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a
M --pAp L f
a
L &
ca
A&
fa
M --/.08A/.08 L 12-.28 L..2A..1M --08... kgAm
0
able 4.3! $roportions for concrete mi%ing
*ater ement %4 4
-21 0@-.-- 12-.28 --08...
/.9I - -.2-8 ..@-
%or I/ kg cement -
ement M I/ kg
&and M 8I.@ kg
oarse aggregate M -9I.I kg
*ater M ...I litre
;(tra quantity of water for absorption
M -.IS of -9I.I kg R -S of 8I.@ kgM 0./0 litre
Vuantity of water to be deducted for moisture
M /.IS of 8I.@ M/.9. litre
4ctual quantity of water M ...I R 0./0 U /.9. M .I.-- litre
4ctual quantity of sand M 8I.91 kg
4ctual quantity of 4 M -90.0. kg
'i( proportions
*ater ement %4 4
37
/.I/ - -.2/@ ..81
).1.2. 2&cro concrete
'icro concrete is a high strength precision repair material. 3t e(hibits the
following properties:
4chieves a ompressive &trength of about ./ <AmmW in .9 hours.
3ncreased bond strength.
5educed co-efficient of creep.
+igh tensile and fle(ural strength. +igh ;arly &trength: 5eaches the strength
of main structural member in .9 hours only.
<on &hrink: 3t does not produce shrinkage cracks along the line of old and
built-up concrete section.
Good )ond: 3t achieves an e(cellent bond with parent concrete when used
along with &kofbondT&4 '0I.
3mpermeable: The repaired part of structural member become impermeable to
water and protects the reinforcements from any further corrosion.
hemical &tructure: '35: :<5;T; does not require elaborate curing.
&prinkling of water for two days is enough, however water curing is advisable
for seven days.
).1.". 2ater&al Test&ng
The .8th day average cube compressive strength of the concrete 6fcu# was 0-
'!a. The cylinder compressive strength has been evaluated based on the
relationship, fcX M/.8 fcu and was observed as .9.8 '!a. The tensile strength
of the concrete has been observed as 0.-@ <Amm. by testing three cylinders of
-I/mm diameter and 0//mm height. Three beams of I/mm(I/mm(I//mm
were cast and tested for the fle(ural strength. The fle(ural strength of the
concrete was 2.@ <Amm..
38
%or micro concrete three different proportion of water, )4&% cement, grit 6I
mm# had been selected as shown in table 9.-.
able 4.4! "ample for micro concrete
The cube of -//L-//L-// mm was casted. The testing of compressive
strength for all cubes had been carried out as result are shown -
able 4.&! esting of micro concrete "ample
%rom the results of cube testing sample - found more suitable for precast wet
connection.
39
&le *ater )4&% ement Grit 6I mm#
&le - /.I.9 - -.080
&le . /.I2I - -.980
&le 0 /.92 - -..@0
&le ompressive &trength
6'!a#
'ean
ompressive
&trength
6'!a#
ube - ube .
&le - ./ -8.01 -@.-8
&le . -...9 -9..8 -0..1
&le 0 -...9 --... --.20
).2. Instr$mentat&on
"isplacement is measured at various critical locations at different load interval.
"ifferent instrument used to measure load and displacement are as follow.
+ydraulic >ack: +ydraulic jack of capacity .I/ k< is used to apply load at the end
point of cantilever beam. 54' diameter of jack is -//mm and least count of jack is -
k<.
"ial Gauge: "ial gauge is used to measure the vertical displacement of specimen.
apacity of available "ial gauge is, it can measure the vertical displacement up to
-.-mm only. $east count of dial gauge is /./-mm."ial gauge shown in %igure 9.-8.
'igure 4.1! (ial )auge
).". Component of Test set$p
40
:ne triangle frame is used to restrain vertical as well as lateral movement of column.
This frame is also helpful in transferring load from column to e(isting frame.
"imensions of the triangle frame are shown in %igure 9...
'igure 4.2! riangle frame
Total three aps were used, two caps are attached with triangle frame and one cap
was placed on hydraulic jack. aps are fabricated to maintain the position of column.
aps were fabricated using 3&4 I/mm K I/mm K Imm as shown in %igure 9.0.
'igure 4.3! Cap
41
).). Test Proce1$re
Testing of &pecimen is conducted in e(isting loading frame having capacity of
.///k<. :ne triangle frame is attached to the e(isting frame as shown in %igure
9.., to prevent vertical or lateral movement of specimen, which simulate the
actual loading scenario.
'igure 4.4! riangle 'rame and Cap
$oad is applied at the location of end point of cantilever beam with the help of
hydraulic jack. 3nitially some a(ial force is also applied to column with the help of
bottom jack to prevent vertical movement of column.
Three dial gauges are used to measure the vertical displacement. Bertical
displacement was measured at distance $A0, .$A0 and $ from the face of the column.
omplete instrumentation sketch showing specimen location in test setup and location
of dial gauges below beam is shown in figure 9.-.
42
).+. Test Set$p
%or testing the three types of junctions the loading frame are as shown-
'igure 4.&! *%perimental "etup
43
'igure 4.+! *%perimental "et up for the testing of monolithic Connection
44
).,. O#ser6at&ons
The data observed in testing are tabulated as-
able 4.+! ,bser#ation able for -onolithic Connection
'igure 4..! Crac/s in monolithic
connection
in bac/ side
45
LO-D
7&n 0N8
Deflect&ons 7&n cm8 Remar0s
L 2L=" L="
3
0 0 0
5 0.023 0.014 0.008
6 0.385 0.368 0.064
8 0.59 0.532 0.127
10 0.638 0.626 0.177
rack initiation at >unction
11 0.74 0.723 0.192
12 0.84 0.794 0.251
15 1.24 1.054 0.3145
18 1.81 1.459 0.578
rack at junction get widen
20 2.24 1.74 0.707
racks were observed at face
of column at >unction
22 2.83 2.208 1.001
olumn corner was cracked
at cap
23 3.15 2.733 1.41
%ailure of specimen was
observed
'igure 4.8! Crac/s in monolithic
connection in front side
able 4..! ,bser#ation able for $recast 0et Connection
LO-D
7&n 0N8
Deflect&ons 7&n cm8 Remar0s
L 2L=" L="
3
0 0 0
5 0.415 0.274 0.0985
7 0.7375 0.515 0.205
9 0.974 0.868 0.396
46
10 1.132 1.036 0.492
11 1.187 1.095 0.5265
12 1.511 1.299 0.6335
13 1.818 1.497 0.73
14 2.037 1.664 0.785
15 2.803 2.16 1.002
16 3.1825 2.36 1.1
&mall cracking was observed in
column
17 3.726 2.715 1.248
racks along the welding were found
18 4.28 3.1 1.408
19 4.965 3.569 1.703
*idening of cracks was observed at
the column face is observed
20 - - -
&udden falling in load reading was
observed from ./ k< to 2 k< with a
heavy sound of fail in weld without
any visible damage
22 - - -
*idening of crack near junction was
observed with crack initiation in
corbel
24 - - -
'icroconcrete get separated from
column face 6clear separation
between beam and column was
observed at top face#
25 - - -
%ailure of specimen was found at
junction
47
'igure 4.1! Crac/s in front side of precast wet connection
'igure 4.10! Crac/s in bac/ side of
precast wet connection
48
able 4.8! ,bser#ation able for $recast (ry Connection
LO-D
7&n 0N8
Deflect&ons 7&n cm8
L 2L=" L="
3
0 0 0
5 1.797 1.128 0.518
Gap of about -2 mm was observed at
junction between beam and column
6 2.327 1.484 0.635
7 3.225 2.09 0.885
8 3.733 2.5 1.063
9 5.448 3.571 1.518
10 6.703 4.422 1.82
rack initiation in beam along the
dowel bars
11 7.508 4.905 2.035
Gap got widen ? became 0/ mm
12 8.998 5.813 2.45
*idening of cracks was observed at
beam
'igure 4.11! *%cessi#e deflection obser#ed during precast dry connection
49
'igure 4.12! Crac/s in front side of
precast dry connection
'igure 4.13! Crac/s in bac/
side of precast dry connection
Chapter + D-T-
-N-L/SIS -ND R'SULTS
50
;(perimental results of tested specimens are presented in this chapter. Total three
specimens are tested to study the effect of reinforcement detailing in progressive
collapse resistance. &pecimens are designed by considering gravity loading, seismic
design with ductile detailing. ;ach precast specimen contains one beam span and one
column, with column corbels. The scale was considered as Y scale, to understand the
effect of scaling on test results. $oad is applied at the location of end point with the
help of hydraulic jack. 5esult in terms of vertical deflection along the span of beam
and ma(imum load are recorded and presented in this chapter.
+.1. Ult&mate Loa1 Capac&ty > 2a9. Deflect&on
The ultimate load carrying capacity of monolithic connection was found higher as
compared to both type of precast connections whereas in both type of precast
connection wet type of connection had higher load carrying capacity as compared to
dry type of connection.
Chart &.1! 2ltimate 3oad Capacity #/s ype of Connection
The ma(imum deflection at point of application of load was observed in dry type of
connection followed by wet type of connection. The minimum deflection was
observed in the monolithic type of connection.
51
Chart &.2! -a%imum (eflection #/s ype of Connection
+.2. Loa1 6=s Deflect&on C$r6e
The load vAs deflection curve for any connections gives the idea about adequate
strength, ductility and the stiffness of connections. The load vAs deflection curve for
all three type of connections at all three locations are shown below for comparison.
52
Chart &.3! 3oad #/s (eflection cur#e at 3/3 distance from the face of column
Chart &.4! 3oad #/s (eflection cur#e at 23/3 distance from the face of column
53
3n both type of precast connections wet weld type of connection is more
suitable than the dry dowelled type of connection because of higher ultimate
load carrying capacity less deflection.
Chart &.&! 3oad #/s (eflection cur#e at 3 distance from the face of column
54
3n monolithic connection, a large elastic stiffness may be required for cyclic
loading, whilst the ductility is not important because there is no danger of
overload in connector. 3n precast wet connection, non-linear deformation may
be satisfactory if the connection is concerned only with strength. 3n precast dry
connection, low stiffness with post-yield ductility may be required if e(cessive
deformations are acceptable.
+.". Deflecte1 Shape of #eam
The deflected shape of beam at various loads gives the idea about the fi(ity of
connection. The change in behaviour of curve shows the loose in fi(ity of connection
on increasing the applied load. The deflected shape for all three type of connections
are shown below-
55
Chart &.+! (eflected shape of beam at #arious loads for -onolithic Connection
The rate of loosening of fi(ity was constant upto -I k< load.
:n applying -8 k< onwards loading, the fi(ity of monolithic connection get
loosen continuously without a proper pattern.
Chart &..! (eflected shape of beam at #arious loads for $recast 0et Connection
56
The rate of loosening of fi(ity of connection was constant in from load of 0
k< to 2 k<.
:n applying @ k< load the deflected shape of beam changed the pattern and
the pattern remain constant up to load of -9 k<.
4fter applying -I k< load the deflected shape got changed the rate of
loosening of fi(ity was not constant.
Chart &.8! (eflected shape of beam at #arious loads for $recast (ry Connection
The rate of loosening of fi(ity of connection remain constant between the
loadings of 0 k< to 8 k<.
:n applying the @ k< load the deflected shape of beam got changed from the
pattern and the pattern was maintained constant up to -- k< load.
57
+.). Compar&son of Connect&ons
The comparison of analytical results with the theoretical results are compared in table
given below U
able &.1! Comparison of analytical capacity of connections
&r.
<o.
Type of
onnection
s
'a(imum
$oad 6k<#
S
3ncrease
in $oad
'a(imum
"eflection
6cm#
S 3ncrease
in
"eflection
-. 'onolithic
onnection
.0 - 0.-I -
.. !recast *et
onnection
-@ --2.0@S 9.@1I I2.1-S
0. !recast "ry
onnection
-. -92.8.S 8.@@8 -8I.1IS
58
R'!'R'NC'S:
>5 &cientific and !olicy report: "esign Guidelines for onnections of !recast &tructures
under &eismic 4ctions.
4&; journal ;(perimental and 4nalytical study: - Bidjeapriya and >aya presented the
e(perimental investigation of one third scale precast concrete column connections
subjected to reverse cyclic loading.
;$$3:T &. =3', Z!recast concrete structures7 based on )& 8--/.
!recast handbook 61
th
edition# based on 43 0-8 code.
3ndian &tandards 3& 9I1: .///, 3& 8//: .//2, &!: 09, )&: 8--/, 43: 0-8.
G. 'etelli and !. 5iva, Z)ehaviour of a )eam-olumn "ry >oint for !recast oncrete
;lements7, The -9
th
*orld onference on ;arthquake ;ngineering, :ctober -.--2, .//8,
)eijing, hina.
'anoj =. >oshi, .B.5. 'urty and '.!. >aisingh, Zyclic )ehaviour of !recast 5
onnections7, <ovember .//I-The 3ndian oncrete >ournal.
'ehta 4nand, Z4nalytical and ;(perimental &tudy on &teel %iber 5einforced oncrete
orbel7, <irma Cniversity, 4hmedabad-08. 98-, 3ndia.
5. Bidjepriya ? =.!. >aya, Z!erformance of ;(terior !recast )eam-olumn "owel
onnection under yclic $oading7. 4nna Cniversity, hennai-1///.I, 3ndia.
5. Bidjepriya ? =.!. >aya, Z;(perimental 3nvestigation of !recast oncrete )eam-
olumn *et onnection under yclic $oading7, 4nna university, hennai-1///.I, 3ndia.
&agar ". &hah, 'ansi >ain, 5ujuta 'ehta, Z4nalysis and "esign of !recast )uilding
&ystem7, <irma Cniversity, 4hmedabad-08. 98., 3ndia, ./-..
'ehta 4nand, Z4nalytical and ;(perimental &tudy on &teel %iber 5einforced oncrete
orbel7, <irma Cniversity, 4hmedabad-08. 98-, 3ndia.
59
60