxite residue. A dramatic and highly significant new development While this latest discovery is undoubtedly a coup for Japan in its efforts to diversify its rare earth supply, some investors are questioning whether a large-scale
mining operation in such a remote location is in fact feasible. The discovery of REEs in 2011 in the deep ocean sediments of the Pacific was a significant event and indicated a potential long-term source of REEs. However, the new discovery of REE- and yttrium-rich
nodules close to the ocean bottom, and within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Japan, is a dramatic and highly significant new development, said Peter Kowalczyk, CEO of Ocean Floor Geophysics, in a conversation with Rare Earth Investing News. Ocean Floor
Geophysics is a Canada-based private company that provides geophysical services for the exploration of submarine massive sulphides. The ore tenor of these nodules is presumably higher than that of the previously discovered REE-rich sediments. The fact that this
resource exists as nodules close to the ocean bottom means it is likely to be simple to mine. It will not require burrowing or the removal of significant amounts of overlying sediments, he said. No territorial implications He added that another advantage to the fi nd is
that any political issues related to the holding of tenements under the authority of the International Seabed Authority will be eliminated as the resource lies within Japans established EEZ and not within the disputed area of the Japanese EEZ in the South China Sea.
Investors are also questioning the logistical viability of an underwater project of this scale; however, Kowalczyk noted that the oil industry is already working at depths up to 3,000 meters, with the move to 6,000 meters already well underway in the equipment
industries. Japan has already committed to developing the technology to mine copper, gold and zinc in from sea floor deposits and to begin sea floor mining within this decade. Mining REEs and yttrium from
a deep sea nodule resource is a natural extension to the present Japanese technology track. The discovery
of REEs and yttrium in nodules will add impetus to their present work to begin sea floor mining, he added. The analogue is manganese nodule mining, which is attracting considerable interest today in the 1970s, manganese nodules were lifted 5,000 meters
using air-lift risers. This may not be the most efficient method, but it is simple and it works. The overall costs are unknown, but the cost of robotic equipment is declining rapidly. When questioned as to whether such a high-profile discovery might lead to more
interest in underwater exploration companies, such as Nautilus Minerals (TSX:NUS), Kowalczyk, responded, yes, although there are very few of them and in the present mi ning investment climate they are having a tough go. Environmentally sound Over half of the
metal in this underwater deposit is on the heavier end of the spectrum, twice the level of Chinas key mines and without the radioactive by-product thorium that makes the metals so hard to mine, according to researchers cited by The Telegraph. Commenting on
the environmental implications of mining REEs from the seabed, Kowalczyk noted that there will likely not be any major implications and that if issues arise, they will most likely be associated with the amount of material that needs to be moved to access the ore-
bearing horizons, which are subhorizontal and exist over large areas. Describing the kind of extraction process that would be used to retrieve REEs from the seabed, Kowalczyk stated it will undoubtedly be robotic. It is very unlikely it will be an open-cut type of
extraction sequence as this would impact considerable amounts of material. Possible candidates are in situ leaching, robotic mining machines that are analogues of tunnel boring machines and perhaps subhorizontal drilling similar to that used in the extractions of
tight gas from shale formations on land. He continued, it may be that a process similar to that used for roll-front uranium deposits on land may be adaptable to this environment also. If the new high-grade nodule type deposits are confirmed to be extensive and not
buried deeply, this will simplify the mining process.
Japan has mineral exploration technology
ML 12 MarineLink.com, ( Japanese Deep Ocean Exploration Ship Shown Off, News
Release, March 23, 2012, http://www.marinelink.com/news/exploration-
Japanese343305.aspx//nemo)
Japan has unveiled a 6,283-ton exploration vessel that will search for rare metals and other natural
resources in waters around the nation. The Hakurei, 118 meters long and 19 meters wide, was shown to the media at
Harumi Wharf in Tokyo. The vessel features drilling equipment that can dig up 400 meters into the seabed
at a depth of 2,000 meters. The ship will initially search for resources off Okinawa Prefecture and the Ogasawara Islands. The
Hakurei is owned by the government-backed Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp. and is the first marine resources
survey ship built in Japan in 30 years. It cost 27.5 billion yen ($329.4 million). Hakurei is expected to confirm the
resource potential in waters around Japan, including manganese nodule and submarine hydrothermal deposit.

2nc - remote sensing
Japan has remote sensing technology
NOWPAP 11 Northwest Pacific Action Plan, (National Report on Ocean Remote Sensing in
Japan , 2011,http://www.cearac-project.org/cearac-project/national-
report/rs/Japan.pdf//nemo)
To contribute to the conservation of the global environment, which provides a common basis for
human living, Japan has so far developed and operated two earth-observing satellites, Advanced
Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) and ADEOS-II (operation of both have been suspended due
to mechanical trouble). Specifically, National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)
(now Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)), is using satellite remote sensing to enable
cross border, wide, uniform and frequent observations of global phenomena.

2nc - sea level rise
Japan can solve for rising sea levels by using foraminifera
The Economist 2009 (Japan's eco-diplomacy Starry-eyed Soft power built on sand Oct
15th 2009 http://www.economist.com/node/14664623)
FOR an ocean-loving nation, Japan has an odd way of showing its affection for the sea. Out of a fear
of typhoons and tsunamis, and an element of man-against-nature hubris, it has sealed much of its coastline in a
girdle of concrete. Where children once scrambled over rocks to explore haunted caves, now they climb on cement tetrapods.
Hajime Kayanne, a science professor at the University of Tokyo, has a less intrusive approach to coping with the
dangers from the sea. He calls it eco-engineering. It may represent the sort of soft power that
Japan hopes to wield as its economic might is eclipsed by China. Mr Kayanne's special
ingredient is not cement but star sand, the shells of a tiny single-celled organism, called
foraminifera, found near coral reefs in Japan's southand taken in jars by tourists as a lucky charm. Foraminifera grow in the
ocean and when they die, mix with coral to become the sediment that forms atolls. Mr Kayanne has
found how to grow foraminifera artificially. He hopes this can help low-lying Pacific atolls
survive if global warming raises sea levels. Japan has plenty of self-interest in the endeavour. Mr
Kayanne is mainly focused on using star sand to raise the height of a tiny islet barely visible at low tidecalled Okinotorishima,
which is 1,740km (1,100 miles) south of Tokyo. Japan calls it an island and claims it as territory, which it says
gives it the right to an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 400,000 square kmlarger than Japan's land mass itself. The surrounding
sea is rich in tuna, but is also militarily important to China. If rising sea levels swamp the land (which is already encased in
concrete), Japan loses its claim to the EEZ. So far, star sand has only been grown in the laboratory. It may not even make it to
Okinotorishima if lawyers decide that land propped up by artificial star sand does not count as an islandin which case it would not
merit an EEZ. But Mr Kayanne is also leading a Japanese project to create a beach made out of home-
grown star sand in Tuvalu, a South Pacific atoll perilously close to sea level. He says up to three-
quarters of the island's body massor sedimentis star sand, and he believes the beach project will help
regenerate it naturally. Japan should be a world pioneer of this new eco-technology against global
warming, he says, echoing a line from the election manifesto of the new Japanese government.

2nc - seamounts
Japan has seamount monitoring technology
Tsujino 7 -TERUHISA TSUJINO Monodzukuri Technology, Infrastructure and Frontier
Research Unit, (Exploration Technologies for the Utilization of Ocean Floor Resources,
Contribution to the Investigation for the Delineation of Continental Shelf, 2007,
http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/stfc/stt024e/qr24pdf/STTqr2405.pdf//nemo)
Japan Coast Guard (JCG) is carrying out the investigation of seabed geographical and geological
structure as part of daily operations, such as the assurance of security of water channels using
the survey vessels Takuyo and Shoyo[10]. Investigations of seabed geography have been
carried out for about a million km of traverse lines between the start of measurement in 1983
and 2006 using multibeam echo sounding equipment, and detailed geography of sea areas
including Kyushu-Palau Ridge, and Ogasawara Plateau that are considered to be important for
the prolongation of continental shelf has been clarified. At the same time, gravitational force and
earth magnetism have been measured. During these investigations, more than 200 seamounts
have been discovered. For example, the large number of seamounts in the sea area to the east of
Ogasawara, shown in Figure 8, were named Haru-No-Nanakusa Seamounts. In 2004, seabed
geological survey was started using the nongovernmental geophysical survey vessel,
Tairikudana. This vessel carries out seismic refraction survey using the multichannel reflection
method using tuned air gun array and ocean bottom seismometer (OBS). The tuned air gun
array provides accurate means for the crustal survey because the patterns of seismic waves can
be arbitrarily adjusted.
2nc - tsunami early warning
JAMSTEC has early warning capabilities
JAMSTEC 14- Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology, (Real-time Ocean
Bottom Tsunami Monitoring System Using Vector TsunaMeter Successfully Completes Trial
Observation, April 4, 2014,
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20140404///nemo)
As already announced in the press releases (Identifying the Source Location of the Giant
Tsunami Generated by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake dated October 4, 2013 and A New Ocean
Bottom Tsunameter Based on the Ocean Dynamo Effect dated January 8, 2014), Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC; Asahiko Taira, President) has demonstrated
the effectiveness of the new ocean bottom Tunameter (The Vector TsunaMeter: VTM), which
can estimate the tsunami propagation vector based on the ocean dynamo effects. Towards
building a real-time observation system using this device, a trial observation was carried out by
placing the VTM on the bottom of ocean, which successfully transmitted real-time data to the
land via a Waive Glider, an autonomous ocean-going platform. On the early morning of April 3,
this system successfully caught the tsunami waves propagating towards the Japanese coasts in
real time after the earthquake struck off the coast of northern Chile on April 2 (Japan Time).

2nc - uav
Japan solves UAVs geographical superiority
CSIS 09 [Center for Strategic and International Studies, Relations at Sea: The U.S.-Japan
Alliance on the Oceans, Pacific Forum CSIS, Issues & Insights Vol. 9-No. 9, June 2009,
http://csis.org/files/publication/issuesinsights_v09n09.pdf] // t-haas
In the Cold War, Japan and the United States employed a maritime strategy that exploited
Japans geographic location to help contain the Soviet Union. This strategy focused on
maintaining control of the waters surrounding Japan, a critical choke point for the Soviet
Unions eastern fleet, and the homeporting of a U.S. aircraft carrier in Japan. That strategy
remains relevant today. The prospect of a melting Arctic Ocean, with new sea routes, makes that strategy even more
compelling by adding the Bering Sea as a focus for the two countries strategic planners. Our speaker outlined the core
components/enablers of the Japan-U.S. maritime strategy. They include: carrier strike groups, air defense,
antisubmarine warfare, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities (ISR); unmanned air and underwater
vehicles (UAVs and UUVs , respectively), reinforced Japanese air bases on the Ryuku and Bonin islands, and
strategic submarines. He urged the two governments to forge a consortium of sea-faring nations, as the project proposes, to help
support this strategy.

Japan has AUV technology to solve the affs detection internal links
Sawa et al 12 - Takao Sawa, Takafumi Kasaya, Tadahiro Hyakudome, Hiroshi Yoshida
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa,
Japan, (Natural Resource Exploration With Sonar on Underwater Vehicle, July 2012,
http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1733117//nemo)
Occurring as a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table, rare earth elements such as neodymium are necessary for the development of mobile phones and magnet motors.
Although securing rare earth elements is essential for economic growth of all nations, their demand is rapidly expanding among global powers such as Brazil, Russia, India, and
China. Rare earth element deposits were discovered in the seafloor near hydrothermal vents in the 1980s. Japan has the sixth largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and is
abundant in underwater natural resources such as a cobalt and a manganese mine. Because underwater exploration of rare earth elements was deemed unprofitable, the practice
was suspended. Current advancements in underwater robotics, however, have led to economic viability
in this venture. Such developments have resulted in the increased use of remote sensing with
sonars on unmanned underwater vehicles. The Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
developed a cruising autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) known as Urashima. This AUV performed its first sea trial in 2000, and cruise for 317 km
without recharging or refueling in 2005 as a world record at the time. The first mission of Urashima was a vast sea exploration
to investigate worldwide environmental crises such as global warming. However, the purpose of
these missions has since then shifted primarily to the exploration of underwater natural
resources. In addition, JAMSTEC developed a synthetic aperture sonar on a neutral buoyancy towfish in 2010. This underwater exploration system, known as Kyouryuu,
scanned Wakamiko caldera at the sea bottom in Kagoshima Bay where volcanic activity was evident. Numerous hot-water flows from
hydrothermal vents were clearly recorded. In addition, many dormant chimneys were detected.
These features provide important data for estimating the distribution of hydrothermal vents and
chimneys in addition to their transitions.
2nc - whale malthus
Japan knows all the loopholes for killing whales
Schwartz 14 - Dominique Schwartz is the ABCs New Zealand correspondent, (Japanese PM
flags intention to resume Southern Ocean whaling at trade talks in New Zealand, July 7, 2014,
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-07/japan-pm-flags-intention-to-resume-whaling-in-
southern-ocean/5577006//nemo)
Mr Key said Mr Abe indicated Japan was looking to remount a scientific whaling program that would be
legally acceptable under the terms of a recent ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

***coop mechanism
1nc cp
US-Japan should cooperate over ocean development
To provide against shortages of resources, energy, and food supplies likely to occur on a global scale, the
major seafaring nations of the United States and Japan should play leading roles in the development of
living and non-living resources in the seabed and continental shelves, as well as in the development of ocean energy
resources and seawater potential. Both countries can and should help battle the global economic crisis by
demonstrating their commitment to a Blue New Deal policy based on these precepts and by
promoting development of the oceans on the condition of sound environmental stewardship in
the maritime domain as well as increasing job creation. The United States and Japan need to cooperate
with each other where possible in the development of technologies and funding for the
exploration and exploitation of seabed resources and marine energy development in order to bring these
industries into active production. Research on the oceans, the accumulation of data, its use and sharing,
and human resource exchanges are important for the effective promotion and development of
technology. To facilitate this, the establishment of a joint data center and R&D center for research and development of marine
resources, as well as joint construction and use of a marine scientific survey ship and platform for exploration and exploitation, are
desirable. Furthermore, opportunities for the exchange and publicizing of technologies between the
two countries should be created in maritime industries, which support such research and
development. As new marine technologies are developed, transfer to developing countries
should be considered. The United States and Japan should play a leading role in this area. We recognize the fine work done
by the Marine Resources and Engineering Coordination Committee (MRECC) of the U.S.-Japan Conference on Development and
Utilization of Natural Resources (UJNR), but further revitalization and the improvement of information
sharing between the United States and Japan should be considered in this area.

2nc avoids ptix
Congress loves working with Japan the only thing they hate is the cost which the
counterplan solves
Rinehart et al 13 - Emma Chanlett-Avery Specialist in Asian Affairs Ian E. Rinehart Analyst in
Asian Affairs, (The U.S.-Japan Alliance, December 12, 2013,
http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33740.pdf//nemo)
Congress has expressed considerable interest in the alliance for a range of reasons. Some
Members of Congress have focused on strategic issues, particularly Chinas military expansion
into maritime and airspace domains, leading to congressional resolutions and letters that largely
support Japans position in territorial disputes. Many of the concerns from Members of
Congress center on the costs associated with the alliance, particularly the price tag on the
realignment of marines to Guam. A 2013 Senate Armed Services Committee inquiry into the cost
of the U.S. overseas military presence once again raised the issue of appropriate burden-sharing
with Japan.
2nc generic solvency
US-Japan agreement ensures tech will be shared fits under collaborative climate
change project
Novikoff 6/12 [Joshua Novikoff , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
International and Tribal Affairs, U.S.-Japan Agreement on Cooperation in Environmental
Protection, June 12
th
, 2014, http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/us-japan-
agreement-cooperation-environmental-protection] // t-haas
The U.S.-Japan Agreement on Cooperation in Environmental Protection was signed in
Washington, D.C., on August 5, 1975. Since the initiation of implementation of the Agreement,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been the Executive Agency on the U.S. side, and the
Environment Ministry (previously Agency) of Japan is EPA's counterpart. Commitments The Agreement
pledges the governments of the two countries will maintain and promote cooperation in the field
of environmental protection on the basis of equality, reciprocity, and mutual benefit, through
such instruments of technical cooperation as: meetings of working-level experts; visits and
exchanges of scientists, technicians and other experts; implementation of agreed-upon cooperative
projects; and exchange of information and data on research activities, policies, practices, legislation and
regulations, and analysis of operating programs. The areas of cooperation described in the agreement include: air
pollution control (mobile and stationary sources); water pollution including municipal and industrial wastewater
treatment, and marine pollution; control of agricultural runoff and pesticide control; control and disposal of toxic substances;
endocrine disrupting chemicals; and global climate change.
US-Japan Science and Technology Agreement means Japan shares tech
The White House 4/25 [The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, FACT SHEET: U.S.-
Japan Bilateral Cooperation, April 25
th
, 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-
office/2014/04/25/fact-sheet-us-japan-bilateral-cooperation] // t-haas
U.S.-Japan partnership in the areas of science and technology confronts a broad array of
complex issues facing our two countries and the global community. Under the auspices of the U.S.-Japan Science
and Technology Agreement, our two countries have collaborated for over 25 years on scientific
research in areas such as new energy technologies, emergency management, supercomputing, and critical
materials. In recognition of these achievements, the President and Prime Minister announced an
extension of our bilateral Science and Technology Agreement for an additional 10 years.
Current Japanese policies solve <aff energy mechanism> -- its a matter of tech;
coop solves
We then turned to ocean use and how that serves the national interest. A Japanese analyst emphasized the three dimensional
context of the high seas: much of the value of oceans is underwater and governments need to
understand and respond to that reality. Japan has done just that. Its EEZ is 4.47 million sq km, making it sixth
largest in the world. To manage that area, Japan enacted a Basic Act for Ocean Policy on April 20, 2007. This led to
development of the basic plan for ocean policy that includes 12 basic measures for ocean
development, including maritime safety, marine environment protection, resource development,
and other measures, which was codified in the National Plan for Ocean Energy and Mineral Resources
Development (adopted March 24, 2009). The National Plan has targets for the development of resources
such as methane hydrate, oil and gas, hydrothermal deposits, and other mineral resources,
including cobalt-rich crust and manganese nodules. The conditions for commercialization should be in place within a
decade. The speaker emphasized that successful exploitation of these resources will require development of
new technologies, and will necessitate cooperation among the U.S. and Japan and other countries. A U.S.
speaker followed, picking up where the Japanese speaker left off. He emphasized the need for competition and cooperation in
the exploitation of marine resources. He seconded the need to understand and fully appreciate the value of EEZs. He urged all
governments to better grasp the harmful effects of environmental degradation on the seas and marine resources. As he noted, Reliance on fossil fuels
is changing our climate and threatening to devastate the global ecosystem. This is not necessarily global warming tomorrow, like some people would
like us to believe, but it certainly is affecting the oceans, and the oceans ability to provide food. These issues weaken the foundations of our society and
are altering the geopolitical landscape.
Japan will export their tech -- empirics
Ryall 14 Julian Ryall is a staff writer for Tokyo Telegraph, (Japan offers to lend US half the
cost of 'Super Maglev' train between Washington and Baltimore, January 7, 2014,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/10555330/Japan-offers-to-lend-US-
half-the-cost-of-Super-Maglev-train-between-Washington-and-Baltimore.html//nemo)
The Japanese government has promised to lend the United States half of the cost of building the
first "Super-Maglev" train, reducing travel time between Baltimore and Washington DC to just 15 minutes. Tokyo is so
keen to show off its technology that it will provide loans for half the estimated $8
billion (5bn) cost of installing the tracks, Japan's Asahi newspaper said on Tuesday. The American federal government is keen on the project,
according to Central Japan Railway Co., and state authorities are especially enthusiastic. "The national government has shown interest, a source at the
company said. But a number of the states in the north-east corridor such as Maryland are particularly keen for faster rail links and more
advanced technology. The 37-mile journey between Washington DC and Baltimore presently takes one hour by conventional rail link, and the
Japanese government and Central Japan Railway Co. hope to use the project to showcase what it believes will be the transportation technology of the
future. Eventually, a 453-mile track linking the US capital with Boston will be constructed. The proposal for the Maglev route was first put forward by
Shinzo Abe, the Japanese prime minister, during talks with President Barack Obama in February and interest is increasing among states in the north-
east of the US, according to Central Japan Railway Co. "I want to propose that (the United States) introduce the
Maglev train system to represent Japan-US cooperation," said Mr Abe at the meeting. Mr Abe has devoted effort to
travelling around the world to promote the export of his country's infrastructure technology. The latest proposal for extending a
loan to the United States is part of such efforts. Maglev vehicles have no wheels and are propelled along their track through
electromagnetic pull doing away with friction and, hence, providing a smoother and quieter ride at a faster speed. Conventional Maglev technology is
already in use on a number of short routes around the world, but is limited to a speed of around 267mph. Japanese "Super-Maglev" trains are already
operating on test tracks at speeds of more than 310mph. The latest Series L0 maglev was unveiled in late 2012 and measures nearly 92 feet long of
which 49 feet forms an aerodynamic nose section and is fitted with 24 seats. A full 16-carriage train will be able to carry 1,000 passengers. The state-
of-the-art trains are scheduled to go into use in 2027 and link Shinagawa Station, in central Tokyo, with Nagoya. At present, it takes 90 minutes for a
conventional "shinkansen" bullet train to complete the journey between that two stations, although that will be cut to 40 minutes by the new
technology. The aim is to extend the line to Osaka by 2045 and the cost of the new lines has been put at Y8.44 trillion (64 billion). The
Japanese government is hoping to have the US maglev operational within the next decade and
that it will serve to encourage other parts of the US and countries around the world to purchase
Japanese mass transit technology.

Japan and the US collaborate on tech
OPS 14 Office of Press Secretary for the White House, (U.S.-Japan Joint Statement: The
United States and Japan: Shaping the Future of the Asia-Pacific and Beyond, April 25, 2014,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/04/25/us-japan-joint-statement-united-
states-and-japan-shaping-future-asia-pac//nemo)
We also support Japans Chairmanship in the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of its
accession to the OECD and support Chinas hosting of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and Australias hosting
of the G20 this year. We are working together in the APEC and the G20 on the promotion of the role of women, which is an
important domestic and foreign policy priority for both countries. Through the Equal Futures Partnership and upcoming events
such as the White House Summit on Working Families and Japans international symposium on womens empowerment, the two
countries are committed to ensuring womens full participation in society. Furthermore, the United States and
Japan continue to be world leaders in high-technology, where our collaboration is expanding the
frontiers of robotics, space, and medical science.
Us and Japan should cooperate on technology
Armitage and Nye 12 - Richard L. Armitage is president of Armitage International and a trustee of CSIS. From 2001 to 2005, he served as U.S. deputy
secretary of state. In the course of his career, he has been engaged in a range of worldwide business and public policy endeavors, as well as frequent public speaking and writing.
From 1992 to 1993, Mr. Armitage (with the personal rank of ambassador) directed U.S. assistance to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. From 1989 to
1992, he filled key diplomatic positions as presidential special negotiator for the Philippines Military Bases Agreement and special mediator for water in the Middle East.
President George H.W. Bush sent him as a special emissary to Jordans King Hussein during the 1991 Gulf War. In the Pentagon from 1983 to 1989, he served as assistant
secretary of defense for international security affairs. Mr. Armitage graduated in 1967 from the U.S. Naval Academy, where he was commissioned an ensign in the U.S. Navy. He
served on a destroyer stationed on the Vietnam gun line and subsequently completed three combat tours in Vietnam. He has received numerous U.S. military decorations, as
well as decorations from the governments of Thailand, the Republic of Korea, Bahrain, and Pakstan. In 2010, Mr. Armitage was appointed an honorary companion of the Order
of Australia, and in 2005, he became a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Mr. Armitage currently serves on the boards of ConocoPhillips, ManTech
International Corporation, and Transcu Group Ltd. He is also a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy. He was most recently awarded the Department of State
Distinguished Service Award and has received the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service four times, the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding
Public Service, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Award for Outstanding Public Service, the Presidential Citizens Medal, and the Department of State Distinguished Honor
Award. Joseph S. Nye is dean emeritus of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a trustee of CSIS. He joined the Harvard faculty in 1964 and has served
as director of the Center for International Affairs, Dillon Professor of International Affairs, and associate dean of arts and sciences. From 1977 to 1979, Dr. Nye served as deputy
to the U.S. under secretary of state for security assistance, science, and technology and chaired the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In
1993 and 1994, he was chairman of the National Intelligence Council, which coordinates intelligence estimates for the president. In 1994 and 1995, he served as assistant
secretary of defense for international security affairs. In all three agencies, he received distinguished service awards. Dr. Nye is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences and the American Academy of Diplomacy and a member of the Executive Committee of the Trilateral Commission. Dr. Nye has also served as a director of the Aspen
Strategy Group, as a director of the Institute for East-West Security Studies, as a director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, as U.S. representative on the UN
Advisory Committee on Disarmament Affairs, and as a member of the Advisory Committee of the Institute of International Economics. about the authors20 | the u.s.-japan
alliance He received his bachelors degree summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1958. He did postgraduate work at Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship and
earned a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard University. Dr. Nye has also taught for brief periods in Geneva, Ottawa, and London and has lived for extended periods in
Europe, East Africa, and Central America. He is the author of numerous books, including The Future of Power (PublicAffairs, 2011), The Powers to Lead (Oxford University
Press, 2008), and Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (PublicAffairs, 2004), (The U.S.-Japan Alliance anchoring stability in asia, 2012,
http://csis.org/files/publication/120810_Armitage_USJapanAlliance_Web.pdf//nemo)
The second aspect of interoperability is hardware. Given both the United States and Japans economic realities
and the improbability of growing defense budgets, there is a need for closer defense industry
collaboration. Japans revision of the Three Principles on Arms Exports has increased the policy window on arms exports and technology
cooperation. While joint collaboration will reduce costs to both governments and strengthen
industry-wide relationships (akin to the decades old partnerships between European and American defense companies), the
alliance has yet to determine how to move forward in this area. The United States should take
advantage of the policy change and encourage the Japanese defense industry to export
technology. The time is past when Americans should be concerned about Japanese defense
exports posing a threat to U.S. security or our industrial base. On a micro-level, the United
States should import (and Japan should freely export) electronic, nanotech, composite, and
other high-value components. Allied trade in this sector would give U.S. defense companies
access to sophisticated secondary or prime source technology that Japan already exclusively
manufactures, or manufactures under license. Importing from Japan also has the potential to
drive down costs and improve quality of U.S. and Japanese defense products. On a macro-level, the easing
of restrictions facilitates opportunities for joint development of sophisticated future weaponry and other
security systems. Missile defense has been an excellent model in this regard. This program demonstrates that the alliance can co-develop, co-
produce, and co-employ exceedingly complex defense systems with cooperation, rather than competition, at its core. A near-term allied armament
program should consider specific projects of mutual interest and operational requirements. However, the alliance should also
identify long-term operational requirements for joint development. Areas for possible arms cooperation could be
the next generation fighters, warships, radars, strategic lift, communications, and overall ISR capabilities. Additionally, the United
States should encourage arms exports and technology cooperation between Tokyo and other allies. For example, Australia is in discussions with Japan
about technology cooperation on diesel submarines and potentially the joint strike fighter. The United States should encourage such dialogue and build
on this momentum. The United States and Japan are the two largest and most capable research and development entities on the globe. As allies we
should meld these capabilities and achieve efficiencies in a sector with rapidly increasing costs and complexity. An alliance framework for arms
cooperation will require better organization. In the past, cooperation has been relegated to the Sciences and Technology Forum (S&TF), a body that
operates separately from the policy-centered Security Consultative Committee. Greater integration of these two bodies will achieve alliance efficiencies
and effectiveness in armament. Fundamental to this effort will be reform of the United States Foreign Military Sales (FMS) process, which no longer
reflects present-day budget, military, and technology realities.
2nc - aquaculture
Cooperation on Aquaculture is best
Nakamura et al 1 - Yasuaki Nakamura, James P. McVey, Ken Leber, Carole Neidig, Sondra
Fox and Kim Churchill, Under the U.S. Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources
(UJNR), Mote Marine Laboratory Center for Fisheries Enhancement, (ECOLOGY OF
AQUACULTURE SPECIES AND ENHANCEMENT OF STOCKS PROCEEDINGS OF THE
THIRTIETH U.S. - Japan MEETING ON AQUACULTURE, December 3 and 4, 2001,
http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/flsgp/flsgpw01004.pdf//nemo
Given the expected developments in research and commercial farms throughout the U.S. over the next few years, it is imperative to address the issues summarized above as soon
as possible. Many of these are topics have been the subject of cooperative research and information exchange
within UJNR in the past and remain issues for future cooperative efforts. Hatchery technology
advanced culture technologies, culture of new species, identification and control of disease
organisms are obvious examples. New areas of study might include development of cages and husbandry technology for rough water environments,
identification of alternative food sources, understanding of nutrition requirements, definition of carrying capacity of coastal and
offshore waters, development and application of environmental monitoring technology, consideration of regulatory and policy issues, and ocean ranching. Each of
these topics would benefit from multidisciplinary approaches to science and the exchange of ideas from diverse experience bases. The broad topics
mentioned would provide opportunities for scientific exchange particularly between young
scientists with ideas and technologies at the borders of the tried and true conventional
methodologies. All of these areas appear eminently suitable for future UJNR efforts Cooperation between researchers in the
U.S. and Japan is highly desirable to accomplish these goals. The cooperative international scientific information exchange
program fostered by the UJNR Aquaculture program has enabled many U.S. scientists to become more aware of Japans
extensive experience and research base in marine aquaculture. The development of an active
marine aquaculture research program in the U.S. presents an opportunity to expand upon those
ties and to provide information useful to both countries as we attempt to make more utilization
of the sea. Possible areas of further scientific research and information exchange include: (1) establishment of culture protocol for
additional species, such as cold water, deep water, tropical and subtropical species, (2)
establishing guidelines for the assessment of carrying capacity of coastal and offshore waters;
(3) identification of additional sources of high protein fish food and development of additional
additives and nutrition enhancers and (4) the development of technologies that would assist in
the growth of the aquaculture industry in more exposed locations. Conclusion The research and
exchange of ideas related to the extension of current aquacultural activities into more exposed
and high-energy environments, generally referred to as Open Ocean Aquaculture, appears to be a fruitful area for future UJNR
activities. The breadth of topics is appropriate, the need is present, and the growing commitments within the U.S. all suggest that this would be an appropriate theme for
future exchanges.

2nc - energy
Bilateral dialogue on energy cooperation fosters in tech and research exchange
th
The United States and Japan work together to share our skills and knowledge to develop clean,
reliable, and efficient energy resources for current and future generations. The U.S.-Japan Clean Energy
Policy Dialogue, most recently held in December 2013, fosters coordination on policies and on
research and development activities. Through the Dialogue, U.S. and Japanese researchers are
pursuing exchanges on fuel cell, solar, and geothermal technology, and contribute to our governments plan to collaborate on
a joint project on microgrid systems. The U.S.-Japan Renewable Energy Policy Business Roundtable, held in
conjunction with the Dialogue, provides a venue for companies of both countries to discuss policy
developments in the clean energy sector, identify new business opportunities, and share
information on issues such as creative public-private financing mechanisms for renewable
energy projects.

2nc methane hydrates
Cooperation on Methane Hydrates solves
Armitage and Nye 12 - Richard L. Armitage is president of Armitage International and a trustee of CSIS. From 2001 to 2005, he served as U.S. deputy
secretary of state. In the course of his career, he has been engaged in a range of worldwide business and public policy endeavors, as well as frequent public speaking and writing.
From 1992 to 1993, Mr. Armitage (with the personal rank of ambassador) directed U.S. assistance to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. From 1989 to
1992, he filled key diplomatic positions as presidential special negotiator for the Philippines Military Bases Agreement and special mediator for water in the Middle East.
President George H.W. Bush sent him as a special emissary to Jordans King Hussein during the 1991 Gulf War. In the Pentagon from 1983 to 1989, he served as assistant
secretary of defense for international security affairs. Mr. Armitage graduated in 1967 from the U.S. Naval Academy, where he was commissioned an ensign in the U.S. Navy. He
served on a destroyer stationed on the Vietnam gun line and subsequently completed three combat tours in Vietnam. He has received numerous U.S. military decorations, as
well as decorations from the governments of Thailand, the Republic of Korea, Bahrain, and Pakstan. In 2010, Mr. Armitage was appointed an honorary companion of the Order
of Australia, and in 2005, he became a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Mr. Armitage currently serves on the boards of ConocoPhillips, ManTech
International Corporation, and Transcu Group Ltd. He is also a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy. He was most recently awarded the Department of State
Distinguished Service Award and has received the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service four times, the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding
Public Service, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Award for Outstanding Public Service, the Presidential Citizens Medal, and the Department of State Distinguished Honor
Award. Joseph S. Nye is dean emeritus of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a trustee of CSIS. He joined the Harvard faculty in 1964 and has served
as director of the Center for International Affairs, Dillon Professor of International Affairs, and associate dean of arts and sciences. From 1977 to 1979, Dr. Nye served as deputy
to the U.S. under secretary of state for security assistance, science, and technology and chaired the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In
1993 and 1994, he was chairman of the National Intelligence Council, which coordinates intelligence estimates for the president. In 1994 and 1995, he served as assistant
secretary of defense for international security affairs. In all three agencies, he received distinguished service awards. Dr. Nye is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences and the American Academy of Diplomacy and a member of the Executive Committee of the Trilateral Commission. Dr. Nye has also served as a director of the Aspen
Strategy Group, as a director of the Institute for East-West Security Studies, as a director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, as U.S. representative on the UN
Advisory Committee on Disarmament Affairs, and as a member of the Advisory Committee of the Institute of International Economics. about the authors20 | the u.s.-japan
alliance He received his bachelors degree summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1958. He did postgraduate work at Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship and
earned a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard University. Dr. Nye has also taught for brief periods in Geneva, Ottawa, and London and has lived for extended periods in
Europe, East Africa, and Central America. He is the author of numerous books, including The Future of Power (PublicAffairs, 2011), The Powers to Lead (Oxford University
Press, 2008), and Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (PublicAffairs, 2004), (The U.S.-Japan Alliance anchoring stability in asia, 2012,
http://csis.org/files/publication/120810_Armitage_USJapanAlliance_Web.pdf//nemo)
Japan and the United States cooperate closely in research and development of potential
largescale methane hydrate production. In May, a U.S.-Japan field trial on Alaskas north slope
successfully extracted methane hydrates by pumping in and sequestering CO2 , demonstrating
both energy supply and environmental benefits. In light of the transformational potential of
eventual large-scale methane hydrate production, we recommend that the United States and
Japan accelerate progress on researching and developing cost-effective and environmentally
responsible production of methane hydrates. Moreover, the United States and Japan
should commit to research and development of alternative energy technologies .

2nc - warming
Cooperation on climate change now
th
Finally, Japan and the United States work together on climate change issues, including through a
bilateral dialogue. We will continue our close cooperation, including in the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change, with the goal of securing the participation of all major economies and other major
emitters in an effective, ambitious, and durable global climate change agreement to be adopted
in 2015.
Tech that reduces gas emissions will be shared
DOE 13 [Dept. of Energy, Office of International Affairs, Joint Statement between U.S.
Department of Energy and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, July 24
th
, 2013,
http://energy.gov/node/712681] // t-haas
CLIMATE CHANGE COOPERATION To advance existing and long-standing collaborative efforts that were
further emphasized by the April 2013 U.S.-Japan Fact Sheet on Climate Change Cooperation, both sides discussed the
need to enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation on energy-related aspects of climate
change, including through increased information sharing and R&D on innovative technologies to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

***cp mechanics
2nc - at: perm
Japanese independence is key to Asian coalition-building
Chongkittavorn 6 -Kavi, Japan's new leader must take a fresh look at the region, The
Nation, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/18/opinion/opinion_30013888.php
Japan must be more sensitive in constructing its regional policy. It should be grounded in the
socio-eco reality of Southeast Asia. Regular consultations rather than the existing ad-hoc approach will be a
prerequisite for trust- and confidence-building between Japan and Asean. Tokyo's regional policy must be pro-active and go beyond
the traditional approaches. It must involve new elements relating to the promotion of transparency, good governance and
accountability - issues that Beijing is not capable of addressing at this juncture. Sad but true, Asia's richest democracy has not yet
tried to play any tangible role in uplifting the region's level of governance and accountability. The strong alliance between Japan and
the United States is beneficial to the peace and stability in the region, as it has always been in the past six decades. But it is
necessary for Japan's leadership to demonstrate that its regional policies are not an
appendix of US strategies , but of its own design and based on regional-interests and
longstanding experiences. This policy must engage the region and its well-being. A failure by the
new leadership to pursue such policies would further widen the gap between Asean and Japan.
That will hurt everyone.
Japanese leadership is key to a sustainable alliance
Kuriyama 2k Professor @ Waseda
Takakazu Kuriyama, Advisor to Japanese Minister & Prof @ Waseda, "Japan Review of Int'l
Affairs", Challenges, Fall, p. 218
In closing I would like to touch on three issues that will be of critical importance to Japanese foreign policy in the twenty-first
century. First is Japan's relationship with the United States. From the standpoint of market democracies and the Asia-Pacific, the
two sets of foreign policy coordinates, it is evident that Japan's most important partner in the joint efforts to
build a new international order will be the United States. In light of this, Japan will have to keep
the strengthening of the bilateral relationship a prime goal of its policy. The major problem in
Japan's relationship with the United States. however. lies in the wide gap between the respective
influence of the two partners. It is difficult to maintain a healthy relationship with a country that
wields great influence in every sphere. It is easy for such a relationship to become one of
subservience. which leads to a psychological backlash. in the mind of the junior partner. who wishes to become independent
from its powerful counterpart. In Japan's case in particular, this is a constant danger, given the country's need to lean heavily on
America for its security. (This need springs from the constraints placed on Japan by its history, a factor I will address shortly.)
The best way to avoid this kind of anti-America backlash is for Japan itself to
strengthen its diplomatic and soft power and pursue a more proactive posture. This will
lead to a more equal relationship between Japan and the United States, a close partnership for building an international
order.
Japan is key to Asian multilateralism
Cossa et al 5 MS in Strategic Studies, president of the Pacific Forum CSIS
Ralph, The Emerging East Asian Community: Should Washington be Concerned?, Pacific
Forum CSIS, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/issuesinsights_v05n09.pdf
The post-Sept. 11 U.S. has declined in soft power and suasion in Asia, while China has gained in standing
and acceptability: thus, the rise of the Chinese dragon is in parallel with the wounding of the American eagle, a coincidence that may
bring misgivings and sudden shifts. Nevertheless, the main driving forces for the sense of East Asian regionalism are not, in my view,
anti-Americanism. Nor, however, are they completely neutral in my estimate. There is a growing ambivalence about
the U.S. among many Asians. This love-hate attitude finds expression in the now popular
adage, Yankee go home and take me with you. There is an emerging wish for a greater
independence and capacity in Asia. More Asians now believe it is the time that their countries
and their region mature and grow beyond the unequal relationship with and dependency upon
the U.S., so that Asians can do about what matters most to Asia.

Japanese is necessary for Asian multilateralism
Okada 5 - Secretary General of the Democratic Party of Japan
Katsuya, Toward Realization of Enlightened National InterestLiving Harmoniously with Asia
and the World, http://www.dpj.or.jp/vision/vision-e/summary.html
Japan's foreign policy in the past has been heavily dependent on the United States and far from
autonomous. This foreign policy does not have the power to promote construction of a regional
order in Asia nor a vision for the reform of governance in international organizations. Only a
disappointing world can be the outcome of this kind of foreign policy after ten years. Its
symptoms are already apparent in the current government diplomacy, which is deadlocked. This
kind of foreign policy actually harms Japan's enlightened national interest. In contrast, the new
government of Japan will nurture mutual trust with neighboring countries to promote the East
Asian Community, construct a Japan-U.S. relationship in which both parties can act and
interact with each other autonomously, and actively contribute to world peace and stability. It
needs to be emphasized repeatedly that only by building mutual trust with Asian countries,
particularly our direct neighbors, can Japan's foreign policy be more encompassing and creative.
Our enlightened national interest will be accomplished when, through these policies, we succeed
in realizing the desirable world scenario in ten years.
Americas top-down approach fails in Asia- only indigenous multilateralism can
achieve regional peace
Khanna 10 - Parag, senior research fellow at the New America Foundation
Hows that New World Order Working Out? 11/29
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/hows_that_new_world_order_working_o
ut?page=full
The closest thing we have to multilateral governance happens on a regional level, and it is far
more promising, whether the deeply entrenched and supranational European Union, the rejuvenated Association of Southeast
Asian Nations, or the nascent African Union. Each is building a regional order tailored to its members' priorities and level of
development. On Sudan and Somalia, it's Uganda leading the new diplomatic and peacekeeping push. For Palestine, the Arab
League is considering a peacekeeping force. And on Iran, Turkey is now in the lead. The world of 1990 was expected to remain
fundamentally international. Yet instead its very structure has changed as globalization has empowered legions
of transnational nonstate actors from corporations to NGOs to religious groups. As a result,
today's world features overlapping and competing claims to authority and legitimacy. The Gates
Foundation gives away more money each year than any European country. Villagers in Nigeria expect Shell to deliver the goods, not
their government. And Oxfam shapes the British development agency's priorities more than the reverse. Neither the United
States nor the United Nations can put the genie back in the bottle. With each passing year, deal-
making at Davos and the Clinton Global Initiative become more important than the glacial
advance of empty declarations at international summits. These and other venues are the places
where the "new new world order" is being built. And it's happening from the bottom up rather
than the top down.
Asian multilateralism solves great power war
Lee, 09 Seoul National University (December 2009, Geun, The Nexus between Koreas
Regional Security Options and Domestic Politics, www.cfr.org, JMP)
Koreas Option of Multilateral Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia The idea of multilateral security cooperation in Northeast Asia
is not a recent one. Since 1988, Korea has advocated regional security cooperation, and in 1994, Korea
officially proposed the Northeast Asia Security Dialogue (NEASED) at the ASEAN Regional Forum
(ARF). Serious discussion of multilateral security cooperation in Northeast Asia started in 2005 during the Six Party Talks to resolve
the nuclear crisis on the Korean Peninsula. In fact, the Six Party Talks have been an important generator of innovative ideas, and
participants in the Six Party Talks have gradually realized the importance of a multilateral security mechanism in Northeast Asia,
even if they do not share identical interests in such a mechanism.6 From Koreas perspective, a semi-regional arrangement like the
Six Party Talks produces five main benefits.7 First, a multilateral security arrangement in Northeast Asia composed of the United
States, China, Japan, Russia, North Korea, and South Korea will provide insurance to the concerned parties that the agreements
struck at the Six Party Talks will not be violated by the participants. Cheating and lack of trust are among the fundamental problems
in solving the Korean nuclear crisis, and a multilateral binding of agreements can help solve the problems by increasing
transparency and the transaction costs of violating the agreements. Second, a multilateral security arrangement in
Northeast Asia is fundamentally a global security arrangement, as it includes all the global
powers except the European Union. The United States and China unofficially form the Group of Two (G2), Japan is an
economic superpower, and Russia used to be the leader of the Eastern bloc. The high concentration of superpowers
in Northeast Asia poses a threat to Korea because an outbreak of great-power conflict in
the region will definitely devastate Korea, if not the world. Therefore, Korea has reason
to promote a multilateral security mechanism that increases transparency among global
powers and functions as a confidence-building measure. Third, voluntary or involuntary betrayal
by the United States has preoccupied many Koreans and security experts. Some Koreans felt betrayed when
the United States agreed to the division of the Korean peninsula. The Park Chung-hee government felt abandoned when the United
States withdrew a significant portion of U.S. soldiers from Korea, and was taken aback by rapprochement between the United States
and China. Many Koreans got upset when the United States supported the authoritarian Korean government and kept silent during
the Kwangju massacre in 1980. They again felt betrayed when it was rumored that the Clinton administration planned air strikes
against North Korea without informing South Korea. And they were upset with the unilateral foreign policy stance of the George W.
Bush administration, including its decision to pull the second infantry division out of Korea. A multilateral security
arrangement in Northeast Asia will mitigate the security concern of Korea when the United States
either voluntarily or involuntarily defects from its commitment to Korea. Fourth, multilateral
security cooperation in Northeast Asia is necessary to establish a peace system on the
Korean peninsula and ultimately unify Korea. Many Korean people doubt that the major powers, including the
United States, want the unification of the Korean peninsula. Korea wants to deal with these powers transparently
through a multilateral security cooperation mechanism. Fifth, seeing the latest global financial crisis and the
rise of China, many Koreans recognize the need to adjust Koreas external strategy to the changing geoeconomic world. Making
exclusive ties with the United States may be a high-risk investment in a past hegemon, while exclusive
ties with China would be a high-risk investment in an uncertain future. In this transitional period for geoeconomics,
multilateral security cooperation is an attractive partial exit option for Korea. A multilateral
security mechanism in Northeast Asia appeals to Korea, so if voice and loyalty in the U.S.-
Korea relationship do not reveal positive correlations, then Korea will pay more
attention to multilateral regional options. Moreover, if the U.S. capability and
credibility in delivering its security promises to alliance partners are questioned,
there will be fewer veto powers in Korean politics against a multilateral security
mechanism in Northeast Asia, particularly when such an option still maintains a loose form
of the U.S.-Korea alliance.
Benign leadership is zero-sum
Nye 2 Professor of Government @ Harvard Joseph S, Former Ast Sec of Def for ISA, The
Paradox of American Power: Why the Worlds only superpower cant go it alone, p. 68
Politics then becomes a contest of competitive credibility. Governments compete with each
other and with other organizations to enhance their own credibility and weaken that of their
opponents witness the struggle between Serbia and NATO to frame the interpretation of
events in Kosovo in 1999. Reputation has always mattered in world politics, but the role of
credibility becomes an even more important power resource because of the deluge of free information and the
"paradox ol plenty" in an information age. The BBC, for example, was an important soft power resource for Britain in Eastern
Europe during the Cold War. Now it (and other government broadcasts) has more competitors, but to the extent that it maintains
credibility in an era of white noise, its value as a power resource may increase. As we shall sec in chapter 5, if the U.S. government
thought in these terms, it would invest far more than it now does in the instruments of soft power (such as information and cultural
exchange programs} and be less likely to try to constrain the Voice of America as it did in September 2001. We would be more
concerned about how the policies we follow at home and unilateralist foreign policies sometimes
undermine our credibility.
Lack of Japanese independence slays soft power
Arase et al 13 - David Arase before joining the Hopkins-Nanjing Center faculty, Dr. Arase was a professor of politics at
Pomona College in Claremont, Calif., teaching international relations and East Asian affairs with a focus on Japanese politics and
foreign policy. He is a graduate of Cornell University (B.A. liberal arts, 1977), the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International
Studies (M.A., international relations, 1982), and the University of California at Berkeley (Ph.D., political science, 1989). He has had
a Japan Foundation dissertation fellowship and an Abe Foundation research fellowship, and has been a US State Department-
sponsored touring speaker in South Korea and China. and Tsuneo Akaha is the Director of our Center for East Asian Studies,
Professor Akaha specializes in Japanese foreign and security policy, international relations of the Asia Pacific, international political
economy, globalization, human rights, human security, and international migration. He came to the U.S. as an American Field
Service (AFS) student during high school. He was a Fulbright scholar at the University of Tokyo and Seikei University (Tokyo), and a
Japan Foundation Research Fellow at Hokkaido University's Slavic Research Center (Sapporo). He has been a Visiting Professor at
Waseda University, Tokyo and at the University of Shimane. He has served as President of Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast
(ASPAC) and of the Comparative Interdisciplinary Studies Section of the International Studies Association., (The US-Japan
Alliance: Balancing Soft and Hard Power in East Asia, January 11, 2013,
http://books.google.com/books?id=ved4tTjQ4EoC&dq=us-
japan+%22soft+power%22+%22policy+independence%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s//nemo)
Postwar Japan has been handicapped from the start with respect to the types of power it
commands. Early Occupation policy liquidated its hard power. The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
stripped post-defeat Japan of soft power. And domination by the US sacrificed
Japans foreign policy independence. This left Japan with economic power as the most
promising area to develop. Thus, it is little wonder that Japan has great economic power but less
military and soft power than other nations of comparable size and wealth. Since the 1991 Persian
Gulf War the US has made it ever clearer that Japan must enhance its military contribution to
the alliance even if this means amending the Constitution. Japans response under the
conservative LDP has been to incrementally reinterpret Article 9 in a way that has brought
Japan to where it is todayacting in new alliance roles that make constitutional revision a post
hoc necessity Interest in soft power has been emerging as Japan seeks to remedy its skewed
profile of power and influence. As a veteran Japanese trilateralist put it. proper balance is
needed for a nation to be regarded as a power. whether hard or soft, in the international arena.
At least a minimum necessary level should be maintained in each of the key fields: military.
economic. cultural and foreign policy.2
Japanese independence is key
Midford 2 - Paul Midford Associate Professor School of Policy Studies Kwansei Gakuin
University, (Understanding US-Japan Relations in a Time of Unilateralism, 2002,
http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/reviews/Midford.html//nemo)
The impact of regional multilateralism is one of the more interesting themes tackled by several authors. In particular, the reader is treated to several
perspectives on Japans apparently ill-fated 1997 proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund (AMF). For Gerald Curtis, the lesson to be drawn from
this incident is that Japan should avoid the appearance of trying to wrest autonomy from the United States when making regional diplomatic
initiatives (pages 36-37). Michael Green draws a similar lesson, namely that when Japanese attempts to
demonstrate independence in its foreign policy are not preceded by consultation with
Washington, its proposals are likely to go down to defeat. Japan can bank on this adverse result in no small part
because the US can count on Chinese cooperation to defeat Japanese initiatives (page 254). Green fails to note,
however, that Chinese opposition to Japanese initiatives has declined significantly as a result of the
1999 War in Kosovo. One might also wonder, however, how Japan could possibly pursue an
independent foreign policy if prior consultation with Washington is a prerequisite. On the other
hand, Jennifer Holt Dwyer draws a more complicated picture. According to Dwyer, Japans attempt to create an AMF was in fact the opening shot of a
coherent and long-term strategy, one that has continued even after the initial proposals demise. Looked at from a slightly longer perspective, Japans
AMF initiative appears to have attained many of its goals by the middle of 1999, with the acceptance of the New Miyazawa Initiative (page 98).
Similarly, Tanaka Akihiko notes that the new ASEAN+3 Summit (that is, the ASEAN leaders plus those of China, Japan and South Korea) is
comparable in membership, if not controversy, to Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathirs proposal for an East Asian Economic Caucus. Perhaps the
difference between the two forums is more one of marketing than of substance. Although not suggesting that this summit threatens APEC, much less
the US-Japan alliance, he implies that this new multilateral venue increases Japans potential for independent diplomacy vis--vis the US. These
views impart the impression that regional multilateralism, whether focused on economics,
politics, or security, will continue to be a testing ground for a more independent Japanese
foreign policy, and a locus of tension in the bilateral alliance. China One of two major themes in Curtis chapter
concerns the role of China in the alliance. He notes that the basic patterns for dealing with China within the alliance context were set during the Nixon
administration, and have changed little since then. He argues that Japan passing, at least in the context of China policy, was not a Clinton invention.
Rather, Japan passing was already being practiced when the Nixon administration pursued secret normalization talks with the China, entirely
bypassing Japan. One intangible reason for Japan passing in these early years was that while Kissinger, Nixon, and subsequently Brzezinski obviously
enjoyed discussing strategic issues with the Chinese leadership, they were bored to tears by their talks with Japanese leaders (page 17). Relying
heavily on Michael Schallers (1997) recent work, Altered States, and Kissingers (1979) and Nixons (1978) memoirs, Curtis demonstrates the extent to
which US officials manipulated Japans militarist reputation in Chinese eyes for their own purposes. As Curtis puts it, The popularity of the idea that
the Security Treaty is the cap in the bottle of Japanese military is a legacy of the Nixon-Kissinger era, even if the phrase itself is not. (page 10) The
Chinese accepted the cap-in-the bottle and gave the Security Treaty implicit support until after the Cold War. Then, with the issuance of revised US-
Japan defense guidelines in 1997, which called for Japan to support US forces in conflicts in areas surrounding
Japan, Chinese leaders began to suspect that the US was attempting to pull the cap at least
partway off the Japanese military bottle. (page 10) This reaction suggests that the strategy of exploiting Chinese fears about
Japanese militarism has boomeranged since the end of the Cold War. More generally, Curtis observes that because the triangular metaphor is
becoming a more realistic image of relations among the United States, Japan, and China it is important that the United States and Japan consciously
seek to keep their two corners of the triangle close. (page 34) Yet, this observation suggests a fluidity in the interests of the US and Japan that belies
the overall emphasis of the volume on the durability and strength of the alliance. A Shifting Balance of Power Several of the contributors suggest that
Japans prolonged economic slump and the seemingly remarkable revitalisation of American power in the 1990s mean nothing less than a significant
shift in the balance of power away from Japan and toward the United States. Dwyer suggests that had the Asian financial crisis come ten years earlier,
when Japanese economic institutions appeared to be at their peak, America would have been hard
pressed to prevail in the leadership struggle over the AMF (page 101). Although ostensibly writing about US-Japan
financial relations, she reveals the deep linkages between the economic and security sides of the relationship by demonstrating how even Tokyos
policy independence regarding finance has been severely limited by its extreme dependence
upon the US for security. As Michael Green observes, the so-called Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) has so far primarily been an
American revolution. Consequently, the RMA is increasing Americas unilateral options while threatening Japans latitude for autonomous decision-
making in a crisis. Plans for the joint development of a Theater Missile Defense system (TMD) illustrate the point. The very short-warning time and
high degree of bi-national integration necessary for a regional missile defense system would deprive Japan of the opportunity for autonomous decision-
making. In short, recent technological change is exacerbating the abandonment or entrapment alliance dilemma for Japan (page 248). Green
nonetheless concludes that the US and Japan do not suffer from any fundamental conflict of
national interests. As suggested above, however, Green apparently does not fully appreciate what a more
independent Japanese foreign policy would imply. Moreover, he perhaps underestimates the role of growing American
unilateralism and other factors pushing Japan toward greater independence. Green mentions Japanese misgivings about the
war in Kosovo, but does not seriously consider whether the American unilateralist impulse,
evident in that conflict, if left unchecked, might lead to far more serious clashes of national
interest. Indications that the Clinton administration was seriously considering a preemptive strike on suspected North Korean nuclear weapons
facilities in 1994 makes one wonder whether we should interpret Japans reluctance to actively support the US in this crisis as reflecting one-country
pacifism or underdeveloped alliance institutions, as Green implies, or as a case where Japan deliberately tried to restrain (perhaps successfully) the US
by tacitly threatening to deny support. If it is the latter, even the Revised Defense Guidelines do not ensure that a future US preemptive against North
Korea will necessarily enjoy Japanese support. Needless to say, a lack of Japanese support would likely trigger a
grave crisis for the alliance. Recent indications that American might extend its post September 11 war on terrorism to Iraq have
produced quiet Japanese warnings paralleling more public ones issued by European allies. This may thus be another case where American
unilateralism could lead to a sharp conflict of national interest with Japan as well as with European allies.[1] More generally, the recent US tendency to
unilaterally withdraw from international agreements, ranging from the Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming to the ABM Treaty and the Comprehensive
Test Ban Treaty, while not posing a significant challenge to Japans national interests, nonetheless are serious irritants to the US-Japan relationship,
much as they are for the US-European relationship.[2] At the least, the overall effect negates the goodwill that the Bush administration initially created
in Japan by moving away from Clintons vague notion of a Sino-US strategic partnership and toward a more Japan friendly Asian policy. Perhaps the
key variable that will determine the continued viability of the alliance will therefore be the strength of Americas unilateralism. If Japan and Europe can
exert significant Gaiatsu on Washington, and if domestic American interests push US policy in a parallel direction, then the US-Japan alliance can
probably avoid any serious challenges in the short to medium term. Unfortunately, this may prove to be a very big if.
2nc at: i-fiat bad
International Fiat is good Deal with it our literature about Japan checks back
any risk of unpredictability or infinite regression
By the way this is the Oceans topic no one country owns the oceans proves
predictability
Global citizenry- We get to learn about relative capabilities and raises global
awareness that makes us better, less xenophobic citizens in light of a culture of
dissent
Role-playing- Integration of international perspectives makes us better decision
makers based on a better set of information
Neg flex- Allows full testing of the aff, forces them to think critically and corrects
side biases
Reject the argument not the team
Counter interpretation- neg only can fiat international actors that are contextually
related to the oceans. We need to be able to look to ocean literature for topic
generics- the alternative is a stampede for process based cps that destroy debate
If anything, - the judge is a policy analyst who chooses the best solution to the
problem presented by the resolution.
Thats good-
Real world- burden-sharing, joint operations, think tanks, NGOs, and the UN all
prove policymakers inside and outside the government choose between two states
If anything they dont are just as abusive no one person can decide for congress,
the Supreme Court, and the executive branch
International counterplans are key to test USFG action in the resolution proves
that we are predictable
2nc at: china da
Chinese-Japanese conflict is inevitable island disputes
Posner 2/25 [Eric Posner, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Why Are China
and Japan Inching Toward War Over Five Tiny Islands?, February 25
th
, 2014,
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2014/02/the_senkaku
_or_diaoyu_islands_where_world_war_iii_could_start_because_of.html] // t-haas
Five tiny uninhabited islands slumber in the Pacific Ocean a short distance from Taiwan, China,
and Japan. The Japanese call them the Senkaku Islands. The Chinese call them the Diaoyu
Islands. Japan controls the islands, but China wants them. While international law favors Japan,
it would be a mistake to think the law will stop China from grabbing them. That means that even
though no one uses the islands currently for anything, if World War III takes place anytime
soon, this is where it will startimplausible as that may sound. Japan argues that the islands
were vacant until 1895, when the Japanese government laid claim to them. Japanese nationals
used and lived on them in the following decadesa fish-processing plant owned by a Japanese
national once chugged away here. China did not dispute Japans claim to the islands during this
period. Nor did China object when the United States took control of them during the occupation
of Japan starting in 1945. The U.S. handed the islands back to Japan in 1972. But since the early
70s, China has argued that Japan seized the islands in violation of international law. China
argues it owned the islands before 1895, based on some ancient Chinese texts and maps that it
says show that the Chinese regarded the islands as theirs, which would mean Japans seizure of
the islands violated Chinas rights. Also, in Chinas view, Japan obtained control over the islands
as a result of a treaty that ended the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895. Japan took control of the
islands, via the treaty, when it forced China, which lost the war, to cede Taiwan to Japanand in
Chinas view, the islands are part of Taiwan. When Taiwan was returned to China after World
War II, the islands should have gone back with it. Except that by that time, Japan was occupied
by the United States, which took administrative control over the islands (without claiming
sovereignty) and then returned control of the islands to Japan in 1972. The international law
that governs territorial disputes favors Japan. When no one occupies or controls a piece of
territory, it is deemed terra nullius (land belonging to no one). That was the status of the
islands before 1895. The ancient Chinese texts do not establish Chinese control. A typical
example is a diplomatic record from 1534 that says, The ship has passed Diaoyu Island. The
ship was carrying a Chinese official, but passing by an island and calling it Diaoyu does not
establish sovereignty. A country does that by showing it has seized a territory through an official
act and then exerted control over it or that its government has controlled it as long as anyone
can remember. Since China did not control the islands before 1895, Japan had the right to seize
them. It then lawfully maintained sovereignty over them by ruling them. If Japan had illegally
seized the islands from China, then surely China would have said so in the years after 1895. It
would have objected when Japanese nationals lived there, asserted ownership, and sold
property on the islands to one another. It would have objected when the U.S. occupation zone
encompassed the islands. But it never did. China did not express any interest in the islands until
1971, shortly after explorers discovered significant hydrocarbon resources below the sea around
them. The most careful scholarship I have found, including a lucid paper by the East Asia expert
Reinhard Drifte, concurs that Japans title is stronger. And yet thats hardly the last word on the
matter. The rules of international law to which both sides appeal embody the power
relationships that existed at the time of their emergence centuries ago. At that time, the great
powers raced around the world claiming territories that were either unoccupied or occupied by
native tribes. With a lot of territory to snap up, it made sense for them to implicitly agree not to
contest one anothers conquests so that they could all concentrate on seizing the areas that were
up for grabs. This raised some significant questions. Could one seize an entire continent by
placing a flag on a tiny piece of it? Could one conquer an island by sailing by it and putting it on
a navigation chart? To the contrary, the rough norms that evolved required more significant
controlperhaps a post office or a military garrison. This ensured that a country could own
territory only if it was powerful enough to control it. In 1895, Japan was on the cusp of great-
power status, while China was beset by internal turmoil and foreign pressures. Japan could
control the islands; China could not. Now China has the upper hand and is unhappy with the
19th-century division of spoils. Why should it go along with territorial allocations that result
from rules that favored strong nations a century ago? China is not the only country that thinks
this way. Argentina went to war against the United Kingdom in 1982 in order to seize the
Falkland Islands, which are 300 miles from Argentina and 8,000 miles from Britain. Much of
the world sided with Argentina at the start of the war even though British nationals lived on the
Falkland Islands along with lots of British sheep. The world didnt care because colonial
outposts had faded from fashion. The British retained the Falkland Islands by force, but only
because Argentina, a basket case then as now, could not take advantage of the fact that it was
7,700 miles closer. Another historical precedent is even more apt. In 1823, the United States
announced the Monroe Doctrine. The great powers of that time did not take seriously our puny
countrys declaration that they must not interfere in our hemisphere. But as the United States
became more powerful, it began to pick fights with the big players (Britain, Spain), along with
the weaker countries in Latin America like Mexico. During the next 150 years, the U.S.
established its dominion over Latin America by force, while advancing interpretations of
international law every bit as dubious as Chinas claim to the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. The
United Kingdom wisely gave in for the sake of mutually beneficial coexistence. Other countries
that resistedSpain, Mexicopaid a price. Like the United States, China began by asserting
claims it could not enforce and then started acting on those claims as it gained power. Since
2008 Chinese fishing trawlers have aggressively plied the waters around the islands, in some
cases colliding with Japanese coast guard vessels. In 2012, China sent in military vessels. Last
November, China declared that foreign aircraft would be required to notify the Chinese
government when they fly through the airspace above the islands. This clearly violates Japans
rights. But such is the weakness of international law that it doesnt matter. More than a century
of diplomatic efforts to subject territorial disputes to judicial resolution lies in shambles.
International courts do exist, but China has shown no interest in using them, and no one can
force it to. In the end, whether Japan should resist or retreat is a military and political question,
not a legal one. If Chinas ambitions extend only to the tiny unoccupied islands in the region,
yielding these fisheries and hydrocarbons may be worth it to keep the peace. But if this is the
first step in a larger march of conquest, then theres a strong case that Japan (and the U.S. as its
ally) should counter force with force.

China has no interest in conflict
Reuters 6/20 [Reuters, June 20
th
, 2014, China urges peaceful development of seas, says
conflict leads to "disaster", http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/21/us-southchinasea-
china-idUSKBN0EW07L20140621] // t-haas
(Reuters) - China, involved in a growing dispute with its neighbors over the energy-rich South
China Sea, wants to promote peaceful development of the oceans, Premier Li Keqiang said,
warning conflicts in the past had only brought "disaster for humanity". China claims almost the
entire ocean, rejecting rival claims to parts of it from Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia
and Brunei in one of Asia's most intractable disputes and a possible flashpoint. It also has a
long-running dispute with Japan in the East China Sea. "China will unswervingly follow the path
of peaceful development and firmly oppose any act of hegemony in maritime affairs," Li said at a
maritime summit in Greece on Friday in comments carried by China's Foreign Ministry website
on Saturday. "Developing the oceans through cooperation has helped many nations flourish,
while resorting to conflict to fight over the sea has only brought disaster for humanity."
China/Japan tensions inevitable but dont escalate
Bremmer 2-11 (Ian, President Eurasia Group, Ph.D. in Political Science Stanford
University, Is the China-Japan relationship at its worst?, Reuters, 2014,
http://blogs.reuters.com/ian-bremmer/2014/02/11/is-the-china-japan-relationship-at-its-
worst/)
But despite the clashes and growing conflict, it remains exceedingly unlikely that China-
Japan fallout will escalate into military engagement. China wont completely undermine
economic relations with Japan; at the provincial level, Chinese officials are much more
interested in attracting Japanese investment. And Japan still sees the success of its businesses in
the vast Chinese market as an essential part of efforts to revive its own domestic economy, even
if its companies are actively hedging their bets by shifting investment away from China. The
relationship is unlikely to reach a boiling point. Rather, we are more likely to see sustained
cycles of tension. So if both sides intend to limit the potential for conflict, how concerned should we be?
Even if military engagement is highly unlikely, China-Japan is still the worlds most geopolitically dangerous bilateral relationship
and that will remain the case. There are a number of reasons why. First and foremost, theres always the chance, even if its remote,
for miscalculation with major consequences. When fighter jets are routinely being scrambled to deal with Chinese incursions into
what the Japanese consider to be their territory, the potential for a mistake looms large. And given the frigid relations between these
two countries, if there is a mistake, China and Japan are going to assume the worst of the other sides intentions. On top of this, the
sheer size and integration of the economies China and Japan are the worlds second and third-largest economies, respectively
makes the relationship hard to ignore. Japan has 23,000 companies operating in China, with 10 million Chinese workers on their
payrolls. But Japanese companies are actively diversifying away from China now, with foreign direct investment waning and Japan
shifting to Southeast Asia in particular. China-South Korea trade is fast approaching the levels of China-Japan trade as a result of
fallout from tensions between Tokyo and Beijing. If the Chinese and Japanese start thinking their economic relationship is
deteriorating, the potential for confrontation grows. Furthermore, the size and duration of the conflict makes it a crucial global risk:
the tensions are rooted in historical animosity with no viable solution. Theres no diplomatic outreach going on between China and
Japan and neither the United States nor any other foreign power is doing enough to help facilitate that relationship. There is no
one in China trying to see the world from Japans perspective, and vice versa. According to a recent Pew Research poll, just 6 percent
of Chinese had a favorable view of Japan, and only 5 percent of Japanese view China favorably. Both sides may be well aware that a
full-fledged conflict is not in the others best interest but that only gives them more reason to push the envelope. As a senior
Chinese official recently explained to me, the Chinese arent worried about pushing Japan (they dont want war and the Japanese
dont dare). And although its in both Chinas and Japans interest to stop short of military conflict,
both countries have motives for drawing out the tensions. They can benefit back home from the
perception of an unyielding stance to a historical enemy. Beijing continues to use Tokyo as a
release valve for nationalistic pressures as it softens foreign policy on other fronts particularly
with U.S. relations, where the charm offensive is motivated, in part, by an effort to drive a wedge
between the U.S. and Japan. In Japan, Shinzo Abe views Chinas rise as a longer-term threat to
Japans standing in the region, and hes intent on pushing back. So what can we expect this
year? Rather than military conflict, the overall result will likely be an aggravation of already
inflamed public opinion and a deterioration of the business climate in both countries. Abe will
push to reinterpret and even rewrite constitutional prohibitions on Japans right to use
force in international disputes, and he will likely visit Yasukuni again.
Wont go nuclear
Westlake 12 (4/22, Adam is a writer at Japan Daily Press. China states it will never use
nuclear weapons against Japan, 2013, JDP, http://japandailypress.com/china-states-it-will-
never-use-nuclear-weapons-against-japan-2227418)
A Chinese Foreign Ministry official stated at the U.N. European headquarters on Friday that
China will never use nuclear weapons against Japan, or any other nuke-free zones, under any
circumstances. Pang Sen, the director general of the Foreign Ministrys Arms Control
Department, made the statement while discussing the issue of North Korea, adding that as a
member of the U.N. Security Council, China is in support of the Korean Peninsulas
denuclearization, and that the lack of mutual trust is the problem when dealing with Pyongyang.
No chance of China/Japan conflict --- economic interdependence
Katz 13 (Richard, Editor of the semiweekly The Oriental Economist Alert and the monthly The
Oriental Economist Report, Mutual Assured Production, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013,
EBSCO)
Why Trade Will Limit Conflict Between China and Japan During the Cold War, the United States
and the Soviet Union carefully avoided triggering a nuclear war because of the assumption of "mutual assured destruction": each
knew that any such conflict would mean the obliteration of both countries. Today, even though tensions between
China and Japan are rising, an economic version of mutual deterrence is preserving
theuneasy status quo between the two sides.Last fall, as the countries escalated their quarrel over an
island chain that Japan has controlled for more than a century, many Chinese citizens boycotted Japanese
products and took to the streets in anti-Japanese riots. This commotion, at times encouraged by the Chinese government,
led the Japanese government to fear that Beijing might exploit Japan's reliance on China as an export market to squeeze Tokyo into
making territorial concessions. Throughout the crisis, Japan has doubted that China would ever try to
forcibly seize theislands -- barren rocks known in Chinese as the Diaoyu Islands and in Japanese as the Senkaku Islands
-- if only because the United States has made it clear that it would come to Japan's defense. Japanese
security experts, however, have suggested that China might try other methods of intimidation, including a prolonged economic
boycott.But these fears have not materialized, for one simple reason: China needs to buy
Japanese products as much as Japan needs to sell them. Many of the high-tech products assembled
in and exported from China, often on behalf of American and European firms, use advanced Japanese-made parts. China
could not boycott Japan, let alone precipitate an actual conflict, without stymieing
the export-fueled economic miracle that underpins Communist Party rule.For the moment, the
combination of economic interdependence and Washington's commitment to Japan's defense
will likely keep the peace. Still, an accidental clash of armed ships around the islands could lead to an unintended
conflict. That is why defense officials from both countries have met with an eye to reducing that particular risk. With no resolution in
sight, those who fear an escalation can nonetheless take solace in the fact that China and Japan stand
to gain far more from trading than from fighting.
No Sino-Japanese conflict --- multiple factors mean no escalation
Sakuwa 9 (Kentaro Sakuwa, department of political science Indiana university, A not so
dangerous dyad: Chinas rise and SinoJapanese rivalry, International Relations of the Asia-
Pacific, oxford journals online)
Power transition theory thus provides a valuable theoretical framework to analyze the Sino
Japanese relationship in a systematic manner. As Chinas economic and military capability rises,
potential conflicts emerged in the dyadic relationship between Japan and China. There are,
however, countervailing factors which have pacifying effects. Because both nations security
interests are fundamentally compatible since both prefer a stable regional order at this point,
political disputes between the two nations have not escalated. Nuclear capability and defense-
dominant geography are also considered to have ameliorated the potential conflicts.

***soft power nb
1nc da
Japan soft power is high now
Heng 14, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, (Yee-Kuang
Beyond kawaii pop culture: Japans normative soft power as global trouble-shooter The
Pacific Review, Volume 27, Issue 2, 2014, Taylor and Francis)
The International Energy Agency writes approvingly that as a world leader in R&D funding and energy technology, Japan is
taking a leadership role in the Asia-Pacific by encouraging countries to set energy efficiency
goals and action plans (IEA 2008: 41). Japanese proposals to set country goals on energy efficiency were accepted in the
2007 Cebu Declaration at the second East Asia summit. Regarding the norm of helping vulnerable countries
mitigate climate change, Japan spreads its own model through development aid and cooperation. At a
pragmatic and problem-solving level in ameliorating climate change: Japan is considered a real leader in Asia
(Pajon 2010: 59) The Tokyo Strategy inked at the JapanMekong summit 2012 installed climate challenges as a priority task for
Japan and Mekong partners. Thailand, Cambodia and Laos have jointly approached Japan to help
assess the environmental impact of dams along the Mekong. At the first summit in 2009, Cambodian Prime Minister
Hun Sen acclaimed Japans strengths in providing financial assistance and technology transfer
and equipment to ensure adequate capacity for clean energy development, biodiversity
improvement, forestry and fisheries management (Hun Sen 2009). In the South Pacific, the Okinawa Kizuna
declaration at the 2012 Pacific Island Leaders Summit installed climate change as shared priority areas. Vanuatu Prime
Minister Edward Natapei has expressed attraction towards Tokyos green assistance, saying
Japan has been one of the pioneers in ensuring that we have funding available when we need it
most (cited in Kakuchi 2010).

The counterplan is the only way to provide retention of Japanese soft power
JBC 14 -, internet Trade Association for businesses in Japan Ship & Ocean Foundation, Japan
Business Connection, April 21, 2014, http://jb-c.org/ta/detail.php?id=1004
In looking at Japan as a maritime state, its capabilities in aspects of "hard-power," such as shipbuilding, maritime
transport, ports and harbors, naval security and economics are world-class. Even in the various maritime industries, though
sometimes described as "fading," it maintains a reputation for excellence. What is lacking are
the "soft power" attributes expected of a leading maritime state; in other words, the capabilities
heretofore not sufficiently exercised in the fields of marine environment conservation,
sustainable use and development, safety and security, comprehensive and integrated ocean
management, promotion of ocean science and education, and international coordination. In order
for Japan to continue its evolution as a leading maritime state, it is essential that it acquire these attributes of soft
power, in addition to its hard power capabilities, for the continued development of healthy maritime industries.
Thats key to solve a litany of impacts
Heng 14, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, (Yee-Kuang
Beyond kawaii pop culture: Japans normative soft power as global trouble-shooter The
Pacific Review, Volume 27, Issue 2, 2014, Taylor and Francis)/// wnm
Cabinet-level document mirrored the prescriptions of several scholars on the potential advantages for
Japans soft power. Nye (2007) had previously recommended that Japans third reinvention (after the Meiji
and post-1945 reforms) should enable it to play a leading role with soft power to tackle global problems
such as poverty, ageing, climate change and providing global public goods. . .something from all
can benefit and none can be excluded. The Innovation 25 Strategy Council likewise envisioned Japan as a
model nation for the world, helping to address global challenges (Segers 2008: Preface xivxv). To sum up,
as MOFAs former Director-General for Public Diplomacy Monji Kenjiro (2009) argued, showing how to solve the worlds
problems such as infectious diseases; climate change; ageing societies; and economic meltdown can
be a great source for Japans soft power. Japan potentially holds what Nye (2004: 13) called an ideal
combination of soft power comprising an attractive culture plus appealing policies on
combating climate change. Aligning with climate norms can help boost Japans normative soft
power since compatibility with other nations values and interests can be as important as the exercise of
hard power to achieve a nations desired objectives (Lee 2011: 11). Japan can also share environmental lessons
learnt from its own growth process because experiencing hardships earlier than other countries is one of Japans strengths. They
can benefit from Japans store of knowledge and experience as something like public goods
(Hatoyama 2009). Addressing climate challenges plays to Japans strengths because: If Japan plays a major role in
passing on its superior environmental technology to countries seriously suffering from both the
security and economic threats of deforestation, desertification and acid rain caused by CO2 [carbon
dioxide] emissions, it will be able to increase its soft power (Yakushiji 2008: 623). Projecting Japans normative
soft power Japan is positioning to trouble-shoot accelerating urbanisation; demonstrating how
cities can develop sustainably in harmony with the environment is a major global challenge since more than
half of humanity now lives in urban areas. Kitakyushu, one of the worst polluted urban areas, became METIs first Eco-Town project
in 1997 based on the concept of zero emissions. In July 2008, Yokohama was designated an eco-model city by the
Japanese government for its low-carbon urban planning model. The New Growth Strategy builds on this with The Future City
Initiative as one of several national strategic projects related to green innovation (Cabinet Office
2010: 489) in order to realize world-leading successful cases through future-oriented
technologies, schemes and services and diffuse these achievements nationwide as well as overseas. A combination
of smart grids, renewable energies, and next-generation vehicles will underpin such cities. In early
2012, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO) proposed to the Portuguese government to
help turn Lisbon into a smart city. In 2012, Japan and Indonesia also signed agreements to develop smart communities in
Indonesia. In this way, Tokyo can be seen as an active pusher (Janicke 2005: 29) transferring its smart
cities and sustainable urbanisation as role models overseas.

2nc tech trade-off
US and Japanese competition is zero-sum
Dam 93 Former Professor of Law @ Chicago, Senior Fellow @ Brookings
Kenneth Dam, et al., John Deutch, Joseph S. Nye, Jr., and David M. Rowe, Spring 1993, The
Washington Quarterly, Harnessing Japan: A U.S. Strategy for Managing Japan's Rise as a
Global Power
Although there are no signs that U.S.-Japan relations will turn hostile, Japan's rise as a global economic and
financial power may nonetheless erode some of the most fundamental sources of U.S. power.
Japan's form of "communitarian capitalism," its prowess in process technology, and its broad
inroads into several high-technology sectors directly challenge the economic competitiveness of
many of the United States's strategic industries. Moreover, Japan's economic success not only
enhances its "soft power" by providing an attractive economic model for industrializing
countries in Asia and the former Soviet Union to emulate, n2 it also undermines U.S. confidence and highlights
U.S. weakness by throwing into sharp relief the country's most glaring domestic policy failures, such as its inability to educate its
workforce adequately or to save enough to invest for its future economy.
2nc - development assistance key
Overseas development assistance is a key part of their soft power
Okabe 06, chief editorial writer of The Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Naoaki, Chilly Sino-Japan ties
worry U.S. experts, The Nikkei Weekly (Japan), April 10, 2006, Lexis.)
When Prof. Nye first called our attention to the "soft power" of countries in 1990, he set his primary focus on
the U.S., the superpower that then seemed to have declining influence. It is neither military power nor economic power but another
power, an invisible soft power, which the U.S. impresses upon others, he argued. He said America gained people's attention not with
force, but with charm. Prof. Nye now sees a major wellspring of soft power in none other than Japan.
"Japan derives soft power and attractiveness from several sources. One is its traditional culture, which is
very attractive. Another is the pop culture - the so-called 'gross national cool' - of Japan, which is attractive to the younger
generation." The professor said a third source of Japan's soft power is in its provision of overseas
development assistance, its nonmilitary status and its willingness to help others. Japan ought to
be immensely proud of its soft power, which is highly prized overseas, he said. But he warned that
Koizumi's repeated visits to the Tokyo shrine, which enshrines Class-A war criminals along with the nation's war dead, could
potentially undermine this power.
2nc economy key
Economic issues are the biggest internal link to soft power
Sun 12, Ph. D., University of Southern California (Jing, Japans Shrinking ASEAN Soft
Power, NamViet News, August 8
th
, 2012,
http://namvietnews.wordpress.com/2012/08/08/japans-shrinking-asean-soft-power/)
A recent Yahoo! Japan search for sofuto pawa, the Japanese translation for soft power, yielded nearly two and
a half million entries. While this number indicates the terms popularity in Japan, it tells us little
about how successful Tokyo has been in employing soft power throughout the Western Pacific. As I discuss in
my new book, Japan and China as Charm Rivals: Soft Power in Regional Diplomacy, while Japans soft power in China and
South Korea remains low it has been far more successful in boosting its image in Southeast Asia.
Nonetheless, Japans soft power in the region has been limited to economic issues, and as Japans
economy has remained stagnate, so too has its soft power. Although Chinas recent assertiveness
presents an opportunity for Japan to revamp its image among ASEAN members, its unlikely
that Tokyo will successfully seize this opportunity. In the initial decades after WWII, Japans engagement with
Southeast Asia was limited, as Tokyo looked to South Asia for economic opportunities. It was only when those opportunities dried
up that Japan found deeper engagement with Southeast Asia unavoidable. While Japanese-ASEAN trade
grew rapidly, local populations grew increasingly resentful of Tokyos growing economic presence.
Indeed, Southeast Asians nicknamed Japan the economic animal. The extent of the regions grievances
became evident in 1974 when then-Prime Minster Tanaka Kakuei was greeted by numerous protesters during his visits to Bangkok
and Jakarta. Although Tanaka himself dismissed the protesters as people trying to scapegoat Tokyo for their local problems, his
intra-party rival Fukuda Takeo disagreed. Upon becoming Prime Minister, Fukuda decided to change course, starting with a
landmark speech to the Filipino parliament in 1977. Even today, this speech is seen as the beginning of Japans charm offensive
towards the region, and the principles outlined in the speech are known as the Fukuda Doctrine. Japanese leaders rarely give
emotional speeches but Fukudas speech was an exception. Admitting suspicions and hostilities on the ground, Fukuda passionately
pledged that Japan would try and build a heart-to-heart relationship with Southeast Asia. To that end, Fukuda pledged that Japan
would mobilize all diplomatic resources political, social, cultural, as well as economic. Even before the speech, however, Fukuda
had begun courting the region. As foreign minister in 1972, for instance, Fukuda recognized Japans policy toward Southeast Asia
was skewed toward economic issues. He therefore became a leading proponent of the Japan Foundation, a semi-governmental
organization in charge of fostering cultural, social, and academic exchanges, and Southeast Asia became a major target for the
Foundations work. Fukudas 1977 trip also led to the founding of the ASEAN Cultural Fund, a Japanese organization that offered 5
billion yen (US$63.6 million) to foster cultural exchanges within ASEAN as well as between ASEAN and others. The ASEAN Cultural
Fund signaled a new mode of Japanese diplomacy that may be termed as embedded initiative Tokyo embeds its initiatives within
a multilateral framework and presents them as collective wisdom. In the case of the Cultural Fund, for instance, ASEAN members
even have full jurisdiction over the operation of the fund. Fukudas successors would follow his example with remarkable success.
According to Japanese foreign ministrys surveys conducted in five ASEAN member-states (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand,
Singapore, and the Philippines), the percentage of those who felt Japans war atrocities should never be forgotten fell from over 30
percent in 1978 to 20 percent in 2008. During the same period those who felt that the past should be put to rest rose from 37 percent
to 68 percent. In addition, the vast majority of respondents felt their countries relations with Japan are good or generally good.
Roughly the same percentage of respondents agreed that Japan could be trusted or generally trusted. Japans charm offensive
was solid enough to embolden Japanese Prime Minister Takeshita Noboru to openly call the region Japans power base in the late
1980s. Takeshitas statement, however, greatly overstated Japans influence in ASEAN, which has declined ever since. The crux of
Tokyos problems is that ASEAN members, while attracted to Japans economic, scientific successes, and cultural vibrancy remain
ambivalent about Tokyos political influence. For example, a 2008 foreign ministrys survey showed economic and technological
cooperation was the top area that the public in six key ASEAN countries [Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines,
and Vietnam] would like to see Japan become more active in, with 66 percent choosing this category. By contrast, only six percent of
the ASEAN respondents were eager to see Japan enhance its military presence. This was a far cry from a power base for Tokyo. The
one-dimensional nature of Japans image in the region is particularly detrimental because Japans economic performance has
progressively worsened since the 1980s, while Chinas economy has grown rapidly. Although China didnt begin trying to woo
ASEAN members in earnest until the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis-when Beijing resisted the temptation to devalue its currency- it has
outpaced Tokyo in this area for much of the period since. Indeed, even though Japan contributed far more than China in numerical
terms to solve the financial crisis, the latter received more praise, including from the U.S. Here lies the core dilemma for Japans
charm offensive: Tokyo did not intensify its effort to propagate Japans soft power until the countrys hard power was in relative
decline. Seen from this perspective, Japans soft power offensive is based more on its dwindling grandeur
and a lack of other viable policies. As Japans economic malaise is likely to continue and its
politicians look incompetent. Tokyo would find it hard to justify its relevance as a model to any
international audience. Beijings growing assertiveness towards Southeast Asian countries seems to offer Japan a chance to
present itself as an alternative to China. But this is partially undercut by an intra-ASEAN divide between attitudes towards China
and Japan. The aforementioned six-country survey shows a near-perfect intra-ASEAN divide: people in Singapore, Malaysia, and
Thailand saw China as the most important partner and continued to believe it will be in the future. Meanwhile, people in Indonesia,
the Philippines, and Vietnam saw Japan as the most important partner and also continued to believe so for the future (henceforth
the Japan Group). This intra-ASEAN schism was once again exposed earlier this month when Cambodia, as chair of ASEAN, blocked
the Filipino and Vietnamese effort of presenting a united front to Beijing on accepting a code of conduct in disputed waters. While
neither Chinas nor Japans charm was accepted unanimously, Japans problem is that its future importance
declines across the board. The survey shows that citizens in five of the six countries felt Beijings importance would grow in
the years ahead (including all the Japan Group members). Even where Chinas importance is expected to decline slightly in
Singapore, this is due to Singaporeans believing that Indias importance will grow from 2% as a present partner to 24% in the
future. At a mere 4%, Japans importance among Singaporeans is negligible.
Economic leverage is critical to soft power
Hsiao and Yang 9- * Executive Director of the Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies,
**Postdoctoral Fellow of the Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies
(Michael and Alan, February, The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Soft Power Politics in the
Asia Pacific: Chinese and Japanese Quests for Regional Leadership, http://japanfocus.org/-A_-
Yang/3054)
Relations with ASEAN are important for securing Tokyos economic leadership in East Asia. Through ASEAN, Japan seeks to
maintain its position as the regional economic power and seeks to expand its international
political influence in the world. In order to pursue closer relations with ASEAN states, Japan has
emphasized soft power diplomacy for a decade. Like China, foreign aid, economic networking
and people-to-people contact via social/cultural exchanges are the core of Japans soft power
resources. Tokyos economic and political contributions toward ASEAN institutionalization and
integration have bettered its image among Southeast Asian nations and their people [17].

Japanese tech and economic leadership is key to soft power and regional coalition
building
Hsiao and Yang 9- * Executive Director of the Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies,
**Postdoctoral Fellow of the Center for Asia-Pacific Area Studies
(Michael and Alan, February, The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Soft Power Politics in the
Asia Pacific: Chinese and Japanese Quests for Regional Leadership, http://japanfocus.org/-A_-
Yang/3054)
Socio-cultural cooperation is conducive to a sense of community which may forge closer ASEAN-Japan relations. Nevertheless, it
reveals Tokyos careful pursuit of regional leadership. One niche that Japan emphasizes is
ideational capacity buttressed by economic advancement and technological innovation. As the
Prime Minister Aso Taro has argued, Japan seeks to act as the thought leader in Asian
countries [33]. Actually, Tokyo has been actively engaging in ideational transmission to its East
Asian neighbors. At the regional level, Japan has initiated the idea of the Economic Research
Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) in 2007. This think-tank, supported by the Japanese
government, seeks to provide intellectual and capacity building leadership to the construction of
East Asian Community in general and to the future ASEAN Economic Community in particular
[34].

2nc - enviro tech key
Eco-tech is key to Japanese soft power
The Economist 9 (Japan's eco-diplomacy Starry-eyed Soft power built on sand Oct 15th
2009 http://www.economist.com/node/14664623)
FOR an ocean-loving nation, Japan has an odd way of showing its affection for the sea. Out of a fear
of typhoons and tsunamis, and an element of man-against-nature hubris, it has sealed much of its coastline in a
girdle of concrete. Where children once scrambled over rocks to explore haunted caves, now they climb on cement tetrapods.
Hajime Kayanne, a science professor at the University of Tokyo, has a less intrusive approach to coping with the
dangers from the sea. He calls it eco-engineering. It may represent the sort of soft power that
Japan hopes to wield as its economic might is eclipsed by China. Mr Kayanne's special ingredient is not
cement but star sand, the shells of a tiny single-celled organism, called foraminifera, found near coral reefs in Japan's southand
taken in jars by tourists as a lucky charm. Foraminifera grow in the ocean and when they die, mix with coral to become the sediment
that forms atolls. Mr Kayanne has found how to grow foraminifera artificially. He hopes this can help low-lying Pacific atolls survive
if global warming raises sea levels. Japan has plenty of self-interest in the endeavour. Mr Kayanne is mainly
focused on using star sand to raise the height of a tiny islet barely visible at low tidecalled Okinotorishima, which is 1,740km
(1,100 miles) south of Tokyo. Japan calls it an island and claims it as territory, which it says gives it the right to an
exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 400,000 square kmlarger than Japan's land mass itself. The surrounding sea is rich in tuna, but
is also militarily important to China. If rising sea levels swamp the land (which is already encased in concrete), Japan loses its claim
to the EEZ. So far, star sand has only been grown in the laboratory. It may not even make it to Okinotorishima if lawyers decide that
land propped up by artificial star sand does not count as an islandin which case it would not merit an EEZ. But Mr Kayanne is also
leading a Japanese project to create a beach made out of home-grown star sand in Tuvalu, a South Pacific atoll perilously close to sea
level. He says up to three-quarters of the island's body massor sedimentis star sand, and he believes the beach project will help
regenerate it naturally. Japan should be a world pioneer of this new eco-technology against global
warming, he says, echoing a line from the election manifesto of the new Japanese government.
Environmental Policies/Tech is key to soft power
Matsuoka 14, Professor, Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies, Waseda University, (Shunji,
Japans Asian Strategy: Japans Asian Environmental Strategy and a Soft Power of the 21st
Century Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance, Japan, Public Policy Review, Vol.10,
No.1, March 2014 195
When discussing Japans Asian strategy from the viewpoint of the design of environmental systems, this
chapter deals with the formation of Asian environmental governance and the role of Japan, while at the same time focusing
on Japanese environmental policies and the environmental technologies that support them. At that
time, not only are the development of environmental cooperation institutions in the Asian region and the role
that Japanese environmental policies and environmental technology have played discussed, but
the nature of knowledge in a society that is determining the design of such regional cooperation institutions as well
as the nature of soft power in terms of academics, art, and culture are debated
Japan thinks environmental issues are the most important thing to their soft
power
Dobrinskaya 14, PhD, Centre for Japanese Studies, Institute of Eastern Studies, Academy of
Science of Russia (Olga, Japans soft power in Central Asia, Analytical Center, 4-01-2014,
http://analitika.org/en/international-affairs/geo/64-japans-soft-power-in-central-asia.html)
This can be considered an element of Japanese soft power, because the Japanese approach to the process of
democratization is fundamentally different from the Western. Japan stands for "democracy through development," meaning that the
rise of economic well-being will lead to improving the situation with democracy and human rights. This approach is partly attributed
to the fact that democracy in Japan was brought in from outside during the postwar political reforms. Thus, promoting the idea of
democracy in Central Asia, Japan portrays itself as a presenter of Western values with the Eastern specifics, and
that is taken much more favorably by the local regimes than the rigid approach of Europe and the USA. In addition to the
economic development model, Japans appeal lies in its status of the leader in innovations. Both
Japan and the countries of the region have repeatedly stressed that Japanese technology and
natural resources of Central Asia are complementary. Information Technology Center operates in
Kyrgyzstan and prospects for the creation of high-tech center in Turkmenistan are being discussed.
Leaders of the Central Asian states are interested in Japanese innovation, and the population
believes Japan is a desirable partner in terms of scientific and technological cooperation (according
to the answers of 47% of respondents in Kazakhstan and 45% in Uzbekistan). This is connected with the image of
Japan as a country which attaches particular importance to the environmental issues. Tokyo is
actively involved in projects to save the Aral Sea, as well as to remove radioactive contamination
in the Semipalatinsk region. International activities aimed against the climate change, the development
of "green technologies", the established waste-free production not only reflect the experience of
Japan, in the past faced with serious environmental problems, but are also based on the traditional Japanese
concept of thrift (mottainai) ). Lately, Japan has been promoting energy-saving technologies and
renewable energy, which are of interest to Central Asia.
Japans soft power comes from tech thats key to get other countries to adopt
green tech
TJF 9 -- The Japan Foundation (first organization that specializes in international cultural
exchange in Japan. Japan & US Soft Power: Addressing Global Challenges,
FULBRIGHT/CULCON JOINT SYMPOSIUM, 12 June 2009
https://www.jpf.go.jp/culcon/fulbright-culcon/dl/softpower_summary.pdf)
The source of Japanese soft power lies mostly in technology and innovation. Although Japan views
military force as low on the list, the hope in the US is for Japan to be more engaged, through peacekeeping efforts, for example.
Climate change and green technology were prime areas for cooperation and collaboration with
China and also India. There must be intense policy considerations between Japan and the US
before jointly approaching China to accept the stance, leaving room for compromise with China. It is important to
consider the optimal combination of power between Japan and the US.
Independent Japanese leadership on environment key to increase soft power
NW 95 - Nikkei weekly 1/16/1995 "nations diplomatic policies should center on environmental
protection")
Although Japan has committed itself to never becoming a military power, the nation's
considerable economic and technological resources make it the ideal candidate to take up the
sword of leadership in another type of war: the struggle to preserve and protect the global
environment. The nation should adopt this quest as the center of its diplomatic agenda, which in
past years has not been strong enough to stand on its own. Championing ecological causes also
offers Japan the opportunity to move out of the shadow of the U.S. diplomatic umbrella and
help erase the image that Tokyo's embracement of pacifism is self-serving. With the Cold War over, the
perception of security has undergone radical changes. The threat of a catastrophic war between two superpowers has now vanished,
to be replaced by concerns that have a more immediate impact on everyday life, such as the squandering of global resources and the
abuse of drugs. For threats of this type, the nuclear umbrella is meaningless, and even militarily weak nations can play a major role
in eradicating them. However, economic power does not automatically translate into political clout.
While Japanese assistance has played a significant role in the economic development of
neighboring Asian countries, it is often noted that this aid has done little to win Tokyo greater
political trust. Most recipients have tended to regard assistance from Japan as a fee of sorts for
access to their natural resources or markets. One way in which Japan is trying to change its
image is by placing a higher priority on environmental protection in its official development
assistance. At the Group of Seven summit in 1989, Tokyo pledged 300 billion yen in
environmental ODA over three years. As it turned out, the amount actually committed exceeded
the promised sum by 100 billion yen. At the Earth Summit in 1992, Japan pledged to provide up
to 1 trillion yen in such aid over a five-year period. Nevertheless, even this amount won't be
sufficient if Japan wishes to make environmental assistance the focal point of its diplomatic
thrust. The scale of the U.S.'s Marshall Plan for European recovery after World War II should be remembered. Many experts agree
that environmental diplomacy is one area in which Japan is highly competent to lead and where its own interests agree with those of
the international community. That assessment is supported by the fact that other countries have
increased their reliance on Japan in coping with environmental problems. The U.S. State
Department last year called on Japan to engage in bilateral cooperation over environmental
issues. And China, with Japan's assistance, is scheduled to launch an environmental-
preservation center in Beijing to promote bilateral exchanges in such areas as research and
development. When National Institute of Research Associations Director General Susumu
Hoshino called for the creation of a North Pacific Energy and Environment Community last
year, his proposal drew strong interest. The proposal calls for all major countries in the region,
including China, Russia, South Korea, Canada and the U.S. to cooperate and complement each
other on energy and environmental needs. With its highly advanced anti-pollution know-how,
Japan is sufficiently equipped to advance environmental diplomacy on a full scale. There is also
international demand for such initiatives from Japan. All that is needed now is the national will
to undertake the task.

Although Japan has a multi-dimensional soft power agenda, the environment is
the vital internal link to global Japanese Soft power
NW 6 - The Nikkei Weekly, 6 (Japan should tap its 'soft power' in economy, diplomacy,
10/10/2006
http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb
=21_T4235901222&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4
235901225&cisb=22_T4235901224&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8002&docNo=7 )
Faced with the challenges of a falling birthrate and aging population, Japan is clearly a mature
nation. But along with this maturity also comes cultural sophistication, which new Prime
Minister Shinzo Abe can use to his advantage in devising the nation's foreign and economic
growth strategies. Abe has vowed to achieve high economic growth and accelerate the structural reform program initiated by his predecessor, former Prime
Minister Junichiro Koizumi. His governing principle is "there will be no rebuilding of state finances without growth." The key question is how will Japan be able to achieve
economic growth at a time when its population is declining. Abe is the third postwar prime minister to advocate a policy of high economic growth during his tenure. The first
was Hayato Ikeda, who became prime minister in 1960 and launched an income-doubling plan and thus paved the way for Japan's high economic growth in the 1960s. The
second was Kakuei Tanaka, who sought to drive economic growth through major development projects after assuming office in 1972. When Ikeda called for doubling incomes,
nobody doubted that Japan was poised for a high growth path. Tanaka sought to do the trick by starting public works projects across the nation. Abe will have a much harder
task than his two predecessors in accomplishing his high-growth objective. This does not mean Abe has no chance of achieving his goal, however. His options will increase if he
leverages Japan's latent cultural power. It goes without saying that the Abe government should seek to encourage Japanese companies and other organizations to raise their
productivity by utilizing innovation in the information-technology sector. But raising productivity in the financial and other service industries really holds the key to achieving
high growth in the new age. These industries include such culturally oriented fields as fashion, design, film-making and music, and it takes sophisticated cultural tastes to do
well in these areas. They can play a decisive role in an Abe strategy to induce high economic growth. Seven Samurai. Japanese culture is well known around the globe now. Adam
Posen, a U.S. economist known for his harsh assessment of the Japanese economy, has a big poster of the classic Japanese film "Shichinin no Samurai" ("The Seven Samurai") in
his office. He says he has seen the Akira Kurosawa movie more than a dozen times. Japan has been able to tap demand for goods and services required by China and other East
Asian countries that have been experiencing growth spurts. Economic integration in the region might have proceeded much further than it has were it not for Japan's strained
relationships with China and South Korea because of differing interpretations of modern history. As Harvard University Prof. Joseph Nye has warned, the issue of the visits by
Japan's leaders to the war-related Yasukuni Shrine has considerably hurt Japan's potential "soft power" in Asia. The initiative to create a common economic community in East
Asia will test the Abe government's ability to carry out its growth and diplomatic strategies. Abe would be well advised to hold summits with his Chinese and South Korean
counterparts as soon as possible and try to bring this concept into practice . Specifically, Japan should lead the effort in
promoting regional cooperation in environmental technology and offer
blueprints for establishing closer financial ties through economic partnership
agreements and an Asian Currency Unit. It is high time for Japan to propose a
future-oriented strategy for the entire region. This will go a long way toward
recovering the soft power influence it was beginning to lose in Asia. Japan can
also make its presence more strongly felt on the international stage by conducting
multidimensional diplomacy . As the only country that has suffered atomic bombings, Japan has made it a national policy to prevent nuclear
proliferation. But Japan has played virtually no role in the United Nations-led efforts to dissuade both North Korea and Iran from acquiring nuclear arms capabilities. Of course,
the basic pillar of Japanese diplomacy is its alliance with the U.S., especially at a time when there are such flash points as North Korea in its vicinity. But the conduct of Japan's
diplomacy should be more multidimensional with the ongoing multipolarization of the world as the European Union enlarges its membership and deepens the relations among
its member states, and developing countries come into their own economically, following in China's footsteps. Japan will need such a broad perspective if it wants its voice heard
in the global forum. Japan, which has focused on developing its economic power in the postwar period, has yet to recognize the potential of its soft power. The nation's soft
power, which runs the gamut from traditional and youth culture to goodwill generated by a wide range of international cooperation projects, has potentially much more
extensive influence than many Japanese think. It is the Abe government's historical mission to tap and develop this potential. Naoaki Okabe is chief editorial page editor of The
Nihon Keizai Shimbun.

Perception of environmental leadership sustains Japanese soft power ---
substitutes for military power and helps create a national identity
Miyaoka, 4 (Isao, Osaka University of Foreign Studies, Department of International Studies,
Japans Conciliation with the United States in Climate Change, International Relations of the
Asia-Pacific, Volume 4, 75-77)
States are concerned about their status in the international system. Alastair Johnston (2001) mentions
three motivations for maximizing status, honor and prestige: power, material interests and psychological well-being.4 First, for neo-
realist Robert Gilpin, 'Prestige is the reputation for power, and military power in particular*, i.e. 'the perceptions of other states
with respect to a state's capacities and its ability and willingness to exercise its power* (Gilpin, 1987, p. 31). In this sense, prestige
embraces the concept of a reputation for toughness or resolve (Mercer, 1996). Although Gilpin associates the ultimate sources of
prestige solely with military and economic power, prestige can also be linked to what Joseph Nye calls 'soft
power', i.e. the power of 'getting others to do want what you want' (Nye, 1990. p. 188), which relies on
intangible resources such as an attractive ideology and culture. Second, as neo-liberal institutionalists argue, states attempt to
maximize their reputations as trustworthy partners in order to pursue their own material interests. This type of reputation is an
asset for making future agreements, on a wide range of issues, with other states on terms advantageous to the reputation holders
(Keohane. 1984; McElroy, 1992). Finally, state actors may also seek status in the international system a a means to bolster
psychological well-being with social praise. In this case, status can be considered a 'personal' type of state identity, which James
Fearon defines as a 'socially distinguishing feature that a person takes a special pride in' (Fearon, 1999, p. 36). In short, for various
reasons, states are inclined to improve or at least maintain their international status in some issue areas of international politics. In
the latter half of the 1980s, a number of important environmental events started to attract international attention (Caldwell. 1990):
the discovery of the ozone hole above the Antarctic in 1985. the world's worst nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1987. and the
extraordinary heatwaves and droughts in 1988 in several parts of the world, taken by many as evidence of global warming. These
events served as eye-openers for policymakers, scientists and ordinary people, especially in industrialized countries. As Caroline
Thomas puts it. moreover, 'the ending of the Cold War provided a real window of opportunity, without
which the environmental cause would not have been promoted so successfully at the
international level' (Thomas. 1992. p. 14). The protection of the global environment was
increasingly accepted as a basic value of international society, which promoted the formation of
international environmental norms and regimes. In the year 1989. which Time magazine called 'the year of the earth', global
environmental problems such as deforestation, ozone depletion, global warming and biological diversity climbed to the top of the
international political agenda. In this international political climate, it is not surprising that 'a few states had begun
to regard leadership on the global environment as a means of enhancing their international
status' (Porter and Brown. 2000. p. 42). Japan chose the global environment as an ideal arena
for its international contribution (MOFA. 1990. pp. 107-109; 1995, pp. 85-87). Japan had several particular reasons for
this choice. First, at that time, Japan was searching for an appropriate role as the world's second-largest
economy in the post-Cold-War world. This search became serious, especially after Japan was criticized for its slow and
inadequate response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. Japan could not easily cooperate more fully by
using military force, due in part to Article 9 (renunciation of the threat or use of force as means of settling
international disputes) of its Constitution and to the anticipated negative reaction of its neighbors. Second, Japan's
environmental contribution to international society could mitigate the increasing economic
conflict between Japan and other countries. The economic presence of Japan was felt more strongly after the Plaza
Accord in 1985. This agreement led to a sharp appreciation of the yen. which made the Japanese economy look larger in US dollar
terms.-s Between 1986 and 1991. moreover. Japan enjoyed the second longest post-war economic boom. later known as the Heisei
bubble economy. The demise of the Cold War highlighted the importance of economic competition as well as international
cooperation for global problems. Japan became an economic competitor to. rather than a member of, the West (Mastanduno, 1991,
p. 82). Japan was often criticized for enjoying a free ride in the open international economic
system. The Japanese government tried to change the international perception of itself from a
free-rider to a cooperative state by jumping on the bandwagon of global environmental politics.
Third, the emerging principle of sustainable development created a sense of state identity. Japan
defined itself as a model state for sustainable development based on its own experiences of late
industrialization and pollution control. In Japan's national report to UNCED, the Japanese government proudly stated that 'The
experience of Japan, which has endeavored to overcome serious industrial pollution in order to preserve the environment and at
the same time achieve economic growth, therefore should be of value' (Government of Japan. 1991. p. 3). In tact. Japan had a
comparative advantage in environmental assistance to developing countries since it possessed
technologies for achieving an energy-efficient society and for overcoming the serious pollution
problems generated in its catch-up economic growth. The antipollution equipment industry
became a $5bn sector in the early 1990s (Government of Japan, 1991. p. 32). Japan, as the
largest provider of official development assistance (ODA). was able to redirect some of its
funding to buttress this new self-image as an environmentally proactive state. In short, concern
for international status can explain why Japan became relatively more active in the area of the
global environment as a whole. This factor alone, however, is not sufficient to explain Japan's
more nuanced attitudes toward various environmental regimes.

Environment key to japans soft power
Furthermore, a heavy official emphasis on Cool Japan risks diluting the potency of the Japan
Brand hip factor while at the same time distracting attention from the real source of Japans attraction as Asias democracy
pioneer (Smith 2012). This paper argues that Japans recent attempts to address climate change are another
missing link to understanding the nations soft power. It bears reminding that soft power
defined as the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments (Nye 2004: x)
encompasses broader components than Japans cultural appeal that analysts usually write about. A
countrys soft power rests primarily on three resources: its culture (in places where it is attractive to
others; its political values (when it lives up to them at home and abroad) and its foreign policies (when they are seen
as legitimate and having moral authority) (Nye 2006).
2nc oceans key
Ocean is key The US should cooperate with Japan
Sekine 11, B.A.University of Wollongong, Austalian National Centre for Ocean Resources and
Security Seapowcr and Japan's martime coalition building
http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4567&context=theses
The oceans are indispensable for the national strategy of all states, even those which are landlocked. The
concept of seapower has been studied extensively and it has been pointed out that seapower
serves as an important national strategic tool for a maritime state. Today, the ever-increasing significance of
seapower is in little doubt. The ocean and its strategic consequences have shaped political cultures and
the details of historical development of states, including Japan In modern history, Japan's geo-strategic
orientation has been a key factor in Japan's international political status, its national power and its
strategic environment. It has been most successful when it has pursued a maritime orientation
involving cooperative engagement with other maritime partner states. For maritime states, appropriate
geopolitical and alliance polices are essential when considering grand strategy. This is particularly the
case for a sea-girt state like Japan, because ocean space cannot be controlled by a single power, and
maritime states must calculate the strategic relationship between landpower and seapower for
their security and defense, as discussed in Chapter 2. Japan is currently undergoing some change in outlook, as
it expands its maritime orientation beyond just its close alliance relationship with the Unites States
to develop relationships with other security partnerships and to play a greater role in protecting the
international maritime system upon which it so greatly depends. This thesis is the first study that takes an
integrated approach to the theory of seapower and maritime-oriented coalitions with respect to Japan, and does so at a propitious
time, as Japan's maritime diplomacy widens and its international engagement grows.
Ocean Exploration is key to Japanese national goals
MEXT 12 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology forJapan, (7/8/12,
/nemo)
For Japan to achieve sustainable growth and lead the world amidst rapidly-changing
conditions, such as tightening supplies of resources and energy, global warming and frequent
occurrence of natural disasters, a long-term national strategy is vital , along with
carefully-selected and promoted key technologies. To this end, the government selected five Key Technologies of National Importance,
namely space transportation system, earth observation and ocean exploration system, FBR cycle technologies, next-generation
supercomputer, and x-ray free electron laser upon the formulation of the 3rd Basic Plan and sectoral promotion strategy
Japan wants a larger role in the oceans
AS 13 The Asahi Shimbun is an Asia and Japan news source, (Japan seeks to make up for
'lost decade' in marine development, December 28, 2013,
http://ajw.asahi.com/article/business/AJ201312280010//nemo)
Japan has long lagged behind other countries in oceanic development of minerals and resources,
despite being one of the world's largest maritime states. Today, however, it is aggressively
exploring the seabed in search of natural riches. In early October, the Hakurei, a state-of-the-art marine resources survey ship, set off from Shimonoseki
Port in western Yamaguchi Prefecture for the Okinawa Trough, located in waters northwest of the main island of Okinawa. The ships mission was to investigate oceanic
resources that lie in the waters, which are within Japans 370-kilometer exclusive economic zone (EEZ), where the nation is allowed to develop minerals and other resources. Having a total area of 4.47 million
square kilometers, Japans EEZ and territorial waters are the sixth largest in the world. Experts believe a large amount of
untouched natural resources rests beneath the seabed. Between January and February, Hakurei surveyed the Okinawa Trough, a potential gold mine of offshore resources,
at a depth of 1,600 meters. Drilling about 40 meters down into the seafloor, the survey vessel discovered a large-
scale submarine hydrothermal deposit that contains various minerals, such as zinc, lead, copper
and gold. The 118-meter-long research vessel, which began operation in February 2012, is outfitted with 32-meter-high drilling equipment on its stern. The equipment can submerge to a depth of up to 2,000 meters and drill a maximum of 400 meters
down into the seabed--a major improvement from the 20-meter limit of Hakureis predecessor, which started operation in 1980. The survey vessel is operated by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp.
(JOGMEC), a government-affiliated organization, which has been playing a leadership role in Japans marine resources
exploration. We have many problems to solve, but hope to establish a new method in five years to mine seabed resources and raise them from the ocean, said Nobuyuki Okamoto, the chief of JOGMECs abyssal floor survey section. The
Hakurei is just one sign that Japan is increasing its presence in the area of oceanic development. In March, the
deep-sea drilling vessel Chikyu successfully extracted natural gas from offshore methane hydrate deposits for
the first time in the world off Atsumi Peninsula in Aichi Prefecture. Known as "burning ice," methane hydrate contains natural gas and is expected to serve as a new energy resource in the near future. Chikyu submerged to
a depth of 1,000 meters and drilled 330 meters down into the seafloor to extract the gas from deposits of the sherbet-like methane-water combination. Despite the recent activity, however, Japan experienced a
lost decade for oceanic development . In the 1970s in the Pacific Ocean, a number of companies from Japan, the United States, China, South Korea, France, Russia and
elsewhere competed to mine manganese nodules in waters southeast of Hawaii. Even after sluggish metal prices later killed their desire to explore the ocean floor, such countries continued to consider how to make full use of resources far below the surface of the sea.
They also since rushed to introduce new legislation to prepare for future offshore development. In 1996, China drew up a national vision for its marine sector. The
Asian power in 2003 also compiled a large-scale plan that called on the government to carry out
offshore resources surveys, as well as advance oceanic development more aggressively. The proposal was intended
to enable its marine industry to account for 5 percent of gross domestic product by 2010. South Korea has also steadily proceeded with necessary preparations. Aiming to manage its oceanic policies in an integrated fashion, for example, Seoul established the ministry
of marine affairs and fisheries in 1996. Behind their enthusiastic efforts is the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, which went into effect in 1994. The pact admitted for the first time the right of respective coastal countries to develop offshore resources in
surrounding waters. But compared with those nations, Japan got a late start . It was not until 2007
that the world's sixth-largest maritime state set up a new portfolio that centrally handles the
nations oceanic policies, which had previously been developed separately by eight ministries
and agencies. Basic laws calling for the government to be more actively involved in marine development took effect that year as well. In 2008, Japan drew up a basic five-year plan on ocean policy. It stipulated the government introduce a new
survey vessel, later named the Hakurei, at a cost of 29 billion yen ($290 million). The maritime nation now regards the Hakurei, which is playing a
leading role in its exploration of surrounding waters, as a trump card to reverse the
disadvantageous situation. Hiroshi Terashima, a researcher who has been calling on the government and the ruling parties to pave the way to develop offshore resources in earnest for more than 10 years, said there
were many factors behind the countrys late start. Japan lacked interest in the sea, said Terashima, an executive director of the Ocean Policy Research Foundation. Declining prices of copper and other minerals
led to the tendency of Japanese companies to purchase such resources from other countries instead of mining minerals themselves. After the asset-inflated bubble economy collapsed in the early 1990s, Japanese firms could not afford to invest in oceanic
development. Japan fell far behind other nations in the world over the course of 10 years from the mid-1990s, Terashima said. The turning point came in 2004, when Japan found China had began gas field
development in the East China Sea. In 2009, China shook the world by imposing restrictions on
its rare earth exports. Then in March 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami hit
northeastern Japan, causing meltdowns at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. As a result,
securing cheaper energy and mineral resources has become a top priority for Japan. Japan
has since become serious about working on acquiring interests related to the
ocean. The Japanese government in April revised the basic plan on ocean policy, and stated in the amended scheme for the first time that it will introduce new legislation to manage the EEZ in an integrated fashion. Based on the revised plan,
the government is expected to develop new comprehensive rules on fisheries and resources
exploitation, so that domestic companies and other bodies can make adjustments more easily
when they hope to explore surrounding waters. At issue now is how the nation will procure the enormous funds necessary to develop offshore resources. We have to compare market
prices of resources with estimated costs before mining them, said Satoshi Abe, counselor of Cabinet Secretariats ocean policy divisions office. We will not immediately start developing everywhere and anywhere in surrounding waters indiscriminately. What is
important is that we continue surveying possible development areas and maintaining necessary technology levels, Abe said. Although the body of Japanese pride, the Hakurei, was made by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., 90 percent of all the seabed research
devices mounted on the vessel, including the drilling equipment installed on deck and a remote-controlled unmanned exploratory robot, were made by companies in Britain, the United States and other countries. Even though Japan hopes to be involved in oceanic
development more aggressively, if it highly depends on foreign firms for the basis of its marine industry, Japan will lag behind other states, warned Tetsuo Yuhara, a researcher at the Canon Institute for Global Studies, who also serves as a member of the councilors'
conference of the Cabinet Secretariats ocean policy division. Japanese technology, however, has helped international efforts to explore
the seafloor. From 1985 to 2006, the Applied Geoscience and Technology Division of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SOPAC), an i nternational organization based in Fiji, conducted offshore resources surveys in the South Pacific.
Michael Petterson, the bodys director, said although Japans technologies contributed significantly to the success of the
investigation, it was other nations that have harvested the fruits of Japans endeavor. Yoshitaka Hosoi, a guest
researcher of mineral resources at the Japan International Cooperation Agency, who was involved in the international surveys, said Japan's success in oceanic development hinges
on whether private Japanese firms have the courage to invest adequate funds in marine
development. We have large amounts of detailed data, Hosoi said. The governments support is actually necessary , but
what's more important is whether companies with a frontier spirit will appear.
2nc tech key
Technology is key to Japanese soft power diffusion to developing countries is key
Yakushiji 9, Research Director at the Institute for International Policy Studies in Tokyo and
Professor of Political Science at Keio University (Taizo, Why Japan Needs Science and
Technology Diplomacy, AJISS Commentary, 30 June 2009
http://www2.jiia.or.jp/en_commentary/200906/30-1.html)
Japan has concluded science and technology agreements with 42 different countries, but a mere
16.7% of these are with developing nations in Asia, Latin America, and Africa-a percentage that is far outstripped by the
corresponding percentages for the US (48.6%), Germany (37.9%), and France (48.1%). In regional terms as well, a mere
11.9% of the cooperative science and technology relationships that Japan has established are with Asian nations, compared to 24.3%
for the US, 20.7% for Germany, and 14.8% for France. In terms of agreements with African nations, those established by Japan
constitute a mere 2.4% of all their agreements, compared with 13.5% for the US, 3.4% for Germany, and 11.1% for France. This
indicates that Japan's science and technology cooperation agreements are unique in that there is a
strong bias towards agreement s with the industrialized nations, though the country has already reached an industrialized stage. In
contrast, Japan's ODA support is heavily oriented towards the developing nations. In short, there has been a tendency to pursue two
separate tracks, with leading edge science and technology being shared with the industrialized nations, and less advanced "middle of
the road" technology going to developing nations. There is nothing wrong in and of itself with Japan's bias towards science and
technology agreements with industrialized nations. However, Japan probably ought to make greater
contributions to developing nations in Asia and Africa if it wishes to demonstrate international
leadership in terms of using its top notch science and technology capabilities as a soft power
diplomatic resource. This would seem to require innovative science and technology policy-and
the necessary policy innovation has taken the form of science and technology diplomacy. For
example, it has been recommended that, as part of Japan's science and technology diplomacy, the Ministry
of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
jointly undertake an "environmental leaders educational program" commencing in Asian and African
countries. In addition, there is a joint international project on the global environment aimed at developing nations and run by Japan
Science and Technology Agency (under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) that involves water resources, disaster prevention, and the environment.
Japanese universities have been providing support for rice cultivation in Asian and African countries and have established centers
for research into emergent and re emerging infectious diseases in Asia and Africa. These initiatives do not involve run of the mill
technology, but technology of a fairly high level. In other words, the use of cutting edge Japanese science and technology to make
contributions in developing nations increases Japan's soft power. This represents a major difference between science and technology
diplomacy as policy innovation and past government-to-government agreements in science and technology. Over time, however,
any government's innovative policy can lose its momentum and meet its demise due to a change
in administration or a reshuffle that causes its active supporters to be replaced-in effect, the policy
passes its sell by date. Science and technology diplomacy is no exception to this rule, and it is essential
that this be fully comprehended. Future challenges for science and technology diplomacy, as
discussed below, should be viewed in this light. A series of international conferences have thrust Japan into center
stage: the science and technology ministers' conference in Okinawa in 2007, the fourth African conference held in May 2008, the G8
Summit held in Toyako in July, the Science and Technology Ministers' Round Table Meeting in Kyoto in October, and the Japan
Africa Science and Technology Ministers' Meeting the same month. Consequently, it was possible to cast science and technology
diplomacy in a positive light, even with its many inherent demands. However, the next G8 summit will be held in Italy, and it is
likely that the Italian government will put an Italian perspective on African issues. It is also likely that, with regard to global
environmental issues, there will not be the same emphasis on science and technology that there was at the G8 summit in Japan.
Although it was Japan that first set out the concept of science and technology diplomacy, any
other country adopting and developing a similar program would also increase the synergetic
effects between its diplomacy and its science and technology and thus its soft power. If such
countries were to emerge in great number, Japan would be regarded as a leader in the realm of
world politics. In fact, diplomacy is an area that requires qualified personnel. Science and technology diplomacy is no
exception. We need new enlightened diplomats to incorporate science and technology as an
important diplomatic resource. In the meantime, we need equally enlightened scientists and engineers to serve as private
diplomats and actively engage scientific and technological communities overseas.
Cooperation and technology are key to Japans soft power
AIZAWA 07, President, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Masuo, Toward the Reinforcement of
Science and Technology Diplomacy, The Council for Science and Technology Policy, April 24,
2007,
http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/doc/s_and_t_diplomacy/20070424tow_the_reinforceme
nt_of.pdf
The Council for Science and Technology Policy has identified the reinforcement of international
cooperation in science and technology as one of the crucial policy issues. The Council has further
pointed out that the international contribution to work on environmental problems and related subjects
is also an important issue for science and technology policy in terms of furthering innovation. In the times
ahead, Japan should take this new perspective of "science and technology diplomacy", a
perspective that seeks to capitalize these areas in diplomacy. By doing so, and by reinforcing these activities,
Japan should realize its position as an open country while seeking to contribute to innovation in
the world. It is of particular importance that Japan makes use of its science and technology
capabilities to the greatest extent in order to positively and continuously tackle worldwide issues
involved in realizing a sustainable society. This will enhance Japan's "Soft Power" while also linking
research cooperation and technology cooperation to foreign policy, all of which are important objectives.
Plan kills Japanese technological edge
Maehara 11- Minister of Japanese Foreign Affairs
(Seiji, February, Economic Diplomacy Speech by Seiji Maehara, Minister for Foreign Affairs of
Japan, at CLSA Japan Forum 2011,
http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm/maehara/clsa2011_speech.html)
I hope to be able to convince all of you here today that Japan is emerging as a truly attractive investment
destination. Japan is also noted for its strengths in technological innovation. Although competition
is getting harder, including with emerging economies, Japan still boasts many technologies
that can't be found anywhere else. In June last year, many of you may recall, the Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth after a very
challenging seven-year, 6-billion-kilometer mission to bring back samples from an asteroid. This was achieved for the first time in human history. Space exploration involves a
very broad range of industries requiring comprehensive technologies, and there were many small and medium-sized enterprises among the companies participating in the
Hayabusa mission. I wish to impress upon you that Japan has many top-notch technologies, yet to be
introduced to the world.

2nc warming key
Climate change is key to japans sopo
The second section shows how Japan, through the government, NGOs and corporations, can instrumentalise
normative soft power. It focuses on the Future City Initiative in the Growth Strategy; the Cool Earth
Partnership programme; and the Satoyama Initiative on biodiversity. Some obstacles are discussed, including bureaucratic
hurdles and lack of government funding. The final section reflects on theoretical implications that arise and determines whether Japans normative soft
power has paid off. Success is defined on two levels: whether Japans diplomatic clout at global forums
has improved, and at a more pragmatic level, how far the country is now perceived positively as a trouble-shooter
providing solutions to climate change.
Japan thinks climate is the easiest way to soft power
The New Growth Strategy on being a global trouble-shooter In 2009, the White Paper on International Trade
of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) proposed a new role for Japan as a problem- solving
country that can proactively contribute to solving problems facing the international community
and take advantage of such contributions for boosting its national power in a win-win manner to benefit
both itself and the world (METI 2009: 498). Ex-Prime Minister Aso (2009) also singled out environmental problems
because overcoming global warming is the greatest challenge of the 21st century and Japan
should be leading the world in the low-carbon emission revolution. In other words, Japan is to
become a trouble-shooting nation for global issues (Agence France Press 2009). These suggestions re-appeared
as the centrepiece of the 2010 New Growth Strategy, which argued that since developing Asia faces numerous environmental
problems, Japan can assume leadership positions by leading other countries in presenting models
of how problems can be overcome (Cabinet Office 2010: 4). The New Growth Strategy (Basic Policies) pinpointed two
global problems on which to manifest a Japan that can live together with other nations in Asia as a country that solves global-scale
problems (Cabinet Office 2009: 5).

2nc - spill over
Only Japan gets India and China on board
With Japanese environmental aid dispensed around the world, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Developments (OECD 2010: 7) latest review of Japans environmental performance noted that Japan
has played a proactive and constructive role in international environmental cooperation,
particularly in areas of climate change, waste management, and more recently biodiversity. . .these
activities have contributed to real improvements in some countries, such as China and
Indonesia. Sustainable development is another key climate norm where Japan is drawing
praise.

2nc clean tech leadership high
Japan leads global clean tech innovation government standards and patents
Pentland 10 [William Pentland, Contributer to Forbes, The Top Cleantech Countries,
December 6
th
, 2010, http://www.forbes.com/2010/12/02/china-germany-japan-america-
business-energy-ecotech-clean-tech-patents.html] // t-haas
Japan, the worlds most energy-efficient country, is far and away the leader in cleantech
innovation, accounting for 37.1% of the inventions in the fields of clean energy and
environmental technologies awarded protection under patent laws from 2000 to 2005 according to the
study, which is the most comprehensive assessment to date of global standings in cleantech innovation. A major impetus in
Japan has been the governments Top Runner program, established in 1999, which constantly ratchets
up energy-efficiency standards: Whenever a manufacturer makes a breakthrough to a new low
in power usage with a refrigerator or television, the government makes that models level of
efficiency the new baseline for the product category. Japan is setting the bar globally for the full
spectrum of applications and industries in clean technology, including microgrid technologies, zero
emission buildings and nuclear energy, where the government is funding the development of fast breeder reactors
that produce more fuel than they consume.
Japan leads increasing investment proves commitment
Willis 1/17 [Ben Willis, Japan lifts the gloom of 2013 clean-tech investment slump, January
17
th
. 2014, http://www.pv-
tech.org/news/japan_lifts_the_gloom_of_2013_clean_tech_investment_slump] // t-haas
Japan was one of the few countries to buck a trend that saw a 12% fall in global renewable
energy and clean-tech investment in 2013, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance. New BNEF figures reveal
that driven largely by a boom in solar installations, Japan saw investment surge 55% to US$35.4
billion last year, up from around US$22 billion in 2012. But overall the trajectory for clean-tech investment was a downward one, a
consequence BNEF said of the falling price of PV systems and dwindling investor confidence resulting from shifts in renewable
energy policy in Europe and the US. By technologies, solar saw a pronounced decrease in investment, from US$142.9 billion to
US$114.7 billion. This is in spite of the volume of the market growing by 20% worldwide, indicating the extent to which the price of
solar has fallen, BNEF said. Geographically Europe took a huge hit last year, with investment slumping 41% from US$97.8 billion in
2012 to US$57.8 billion in 2013. Within Europe, German investment fell from US$26.2 billion in 2012 to US$14.1 billion
in 2013, the lowest since 2006. In France, it dropped to US$4.1 billion from US$6.2 billion and in Italy to US$4.1 billion from
US$15.2 billion. This was a consequence of these countries either scaling back support for
renewables or creating policy uncertainty for investors. BNEF said the UK was the most resilient of the big
European markets, seeing a relatively small decline to US$13.1 billion in 2013, from a record figure of US$14.3 billion in 2012. The
downward trend was also evident in China and the USA. Investment in China fell 3.8% from US$63.8 billion in 2012 to US$61.3
billion last year, the countrys first reduction in investment in over a decade. The US saw investment slip 8.4% from US$53 billion to
$48.4 billion. BNEF chief executive Michael Liebreich said: A second successive year of decline in investment will come as
unwelcome news to the clean energy sector, but the top-line figures dont tell the whole story. Investment in Europe
crashed, in large part because of the falling cost of solar installations, whose volume worldwide
actually grew by around 20% to a new record. Outside Europe, the picture was mixed, with some
countries increasing and others reducing investment, and Japan the clear leader in terms of
growth.
Japan crushes in clean tech government spending, research, and tech
innovations; the US cant even
Gay et al 10 [Charlie Gay (President of Applied Solar), Michael Shellenberger (President of
Breakthrough Institute), Ted Nordhaus (Chairman of Breakthrough Institute), In the Race for
Clean Tech Leadership?, March 15
th
, 2010, http://blog.appliedmaterials.com/race-clean-tech-
leadership] // t-haas
A race is on to lead by example in the burgeoning clean energy sector. While the United States may be behind for now, we
are far from the finish line.America once led the global solar business, but manufacturing scale is shifting to Asia. In Japan,
strong, targeted government incentives supported markets for solar technology in a country
almost completely dependent upon imported energy. At the same time, public investment in
research and innovation helped build the technical prowess needed to establish solid
manufacturing capabilities. The Chinese government, along with numerous entrepreneurs, is now developing
manufacturing and technical capabilities for solar and other clean energy technologies that will combine economies of scale with a
growing market, which many expect can be the largest in the world in the next five years. Asias current momentum is
not exclusive to solar power. A recent Breakthrough Institute report, "Rising Tigers, Sleeping Giant," found that
America lags behind Asias rising clean tech tigers China, South Korea and Japan in producing
virtually all clean energy technologies, from wind to nuclear power, from high-speed rail to plug-
in hybrid cars and the advanced batteries that power them. The governments of these three nations are
expected to invest over $500 billion over the next five years to extend their lead in clean
technology products and applications. That is enough to out-invest the United States by a three-
to-one margin, unless the U.S. establishes an urgently needed national clean energy competitiveness strategy.

2nc maritime leadership high
Collaberation w/ Philppines proves Japanese regional dominance
Felongco 13 [Gilbert P. Felongco, Correspondent for Gulf News, Japan, Philippines leaders
commit to strengthen maritime and security ties, July 27
th
, 2013,
http://gulfnews.com/news/world/philippines/japan-philippines-leaders-commit-to-
strengthen-maritime-and-security-ties-1.1213879] // t-haas
Manila: Respective heads of governments of the Philippines and Japan on Saturday have committed to further
strengthen ties to face common security challenges facing the region. At a morning meeting at the presidential palace in
Manila, President Benigno Aquino III and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe agreed to further strengthen relations between the Philippines
and Japan not only to improve economic engagements but also maritime and security ties. We
reviewed the security challenges that confront our nations, and pledged to cooperate in advancing our common advocacy for
responsible action from international players. We believe that it can be done by upholding the rule of law in international affairs,
and by finding just and peaceful solutions to our territorial disputes and maritime concernsso that we may create a secure and
stable environment that leads to our collective progress, Aquino said during a joint press conference with Abe. The Philippines and
Japan are both confronted by the increasing boldness of China, in similarly asserting its claim over several islands close in the South
China Sea. The Philippines had earlier said that it will abide to a peaceful resolution in the territorial dispute had already sought the
help of the United Nations which formed a an arbitral tribunal in response. China has yet to make a similar move. Aquino also took
the opportunity to express gratitude to Japan for donating several patrol vessels for the Philippine Coast Guard. We thank the
Japanese Government for helping enhance the capacity of the Philippine Coast Guard by building
multi-role response vessels and by providing communication systems for their use, he said. Earlier
the two leaders presided over the signing of the expanded bilateral agreement wherein they
vowed to actively pursue strategies for growth and positive engagement. Japan is also a key
player in the peace efforts in Mindanao, providing development assistance to areas that suffered
from the conflict between the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Aside
from a provider of official development assistance, Japan, in 2012, was the top trade partner of the
Philippines as the second major source of approved investments and third source of tourist arrivals. In 2012, our total bilateral
trade amounted to $16.35 billion [Dh60 billion]. Japan remains our largest source of development assistance, and our countrys
second largest source of approved investments, which in the previous year amounted to more than P69 billion [Dh5.8 billion]. Japan
is also our third largest source of tourists, as 412,474 Japanese nationals visited our shores last year, Aquino said. After he leaves
the Philippines on Saturday, Abes visit to Southeast Asia will take him to Malaysia and Singapore
Expanding ocean policy shows increasing Japanese maritime leadership
COL 13 [The Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Japanese Government to Assert International
Use of Sea of Japan Name, April 23
rd
, 2013, http://oceanleadership.org/japanese-
government-to-assert-international-use-of-sea-of-japan-name/] // t-haas
The Cabinet is expected to approve the final draft of Japans Basic Plan on Ocean policy on
Friday. The document will serve as foundation for the nations ocean policy for the next five
years beginning in 2013. The name Sea of Japan is already the internationally recognized name for the body of water by
the international community. However, South Koreas government and private sector have recently beefed up a worldwide campaign
demanding that the name Donghae be listed together with Sea of Japan. Google maps, one of the worlds most used mapping
services, made a map earlier this month using both names. As of today, Google maps still carries the parenthetical East Sea when
you zoom in on the name using the mapping website. The final draft of the ocean policy plan states that the Japanese government
will make efforts to disseminate to the world the proper understanding that the name Sea of Japan is the only internationally
established name referring to the area. Among the other issues tackled in the final draft is Japans stance
on negotiations with China on jointly developing the Shirakaba gas field which China calls Chunxiao. As
negotiations have been currently suspended amidst escalating tensions due to another dispute in the East China Sea, the document
states that Japan will use every opportunity to bring China back to the negotiation table,
especially in the current situation where Japan is scrambling to fill the gap for cheaper fuel
alternatives as the nations nuclear power program is currently idled. The final draft also
contained recommended government policy in commercializing methane hydrates commonly
known as fire ice by the end of 2018.

Japan currently holds leadership in Pacific Island countries and maritime policy
Kyodo 13 [Kyodo News International, Japan commits to address climate change, other
challenges in Pacific, Septermber 6
th
, 2013, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/kyodo-
news-international/130906/japan-commits-address-climate-change-other-challenges-] // t-
haas
Japan vowed Friday to continue helping Pacific island nations address climate change and other
challenges such as disasters as it expressed appreciation for a declaration issued here by countries comprising the Pacific Islands
Forum. "We are islanders. As an island country in the Pacific Ocean, Japan is willing to contribute to a
robust development of this region as a whole under common objectives and vision," Shunichi Suzuki,
senior vice foreign minister, said at the 25th Pacific Islands Forum Post-Forum Dialogue held in this Pacific Ocean state. Japan is
one of the forum's 13 dialogue partners that also include the United States, China, and the European Union, among others. This
year's forum, chaired by the Republic of Marshall Islands, a country of 29 atolls and five islands in the heart of the Pacific Ocean,
including the capital Majuro, carries the theme, "Marshalling the Pacific Response to the Climate Challenge." "Japan highly
appreciates the Majuro Declaration on climate change," Suzuki said of the declaration issued Thursday by forum leaders to
highlight their "strong political commitment to be the region of Climate Leaders" and "spark a new
wave of climate leadership that accelerates the reduction and phasing down of greenhouse gas pollution worldwide." The forum, set
up in 1971 to enhance cooperation among Pacific Ocean states, is composed of Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga,
Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Fiji has been suspended from the forum since 2009. Suzuki, who was sent by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as his
special envoy to the Post-Dialogue Forum, said Japan and Pacific island countries "share not only
geographical characteristics as island states embraced by the Pacific Ocean, but also challenges
such as coping with climate change and natural disasters, and the peaceful and sustainable use
of the rich ocean." He acknowledged that climate change "constitutes the very threat to the security and the economic
development of all states, including Japan and Pacific island countries." To cope with it, he said it is necessary to establish a new
international framework, which must be fair, effective and participated in by all states. "Japan, as an island state, intends to
materialize concrete assistance through realizing projects one by one, based on the needs of each country, such as introduction of
renewable energy, by utilizing Japan's cutting-edge technologies," Suzuki said. He cited Japan's assistance of $240
million for a three-year period until 2012 to the group of Small Island Developing States that
also include most of the Pacific Islands Forum members for the adaptation to climate change
and mitigating its effects, as well its support for renewable energy and energy-saving measures.
Through the annual Pacific Islands Leaders Meeting process, which, he said, is Japan's way of partnering with the Pacific countries,
foreign ministers of Pacific member states who will attend a meeting in Tokyo and Sendai, northeastern Japan, next month will be
able to see how Japan is rebuilding itself from the March 11, 2011 disasters. "We intend to deepen our discussion towards resolving
our common challenges, such as climate change and disaster management. Japan intends to further enhance our
role in this region as a 'co-working peer' through tackling these challenges and resolving them
together," Suzuki said.
2nc solves multilat
Japan is key to sustain multilateral initiatives and stop China rise
Wright 09, Executive Director of Studies, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs (Thomas J.,
Implications of the Financial Crisis for Soft Power in East Asia The Chicago Council on Global
Affairs and The East Asia Institute, October 22
24, 2009 http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/Conferences/Soft%20Power/Implic
ations%20of%20the%20Financial%20Crisis%20for%20Soft%20Power%20in%20Asia%20-
%20Nov%202009%20Report.pdf)
Chinas increasing importance will also place it under greater scrutiny and pressure. For example,
Chinas exchange rate will remain a source of tension with Washington, especially if the U.S. recovery is long,
slow, and jobless. 5. But, Japan and Korea will also continue to play a key role because they are indispensable
for pan-Asian multilateral initiatives Japan has suffered more than China during the economic crisis but Japans
leadership experience in reducing the vulnerability of East Asian economies to currency crises
through ASEAN + 3 and the development of the Chiang Mai initiative make it an indispensable player in future
regional economic diplomacy. In addition to this experience, Japans closeness to the United States gives it
a special importance in panAsian initiatives while its economic integration with the rest of the region
through trade, regional production networks, and investmentgives it influence and leverage.
More generally, Japan is also a leader in the innovation and employment of technology which should
give it a hard power advantage even as its relative economic power declines.

Japan soft power is key to multilateral initiatives
Ikenberry 07, Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School
of Public and International Affrairs (John Japan Update [Rush Transcript; Federal News
Service], Council on Foreign Relations, june 7, 2007, http://www.cfr.org/japan/japan-update-
rush-transcript-federal-news-service/p13565)
IKENBERRY: Well, I think that this has been a great discussion. And I, too, would want to end on an optimistic note that I don't
think the kind of nationalism that we see rising in Japan is of the old style. I think it's more about
identity and more of a civic nationalism. And I think that we shouldn't underestimate the continuing feeling inside of Japan for
the uniqueness of Japan and the kind of gains and prestige it's had by taking this very distinct path from 1945 to the present; that there isn't a
lot of appetite to become a military great power and to confront China. It's partly about demographics, it's
partly culture, it's partly about meaning of the past. So I think that we should expect Japan looking for
a kind of middle way that connects a continuation of a strong alliance with some kind of
umbrella that will allow it to be more activist in a kind of multilateral, U.N.-based human security kind
of way, and that is -- in a world where the next agenda item will be trying to pursue non-
proliferation, arms control, demilitarization of foreign policy, that's where Japan can come into
sync with the rest of the world and can play a leadership role. It's soft power, but it's more than
soft power; it's also leadership in terms of critical issues of security of the current day. So I think there's
room for Japan to really have a seat at the table in this way.
Independence solves back multilateralism in asia
UGPO 10 US Government Printing Office, HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON
EAST ASIAN AND PACIFIC AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION,
(U.S.-JAPAN RELATIONS, S. Hrg. 111-754, April 15, 2010,
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg62791/html/CHRG-111shrg62791.htm//nemo
While I believe that Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama is committed to United States-Japan
relations, he does have a different vision of the future of our relationship than did his
predecessors; hence the attempts here to understand whether his repeated calls for a more equal alliance with
Washington mean more independent , and what such policies might lead to. We should take
at face value his desire for Japan to play a more expansive global role, craft a closer
relationship with the nations of East Asia, and take a lead in issues from nuclear
disarmament to climate change, no matter how vague the specifics of his plans.

2nc - sopo good
Japanese soft power solves stability
TJF 9 - The Japan Foundation (first organization that specializes in international cultural
2. The keynote speeches were given by Professor Joseph S. Nye, Jr. of Harvard University (video-recorded) and
Professor Hiroshi Komiyama, President Emeritus, University of Tokyo. Joseph Nye set the framework for discussions
by saying that power means the ability to affect others to get the outcomes that one wants, which can be
done in three different ways: threaten people with coercion (sticks); pay people or induce them
(carrots); or get people to want the outcomes that you want (soft power). The sources of soft
power come from a countrys culture, its values and its policies. Japan, with its traditional and popular
culture, many of its values a stable society , and its policies framed on the need for broader legitimacy, is well placed in
terms of exercising soft power. As for the US, President Obama and Secretary of State Clinton have made clear that
America must use what has been called smart power, the full range of tools at its disposal. Stability in East Asia rests on
a triangle of good relations between the major powers the US, Japan and China. However, this is
not an equilateral triangle; the US and Japan are closest because of their security alliance. The traditional security alliance also
contributes to a public good in that it helps create stability in East Asia on which the regions prosperity rests. There is a new,
non-traditional realm for cooperation between the US and Japan as well as with other countries,
that is, global public goods, such as the UN Peacekeeping Operations, global financial stability, global
climate change, or energy and environment. Japan has been playing a leading role, through its
creativity and technology, on energy efficiency, and, through its ODA, on development and eradication
of poverty. There could be a cooperative strategy in which Japan and the US can work together
using their technologies and skills to work with the Chinese to lead to cleaner coal burning
inside China.
Japan soft power solves disease and climate
In particular, Japanese scholars and policymakers have enthusiastically taken it up, eagerly
exploring how Japans soft power resources could be exploited to burnish Japans image in the world and help
reshape its environment (Berger et al. 2010: 570). For Japan, soft power allows some compensation for
lack of other power resources and is a relatively low-cost option. Having overcome its domestic
pollution through world-leading technology and regulations, and facing a stuttering economy with limits to
military projections, Japanese leaders saw environmental cooperation as a diplomatic niche to raise the countrys global profile in
the post-Cold War world (Pajon 2010). This explains Nyes (2008) suggestion that Tokyo counter its fears of
marginalisation through better use of its soft power to tackle shared trans-national threats such
as infectious diseases and climate change. In a surprisingly overlooked set of statements, Japans
New Growth Strategy (Cabinet Office 2009: 6) expressed a similar desire to become a country hat
solves global-scale problems. But in what ways can this trouble-shooting role be conceptualised as soft power and has it
worked? Here, we are concerned with what Lee (2011: 15) calls the normative dimension of soft power: whether or not
countries regard a states policies as legitimate and justifiable depends on how far its policies
reflected or enhanced international norms and shared values. This is different from the affective soft power
generated by a superficial liking for Japans subculture genres such as maid cafes. Hayden (2011: 115) suggests that because culture
appears to predominate in Japans soft power, there is a marked tendency toward the objectification of culture, through products
which in turn have a kind of affective power- the ability to convey something about Japan that cultivates interest. By contrast,
normative soft power derives from legitimacy and degree of alignment with global norms (Melissen 2011: 24). The normative
potential of Chinese soft power was recently explored by Callahan (2012: 6) who sought to redress an imbalance
where much less attention has been paid to the normative aspect of Chinas soft power. In order to do the same for
Japan, this paper proceeds as follows. First, it places the New Growth Strategys vision of
becoming a problem-solving nation in the context of attempts to redefine Japans global role.
The document hints at potential sources of Japans normative soft power in combating climate
change. This issue is our focus here because of its strong resonance as a global norm. The 2007
Nobel Peace Prize awarded to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and shock events (Hurricane Katrina or
floods in Thailand) have crystallised a sense of crisis. Since 2007, global norms on climate change have consolidated (Garcia 2010),
building on the 1992 Rio summit; the Kyoto Protocol, the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), and IPCC
reports. These norms include the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; sustainable
development (UNFCC Art. 14); provision of new and additional resources by industrialised
countries to aid mitigation and adaptation efforts of developing states (UNFCC Art. 4.3) and
facilitation of environmentally sound technology (UNFCC Art. 4.5). These are deployed here as
benchmarks for evaluating Japans alignment with climate change norms.

Japan can preserve marine ecosystems through joint efforts with the UN
Besides disbursing grants and technological solutions, Japan has also promoted positive
human-nature relationships and values to achieve societies in harmony with nature, especially
principles in managing ecological systems and biodiversity. The Ministry of the Environment and the
United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS), together with NGOs such as World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF) Japan, are jointly working on the Satoyama Initiative. This demonstrates how
traditional Japanese land and marine conservation efforts known as satoyama and satoumi can serve
as examples of how other nations can preserve ecosystems and biodiversity.
Solves water shoratages
Japan wields an advantage here because its strength lies not in hard power but in soft power with
strong emphasis on civilian sectors. There is high investment in R&D at 3.5 per cent of GDP, highest of all G8 countries:
80 per cent of research is made by private sector (Yakushiji 2008: 623). Indeed, as Lee (2011: 28) observed, Japan, with its
vigorous NGO community, has developed tremendous soft power and influence in human rights issues,
environmental issues, and other non-traditional security areas. Mekong Watch for instance works to bridge
gaps between Japanese aid policies and recipients of such aid in the Mekong region. With regard to the role of
corporations, METI (2009: 451) argued that excellent technologies of Japanese-owned companies
succeeded in solving water shortage issues overseas.
2nc - relations good
US-Japan alliance solves the aff secures ocean, global order and ocean
exploration
**also solves environment, freedom of the seas, deterrence, arctic trade routes, multilateralism
The core components of the U.S.-Japan security alliance power projection, control of
the seas, and deterrence are intrinsically related to sea power . Yet even though
maritime cooperation is part of a larger framework of security collaboration, there is little
spillover from the two countries joint efforts on nontraditional security issues to conventional
security concerns. This could change as two new traditionally land-based powers China and
Russia begin to turn their attention to the seas. The prospect of a melting Arctic Ocean,
creating new sea routes, makes such efforts even more compelling. It is unclear how some
countries, China in particular, will act as they move to the maritime domain. For some, it is a
hegemon in waiting, preparing to supplant the U.S. as the leading power in the western Pacific.
For others, China is focused on development and will not risk upsetting the status quo. No
matter what Chinese intentions are, this is an important moment for Japan. Not only are new
powers beginning to encroach on the seas, historically Japans domain, but new maritime
opportunities such as the opening of Arctic trade routes are presenting themselves. Japan
should reach out to other partners to help secure sea lanes. A critical need is institutionalizing
cooperation. Various forums for this exist, but these should be expanded and strengthened.
They are laying a foundation for cooperation that is key to regional and global security and
prosperity. Coast guards will play a key role in protecting the oceans. This poses new challenges
since coast guards are very different from navies, both in how they act and how they are
structured. Ensuring cooperation between countries and between services requires ongoing
effort. A whole of government approach is needed. While multilateral cooperation is
vital, U.S-Japan maritime cooperation should remain the cornerstone of both
countries efforts . It is an indispensable element of U.S. national security strategies and has
helped provide Japan with a platform for its own international ambitions. Bilateral cooperation
was much in need and very successful in the response to the December 2004 tsunami that hit
Indonesia. Considerably more can be done, however. Equally important are national strategies
to ensure safe and environmental smart exploitation of the oceans. All nations need a better
grasp of the harmful effects of environmental degradation on the seas and marine resources.
Better protection against piracy is needed. All governments need to be alert to and prepared to
resolve tensions created by national efforts to protect ocean resources and international rights of
navigation and free passage. Japan and the U.S. must establish a genuine partnership on the
high seas, one that responds to new and traditional security threats. The U.S. must have
faith in and be ready to rely on Japanese maritime assets . The Maritime Self-Defense
Forces will be at the center of that effort, but this strategy will rely on all of Japans maritime
related agencies and assets. This strategy should maintain and strengthen the existing
infrastructure of Japan-U.S. security cooperation in the western Pacific and develop a new
infrastructure for cooperation in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. Japanese experience and
knowhow can be applied to future SLOCs in the Arctic Ocean. Japan must assume key
roles and missions in theaters to which Japan can apply its capabilities,
resources, and expertise.

US-Japan Coop solves a laundry list of impacts
TJF 9 -- The Japan Foundation (first organization that specializes in international cultural
In Japans relations with Russia and China, exchange programs have been a highly effective
application of soft power. However, it is hard to see how soft power will affect North Korea. There are issues in the world where there are
no alternatives to hard power, so the question then is how you apply it smartly. For example, sanctions that have no effect are not smart power. In
contemplating possible contingencies such as an attack on Japan or South Korea or a collapse of
North Korea, it should be noted that China has legitimate security concerns about North Korea and that
the US is no longer in a position to manage this situation on its own but must work with the
countries in the region. In the context of Japan-US soft power collaboration, we need to figure out
how to engage and how to incorporate China in international relations. One approach is to see China, with its command
economy model, in an underground competition with us over who will come out of this economic recession in the quickest and most effective manner.
Another is to see relations with China not as a zero-sum game; it is a win-win situation. We
should attempt to deal with Chinese problems such as CO2 emissions trilaterally. A historical parallel was
drawn with Germany in the Bismarck era. Would China, like Kaiser after Bismarcks peaceful diplomacy of, feel that it should wield its power? We
should work on China and lead China to a direction that we would like to see. Afghanistan,
counterterrorism, the environment, global warming, energy saving and pandemics prevention
were also possible areas for Japan-US collaboration based on shared national interests. If the
Democratic Party of Japan becomes the ruling party, more might be invested in eliminating
poverty, disarmament of nuclear weapons, womens empowerment, etc. and this would affect
the diplomatic policy of Japan.
Positive Japanese-US relations promote world peace and democracy
Schoff 9 [March 09 James L. Schoff - Associate Director of Asia-Pacic Studies, Institute for
Foreign Policy Analysis Realigning Priorities: The U.S.-Japan Alliance & the Future of
Extended Deterrence
www.ifpa.org/pdf/RealignPriorities.pdf]
Liberal democratic values and principles survived, and prevailed in the Cold War. But the world
is still hardly unanimous in embracing these values and principles. Rather, in the age of what
Fareed Zakaria calls the rise of the rest and emergence of non-democratic economic powers,
we hear talks about the ascendancy of authoritarian state capitalism model, contested
modernity, the Beijing consensus, so on and so forth. These notions purport to suggest the
viability of alternatives to the values and principles that the free world has defended and
promoted.With all the talks about alternative values, it is my strong belief that parliamentary
democracy, civil liberty, the rule of law, and respect for human rights are among the values that
all humanity should embrace and strive for. The Japan-U.S. alliance brings together the moral
strengths of the two powerful democracies. The continued success of the Japan-U.S. alliance in
promoting the worlds peace and stability will speak to the powerful allure of liberal democratic
values and world order built around them.

Absent a strong US--Japanese alliance- arms races, regional competition and
world war become inevitable
Khalilzad, 95(zalmay, Washington Quarterly, Spring, Losing the Moment? The United States
and the World After the Cold War, lexis)
The same is also true of Japan. Given a U.S. withdrawal from the world, Japan would have to look after its own security and build up
its military capabilities. China, Korea, and the nations of Southeast Asia already fear Japanese hegemony. Without U.S.
protection, Japan is likely to increase its military capability dramatically -- to balance the growing
Chinese forces and still-significant Russian forces. This could result in arms races, including the possible
acquisition by Japan of nuclear weapons. Given Japanese technological prowess, to say nothing of the plutonium
stockpile Japan has acquired in the development of its nuclear power industry, it could obviously become a nuclear weapon state
relatively quickly, if it should so decide. It could also build long-range missiles and carrier task forces. With the shifting
balance of power among Japan, China, Russia, and potential new regional powers such as India, Indonesia, and a united
Korea could come significant risks of preventive or preemptive war. Similarly, European competition for regional
dominance could lead to major wars in Europe or East Asia. If the United States stayed out of such a war -- an unlikely
prospect -- Europe or East Asia could become dominated by a hostile power. Such a development would threaten U.S. interests. A
power that achieved such dominance would seek to exclude the United States from the area and
threaten its interests-economic and political -- in the region. Besides, with the domination of Europe or East Asia, such
a power might seek global hegemony and the United States would face another global Cold War and the risk of a
world war even more catastrophic than the last.

<<<aff>>>
***counterplan
2ac - japan nuclear shipping bad
Japanese commercial nuclear shipping will be a catastrophe for the environment
Kaltenstein 11- John Kaltenstein is Clean Vessels Program Manager for Friends of the Earth -
U.S. Kaltenstein works predominately on ship air pollution issues and represents the
organization at the IMO. He holds a law degree, with a certificate in Environmental and Natural
Resources Law, (Shipping can do better than nuclear power, April 7, 2011,
http://www.bunkerworld.com/forum/blogs/32/102127/John-Kaltenstein/Shipping-can-do-
better-than-nuclear-power#discussion//nemo)
The nuclear catastrophe in Japan has focused increasing attention on radiation impacts to the
marine environment and cast into question the use of nuclear power by commercial ships. On
Thursday, March 31 seawater samples taken near the damaged Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant contained levels of radioactive iodine almost 4,500 times above the safety
standard. By April 5, Tokyo Electric Power Co. identified iodine-131 at 7.5 million times the standard in seawater taken close to the complex. Radioactive iodine is known to
amass in the thyroid and cause cancer. In addition, levels of radioactive cesium have been detected at 1.1 million times the legal limit in seawater adjacent to the nuclear facility.
Cesium-137 is particularly harmful to marine life, because it is absorbed by marine plants and accumulates as it makes its way up the food chain. It also has a long half-life: 30
years. The dispersion of radioactive substances, whether via steam release, reactor cooling water runoff, or the unprecedented dumping of more than 11,500 tonnes of
radioactive wastewater into the ocean, poses a significant risk to the marine environment, even beyond the area adjacent to the crippled nuclear plant. The breadth and severity
of radioactive contamination, combined with the dynamic nature of the marine environment - including the ability of fish and other marine animals to swim great distances -
could negatively impact Pacific marine ecosystems in the near and long term. A test last week indicated that cesium-137 levels in a village 25 miles away from the Daiichi nuclear
complex surpassed the standard which the Soviet Union used in recommending the abandonment of land surrounding the Chernobyl reactor. This disturbing finding raises the
possibility that radioactive contaminants such as cesium-137 could be present in waters outside the boundaries of the current fishing ban, which only extends 12 miles from the
plant. Also troubling is the fact that a fish caught 50 miles from the Daiichi nuclear facility earlier this week contained iodine-131 levels that exceeded subsequently established
radiation limits for fish. The tragic incident at the Fukushima Daiichi plant also has thrown a spotlight on the issue of nuclear power as an energy source for commercial ships.
The classification society Lloyds Register has been a proponent of nuclear energy for the sector, in part because of claimed greenhouse gas benefits from using nuclear energy
relative to relying on traditional fuel sources. Other groups such as the Cosco shipping company, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, and World Nuclear Association also have
touted nuclear powers low carbon profile. However, particularly in light of recent events in Japan, commercial shipping should steer
clear of nuclear power. Even in countries with substantial expertise and protocols regarding
nuclear plant safety, major accidents can occur. Plenty of other energy alternatives exist for the
industry, including clean, renewable wind\ and solar power, and opportunities abound for
increasing fuel efficiency through technical and operational measures. In fact, according to a 2009 IMO study, such
measures could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 75%. Instead of regressing to a
technology plagued by safety, security, and disposal concerns, the shipping sector should focus
on 21st century solutions that will enable it to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and not
jeopardise the planet. Friends of the Earth firmly believes, and will continue to espouse, that nuclear power has no place on the
path toward clean, sustainable shipping.
2ac china da
CP triggers conflict guarantees global impact
Klare 13 [Michael T Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College,
Will China-Japan-US Tensions in the Pacific Ignite a Conflict and Sink the Global Economy?,
January 22
nd
, 2013, http://truth-out.org/news/item/14066-will-china-japan-us-tensions-in-
the-pacific-ignite-a-conflict-and-sink-the-global-economy] // t-haas
The possibility of an Iranian crisis remains in the spotlight because of the obvious risk of
disorder in the Greater Middle East and its threat to global oil production and shipping. A crisis
in the East or South China Seas (essentially, western extensions of the Pacific Ocean) would,
however, pose a greater peril because of the possibility of a U.S.-China military confrontation
and the threat to Asian economic stability. The United States is bound by treaty to come to the
assistance of Japan or the Philippines if either country is attacked by a third party, so any armed
clash between Chinese and Japanese or Filipino forces could trigger American military
intervention. With so much of the worlds trade focused on Asia, and the American, Chinese,
and Japanese economies tied so closely together in ways too essential to ignore, a clash of
almost any sort in these vital waterways might paralyze international commerce
and trigger a global recession (or worse). All of this should be painfully obvious and so
rule out such a possibility -- and yet the likelihood of such a clash occurring has been on the rise
in recent months, as China and its neighbors continue to ratchet up the bellicosity of their
statements and bolster their military forces in the contested areas. Washingtons continuing
statements about its ongoing plans for a pivot to, or rebalancing of, its forces in the Pacific
have only fueled Chinese intransigence and intensified a rising sense of crisis in the region.
Leaders on all sides continue to affirm their countrys inviolable rights to the contested islands
and vow to use any means necessary to resist encroachment by rival claimants. In the meantime,
China has increased the frequency and scale of its naval maneuvers in waters claimed by Japan,
Vietnam, and the Philippines, further enflaming tensions in the region. Ostensibly, these
disputes revolve around the question of who owns a constellation of largely uninhabited atolls
and islets claimed by a variety of nations. In the East China Sea, the islands in contention are
called the Diaoyus by China and the Senkakus by Japan. At present, they are administered by
Japan, but both countries claim sovereignty over them. In the South China Sea, several island
groups are in contention, including the Spratly chain and the Paracel Islands (known in China as
the Nansha and Xisha Islands, respectively). China claims all of these islets, while Vietnam
claims some of the Spratlys and Paracels. Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines also claim some
of the Spratlys. Far more is, of course, at stake than just the ownership of a few uninhabited
islets. The seabeds surrounding them are believed to sit atop vast reserves of oil and
natural gas . Ownership of the islands would naturally confer ownership of the
reserves -- something all of these countries desperately desire. Powerful forces of nationalism
are also at work: with rising popular fervor, the Chinese believe that the islands are part of their
national territory and any other claims represent a direct assault on Chinas sovereign rights; the
fact that Japan -- Chinas brutal invader and occupier during World War II -- is a rival claimant
to some of them only adds a powerful tinge of victimhood to Chinese nationalism and
intransigence on the issue. By the same token, the Japanese, Vietnamese, and Filipinos, already
feeling threatened by Chinas growing wealth and power, believe no less firmly that not bending
on the island disputes is an essential expression of their nationhood. Long ongoing, these
disputes have escalated recently. In May 2011, for instance, the Vietnamese reported that
Chinese warships were harassing oil-exploration vessels operated by the state-owned
energy company PetroVietnam in the South China Sea. In two instances, Vietnamese authorities
claimed, cables attached to underwater survey equipment were purposely slashed.
In April 2012, armed Chinese marine surveillance ships blocked efforts by Filipino vessels to
inspect Chinese boats suspected of illegally fishing off Scarborough Shoal, an islet in the South
China Sea claimed by both countries. The East China Sea has similarly witnessed tense
encounters of late. Last September, for example, Japanese authorities arrested 14 Chinese
citizens who had attempted to land on one of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands to press their
countrys claims, provoking widespread anti-Japanese protests across China and a series of
naval show-of-force operations by both sides in the disputed waters. Regional diplomacy, that
classic way of settling disputes in a peaceful manner, has been under growing strain recently
thanks to these maritime disputes and the accompanying military encounters. In July 2012, at
the annual meeting of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Asian leaders
wereunable to agree on a final communiqu, no matter how anodyne -- the first time that had
happened in the organizations 46-year history. Reportedly, consensus on a final document was
thwarted when Cambodia, a close ally of Chinas, refused to endorse compromise language on a
proposed code of conduct for resolving disputes in the South China Sea. Two months later,
when Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton visited Beijing in an attempt to promote
negotiations on the disputes, she was reviled in the Chinese press, while officials there refused to
cede any ground at all.

Increase in Japanese ocean policies escalate tension
Ying 12 [Ding Ying, Beijing Review, August 27, 2012, Dangerous games in Northeast Asia,
http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-08/27/content_26340213.htm] // t-haas
Outsiders may ask why Japan has suddenly run into so many territorial disputes with its
neighbors. "While the disputes have different historical backgrounds, the Japanese
Government's recent ocean exploration strategy is a prime reason for escalating tensions
between Japan and its neighbors," said Zhao Xinli, a scholar on Japanese studies with the
Communication University of China, to Beijing Review. He explained that Japan has sped up the
pace of exploring ocean resources in recent years, especially after Yoshihiko Noda became prime
minister last August. Noda recently stressed that Japan's top strategy for reviving the country
should be ocean exploitation in a speech at Waseda University. He said Japan owns an
exploitable ocean area 12 times that of its land territory. Noda pointed out that the ocean area
under Japanese control is the sixth biggest in the world, while the area of deep sea at a depth of
5,000 meters under Japan's jurisdiction is the largest worldwide. Zhao concluded that given
Japan's decision to focus on ocean resource exploitation, it will naturally maintain a tough
stance on disputed islands.

Tensions are on the brink now and any conflict guarantees US involvement
Harner 13 [Stephen Harner, President at Yangtze Century Ltd, Closer To Armed Conflict, The
Obama Administration Dangerously Dithers, November 23
rd
, 2013,
http://www.forbes.com/sites/stephenharner/2013/11/23/as-china-and-japan-move-closer-to-
armed-conflict-the-obama-administration-dangerously-dithers/] // t-haas
The danger of the U.S. being drawn into lethal conflict with China over the Japan-China
Senkaku/Diaoyu islands dispute has just risen. That the Obama administration has not done
more to push the disputantsand particularly Japanto de-escalate the crisis and to begin
negotiating a resolution, is egregious negligence and incompetence in foreign policy that is
already damaging and could be disastrous. The new escalation is the announcement by China on
November 23 that it has established an air defense identification zone extending over a broad
swath of the East China Sea, including the airspace above the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands, within
which aircraft not clearly commercial traffic or otherwise properly identifying themselves would
become targets of defensive emergency measures. The map and coordinates of the zone
broadly overlap airspace similarly designated by Japan. This is a formula for repeated,
dangerous confrontations, if not for inevitable conflict. In recent months, notwithstanding
several times per week incursions into the disputed waters by opposing Coast Guard vessels
the Japan-China dispute over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands seemed to be de-escalating, settling
into a fairly predictable, routinized, controlled stand-off. During the same period, to the great
relief of Japans business community, Beijing started signaling a desire to unthaw economic
and trade relations with Japan. After Tokyos nationalization of the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands
last September, Beijing canceled all official and semi-official exchanges with Japan, including
visits by high level Japanese business delegations, like Keidanren. The flow of products between
Japan and Chinaincluding the supply by Japanese companies of critical components in many
of Chinas major exports, such as iPhonescontinued. But sales within China of Japanese
products, especially cars, Chinese government procurement of Japanese technology, and China-
to-Japan tourism plunged within formal and informal Chinese boycotts and general anti-
Japanese popular sentiment. A signal of a changed approach was Beijings welcome on
November 19 of a high-powered Japan-China Economic Association delegation headed by
honorary Toyota chairman Cho Fujio. The delegation was met by a Chinese vice premier in
charge of external economic relations, Wang Yang, who said positive things about maintaining
mutually beneficial trade and commercial relations. But the Chinese side flatly refused the
Japan delegations request to meet Premier Li Keqiang. Chinas signal to Japan was clear: a
thaw in economic relations is acceptable because it serves Chinas interests. But meetings that
might suggest a lessening of Chinas ire toward the Abe governments unmoving position on the
Senkaku/Diaoyu dispute (which is to deny that there even exists a dispute over sovereignty) are
off the table as is any compromise of Chinas position (that the islands are, and always have
been, Chinas). The truly worrying reality is that in recent months this smoldering dispute has
been redounding to the political benefit of both Chinas leaders and Prime Minister Abe Shinzos
government. For Abedetermined to chart a more independent and active foreign and defense
policy for Japanthe dispute is almost a crisis that if it did not exist, would need to be created.
As I have written before, the crisis was in fact created by the Noda governments
nationalizationa move fully supported by Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)after
Japans ambassador to Washington was told that the U.S. did not oppose (hantai shinai) the
move (this information from an interview given by Ambassador Sasae to the Asahi Shimbun).
Kurt Campbell, who, as assistant secretary of state for Asian-Pacific affairs, would have been the
one communicating the U.S. position, later denied having thus sanctioned Japans action. But
Sasaes statement has more credibility. What seems likely is that the U.S. sanction came mainly
from a Pentagon that achieved in the totally predictable ensuing crisis fulfillment of its China
threat prophesy and, thereby, justification for layering on more commitments and missions to
an aimless U.S.-Japan alliance, in the context of a military-heavy pivot to Asia. For Abe the
tense stand-off with China helped his party to capture the Diet upper house and to ensure that
his new defense initiatives and budgets become law. These include establishing a National
Security Council on which the prime minister, the defense minister, the foreign minister, and
the chief cabinet secretary will direct Japans security strategies and operations. Abes
government will adopt next month a new ten year National Security Strategypositing above all
a Chinese threat plotting strengthened Japanese defense capability (including new forces
modelled on the U.S. Marines) and anticipating reinterpretation of Japans Peace Constitution
to sanction collective defense by which Japanese self-defense forces, while supporting in
combat forces of an ally like the U.S. or Australia, could attack enemies that had attacked those
allied forces.

Sino-Japan relations wont recover Japan wont convince China over the
Senkaku Islands which makes conflict inevitable
Choong 14, Shangri-La Dialogue Senior Fellow for Asia-Pacific Security (William William
Choong: The power of dreams (or lack thereof), IISS voices, January 17th 2014,
http://www.iiss.org/en/iiss%20voices/blogsections/iiss-voices-2014-b4d9/january-
7b16/fullerton-yamamoto-07ed
For a long time, charismatic politicians in Japan have been few and far between. But the year-old
administration of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe seems to be cranking them out. Speaking at an
IISSAsia Fullerton Lecture on 16 January, Ichita Yamamoto had an uncanny ability to hold 160 members of the audience in thrall.
He answered questions from the floor standing up, striding back and forth across the stage with confidence. Yamamoto recalled that
he had visited Singapore 40 years ago with other colleagues, who have gone on to become ministers in Japan. As such, Yamamoto
said he was happy to visit the Republic, given that Japanese politicians who have done so have never lost a parliamentary seat in
tough elections, he said, to laughter. And if needed, he added for good measure, the author of six albums said he was willing to belt
out a song. The light-hearted tone of Japans Minister for Ocean Policy and Territory, however, belied a
serious approach. At the lecture, he espoused Yamamotos Three Laws the rule of law, Japans desire to pursue
strong bilateral ties with its neighbours and the need to build up a regional community. An
emphasis on the rule of law would enable regional states to counter what have been perceived as
attempts to challenge the status quo as well as the international order based on the rule of law.
No one has an argument with the three laws. After all, it has become increasingly clear that the Abe administration is using such
indisputable principles to pursue a charm offensive across the region. Such diplomatic exertions are being carried out with two goals
in mind. Firstly, Japans ailing economy needs ASEAN a dynamic area of 600 million people. At a lecture in Singapore in July
2013, Abe spoke about Japan and ASEAN being two engines of a plane that would enable economic growth to take off. The second
goal is related to the first Japan is boosting ties with ASEAN because its relations with its neighbours
in Northeast Asia South Korea and China are languishing at all-time lows, largely due to Abes approach to historical
issues. Whether Abes new campaign will succeed, however, is doubtful. This is not due to a lack of energy or
effort; since becoming prime minister in December 2012, Abe has reinvigorated Japans regional diplomacy. He has visited all the
nations in ASEAN, offering trade and aid. In the case of Vietnam and the Philippines two countries contending with China over
South China Sea claims Japan has offered coastguard ships. We expect Abe will continue this charm offensive
when he delivers the keynote at the 2014 Shangri-La Dialogue at the end of May. If Abes intentions foster
regional stability, all will be well. The fact, however, is that his recent efforts will do little to improve
Sino-Japanese relations. And if relations between the Asia-Pacifics two great powers are not resolved, the possibility for an
improvement in regional stability is low. Three factors explain this. For one, perceptions are everything in politics.
Many Japan-watchers accept Abes protestations that Japan will never again wage a war, but the prime minister has yet
to convince regional publics that Japan will redress the issues of its contentious history. This was
made strikingly clear when he visited the Yasukuni Shrine war memorial in December. The Economist put it nicely Abe
visiting Yasukuni is the moral equivalent of Angela Merkel visiting a monument that honours
the Third Reich. Secondly, Japan stands alone in denying the fact that there is an actual dispute
over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands. Asked why Japan has not sent the festering dispute with China to the International Court
of Justice, Yamamoto stuck to the official line, saying that that there remains no doubt that the
islands are part of Japanese territory. To rub it in, he added that neither China nor Taiwan claimed the islands for
almost 80 years (Japan claimed the islands in 1895, and China laid claim to the islands in 1971). Understandably, the
Chinese do not agree. Taiwan held back from claiming the islands at the height of the Cold War in the 1950s and 1960s due
to the exigencies of the Cold War (read: Taiwan and Japan were American allies arrayed against the Soviet Union and China). After
China took over Taiwans United Nations membership in 1971, the baton for pressing the Chinese case for the Senkaku/Diaoyu
islands passed to Beijing. No wonder the Chinese have been apoplectic about the state of affairs over
the islands. In the nine months prior to Japans nationalisation of the islands in September 2012, there were three Chinese
incursions into the territorial waters. In the eight months following, it spiked to 41 incursions. This leads us to a third reason
Tokyos charm offensive would amount to little. The number of Chinese incursions and the fact
that the militaries of both countries have few crisis management measures, such as hotlines means
that any hot war would occur not by deliberation, but through a lack of it. Singapore Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen underscored this
last week in his keynote speech at the Fullerton Forum: There is real concern of miscalculation, if parties lack
the trust or political will to work with each other to defuse tensions.
Increasing Japanese oceanic presence will spark Diaoyu island conflict
Mboya 12 - Cliff Mboya: International Relations Professional, (Chinas claim to Diaoyu Island
is indisputable and Japan has no moral or legal basis to lay claim over it, October 17, 2012,
http://cliffmboya.blogspot.com/2012/10/chinas-claim-to-diaoyu-island-is.html//nemo)
The Diaoyu Island is at the centre of the malicious row between China and Japan. Despite
Chinas call for the dispute be solved through diplomatic negotiations based on respecting facts,
Japan seems to be keen on pursuing a unilateral decision that further complicates the prospects
of a peaceful settlement to the dispute. The Diaoyu Island and its adjacent islets have been an inherent part of Chinese
territory since ancient times, and China has undisputable historical evidence and legal basis to support
this claim. Japans announcement that it will purchase the Diaoyu Island is an act of
provocation that will certainly intensify tensions over the Islands and damage the development
of economic and trade relations between the two countries. China is Japans largest trading partner and trade
between the two countries accounts for about 20 percent of Japans total foreign trade. This move has already stirred anger among
the Chinese public, prompting protests against the Japanese government in many cities across China. The dispute has already cast a
shadow over Sino-Japan trade, as business trips to Japan were largely cancelled at Chinese travel agencies and Japanese products,
especially automobiles and electronics, have dropped sharply in China during the past month. Many Japanese enterprises have
suspended production as agitated Chinese people staged protests to boycott Japanese goods. The lingering question is why Japan
has suddenly run into so many territorial disputes with its neighbors. Japan has recently dug itself into the centre of territorial rows
with its neighbors in Northeast Asia. It is also embroiled in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Kuril Islands, known in Japan
as Northern Territories. It is involved in a territorial dispute with South Korea over Dokdo Island which the Japanese call
Takeshima. China has warned that its neighbors should be prepared to deal with a difficult diplomatic situation. Observers have
pointed out Japans economic Interests and politicians personal ambitions as the root cause of the renewed territorial disputes.
The Japanese ocean exploration strategy is a prime reason for escalating tensions
between Japan and its neighbors. Japan has sped up its pace of exploring ocean resources in recent
years, especially after Yoshiniko became Prime-Minister. He has stressed that Japans top strategy for reviving
the country should be ocean exploitation. He has said Japan owns an exploitable ocean area
twelve times that of its land territory. His authorities illegally detained seven Chinese activists
for landing on the Diaoyu Islands on August 15, a day marking Japans surrender
unconditionally in world war two and return all occupied territories. The memory of Japanese
aggression and militarism as axis power is still fresh to many, especially to people in East and
Southeast Asia. This is a resurgence of aggressive arrogance of Japan, which stirs up bad
memories of all its neighbors. Historically the Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islets had been the Chinese territories until
1895, when Japan illegally seized them. Historical evidence shows that the Diaoyu Island and its adjacent islets were first
discovered, named, exploited and developed by the Chinese people. Chinese merchants and fishermen from the coastal regions of
Southeast China had been using the Diaoyu Islands as navigation markers even before the 15th Century. The islands appeared on
China's map since the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), more than 400 years before Japan claimed discovery of the islands in 1884. Until
recently, none of Japans official historical accounts, national records or academic papers had ever challenged Chinas territorial
sovereignty over the Diaoyu Island, and the Chinese name for the Island had been used in all these documents. The Japanese maps
published prior to the mid- 19th century had marked the Diaoyu Island and Chinas mainland with the same colour, and even the
Maps and Names of Provinces and Cities in Japan published in 1892 did not include the Diaoyu Island in the Japanese territory. In
December 1943, the heads of China, the US and the UK issued the Cairo Declaration which stated that all the territories Japan had
stolen from the Chinese should be restored to China. In 1945, it was reiterated in the Potsdam Proclamation that the terms of the
Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu,
Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine. Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation in August that year and surrendered
unconditionally. In accordance with the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation, China recovered the territories stolen by
Japan such as Taiwan and the Penghu Islands. According to international law, the Diaoyu Islands, which are Taiwans affiliated
islands, have been simultaneously returned to China. China has repeatedly lodged stern representations with
Japan and reiterated that the Diaoyu Island and its adjacent islets have always been Chinas
Inherent territory since ancient times. China has undisputable sovereignty over these islands and has strongly opposes
the Japanese attempt to purchase its sacred territory. Therefore, any unilateral move by Japan in regard to the Diaoyu Island and
its adjacent Islets is illegal and invalid and cannot change the fact that these Islands belong to China. The Japanese should
stop this act of aggression, listen to the appeals of its neighbors and avoid acts that may intensify
tensions over the islands and return to the track of negotiations for the settlement of
controversial issues.
Japanese oceanic exploration will escalate tensions with its neighbors
Mboya 12 - Cliff Mboya: International Relations Professional, (Japans territorial dispute with
China over Diaoyu Island is an unnecessary revisit of pre-Fascist war order in the Asia pacific
region, October 25, http://cliffmboya.blogspot.com/2012/10/Japans-territorial-dispute-with-
china_25.html//nemo)
In July, the Japanese government announced plans to nationalize the Diaoyu islands. The island
and its adjacent islets are the basis of a territorial row between Japan and China. China has come out to
strongly condemn Japans unilateral move to purchase the disputed islands and termed it as illegal,
invalid and one that cannot change the fact that these islands belong to China. Japans move grossly
violates international jurisprudence and the outcomes of the World Anti-Fascist War. Japans territorial disputes with its neighbors seem to be fueled
by security concerns to accelerate the process of realizing its strategic ends. The Japanese ocean exploration strategy
is a prime reason for escalating tensions between Japan and its neighbors . Besides the
Diaoyu Island and its adjacent islets; It is also embroiled in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Kuril
Islands, known in Japan as Northern Territories. It is involved in a territorial dispute with South
Korea over Dokdo Island which the Japanese call Takeshima. Japan is also accused of fanning
the flames of the South China Sea dispute by supplying patrol vessels to the Philippines amid the
China-Philippines standoff over the Huangyan Island. Observers have pointed out Japans
economic Interests as the root cause of the renewed territorial disputes. Recent years have seen Japan tilt
towards right wing politics. The country has made a strategic decision to establish the country as a new
oceanic state. It has claimed to own an exploitable ocean area twelve times that of its land territory and adopted a new defense strategy. Since
2010, the Japanese government has sanctioned hundreds of maritime projects and directed
considerable amounts of its budgetary funds to its Ministry of defense as part of its oceanic
state-building efforts. Japans claim to the Island is based on conquest and imperial colonization during 1894 and 1895, when Japan
expanded its presence militarily by beating up its neighbors and grabbing some territories. On April 17, 1895, the Qing court was defeated in the Sino-
Japanese War and forced to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki and cede to Japan Taiwan along with Diaoyu Island. Japans expansion in East
Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Northeast China and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on other parts of the Chinese mainland. It made a
long series of aggressions into Southeast Asia. Japan was finally defeated and it surrendered in 1945.Japan was defeated and surrendered in 1945. The
Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal prosecuted 28 Class A war criminals, including Toujou Hideki, the former Japanese prime minister of Japan, for crimes
against peace, conventional war crimes and crimes against humanity. The 1943 Cairo Declaration and the 1945 Potsdam Proclamation, which laid out
the terms for the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II, obliged the country to return all the Chinese territories it had forcibly occupied. At the
conclusion of World War II, China recovered the territories taken by Japan, including Taiwan and its surrounding islands, in accordance with the Cairo
Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation. These are binding and internationally recognized treaties that stipulated that Japan should return the
stolen territories to China. However, Japan claims that the administration of the islands were reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa
Reversion Treaty between the US and Japan in 1972 .This control does not necessarily entitle Japan to sovereignty over the Diaoyu Islands. This treaty
cannot be said to be binding as it was not open and it lacked proper international instruments and not all parties were Involved. Japans case is
very weak and it is no wonder that no other country seems to be siding with Japan on that, even
the United States. Japans provocative moves not only infringe upon Chinas sovereignty but also
reject and challenge the post-world war order set by the Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Proclamation. By doing so, Japan is challenging the world's
victory over fascism and the post-war order in the Asia-Pacific region. The memory of Japanese aggression and militarism
as axis power is still fresh to many, especially to its neighbors in East and Southeast Asia. This is
a resurgence of aggressive arrogance of Japan, which stirs up bad memories of all its neighbors.
Compared with Germany, Japan has allowed a lot of ambiguity to creep into its attitude toward
its aggression in WWII. Without a clearly radical departure from its military past and sincere
apology for the aggression, Japan can't find a place in Asia in the way Germany has in Europe.
2ac - no japanese private
Japanese private industry wont get on board
AS 13 The Asahi Shimbun is an Asia and Japan news source, (Japan seeks to make up for
'lost decade' in marine development, December 28, 2013,
http://ajw.asahi.com/article/business/AJ201312280010//nemo)
Japan has long lagged behind other countries in oceanic development of minerals and resources, despite being one of the world's largest maritime states. Today, however, it is aggressively exploring the seabed in
search of natural riches. In early October, the Hakurei, a state-of-the-art marine resources survey ship, set off from Shimonoseki Port in western Yamaguchi Prefecture for the Okinawa Trough, located in waters
northwest of the main island of Okinawa. The ships mission was to investigate oceanic resources that lie in the waters, which are within Japans 370-kilometer exclusive economic zone (EEZ), where the nation is
allowed to develop minerals and other resources. Having a total area of 4.47 million square kilometers, Japans EEZ and territorial waters are the sixth largest in the world. Experts believe a large amount of
untouched natural resources rests beneath the seabed. Between January and February, Hakurei surveyed the Okinawa Trough, a potential gold mine of offshore resources, at a depth of 1,600 meters. Drilling
about 40 meters down into the seafloor, the survey vessel discovered a large-scale submarine hydrothermal deposit that contains various minerals, such as zinc, lead, copper and gold. The 118-meter-long research
vessel, which began operation in February 2012, is outfitted with 32-meter-high drilling equipment on its stern. The equipment can submerge to a depth of up to 2,000 meters and drill a maximum of 400 meters
down into the seabed--a major improvement from the 20-meter limit of Hakureis predecessor, which started operation in 1980. The survey vessel is operated by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp.
(JOGMEC), a government-affiliated organization, which has been playing a leadership role in Japans marine resources exploration. We have many problems to solve, but hope to establish a new method in five
years to mine seabed resources and raise them from the ocean, said Nobuyuki Okamoto, the chief of JOGMECs abyssal floor survey section. The Hakurei is just one sign that Japan is increasing its presence in the
area of oceanic development. In March, the deep-sea drilling vessel Chikyu successfully extracted natural gas from offshore methane hydrate deposits for the first time in the world off Atsumi Peninsula in Aichi
Prefecture. Known as "burning ice," methane hydrate contains natural gas and is expected to serve as a new energy resource in the near future. Chikyu submerged to a depth of 1,000 meters and drilled 330 meters
down into the seafloor to extract the gas from deposits of the sherbet-like methane-water combination. Despite the recent activity, however, Japan experienced a lost decade for oceanic development. In the
1970s in the Pacific Ocean, a number of companies from Japan, the United States, China, South Korea, France, Russia and elsewhere competed to mine manganese nodules in waters southeast of Hawaii. Even
after sluggish metal prices later killed their desire to explore the ocean floor, such countries continued to consider how to make full use of resources far below the surface of the sea. They also since rushed to
introduce new legislation to prepare for future offshore development. In 1996, China drew up a national vision for its marine sector. The Asian power in 2003 also compiled a large-scale plan that called on the
government to carry out offshore resources surveys, as well as advance oceanic development more aggressively. The proposal was intended to enable its marine industry to account for 5 percent of gross domestic
product by 2010. South Korea has also steadily proceeded with necessary preparations. Aiming to manage its oceanic policies in an integrated fashion, for example, Seoul established the ministry of marine affairs
and fisheries in 1996. Behind their enthusiastic efforts is the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, which went into effect in 1994. The pact admitted for the first time the right of respective coastal countries to
develop offshore resources in surrounding waters. But compared with those nations, Japan got a late start. It was not until 2007 that the world's sixth-largest maritime state set up a new portfolio that centrally
handles the nations oceanic policies, which had previously been developed separately by eight ministries and agencies. Basic laws calling for the government to be more actively involved in marine development
took effect that year as well. In 2008, Japan drew up a basic five-year plan on ocean policy. It stipulated the government introduce a new survey vessel, later named the Hakurei, at a cost of 29 billion yen ($290
million). The maritime nation now regards the Hakurei, which is playing a leading role in its exploration of surrounding waters, as a trump card to reverse the disadvantageous situation. Hiroshi Terashima, a
researcher who has been calling on the government and the ruling parties to pave the way to develop offshore resources in earnest for more than 10 years, said there were many factors behind the countrys late
start. Japan lacked interest in the sea, said Terashima, an executive director of the Ocean Policy Research Foundation. Declining prices of copper and other minerals led to the tendency of Japanese companies to
purchase such resources from other countries instead of mining minerals themselves. After the asset-inflated bubble economy collapsed in the early 1990s, Japanese firms could not
afford to invest in oceanic development. Japan fell far behind other nations in the world over the course of 10 years from the mid-1990s, Terashima said. The
turning point came in 2004, when Japan found China had began gas field development in the East China Sea. In 2009, China shook the world by imposing restrictions on its rare earth exports. Then in March
2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami hit northeastern Japan, causing meltdowns at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. As a result, securing cheaper energy and mineral resources has become
a top priority for Japan. Japan has since become serious about working on acquiring interests related to the ocean. The Japanese government in April revised the basic plan on ocean policy, and stated in the
amended scheme for the first time that it will introduce new legislation to manage the EEZ in an integrated fashion. Based on the revised plan, the government is expected to develop new comprehensive rules on
fisheries and resources exploitation, so that domestic companies and other bodies can make adjustments more easily when they hope to explore surrounding waters. At issue now is how the nation will procure the
enormous funds necessary to develop offshore resources. We have to compare market prices of resources with estimated costs
before mining them, said Satoshi Abe, counselor of Cabinet Secretariats ocean policy divisions office. We will not immediately start
developing everywhere and anywhere in surrounding waters indiscriminately. What is important is that we continue
surveying possible development areas and maintaining necessary technology levels, Abe said. Although the body of Japanese pride, the Hakurei, was made by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., 90 percent of all
the seabed research devices mounted on the vessel, including the drilling equipment installed on deck and a remote-controlled unmanned exploratory robot, were made by companies in Britain, the United States
and other countries. Even though Japan hopes to be involved in oceanic development more aggressively, if
it highly depends on foreign firms for the basis of its marine industry, Japan will lag behind
other states, warned Tetsuo Yuhara, a researcher at the Canon Institute for Global Studies, who also serves as a member of the councilors' conference of the Cabinet Secretariats ocean policy
division. Japanese technology, however, has helped international efforts to explore the seafloor. From 1985 to 2006, the Applied Geoscience and Technology Division of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community
(SOPAC), an international organization based in Fiji, conducted offshore resources surveys in the South Pacific. Michael Petterson, the bodys director, said although Japans technologies contributed significantly
to the success of the investigation, it was other nations that have harvested the fruits of Japans endeavor. Yoshitaka Hosoi, a guest researcher of mineral resources at the Japan International Cooperation Agency,
who was involved in the international surveys, said Japan's success in oceanic development hinges on whether private Japanese firms
have the courage to invest adequate funds in marine development. We have large amounts of detailed data, Hosoi said. The
governments support is actually necessary, but what's more important is whether companies with a frontier spirit will
appear.
***nb answers
2ac soft power fails
Japans soft power fails China proves
PDO 2/12 [People's Daily Online, Japan is losing its credibility, February 12
th
, 2014,
http://english.people.com.cn/98649/8533747.html] // t-haas
Since Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited the Yasukuni Shrine at the end of last year, the
country's high level officials, including Abe himself, have repeatedly tried to justify the action. It
has been reported that one of the main points on the agenda of Japanese foreign minister Fumio
Kishida's during his visit to the U.S. is to explain the "true purpose" of Abe's shrine worship and
his "active pacifism". The argument seems to be that shrine worship represents Japan's
expression of the country's determination to"never again make war" and to actively maintain
regional peace. During his first term as prime minister Abe proposed to build up a strategic
reciprocal relationship with China, and after being reelected he said more than once that he
would press forward with the strategic reciprocal relationship based on the original principles.
Even in his recent New Year greetings to the Chinese people he repeated that Japan and China
should return to the original principles of a "strategic reciprocal relationship". But for more than
a year now, other than mouthing high-minded platitudes, what actual measures has Abe taken
to improve Japan-China relations? After its surrender at the end of WWII, Japan committed to
acknowledging the Potsdam Proclamation, accepting the judgment of the international Military
Tribunal for the Far East in the Treaty of San Francisco, and reaching a consensus with China
about shelving sovereignty arguments on the Diaoyu Island while the diplomatic relationship
with China was normalized. But for more than a year now the Abe government has been
promoting a false view of history and spreading misinformation. Abe has consciously sought to
strengthen Japan's "governing power" over the Diaoyu Islands and promoted the "China threat
theory", even becoming the flag-bearer for the "China threat theory" on the international stage.
His speeches and actions can only add to the tension and opposition in international
community, and give China even more cause to distrust Japan.

2ac - soft power alt cause
Alt causes to soft power territorial disputes and constitutional locks
Thi Thu 13--, BA in International Relations (Duong, Japans Public Diplomacy as an Effective
Tool in Enhancing its Soft Power in Vietnam - A Case-study of the Ship for Southeast Asian
Youth Exchange Program School of History, Philosophy, Political Science and International
Relations, Victoria University of Wellington,
http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3288/thesis.pdf?sequence=2
However, Japan still faces a number of obstacles in maintaining and enhancing its soft power. First of all,
because of constitutional restriction (as stated in Article 9 in Japans constitution which prohibits Japan to wage war), Japan has no other option than
resorting to the expansion of its soft power. Therefore, as noted by Utpal Vyas, Japan is experienced in using softer forms of power due to
externally imposed constitutional restrictions on its use of military force in international affairs89. Simply put, while hard power is restricted, soft power plays a
crucial role in Japans national power. However, according to Lam, there are several limits of Japans soft power including historical constraints, lack of
CNN or BBC-like institution or its unpopular language90. Historical constraints include historical issues during the previous war
(the well-known case is wartime comfort women mainly from the Philippines, Republic of Korea, China and Taiwan) and recent disputes (for example, the visit of Prime
Minister Koizumi to Yasukuni Shrine or the history textbook). Another limit of Japans soft power is that the country is still
distrusted by many East Asian states and involved in territorial and resources disputes with China and South Korea over the Senkaku (Diaoyu in
Chinese) and Takeshima (Tok-do in Korean) islands respectively91. Therefore, while the factors like the establishment of universal
institutions or the popularization of Japanese language to the world take time or seem to be
difficult, there is an urgent need for Japan to settle historical issues with its neighboring countries; otherwise, Japan cannot
exert its soft power efficiently in these countries.

Japans insistance on whaling kills its credibility violation of international treaty
Leone 6/23 [Alyssa Leone, first-year graduate student at the George Washington University's
Elliott School of International Affairs, where she studies International Affairs with a
concentration in International Security, Abe's Whaling Mistake: How Tokyo's Reinstatement of
a Whaling Program Weakens Japan, June 23
rd
, 2014, http://www.iar-gwu.org/content/abes-
whaling-mistake-how-tokyos-reinstatement-whaling-program-weakens-japan] // t-haas
As part of last week's World Oceans Day Conference, President Obama announced an executive
action to expand protection of an area of the central Pacific Ocean from fishing, energy
exploration, and other activities detrimental to ocean conservation and preservation. In
addition, President Obama stated his intention to create government programs to address and
combat illegal fishing and the global black-market seafood trade. The presidents plan comes
only a week after Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stated to a parliamentary committee his
desire for Japan to resume commercial whaling in order to obtain scientific information
indispensable to the management of the whale resources. The prime minister made his request
despite the United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling in March 2014 that
Japans whaling program did not fulfill its scientific research objectives. As part of an
international treaty to ban commercial whaling, the ICJ ordered Japan to stop granting permits
for the research whaling program. Disappointed and angered by the decision, Japan defended
its research whaling programs by citing the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of
Whaling, which allows the utilization of whale stocks for scientific research. Nevertheless, the
ICJ overruled Japans justifications, stating that the amount and quality of research derived
from the program did not justify the approximately 1,000 whales killed per year. Japan plans to
resume its recently banned research whaling program in early 2015. Since its inception in 1988,
the program has killed over 10,000 minke and other whales, for the questionable goal of
research. The program intends to hunt, capture, and kill whales for biological research and to
monitor recovering whale populations. Monitoring recovering whale populations by killing
whales is a hypocritical method to help whale populations. This suggests that Japan intends to
hide commercial whaling under the guise of a research program. Japan initially hoped to resume
the research whaling program in 2014, but delayed the program when the decision received
criticism from the ICJ. Now, Japanese Minister of Agriculture Yoshimasa Hayashi says Japan
will submit a new research whaling plan to the International Whaling Commission in order to
prove that the program is intended for research, rather than for commercial whaling.
Reinstatement of the program violates Japans obligations set out by the March 2014 ICJ ruling.
While the official rationale for the program may be research, Japan still likely intends to sell the
whale meat gained from the program to supermarkets, restaurants, and schools. If Japan takes
this step toward reinstating its whaling programs, whether for research or commercial purposes,
it could inspire other countries with prior whaling programs, such as Norway, to follow suit. A
domino effect regarding a return to whaling programs would undermine the authority and
credibility of the ICJ and weaken the power of other multinational judicial institutions and
treaties. Further, Japan has expressed interest in resuming commercial whaling programs. The
international communitys acceptance or indifference toward Japans reinstatement of
ineffective research whaling programs will further motivate Japan to resume its commercial
whaling missions. Proponents of commercial whaling in Japan, such as the Group to Preserve
Whale Dietary Culture, claim that whaling is an important part of Japanese culture, and whale
meat a keystone of the Japanese diet. These claims refute the recent decrease in demand of
whale meat in Japan even before the ICJ ruling in March 2014; consumption of whale meat in
Japan has fallen to 2 percent of its 1962 peak of 226,000 tons. Japan needs to specifically
explain how and why such a whaling program can be used for scientific research, including the
intended goals and practices of the program. Until such clarifications are made, Japan should
cease discussion of resuming the program in light of the ICJs disapproval. The United States
should counter Japans proposed whaling violation by imposing diplomatic sanctions and
limiting cooperation on various bilateral projects. Moreover, the United States should help
Japan realize that violating an international treaty would not be in Japans interest, as it would
undermine the legitimacy of Japan as a credible and reliable international actor. Such a
diminution would negatively impact Japan's move toward expanding its international
diplomatic and military presence, while presenting problems for any defense of the Senkaku
Islands rooted in international law. International treaties only exist and succeed if they are
recognized and followed. By defying the norm of obeying well-supported international treaties,
Japan would alienate itself from other prominent international actors. This is a lonely situation,
no matter how delicious whale meat might taste.

Ineffective leadership
Hori 13 [Yoshito Hori, Founder and President of GLOBIS, The Two Japans: Incompetent
Leaders vs. Diligent Citizens, August 14
th
, 2013,
http://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20130814002548-225119-the-two-japans-
incompetent-leaders-vs-diligent-citizens] // t-haas
From sushi to the Sony Walkman, Japan is famous for many things. Sadly, effective
leadership isnt one of them. Between late 2006 and late 2012, Japan had no less than six
different prime ministers. Thanks to this revolving-door premiership, foreign heads of
state were reluctant to meet Japanese leaders at international summits. The Great East
Japan Earthquake of March 2011 shone another harsh light on Japanese leadership. When the
tsunami-hit Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant started leaking radiation, Prime Minister
Naoto Kan was incapable of communicating clearly with the domestic or international audience.
He held endless meetings, but produced no concrete action plan; he made off-the-cuff remarks,
reacting to public opinion rather than shaping the terms of the debate. He ended up losing
everyones confidence. In April 2011, just a month after the earthquake, my business school
hosted a joint conference with The Economist. Ill never forget the comment of a foreign CEO
there. I cant understand how Japan became so prosperous with such awful, incompetent
leaders, he said. Unfortunately, his view represented the global consensus . There was
nothing I could say in Japans defense.

Soft power is inaccessible to Japan weak diplomacy
Rafferty 13 [KEVIN RAFFERTY, Special to the Japan Times, Where is the global leadership?,
November 12
th
, 2013, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/11/12/commentary/world-
commentary/where-is-the-global-leadership/#.U7xVUpRdX0k] // t-haas
The American-led global economic and financial system is broken you have only to look at the
shenanigans in Washington these last few weeks to see that so where are the clear thinkers
who can dream of a plan to fix things, and where are the practical politicians who dare to try to
shape a new world? It is time for Japan to take a lead. This is easier said than done, not least
because it requires imagination and statesmanship as well as a high level of diplomacy in
cultivating relationships with new friends and old enemies, all of which have been in short
supply in Japans relations with the rest of the world. At the very least, Tokyo needs a strong
alliance with India and careful and calm negotiations with China, as well as the help of
internationally minded countries and organizations to devise a plan to reshape the financial and
economic structures of a battered world. The task is immense and perhaps it is only a pipe
dream to imagine that there are creative thinkers and hardheaded politicians who are up to the
task, especially in Japan.

Security talks
Mie et al 6/10 [AYAKO MIE, MIZUHO AOKI, AND REIJI YOSHIDA, Staff writers, Tensions
mount over security talks, June 10th, 2014,
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/06/10/national/politics-diplomacy/tensions-mount-
security-talks/#.U7xVMpRdX0k] // t-haas
A political showdown is approaching as Prime Minister Shinzo Abe pressures the ruling
coalition to agree to overhaul Japans long-standing pacifist security stance, possibly as early as
Friday. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party is trying to persuade junior coalition partner New
Komeito to agree to Abes proposals for a number of new contingency laws, including the
reinterpretation of the Constitutions war-renouncing Article 9 to allow Japan to use the right to
collective self-defense. But some experts have pointed out that the 16 scenarios Abe has cited as
reasons for reform are unlikely and many could be dealt with under existing security laws. They
allege Abe may be trying to use those scenarios as a pretext to remove key legal restrictions that
have limited Japans military capability to an exclusively defensive posture since World War II.
The scenarios are all unrealistic. They could be handled by the Self-Defense Forces and Japan
Coast Guard if existing systems are improved, said Kyoji Yanagisawa, a former Defense
Ministry official who served as assistant chief Cabinet secretary in charge of crisis management
from 2004 to 2009. Exercising the right to collective self-defense in these scenarios would
mean Japan is willingly taking part in potential warfare, he said. The right to collective self-
defense is the right of a country to use military force in the event of an armed attack on an allied
country, even if the former is not itself directly under attack.
2ac - relations alt cause
Alt causes to relations
Xu 7/1, writer/editor for council on foreign relations (Beina ,The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, council on foreign relations,
july 1 2014, http://www.cfr.org/japan/us-japan-security-alliance/p31437)
Introduction Forged in the wake of World War II, the U.S.-Japan security alliance has served as one of the
region's most important military relationships and as an anchor of the U.S. security role in Asia.
Revised in 1960, the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security grants the United States the right to
military bases on the archipelago in exchange for a U.S. pledge to defend Japan in the event of an attack.
The partnership has endured several geopolitical transitions, rooting its framework in the postwar security
environment and expanding in the aftermath of the Cold War with the rise of China and a nuclearizing North Korea. Cooperation
during the Gulf and Iraq wars and the March 2011 Tohoku earthquake reaffirmed the strength of the alliance, but challenges
remain. The U.S. military presence on Okinawa, North Korea's nuclearization, territorial
disputes with China, and Japan's recent push to upgrade its defense preparedness have all
challenged the alliance's resilience as the Obama administration considers the direction of its
strategic pivot to the Asia-Pacific region.

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