8.5.

1 - Testing insulation resistance

A low resistance between phase and neutral conductors, or from live conductors to earth, will result in a leakage current. This current could
cause deterioration of the insulation, as well as involving a waste of energy which would increase the running costs of the installation. Thus,
the resistance between poles or to earth must never be less than half of one meg ohm (0.5 M hms! for the usual supply voltages. "n
addition to the leakage current due to insulation resistance, there is a further current leakage in the reactance of the insulation, because it
acts as the dielectric of a capacitor. This current dissipates no energy and is not harmful, but we wish to measure the resistance of the
insulation, so a direct voltage is used to prevent reactance from being included in the measurement. "nsulation will sometimes have high
resistance when low potential differences apply across it, but will break down and offer low resistance when a higher voltage is applied. #or
this reason, the high levels of test voltage shown in $Table %.%& are necessary. $%.'.(& gives test instrument re)uirements.
Before commencing the test it is important that:
1. * electronic e)uipment which could be damaged by the application of the high test voltage should be disconnected. "ncluded in this
category are electronic fluorescent starter switches, touch switches, dimmer switches, power controllers, delay timers, switches associated
with passive infrared detectors (+",s!, ,-.s with electronic operation etc. An alternative to disconnection is to ensure that phase and neutral
are connected together before an insulation test is made between them and earth.
2. * capacitors and indicator or pilot lamps must be disconnected or an inaccurate test reading will result.
Table 8.8 - Required test voltages and minimum resistance
Nominal circuit voltage
Test voltage
(V)
Minimum insulation
resistance
(M Ohms)
/0tra*low voltage circuits supplied from a
safety transformer
150 0.15
2p to 500 3 e0cept for above 500 0.5
Above 500 3 up to (000 3 (000 (.0
The insulation resistance tester must be capable of maintaining the re)uired voltage
when providing a steady state of current of (mA.
4here any e)uipment is disconnected for testing purposes, it must be sub5ected to its own insulation test, using a voltage which is not likely
to result in damage. The result must conform with that specified in the 6ritish 7tandard concerned, or be at least 0.5 M hms if there is no
7tandard.
The test to earth $#ig %.(0& must be carried out on the complete installation with the main switch off, with phase and neutral connected
together, with lamps and other e)uipment disconnected, but with fuses in, circuit breakers closed and all circuit switches closed. 4here two*
way switching is wired, only one of the two strapper wires will be tested. To test the other, both two*way switches should be
ig 8.1! - "nsulation test to earth
ig 8.11 - "nsulation tests bet#een poles
operated and the system retested. "f desired, the installation can be tested as a whole, when a value of at least 0.5 M hms should be
achieved, see $#ig %.(0&. "n the case of a very large installation where there are many earth paths in parallel, the reading would be e0pected
to be lower. "f this happens, the installation should be subdivided and retested, when each part must meet the minimum re)uirement.
The tests to earth $#ig %.(0& and between poles $#ig %.((& must be carried ut as indicated, with a minimum acceptable value for each test of
0.5 M hms. 8owever, where a reading of less than 1 M hms is recorded for an individual circuit, (the minimum value re)uired by the
8ealth and 7afety /0ecutive!, there is the possibility of defective insulation, and remedial work may be necessary. A test result of 1 M hms
may sometimes be unsatisfactory. "f such a reading is the result of a re*test, it is necessary to consult the data from previous tests to identify
deterioration. A visual inspection of cables to determine their condition is necessary during periodic tests9 perished insulation may not always
give low insulation readings
As indicated above, tests on 7/:3 and +/:3 circuits are carried out at 150 3. 8owever tests between these circuits and the live conductors
of other circuits must be made at 500 3. Tests to earth for +/:3 circuits are at 150 3, whilst #/:3 circuits are tested as :3 circuits at 500
3. ,eadings of less than 5 M will re)uire further investigation.
Source : http://www.tlc-direct.co.uk/Book/8.5.1.htm
$easurement of insulation resistance
%"R& ' (art 2
Posted APR 29 2012 ! " #$%PAR&AR i ' (# $( )*+,A$- . &A# /,-/A/0- . &*,*R . ,RA/S1*R&-RS . ,RA/S&# SS# */ A/2
2# S,R# B%,# */ wi th 13 0*&&-/,S
Fluke insulation resistance tester up to 10kV - Allows testing of high voltage systems such as control gears, engines, generators and cables. It can be adjusted
to all testing voltages that are specifed in IEEE 43-2000. Ideal for Electricity Board and industrial companies for predictive and preventive maintenance.
Continued from frst part: Measurement of insulation resistance (IR) Part 1
"nsulation ,esistance (",! 3alues ; "nde0
1. IR Values For Electrical Apparatus & Systems
2. IR Value for Transformer
3. IR Value for Tap Changer
4. IR Value for Electric motor
5. IR Value for Electrical cable and wiring
6. IR Value for Transmission / Distribution Line
7. IR Value for Panel Bus
8. IR Value for Substation Equipment
9. IR Value for Domestic /Industrial Wiring
0. Required Precautions
Index
(. ", 3alues #or /lectrical Apparatus < 7ystems
(PEARL Standard / NETA MTS-1997 Table 10.1)
Max.Voltage
Rating Of
Equipment
Megger Size Min.IR
Value
250 Volts 500 Volts 25 M
600 Volts 1,000 Volts 100 M
5 KV 2,500 Volts 1,000 M
8 KV 2,500 Volts 2,000 M
15 KV 2,500 Volts 5,000 M
25 KV 5,000 Volts20,000 M
35 KV 15,000 Volts 100,000
M
46 KV 15,000 Volts 100,000
M
69 KV 15,000 Volts 100,000
M
ne Meg ohm ,ule for ", 3alue for /)uipment
Based upon equipment rating:
< 1K V = 1 M minimum
>1KV = 1 M /1KV
As per IE Rules-1956
At a pressure of 1000 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of one minute the insulation resistance of
HV installations shall be at least 1 Mega ohm or as specifed by the Bureau of Indian Standards.
Medium and Low Voltage Installations- At a pressure of 500 V applied between each live conductor and earth for a period of one
minute, the insulation resistance of medium and low voltage installations shall be at least 1 Mega ohm or as specifed by the
Bureau of Indian Standards] from time to time.
As per CBIP specifcations the acceptable values are 2 Mega ohms per KV
Index
1. ", 3alue for Transformer
Insulation resistance tests are made to determine insulation resistance from individual windings to ground or between individual
windings. Insulation resistance tests are commonly measured directly in megohms or may be calculated from measurements of
applied voltage and leakage current.
The recommended practice in measuring insulation resistance is to always ground the tank (and the core). Short circuit each
winding of the transformer at the bushing terminals. Resistance measurements are then made between each winding and all other
windings grounded.
Insulation resistance testing: HV - Earth and HV - LV
Transformer windings are never left foating for insulation resistance measurements. Solidly grounded winding must have the
ground removed in order to measure the insulation resistance of the winding grounded. If the ground cannot be removed, as in the
case of some windings with solidly grounded neutrals, the insulation resistance of the winding cannot be measured. Treat it as part
of the grounded section of the circuit.
We need to test winding to winding and winding to ground ( E ).For three phase transformers, We need to test winding ( L1,L2,L3 )
with substitute Earthing for Delta transformer or winding ( L1,L2,L3 ) with earthing ( E ) and neutral ( N ) for wye transformers.
IR Value for Transformer
(Ref: A Guide to Transformer Maintenance by. JJ.
Kelly. S.D Myer)
Transformer Formula
1 Phase Transformer IR Value (M) = C X E /
(KVA)
3 Phase Transformer
(Star)
IR Value (M) = C X E (P-n) /
(KVA)
3 Phase Transformer
(Delta)
IR Value (M) = C X E (P-P) /
(KVA)
Where C= 1.5 for Oil flled T/C with Oil Tank, 30 for
Oil flled T/C without Oil Tank or Dry Type T/C.
Temperature correction #actor (6ase 10=-!>
Temperature correction Factor
O
C
O
F Correction Factor
0 32 0.25
5 41 0.36
10 50 0.50
15 59 0.720
20 68 1.00
30 86 1.98
40 104 3.95
50 122 7.85
Example: For 1600KVA, 20KV/400V,Three Phase Transformer
IR Value at HV Side= (1.5 x 20000) / 1600 =16000 / 40 = 750 M at 20
0
C
IR Value at LV Side = (1.5 x 400 ) / 1600= 320 / 40 = 15 M at 20
0
C
IR Value at 30
0
C =15X1.98= 29.7 M
"nsulation ,esistance of Transformer -oil
Transformer Coil Voltage Megger Size Min.IR Value Liquid Filled T/C Min.IR Value Dry Type
T/C
0 600 V 1KV 100 M 500 M
600 V To 5KV 2.5KV 1,000 M 5,000 M
5KV To 15KV 5KV 5,000 M 25,000 M
15KV To
69KV
5KV 10,000 M 50,000 M
", 3alue of Transformers
Voltage Test Voltage (DC) LV
side
Test Voltage (DC) HV
side
Min IR Value
415V 500V 2.5KV 100M
Up to 6.6KV 500V 2.5KV 200M
6.6KV to 11KV 500V 2.5KV 400M
11KV to 33KV 1000V 5KV 500M
33KV to 66KV 1000V 5KV 600M
66KV to
132KV
1000V 5KV 600M
132KV to
220KV
1000V 5KV 650M
7teps for measuring the ", of Transformer>
Shut down the transformer and disconnect the jumpers and lightning arrestors .
Discharge the winding capacitance.
Thoroughly clean all bushings
Short circuit the windings.
Guard the terminals to eliminate surface leakage over terminal bushings.
Record the temperature.
Connect the test leads (avoid joints).
Apply the test voltage and note the reading. The IR. Value at 60 seconds after application of the test voltage is referred
to as the Insulation Resistance of the transformer at the test temperature.
The transformer Neutral bushing is to be disconnected from earth during the test.
All LV surge diverter earth connections are to be disconnected during the test.
Due to the inductive characteristics of transformers, the insulation resistance reading shall not be taken until the test
current stabilizes.
Avoid meggering when the transformer is under vacuum.
Test -onnections of Transformer for ", Test (?ot :ess than 100 M@!
Two winding transformer
1. (HV + LV) GND
2. HV (LV + GND)
3. LV (HV + GND)
Three winding transformer
1. HV (LV + TV + GND)
2. LV (HV + TV + GND)
3. (HV + LV + TV) GND
4. TV (HV + LV + GND)
Auto transformer (two windings)
1. (HV + LV) GND
Auto Transformer (three winding)
1. (HV + LV) (TV + GND)
2. (HV + LV + TV) GND
3. TV (HV + LV + GND)
For any installation, the insulation resistance measured shall not be less than:
HV Earth 200 M
LV Earth 100 M
HV LV 200 M
#actors affecting on ", value of Transformer
The IR value of transformers are infuenced by
Surface condition of the terminal bushing
Quality of oil
Quality of winding insulation
Temperature of oil
Duration of application and value of test voltage
Index
A. ", 3alue for Tap -hanger
IR between HV and LV as well as windings to earth.
Minimum IR value for Tap changer is 1000 ohm per volt service voltage
Index
B. ", 3alue for /lectric motor
For electric motor , we used a insulation tester to measure the resistance of motor winding with earthing (E).
For rated voltage below 1KV, measured with a 500VDC Megger.
For rated voltage above 1KV, measured with a 1000VDC Megger.
In accordance with IEEE 43, clause 9.3, the following formula should be applied.
Min IR Value (For Rotating Machine) =(Rated voltage (v) /1000) + 1
Insulation resistance (IR) value for electric motor
As per IEEE 43 Standard 1974, 2000
IR Value in M
IR (Min) = kV+1 For most windings made before
about 1970, all feld windings, and
others not described below
IR (Min) = 100
M
For most dc armature and ac
windings built after about 1970
(form wound coils)
IR (Min) = 5 M For most machines with random
-wound stator coils and form-
wound coils rated below 1kV
Example-1: For 11KV, Three Phase Motor.
IR Value =11+1=12 M but as per IEEE43 It should be 100 M
Example-2: For 415V,Three Phase Motor
IR Value =0.415+1=1.41 M but as per IEEE43 It should be 5 M.
As per IS 732 Min IR Value of Motor=(20XVoltage(p-p/(1000+2XKW)
", 3alue of Motor as per ?/TA AT7 100'. 7ection '.(5.(
Motor Name Plate
(V)
Test
Voltage
Min IR Value
250V 500V DC 25 M
600V 1000V DC 100M
1000V 1000V DC 100M
2500V 1000V DC 500M
5000V 2500V DC 1000M
8000V 2500V DC 2000M
15000V 2500V DC 5000M
25000V 5000V DC 20000M
34500V 15000V DC 100000M
", 3alue of 7ubmersible Motor>
IR Value of Submersible Motor
Motor Out of Well (Without Cable) IR Value
New Motor 20 M
A used motor which can be reinstalled 10 M
Motor Installed in Well (With Cable)
New Motor 2 M
A used motor which can be reinstalled 0.5 M
Index
5. ", 3alue for /lectrical cable and wiring
For insulation testing, we need to disconnect from panel or equipment and keep them isolated from power supply. The wiring and
cables need to test for each other ( phase to phase ) with a ground ( E ) cable. The Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association
(IPCEA) provides the formula to determine minimum insulation resistance values.
R = K x Log 10 (D/d)
R = IR Value in Ms per 1000 feet (305 meters) of cable.
K = Insulation material constant.( Varnished Cambric=2460, Thermoplastic Polyethlene=50000,Composite Polyethylene=30000)
D = Outside diameter of conductor insulation for single conductor wire and cable ( D = d + 2c + 2b diameter of single conductor
cable )
d Diameter of conductor
c Thickness of conductor insulation
b Thickness of jacket insulation
83 test on new C:+/ cable (As per /T7A 7tandard!
Application Test VoltageMin IR Value
New cables Sheath 1KV DC 100 M
New cables
Insulation
10KV DC 1000 M
After repairs Sheath 1KV DC 10 M
After repairs
Insulation
5KV DC 1000M
((k3 and AAk3 -ables between -ores and /arth (As per /T7A 7tandard!
Application Test VoltageMin IR Value
11KV New cables
Sheath
5KV DC 1000 M
11KV After repairs 5KV DC 100 M
Sheath
33KV no TFs connected 5KV DC 1000 M
33KV with TFs
connected.
5KV DC 15M

11kV and 33kV Cables between Cores and Earth
", 3alue Measurement (-onductors to conductor (-ross "nsulation!!
The frst conductor for which cross insulation is being measured shall be connected to Line terminal of the megger. The
remaining conductors looped together (with the help of crocodile clips) i. e. Conductor 2 and onwards, are connected to
Earth terminal of megger. Conductors at the other end are left free.
Now rotate the handle of megger or press push button of megger. The reading of meter will show the cross Insulation
between conductor 1 and rest of the conductors. Insulation reading shall be recorded.
Now connect next conductor to Line terminal of the megger & connect the remaining conductors to earth terminal of the
megger and take measurements.
", 3alue Measurement (-onductor to /arth "nsulation!
Connect conductor under test to the Line terminal of the megger.
Connect earth terminal of the megger to the earth.
Rotate the handle of megger or press push button of megger. The reading of meter will show the insulation resistance of
the conductors. Insulation reading shall be recorded after applying the test voltage for about a minute till a steady reading is
obtained.
", 3alue Measurements>
If during periodical testing, insulation resistance of cable is found between 5 and 1 M/km at buried temperature, the
subject cable should be programmed for replacement.
If insulation resistance of the cable is found between 1000 and 100 K /km , at buried temperature, the subject cable
should be replaced urgently within a year.
If the insulation resistance of the cable is found less than 100 kilo ohm/km., the subject cable must be replaced
immediately on emergency basis.
Index
D. ", 3alue for Transmission E .istribution :ine
Equipment Megger SizeMin IR Value
S/S .Equipments 5 KV 5000M
EHVLines. 5 KV 10M
H.T. Lines. 1 KV 5M
LT / Service
Lines.
0.5 KV 5M
Index
'. ", 3alue for +anel 6us
IR Value for Panel = 2 x KV rating of the panel.
Example , for a 5 KV panel, the minimum insulation is 2 x 5 = 10 M.
Index
%. ", 3alue for 7ubstation /)uipment
Generally meggering Values of Substation Equipments are.
Typical IR Value of S/S Equipments
Equipment Megger
Size
IR Value(Min)
Circuit
Breaker
(Phase-Earth)5KV,10 KV 1000 M
(Phase-
Phase)
5KV,10 KV 1000 M
Control Circuit0.5KV 50 M
CT/PT (Pri-Earth) 5KV,10 KV 1000 M
(Sec-Phase) 5KV,10 KV 50 M
Control Circuit 0.5KV 50 M
Isolator (Phase-Earth)5KV,10 KV 1000 M
(Phase-
Phase)
5KV,10 KV 1000 M
Control Circuit0.5KV 50 M
L.A (Phase-Earth)5KV,10 KV 1000 M
Electrical
Motor
(Phase-Earth)0.5KV 50 M
LT Switchgear(Phase-Earth)0.5KV 100 M
LT
Transformer
(Phase-Earth)0.5KV 100 M
IR Value of S/S Equipments As per DEP Standard
Equipment Meggering IR Value at
Commissioning
Time (M)
IR Value at
Maintenance
Time
Switchgear HV Bus 200 M 100 M
LV Bus 20 M 10 M
LV wiring 5 M 0.5 M
Cable(min 100
Meter)
HV & LV (10XKV) / KM (KV) / KM
Motor & Generator Phase-Earth 10(KV+1) 2(KV+1)
Transformer Oil
immersed
HV & LV 75 M 30 M
Transformer Dry
Type
HV 100 M 25 M
LV 10 M 2 M
Fixed
Equipments/Tools
Phase-Earth 5K / Volt 1K / Volt
Movable
Equipments
Phase-Earth 5 M 1M
Distribution
Equipments
Phase-Earth 5 M 1M
Circuit Breaker Main Circuit 2 M / KV -
Control Circuit 5M -
Relay D.C Circuit-
Earth
40M -
LT Circuit-
Earth
50M -
LT-D.C Circuit 40M -
LT-LT 70M -
Index
F. ", 3alue for .omestic E"ndustrial 4iring
A low resistance between phase and neutral conductors, or from live conductors to earth, will result in a leakage current. This
cause deterioration of the insulation, as well as involving a waste of energy which would increase the running costs of the
installation.
The resistance between Phase-Phase-Neutral-Earth must never be less than 0.5 M Ohms for the usual supply voltages.
In addition to the leakage current due to insulation resistance, there is a further current leakage in the reactance of the insulation,
because it acts as the dielectric of a capacitor. This current dissipates no energy and is not harmful, but we wish to measure the
resistance of the insulation, so DC Voltage is used to prevent reactance from being included in the measurement .
1 Phase Wiring
>The IR test between Phase-Natural to earth must be carried out on the complete installation with the main switch of, with phase
and neutral connected together, with lamps and other equipment disconnected, but with fuses in, circuit breakers closed and all
circuit switches closed.
Where two-way switching is wired, only one of the two stripper wires will be tested. To test the other, both two-way switches should
be operated and the system retested. If desired, the installation can be tested as a whole, when a value of at least 0.5 M Ohms
should be achieved.

1 Phase Wiring
3 Phase Wiring
In the case of a very large installation where there are many earth paths in parallel, the reading would be expected to be lower. If
this happens, the installation should be subdivided and retested, when each part must meet the minimum requirement.

3 Phase Wiring
The IR tests must be carried out between Phase-Phase-Neutral-Earth with a minimum acceptable value for each test of 0.5 M
Ohms.
IR Testing for Low voltage
Circuit voltage Test voltage IR
Value(Min)
Extra Low Voltage 250V DC 0.25M
Up to 500 V except for
above
500 V DC 0.5M
500 V To 1KV 1000 V DC 1.0M
Min IR Value = 50 M / No of Electrical outlet. (All Electrical Points with ftting & Plugs)
Min IR Value = 100 M / No of Electrical outlet. (All Electrical Points without ftting & Plugs).
Index
,e)uired +recautions
Electronic equipment like electronic fuorescent starter switches, touch switches, dimmer switches, power controllers, delay timers
could be damaged by the application of the high test voltage should be disconnected.
Capacitors and indicator or pilot lamps must be disconnected or an inaccurate test reading will result.
Where any equipment is disconnected for testing purposes, it must be subjected to its own insulation test, using a voltage which is
not likely to result in damage. The result must conform with that specifed in the British Standard concerned, or be at least 0.5 M
Ohms if there is no Standard.
Source: http://electric4l-e'5i'eeri'5-port4l.com/me4sureme't-o6-i'sul4tio'-
resist4'ce-272.
Transformer Winding Resistance
Measurement
.........Previous
Transformer winding resistance measurement
Transformer Ratio Test
Vector Group Test of Transformer
Dielectric Test of Transformer
Temperature Rise Test of Transformer
Transformer Impulse Test
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis
Tan Delta or Dissipation Factor Test
Over Fluxing in Transformer
Earthing or Grounding Transformer
External & Internal Faults in Transformer
Backup Protection of Transformer
Diferential Protection of Transformer
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Maintenance of Transformer
Distribution Transformer
Air Core Transformer
High Voltage Transformer
Procedure of Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement
Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance
Procedure of Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance
Bridge Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance
Transformer winding resistance measurement is carried out as a type test, routine test and also as a feld test.
In the factory, it helps in determining the following :
1. Calculation of the I
2
R losses in transformer.
2. Calculation of winding temperature at the end of temperature rise test of transformer.
3. As a benchmark for assessing possible damages in the feld.
It is done at site in order to check for abnormalities due to loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high contact resistance in
tap changers, high voltage leads and bushings.
Procedure of Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement
For star connected winding, the resistance shall be measured between the line and neutral terminal.
For star connected auto-transformers the resistance of the HV side is measured between HV terminal and IV terminal, then between
IV terminal and the neutral.
For delta connected windings, measurement of winding resistance shall be done between pairs of line terminals. As in delta
connection the resistance of individual winding can not be measured separately, the resistance per winding shall be calculated as
per the following formula:
Resistance per winding = 1.5 x Measured value
The resistance is measured at ambient temperature and then converted to resistance at 75C for all practical purposes of
comparison with specifed design values, previous results and diagnostics.
Winding Resistance at standard temperature of 75 C
Rt = Winding resistance at temperature t.
t = Winding temperature.
Generally transformer windings are immersed in insulation liquid and covered with paper insulation, hence it is impossible to
measure the actual winding temperature in a de-energizing transformer at time of transformer winding resistance measurement.
An approximation is developed to calculate temperature of winding at that condition, as follows
Temperature of winding = Average temperature of insulating oil.
(Average temperature of insulating oil should be taken 3 to 8 hours after de-energizing transformer and when the diference between
top & bottom oil temperatures becomes less than 5 C.)
The resistance can be measured by simple voltmeter ammeter method, Kelvin Bridge meter or automatic
winding resistance measurement kit. (ohm meter, preferably 25 Amps kit)
Caution for voltmeter ammeter method: Current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding. Large values may cause
inaccuracy by heating the winding and thereby changing its temperature and resistance.
NB: - Measurement of winding resistance of transformer shall be carried out at each tap.
Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding
Resistance
The transformer winding resistances can be measured by current voltage method. In this method of measurement of
winding resistance, the test current is injected to the winding and corresponding voltage drop across the winding is measured.
By applying simple Ohm's law i.e. Rx = V I, one can easily determine the value of resistance.
Procedure of Current Voltage Method of Measurement of Winding
Resistance
1. Before measurement the transformer should be kept in OFF condition without excitation at least for 3 to 4 hours. During
this time the winding temperature will become equal to its oil temperature.
2. Measurement is done with D.C.
3. To minimize observation errors, polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept constant during all resistance readings.
4. Voltmeter leads shall be independent of the current leads to protect it from high voltages which may occur during switching
on and of the current circuit.
5. The readings shall be taken after the electric current and voltage have reached steady state values. In some cases this
may take several minutes depending upon the winding impedance.
6. The test current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding. Large values may cause inaccuracy by heating
the winding and thereby changing its resistance.
7. For expressing resistance, the corresponding temperature of the winding at the time of measurement must be mentioned
along with resistance value. As we said earlier that after remaining in switch of condition for 3 to 4 hours, the winding
temperature would become equal to oil temperature. The oil temperature at the time of testing is taken as the average of
top oil and bottom oil temperatures of transformer.
8. For star connected three phase winding, the resistance per phase would be half of measured resistancebetween two line
terminals of the transformer.
9. For delta connected three phase winding, the resistance per phase would be 0.67 times of measured resistance between
two line terminals of the transformer.
10.This current voltage method ofmeasurement of winding resistance of transformer should be repeated for each pair of
line terminals of winding at every tap position.
Bridge Method of Measurement of Winding Resistance
The main principle of bridge method is based on comparing an unknownresistance with a known resistance. When electric currents
fowing through the arms of bridge circuit become balanced, the reading of galvanometer shows zero defection that means at
balanced condition no electric current will fow through the galvanometer. Very small value ofresistance ( in milli-ohms range) can be
accurately measured by Kelvin bridge method whereas for higher value Wheatstone bridge method of resistance measurement is
applied. In bridge method of measurement of windingresistance, the errors is minimized.
The resistance measured by Kelvin bridge,
All other steps to be taken during transformer winding resistancemeasurement in these methods are similar to that of current voltage
method of measurement of windingresistance of transformer, except the measuring technique of resistance.
The resistance measured by Wheatstone bridge,
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Minimum insulation resistance (M Ohms) - 0.15