Consti 2 Finals Reviewer

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2 ZPG & ASSOCIATES
Bill of Rights

I. THE DUE PROCESS, EQUAL PROTECTION AND
CONTRACT CLAUSES AS LIMITATIONS ON
POLICE POWER, EMINENT DOMAIN AND
TAXATION

Art. III, S!. ". No #rso$ sh%ll & '#ri(' of
lif, li&rt), or #ro#rt) *itho+t '+ #ro!ss of l%*,
$or sh%ll %$) #rso$ & '$i' th ,+%l #rot!tio$ of
th l%*s.

Art. III, S!. "-. No l%* i.#%iri$g th
o&lig%tio$ of !o$tr%!ts sh%ll & #%ss'.

LIMITATIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY

Inherent in sovereignty, and therefore not even
required to be conferred by the Constitution, are the police,
eminent domain, and taxation powers. The Bill of Rights,
notably the due process, equal protection and non
impairment clauses, is a means of limiting the exercise of
these powers by imposing on the !tate the obligation to
protect individual rights. The Bill of Rights is addressed to
the !tate, notably the government, telling it what it cannot
do to the individual.

A. Due process - Procedural and Subsan!"e

Ci(il Pro!'+r%l D+ Pro!ss

In c!"!l cases# $e S% la!d do&n !s ele'ens !n $e
case o( )anco Espanol F!l!p!no ". Palanca*

a. %our &!$ +ur!sd!c!on o"er $e sub+ec
'aer.

b. %our &!$ +ur!sd!c!on o"er $e par,-de(endan

c. -ud.e'en rendered accord!n. o la&.

d. De(endan .!"en $e oppoun!, o be $eard
/re0u!re'en on no!ce and $ear!n.1

Cri.i$%l D+ Pro!ss

In cr!'!nal cases# $e ele'ens &ere la!d do&n !n
Vera ". People*

a. Accused !s !n(or'ed &$, $e !s proceeded
a.a!ns# and &$a c$ar.e $e 'us ans&er.

b. -ud.'en o( con"!c!on !s based on e"!dence
$a !s no a!ned b, (als!,# and a(er $e de(endan &as
$eard.

If the prosecution produces the conviction
based on untrue evidence, then it is guilty of depriving the
accused of due process. Thus false testimony can be
questioned by the accused regardless of the time that
lapsed.

c. -ud.'en accord!n. o la&

d. Tr!bunal &!$ +ur!sd!c!on

A'.i$istr%ti( D+ Pro!ss

In ad'!n!sra!"e proceed!n.s# $e ele'ens &ere
la!d do&n !n $e case o( A$g Ti&%) (. CIR as $e 2se"en
card!nal pr!'ar, r!.$s2 !n +us!c!able cases be(ore
ad'!n!sra!"e r!bunals*

a. T$ere 'us be a $ear!n.# &$ere a par, 'a,
presen e"!dence !n suppor o( $!s case.
b. T$e r!bunal 'us cons!der $e e"!dence
presened b, a par,.
c. 3$!le $e r!bunal $as no du, o dec!de $e case
correcl,# !s dec!s!on 'us be suppored b, e"!dence.
d. T$e e"!dence suppor!n. $e dec!s!on 'us be
subsan!al. Subsan!al e"!dence !s suc$ rele"an e"!dence
as a reasonable '!nd '!.$ accep as ade0uae o suppor a
conclus!on.
e. T$e e"!dence 'us $a"e been presened a $e
$ear!n. or a leas cona!ned !n $e record and 4no&n o $e
par!es a((eced.
(. T$e r!bunal 'us rel, on !s o&n !ndependen
cons!dera!on o( e"!dence# and no rel, on $e
reco''enda!on o( a subord!nae.
.. T$e dec!s!on 'us sae $e (acs and $e la& !n
suc$ a &a, $a $e par!es can 4no& $e !ssues !n"ol"ed
and $e reasons (or $e dec!s!on.

S+&st%$ti( D+ Pro!ss

/$ot (s. IAC, "01 SCRA 234 5"4167

F* Pe!!oners5 6 carabaos &ere con(!scaed b, $e
pol!ce (or $a"!n. been ranspored (ro' Masbae o Ilo!lo !n
"!ola!on o( EO 676-A. 8e brou.$ an ac!on (or reple"!n#
c$allen.!n. $e cons!u!onal!, o( $e EO. T$e r!al cour
susa!ned $e con(!sca!on o( $e an!'als and decl!ned o
rule on $e "al!d!, o( $e la& on $e .round $a ! lac4ed
au$or!, o do so. Is dec!s!on &as a((!r'ed b, $e IA%.
8ence $!s pe!!on (or re"!e&.

8ELD* /91 :nder $e pro"!s!on .ran!n. $e S%
+ur!sd!c!on o 2re"!e&# re"!se# re"erse# 'od!(, or a((!r' on
appeal or certiorari# as $e la& or rules o( cour 'a, pro"!de
(!nal +ud.'ens o( lo&er cours2 !n all cases !n"ol"!n. $e
cons!u!onal!, o( cera!n 'easures# lo&er cours can pass
upon $e "al!d!, o( a saue !n $e (!rs !nsance.
/71 T$ere !s no doub $a b, bann!n. $e slau.$er
o( $ese an!'als /e;cep &$ere $ere a leas < ,rs. old !(
'ale and 99 ,rs old !( (e'ale upon $e !ssuance o( $e
necessar, per'!1 $e EO &!ll be conser"!n. $ose s!ll (!
(or (ar' &or4 or breed!n. and pre"en!n. $e!r !'pro"!den
deple!on. 3e do no see# $o&e"er# $o& $e pro$!b!!on o(
$e !nerpro"!nc!al ranspor o( carabaos can pre"en $e!r
!nd!scr!'!nae slau.$er# cons!der!n. $a $e, can be 4!lled
an, &$ere# &= no less d!((!cul, !n on pro"!nce $an !n
ano$er. Ob"!ousl,# rea!n!n. $e carabao !n one pro"!nce
&!ll no pre"en $e!r slau.$er $ere# an, 'ore $an 'o"!n.
$e' o ano$er pro"!nce &!ll 'a4e ! eas!er o 4!ll $e'
$ere. As (or $e carabee(# $e pro$!b!!on !s 'ade o appl,
o ! as o$er&!se# so sa,s $e EO# ! could be eas!l,
c!rcu'sbcr!bed b, s!'pl, 4!ll!n. $e an!'al. Per$aps so.
8o&e"er# !( $e 'o"e'en o( $e l!"e an!'als (or $e
purpose o( pre"en!n. $e!r slau.$er canno be pro$!b!ed# !
s$ould (ollo& $a $ere !s no reason e!$er o pro$!b! $e!r
rans(er as# no o be (l!ppan# dead 'ea.
/>1 In $e !nsan case# $e carabaos &ere arb!rar!l,
con(!scaed b, $e pol!ce sa!on co''ander# &ere reurned
o $e pe!!oner onl, a(er $e $ad (!led a co'pla!n (or
reco"er, and .!"en a supersedeas bond &=c &as ordered
con(!scaed upon $!s (a!lure o produce $e carabaos &$en
ordered b, $e r!al cour. The "# defined the prohibition,
convicted the petitioner and immediately imposed
punishment, w$c was carried out forthright. The measures
struc% him at once and pounced upon the petitioner w$o
giving him a chance to be heard, thus denying him
elementary fair play.
/?1 I !s $ere au$or!@ed $a $e se!@ed prop. s$all
2be d!sr!bued o c$ar!able !ns!u!ons and o$er s!'!lar
!ns!u!ons as $e %$a!r'an o( $e Na!onal Mea Inspec!on
%o''!ss!on may see fit# !n $e case o( carabee(# and o
deser"!n. (ar'ers $rou.$ d!spersal as $e D!recor o(
An!'al Indusr, may see fit !n $e case o( carabaos.2 T$e
p$rase may see fit !s an e;re'el, .enerous and dan.erous
cond!!on# !( cond!!on ! !s. I !s laden &= per!lous
opporun!!es (or par!al!, and abuse# and e"en corrup!on.
One searc$es !n "a!n (or $e usual sandard and $e
reasonable .u!del!nes# or beer s!ll# $e l!'!a!ons $a $e
sa!d o((!cers 'us obser"e &$en $e, 'a4e $e!r
d!sr!bu!on. 88.

B. D+ Pro!ss %$' Poli! Po*r

)au!sa ". -u!n!o# 97< S%RA >7A /9AB?1

Ban on &se of 'eavy Cars on (ee%ends and 'oliday s
)alid.

F* LOI 6BA banned $e use o( "e$!cles &= A and E8
plaes on &ee4-ends and $ol!da,s !n "!e& o( $e ener.,
cr!s!s. I e;ceped# $o&e"er# $ose class!(!ed as S /Ser"!ce1#
T /Truc41# DPL /D!plo'a!c1# %% /%onsular %orps1# and T%
/Tour!s %ars1. T$e resps.# M!n. o( Publ!c 3or4s#
Transpora!on# !ssued 'e'o. pro"!d!n. penal!es (or "!ol. o(
$e LOI# na'el,# (!ne# con(!sca!on o( "e$!cles# and
cancella!on o( re.!sra!on. T$e pe!!oners brou.$ su!
0ues!on!n. $e "al!d!, o( $e LOI on $e .round $a ! &as
d!scr!'!naor, and a den!al o( due process. T$e resps.
den!ed $e pe!!oner5s alle.a!ons and ar.ued $a $e su!
a'ouned o a re0ues (or ad"!sor, op!n!on.

8ELD* /91 Pe!!oners are o&ners o( an B c,l!nder 9A6A
)u!c4 and o( a 6 c,l!nder 3!ll,5s Ca!ser -eep. T$e
en(orce'en o( $e LOI o $e' &ould depr!"e $e' o(
prop. T$e,# $ere(ore# $a"e sand!n. o c$allen.e $e
"al!d!, o( $e LOI.
/71 )u $e LOI canno be declared "o!d on !s (ace.
I $as be$!nd ! $e presu'p!on o( "al!d!,. T$e necess!,
(or e"!dence o rebu suc$ presu'p!on !s una"o!dable. As
underl,!n. $e 0ues!ons o( (ac 'a, cond!!on $e
cons!u!onal!, o( le.!sla!on $e presu'p!on o( "al!d!,
'us pre"a!l !n $e absence o( so'e (acual (ounda!on o(
record o"er$ro&!n. $e saue. T$e LOI !s an ener.,
conser"a!on 'easureD ! !s an apporpr!ae response o a
proble'.
/>1 Nor does $e LOI den, e0ual proec!on o $e
pe!!oners. 3=!n $e class o &=c $e pe!!oner belon.s $e
LOI operae e0uall, and un!(or'l,. T$a $e LOI does no
!nclude o$ers does no render ! !n"al!d. T$e .o" !s no
re0u!red o ad$ere o a pol!c, o( 2all or none.2
/?1 To $e e;en $a $e Land Transpo. %ode does
no au$or!@e $e !'pound!n. o( "e$!cles as a penal,# o $a
e;en $e 'e'o. o( $e resps. &ould be ultra vires. 88.

Velasco ". V!lle.as# 97E S%RA /9AB>1

#rdinance *rohibiting Barbershops from Rendering
+assage !ervices )alid.

F* T$e ord!nance &as enaced (or a &o-(old purpose*
/91 To enable $e %!, o( Mla. o collec a (ee (or opera!n.
'assa.e cl!n!cs separael, (ro' $ose opera!n. barber s$!ps
and /71 To pre"en !''oral!, &=c '!.$ probabl, ar!se
(ro' $e consruc!on o( separae roo's.

8ELD* T$e S% $as been 'os l!beral !n susa!n!n.
ord!nances based on .eneral &el(are clause. 88.

%ru@ ". Paras# 97> S%RA F6A /9AB>1

F* T$e pe!!oners are operaors or n!.$clubs !n
)ocaue# )ulacan. $e, (!led pro$!b!!on su!s o sop $e
Mun. o( )ocaue (ro' en(orc!n. an ord!nance pro$!b!!n. $e
opera!on o( n!.$clubs# cabares# and dance $ alls !n $a
'un. or $e rene&al o( l!censes o operae $e'. T$e %FI
up$eld $e "al!d!, o( $e ord!nance and d!s'!ssed $e
pe!!on. 8ence# $!s pe!!on (or cer!orar!.

8ELD* A 'un. corp. canno pro$!b! $e opera!on o(
n!.$clubs. N!.$clubs 'a, be re.ulaed bu no pre"ened
(ro' carr,!n. on $e!r bus!ness. RA A>B# as or.!nall,
enaced# .raned 'un!c!pal!!es $e po&er o re.ulae $e
esabl!s$'en# 'a!nenance and opera!on o( n!.$clubs and
$e l!4e. 3$!le ! !s rue $a on F=79=F?# $e la& &as
a'ended b, RA A<A &=c purpored o .!"e 'un!c!pal!!es
$e po&er no onl, o re.ulae bu l!4e&!se o pro$!b! $e
opera!on o( n!.$clubs# $e (ac !s $a $e !le o( $e la&
re'a!ned $e sa'e so $a $e po&er .raned o
'un!c!pal!!es re'a!ns $a o( re.ula!on# no pro$!b!!on.
To consrue $e a'endaor, ac as .ran!n. 'un.
corpora!ons $e po&er o pro$!b! $e opera!on o(
n!.$clubs &ould be o consrue ! !n a &a, $a ! "!olaes
$e cons!u!onal pro"!s!on $a 2e"er, b!ll s$all e'brace
onl, one sub+ec &$!c$ s$all be e;pressed !n $e !le
$ereo(.2 Moreo"er# $e recen,l,-enaced LG% /)P >><1
spea4s s!'pl, o( $e po&er o re.ulae $e esabl!s$'en#
and opera!on o( b!ll!ard pools# $ear!cal per(or'ances#
c!rcuses and o$er (or's o( enera!n'en. Certiorari
.raned. 88.

C. D+ Pro!ss %$' E.i$$t Do.%i$

T$e a4!n. b, $e Sae o( pr!"ae proper, !n an
e;propr!a!on proceed!n. 'us be* /91 (or publ!c use# /71
&!$ +us co'pensa!on# and />1 upon obser"ance o( due
process.

Arti!l III, S!. 4. Pri(%t #ro#rt) sh%ll $ot &
t%9 for #+&li! +s *itho+t :+st !o.#$s%tio$.

Arti!l XII, S!. "1. Th St%t .%), i$ th i$trst
of $%tio$%l *lf%r or 'f$s, st%&lish %$' o#r%t (it%l
i$'+stris %$', +#o$ #%).$t of :+st !o.#$s%tio$,
tr%$sfr to #+&li! o*$rshi# +tilitis %$' othr #ri(%t
$tr#riss to & o#r%t' &) th go(r$.$t.

9. Ta4!n. e!$er (or publ!c use or publ!c
purpose.

P+&li! Us

Publ!c use !s e0u!"alen o publ!c purpose. I !s no
con(!ned 'erel, o use b, $e publ!c a lar.e /e... roads1. I
!s enou.$ $a ! ser"es a publ!c purpose# e"en !( ! bene(! a
lar.e .roup o( people s$or o( $e publ!c !n .eneral /e...
e;propr!a!n. proper, (or $e reloca!on o( s0uaers1.

8e!rs o( -uanc$o Ardona ". Re,es 97> S%RA 77E

F* T$e P$!l!pp!ne Tour!s' Au$or!, sou.$ $e
e;propr!a!on o( 7B7 8a o( land !n )aran.a, Malubo. and
)aba. !n %ebu %!,. upon depos! o( an a'oun e0u!"alen
o 9EG o( $e "alue o( $e proper,# $e %FI au$or!@ed $e
PTA o a4e !''ed!ae possess!on o( $e proper,. T$e
c$arer o( $e PTA au$or!@es ! o ac0u!re $rou.$
conde'na!on proceed!n.s lands (or our!s @one
de"elop'en o( a spors co'ple;. T$e pe!!oners &$o are
occupans o( $e lands# (!led a pe!!on (or cer!orar! !n $e
S%. T$e, conended $a /91 $e a4!n. &as no (or publ!c
useD /71 $e land &as co"ered b, $e land re(or' pro.ra'D
and />1 e;propr!a!on &ould !'pa!r $e obl!.a!on o(
conracs.

8ELD* T$e concep o( publ!c use !s no l!'!ed o
rad!!onal purposes (or $e consruc!on o( roads# br!d.es#
and $e l!4e. T$e !dea $a 2publ!c use2 'eans 2use b, $e
publ!c2 $as been d!scarded. As lon. as $e purpose o( $e
a4!n. !s publ!c# $en $e po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n co'es
!no pla,. I !s accurae o sae $en $a a presen &$ae"er
'a, be bene(!c!all, e'plo,ed (or $e .eneral &el(are
sa!s(!es $e re0u!re'en o( publ!c use. T$e pe!!!oners
$a"e no s$o&n $a $e area be!n. de"eloped !s land re(or'
area and $a $e a((eced persons $a"e been .!"en
e'anc!pa!on paens and cer!(!caes o( land rans(er. T$e
conrac clause $as ne"er been re.arded as a barr!er o $e
e;erc!se o( $e pol!ce po&er and l!4e&!se e'!nen do'a!n.
88.

Su'ulon. ". Guerrero 9F? S%RA ?69 /9AB<1

F* On Dece'ber F# 9A<<# $e Na!onal 8ous!n.
Au$or!, (!led a co'pla!n (or $e e;propr!a!on o( 7F
$ecares o( land !n An!polo# R!@al pursuan o PD 977?
au$or!@!n. $e e;propr!a!on o( pr!"ae lands (or soc!al!@ed
$ous!n.. A'on. $ose lands sou.$ o be e;propr!aed are
$e pe!!oners5 lands. T$e, brou.$ $!s su! !n $e S%
c$allen.!n. $e cons!u!onal!, o( PD 977?.

8ELD* Pe!!oners conend $a soc!al!@ed $ous!n. (or $e
purpose o( conde'na!on proceed!n.s !s no publ!c use s!nce
! &!ll bene(! onl, a $and(ul o( people. T$e 2publ!c use2
re0u!re'en !s an e"ol"!n. concep !n(luences b, c$an.!n.
cond!!ons. :rban rene&al or rede"elop'en and $e
consruc!on o( lo&-cos $ous!n. !s reco.n!@ed as a publ!c
purpose# no onl, because o( $e e;panded concep o( publ!c
use bu also because o( spec!(!c pro"!s!ons !n $e
%ons!u!on. S$ora.e !n $ous!n. !s a 'aer o( sae
concern s!nce ! d!recl, and s!.n!(!canl, a((ecs publ!c
$eal$# sa(e,# $e en"!ron'en and# !n su'# $e .eneral
&el(are. Pe!!oners cla!' $a $ere are "as areas o( lands !n
R!@al $undreds o( $ecares o( &$!c$ are o&ned b, a (e&
lando&ners onl,. 3$, s$ould $e N8A p!c4 $e!r s'all losH
E;propr!a!on !s no con(!ned o landed esaes. T$e es o
be appl!ed (or a "al!d e;propr!a!on o( pr!"ae lands &as $e
area o( $e land and no $e nu'ber o( people &$o sood o
be bene(!ed. T$e Sae ac!n. $rou.$ $e N8A !s "esed
&!$ broad d!scre!on o des!.nae $e proper,. T$e proper,
o&ner 'a, no !nerpose ob+ec!ons 'erel, because !n $e!r
+ud.'en so'e o$er proper, &ould $a"e been 'ore
su!able. T$e pro"!s!ons on +us co'pensa!on (ound !n PD
977?# 97FA# and 9>9> are $e sa'e pro"!s!ons &$!c$ &ere
declared uncons!u!onal !n EPIA ". Dula, /9AB<1 (or be!n.
encroac$'ens on +ud!c!al prero.a!"es. 88.

;. <+st !o.#$s%tio$ .+st & :+'i!i%ll)
'tr.i$'

<+st Co.#$s%tio$

-us co'pensa!on !s $e (a!r and reasonable
e0u!"alen o( $e loss susa!ned b, $e o&ner o( $e proper,
due o $e a4!n.D ! !s $e (a!r 'ar4e "alue o( $e proper,
'easured a $e !'e o( $e a4!n.# no 'aer $o& lon. a.o
! &as a4en /e... $e !'e o( $e a4!n. &as !n $e 9A7E5s#
$e !'e o( pa,'en &as !n $e 9A6E5s# !n $e M!n!ser!o and
A'!.able cases# supra1# and us!n. $e con"ers!on raes a
$e !'e o( a4!n. /because accord!n. o $ose cases# Ar.
97FE o( $e %!"!l %ode appl!ed onl, o conracual
obl!.a!ons1.

EP=A (. D+l%) "04 SCRA >-3 5"4167

F* T$e San Anon!o De"elop'en %orpora!on &as $e
o&ner o( a p!ece o( land !n Lapu-Lapu %!, &$!c$ $e EPIA
e;propr!aed !n 9A<A. T$e co''!ss!oners appo!ned b, $e
r!al cour reco''ended $a $e San Anon!o De"elop'en
%orp. be pa!d P9F.EE per s0uare 'eer. EPIA (!led a pe!!on
(or cer!orar!# ar.u!n. $a under PD 9F>> $e co'pensa!on
s$ould be $e (a!r and curren 'ar4e "alue declared b, $e
o&ner or $e 'ar4e "alue deer'!ned b, $e assessor#
&$!c$e"er !s lo&er.

8ELD* T$e 'e$od o( ascera!n!n. +us co'pensa!on
under PD 9F>> cons!ues !'per'!ss!ble encroac$'en on
+ud!c!al prero.a!"es. Al$ou.$ $e cour ec$n!call, &ould
s!ll $a"e $e po&er o deer'!ne $e +us co'pensa!on (or
$e proper,# (ollo&!n. $e decree# !s as4 &ould be
rele.aed o s!'pl, sa!n. $e lo&er "alue o( $e proper, as
declared e!$er b, $e o&ner or $e assessor. -us
co'pensa!on 'eans $e "alue o( $e proper, a $e !'e o(
$e a4!n.. I 'eans a (a!r and (ull e0u!"alen (or $e loss
susa!ned. All $e (acs as o $e cond!!on o( $e proper,
and !s surround!n.s# !s !'pro"e'ens and capab!l!!es
s$ould be cons!dered. In $!s case# $e a; declara!ons used
as bas!s (or $e +us co'pensa!on &ere 'ade lon. be(ore
$e declara!on o( 'ar!al la& &$en $e land &as 'uc$
c$eaper. To pe. $e "alue o( $e los on $e bas!s o( $ose
docu'ens &$!c$ are oudaed &ould be arb!rar, and
con(!scaor,. 88.

M%$oto9 (. NHA "3- SCRA 14 5"4167

F* Pe!!oners are $e o&ners o( &o lar.e esaes
4no&n as $e Ta'bun!n. Esae and Suno.-Apo. !n Tondo#
Man!la# bo$ o( &$!c$ &ere declared e;propr!aed !n &o
decrees !ssued b, Pres!den Marcos# PD 966A and PD 96<E.
T$e pe!!oners conend $a $e decrees "!olae $e!r
cons!u!onal r!.$ o due process and e0ual proec!on s!nce
b, $e!r 'ere passa.e $e!r proper!es &ere auo'a!call,
e;propr!aed and $e, &ere !''ed!ael, depr!"ed o( $e
o&ners$!p and possess!on $ereo( &!$ou be!n. .!"en $e
c$ance o oppose suc$ e;propr!a!on. T$e .o"ern'en on
$e o$er $and conends $a $e po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n !s
!n$eren !n $e Sae and &$en $e le.!slaure or $e
Pres!den $rou.$ $!s la&-'a4!n. po&ers e;erc!ses $!s
po&er# $e publ!c use and publ!c necess!, o( $e
e;propr!a!on and $e (!;!n. o( $e +us co'pensa!on
beco'e pol!!cal !n naure and $e cours 'us respec $e
dec!s!on.

8ELD* T$e c$allen.ed decrees are un(a!r !n $e procedures
adoped and $e po&ers .!"en o $e N8A. T$e Ta'bun!n.
subd!"!s!on !s su''ar!l, procla!'ed a bl!.$ed area and
d!recl, e;propr!aed b, decree &!$ou $e sl!.$es
se'blance o( a $ear!n. or an, proceed!n. &$asoe"er. T$e
e;propr!a!on !s !nsan and auo'a!c o a4e e((ec
!''ed!ael, upon $e s!.n!n. o( $e decree. No depos!
be(ore $e a4!n. !s re0u!red. T$ere !s no pro"!s!on (or an,
!neres o be pa!d upon unpa!d !nsall'ens. No onl, are
$e o&ners .!"en absoluel, no opporun!, o cones $e
e;propr!a!on# or 0ues!on $e a'oun o( pa,'ens (!;ed b,
$e decree# bu $e dec!s!on o( $e N8A are e;pressl,
declared be,ond +ud!c!al re"!e&. PD 966A and 96<E are
declared uncons!u!onal.

Tee$an4ee# %-# concurr!n.* T$e +ud.'en a bar no& clearl,
o"erurns $e 'a+or!, rul!n. !n -M Tuason ". LTA $a $e
po&er o( %on.ress o des!.nae $e par!cular proper, o be
a4en and $o& 'uc$ 'a, be conde'ned $ereo( 'us be
dul, reco.n!@ed# lea"!n. onl, as a +ud!c!al 0ues!on &$e$er
!n $e e;erc!se o( suc$ co'peence# $e par, ad"ersel,
a((eced !s $e "!c!' o( par!al!, and pre+ud!ce. T$e S%
no& rules $a suc$ s!n.l!n. ou o( proper!es does no
(oreclose +ud!c!al scru!n, as o &$e$er suc$ e;propr!a!on
b, le.!sla!"e ac rans.resses $e due process and e0ual
proec!on and +us co'pensa!on .uaranees o( $e
%ons!u!on. 88.

>. D+ #ro!ss .+st & o&sr('

D ?$!ht (. B%+tist% "-- SCRA 22- 5"41-7

F* T$e plan o e;end EDSA o Ro;as )oule"ard o be
ul!'ael, l!n4ed o $e %a"!e %oasal Road Pro+ec#
or!.!nall, called (or $e e;propr!a!on o( proper!es alon.
%unea A"enue !n Pasa, %!,. Laer on# $o&e"er# $e
M!n!sr, o( Publ!c 8!.$&a,s dec!ded o 'a4e $e proposed
e;ens!on pass $rou.$ Fernando Re!n and Del Pan Srees.
)ecause o( $e proess o( res!dens o( $e laer# $e
%o''!ss!on on 8u'an Sele'ens reco''ended $e
re"ers!on o $e or!.!nal plan# bu $e M!n!sr, ar.ued $e
ne& roue &!ll sa"e $e .o"ern'en P7 '!ll!on. T$e
.o"ern'en (!led e;propr!a!on proceed!n.s a.a!ns $e
o&ners o( Fernando Re!n and Del Pan Srees# a'on. &$o'
&as pe!!oner.

8ELD* T$e c$o!ce o( Fernando Re!n and Del Pan Srees !s
arb!rar, and s$ould no rece!"e +ud!c!al appro"al. T$e
8u'an Sele'ens %o''!ss!on concluded $a $e cos
(acor !s so '!n!'al $a ! can be d!sre.arded !n 'a4!n. a
c$o!ce be&een $e &o l!nes. T$e (acor o( (unc!onal!,
sron.l, '!l!aes a.a!ns $e c$o!ce o( Fernando Re!n and
Del Pan Srees# &$!le $e (acor o( soc!al and econo'!c
!'pac bears .r!e"ousl, on $e res!dens o( %unea A"enue.
3$!le $e !ssue &ould see' o bo!l do&n o a c$o!ce
be&een people# on one $and# and pro.ress and
de"elop'en# on $e o$er# ! !s o be re'e'bered $a
pro.ress and de"elop'en are carr!ed ou (or $e bene(! o(
$e people. 88.

R#+&li! (. D ?$!ht, "1; SCRA "0; 5"44-7

F* De Cnec$ &as one o( $e o&ners o( se"eral
proper!es alon. $e Fernando Re!n-Del Pan srees &$!c$
$e Go"ern'en sou.$ o e;propr!ae o .!"e &a, o $e
e;ens!on o( EDSA and $e consruc!on o( dra!na.e
(ac!l!!es. De Cnec$ (!led a case o resra!n $e Go"ern'en
(ro' proceed!n. &!$ $e e;propr!a!on. 8er pra,er &as
den!ed b, $e lo&er cour bu upon cer!orar!# $e S%
re"ersed $e lo&er cour dec!s!on and .raned $e rel!e(
as4ed (or b, De Cnec$ rul!n. $a $e e;propr!a!on &as
arb!rar,. T$e case &as re'anded o $e lo&er cour.
No (ur$er ac!on &as a4en desp!e $e S%
dec!s!on un!l &o ,ears laer# !n 9AB># &$en $e
Go"ern'en 'o"ed (or $e d!s'!ssal o( $e case on $e
.round $a $e Le.!slaure $as s!nce enaced )P >?E
e;propr!a!n. $e sa'e proper!es (or $e sa'e purpose. T$e
lo&er cour den!ed $e 'o!on. Appeal.

R:LING* 3$!le ! !s rue $a sa!d (!nal +ud.'en o( $!s
%ur on $e sub+ec beco'es $e la& o( $e case be&een $e
par!es# ! !s e0uall, rue $a $e r!.$ o( pe!!oner o a4e
pr!"ae proper!es (or publ!c use upon pa,'en o( +us
co'pensa!on !s so pro"!ded !n $e %ons!u!on and $e
la&s. Suc$ e;propr!a!on proceed!n. 'a, be undera4en b,
$e pe!!oner no onl, b, "olunar, ne.o!a!on &!$ $e
land o&ners bu also b, a4!n. appropr!ae cour ac!on or
b, le.!sla!on.
3$en )P >?E &as passed# ! appears $a ! &as
based on super"en!n. e"ens $a occurred a(er $e 9ABE
dec!s!on o( $e S% on $e De Cnec$ case &as rendered. T$e
soc!al !'pac (acor &$!c$ persuaded $e %our o cons!der
$!s e;ens!on o be arb!rar, $ad d!sappeared.
Moreo"er# $e sa!d dec!s!on !s no obsacle o $e
le.!sla!"e ar' o( $e Go"ern'en !n $erea(er 'a4!n. !s
o&n !ndependen assess'en o( $e c!rcu'sances $en
pre"a!l!n. as o $e propr!e, o( undera4!n. $e
e;propr!a!on o( proper!es !n 0ues!on and $erea(er b,
enac!n. $e correspond!n. le.!sla!on as ! d!d !n $!s case.
T$e %our a.rees !n $e &!sdo' and necess!, o( enac!n.
)P >?E. T$us $e aner!or dec!s!on o( $e %our 'us ,!eld
o $e subse0uen le.!sla!"e (!a. Ch%ro.

NAPOCOR (. @+tirrA, "4> SCRA " 5"44"7

F* For $e consruc!on o( !s 7>E CV Me;!co-L!'a,
rans'!ss!on l!nes# Napocor5s l!nes $a"e o pass $e lands
belon.!n. o respondens. :nsuccess(ul &!$ !s ne.o!a!ons
(or $e ac0u!s!!on o( $e r!.$ o( &a, ease'ens# Napocor
&as consra!ned o (!le e'!nen do'a!n proceed!n.s.

ISS:E* 3=N pe!!oner s$ould be 'ade o pa, s!'ple
ease'en (ee or (ull co'pensa!on (or $e land ra"ersed b,
!s rans'!ss!on l!nes.

R:LING* In RP ". PLDT# $e S% ruled $a 2Nor'all,# $e
po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n resuls !n $e a4!n. or
appropr!a!on o( $e !le o# and possess!on o(# $e
e;propr!aed proper,# bu no co.en reason appears &$,
sa!d po&er 'a, no be a"a!led o( o !'pose onl, a burden
upon $e o&ner o( $e conde'ned proper,# &!$ou loss o(
!le or possess!on. I !s un0ues!onable $a real proper,
'a,# $rou.$ e;propr!a!on# be sub+eced o an ease'en o(
r!.$ o( &a,.2 In $!s case# $e ease'en !s de(!n!el, a
a4!n. under $e po&er o( e'!nen do'a!n. %ons!der!n. $e
naure and e((ec o( $e !nsalla!on o( $e rans'!ss!on l!nes#
$e l!'!a!ons !'posed b, $e NP% a.a!ns $e use o( $e
land /$a no plan $!.$er $an > 'eers !s allo&ed belo& $e
l!nes1 (or an !nde(!n!e per!od depr!"es pr!"ae respondens
o( !s ord!nar, use.
For $ese reasons# $e o&ner o( $e proper,
e;propr!aed !s en!led o a +us co'pensa!on &$!c$ s$ould
ne!$er be 'ore nor less# &$ene"er ! !s poss!ble o 'a4e $e
assess'en# $an $e 'one, e0u!"alen o( sa!d proper,. -us
e0u!"alen $as al&a,s been undersood o be $e +us and
co'plee e0u!"alen o( $e loss &$!c$ $e o&ner o( $e $!n.
e;propr!aed $as o su((er b, reason o( $e e;propr!a!on.
T$e pr!ce or "alue o( $e land and !s c$aracer a $e !'e o(
a4!n. b, $e Go". are $e cr!er!a (or deer'!n!n. +us
co'pensa!on. Ch%ro.

D. E,+%l Prot!tio$

Art. III, S!. ". No #rso$ sh%ll & '#ri(' of
lif, li&rt) or #ro#rt) *itho+t '+ #ro!ss of l%*, nor
shall any person be denied the e!al prote"tion o# the
la$s.

Art. XIII, S!. ". Th Co$grss sh%ll gi( highst
#riorit) to th $%!t.$t of .%s+r th%t #rot!t %$'
$h%$! th right of %ll th #o#l to h+.%$ 'ig$it),
r'+! so!i%l, !o$o.i!, %$' #oliti!%l i$,+%litis %$'
r.o( !+lt+r%l i$,+itis &) ,+it%&l) 'iff+si$g *%lth
%$' #oliti!%l #o*r for th !o..o$ goo'.
To this $', th St%t sh%ll rg+l%t th
%!,+isitio$, o*$rshi#, +s, %$' 'is#ositio$ of #ro#rt)
%$' its i$!r.$ts.

". E!o$o.i! ,+%lit)

Art. XIII, S!. ;. Th #ro.otio$ of so!i%l :+sti!
sh%ll i$!l+' th !o..it.$t to !r%t !o$o.i!
o##ort+$itis &%s' o$ fr'o. of i$iti%ti( %$' slfB
rli%$!.

Art. XIII, S!. >. Th St%t sh%ll %ffor' f+ll
#rot!tio$ to l%&or, lo!%l %$' o(rs%s, org%$iA' %$'
+$org%$iA', %$' #ro.ot f+ll .#lo).$t %$' ,+%lit)
of .#lo).$t o##ort+$itis for %ll.
It sh%ll g+%r%$t th rights of %ll *or9rs to slfB
org%$iA%tio$, !oll!ti( &%rg%i$i$g %$' $goti%tio$s, %$'
#%!f+l !o$!rt' %!ti(itis, i$!l+'i$g th right to stri9
i$ %!!or'%$! *ith l%*. Th) sh%ll & $titl' to s!+rit)
of t$+r, h+.%$ !o$'itio$s of *or9, %$' li(i$g *%g.
Th) sh%ll %lso #%rti!i#%t i$ #oli!) %$' '!isio$B.%9i$g
#ro!ss %ff!ti$g th rights %$' &$fits %s .%) &
#ro(i'' &) l%*.
Th St%t sh%ll #ro.ot th #ri$!i#l of sh%r'
rs#o$si&ilit) &t*$ *or9rs %$' .#lo)rs %$' th
#rfr$ti%l +s of (ol+$t%r) .o's i$ sttli$g 'is#+ts
i$!l+'i$g !o$!ili%tio$, %$' sh%ll $for! thir .+t+%l
!o.#li%$! thr*ith to fostr i$'+stri%l #%!.
Th St%t sh%ll rg+l%t th rl%tio$s &t*$
*or9rs %$' .#lo)rs, r!og$iAi$g th right of l%&or to
its :+st sh%r i$ th fr+its of #ro'+!tio$ %$' th right of
$tr#riss to r%so$%&l rt+r$s o$ i$(st.$ts, %$' to
C#%$sio$ %$' gro*th.

Art. XII, S!. "-. Th Co$grss sh%ll, +#o$
r!o..$'%tio$ of th !o$o.i! %$' #l%$$i$g %g$!),
*h$ th $%tio$%l i$trst 'i!t%ts, rsr( to !itiA$s of
th Phili##i$s or to !or#or%tio$s or %sso!i%tio$s %t l%st
siCt) per "ent!% of *hos !%#it%l is o*$' &) s+!h
!itiA$s, or s+!h highr #r!$t%g %s Co$grss .%)
#rs!ri&, !rt%i$ %r%s of i$(st.$ts. Th Co$grss
sh%ll $%!t .%s+rs th%t *ill $!o+r%g th for.%tio$
%$' o#r%tio$ $tr#riss *hos !%#it%l is *holl) o*$'
&) Dili#i$os.
I$ th gr%$t of rights, #ri(ilgs %$' !o$!ssio$s
!o(ri$g th $%tio$%l !o$o.) %$' #%tri.o$), th St%t
sh%ll gi( #rfr$! to ,+%lifi' Dili#i$os.
Th St%t sh%ll rg+l%t %$' Cr!is %+thorit)
o(r forig$ i$(st.$ts *ithi$ its $%tio$%l :+ris'i!tio$
%$' i$ %!!or'%$! *ith its $%tio$%l go%ls %$' #rioritis.

I'., S!. ;. CCC
Th St%t sh%ll #rot!t th $%tio$Es .%ri$ *%lth
i$ its %r!hi#l%gi! *%trs, trritori%l s%, %$' C!l+si(
!o$o.i! Ao$, %$' rsr( its +s %$' $:o).$t
C!l+si(l) to Dili#i$o !itiA$s.

Art. III, S!. "". Dr %!!ss to th !o+rts %$'
,+%siB:+'i!i%l &o'is %$' %',+%t lg%l %ssist%$! sh%ll
$ot & '$i' to %$) #rso$ &) r%so$ of #o(rt).

Art. 8III, S!. 3. Th S+#r. Co+rt sh%ll h%(
th follo*i$g #o*rsF
CCC
537 Pro.+lg%t r+ls !o$!r$i$g th #rot!tio$
%$' $for!.$t of !o$stit+tio$%l rights, #l%'i$g,
#r%!ti!, %$' #ro!'+r i$ %ll !o+rts, th %'.issio$ to
th #r%!ti! of l%*, th I$tgr%t' B%r, %$' lg%l
%ssist%$! to th +$'r#ri(ilg'. S+!h r+ls sh%ll
#ro(i' % si.#lifi' %$' i$C#$si( #ro!'+r for th
s#') 'is#ositio$ of !%ss, sh%ll & +$ifor. for %ll
!o+rts of th s%. gr%', %$' sh%ll $ot 'i.i$ish,
i$!r%s, or .o'if) s+&st%$ti( rights. Rights of
#ro!'+r of s#!i%l !o+rts %$' ,+%siB:+'i!i%l &o'is
sh%ll r.%i$ ff!ti( +$lss 'is%##ro(' &) th
S+#r. Co+rt.

T$ere are areas o( econo'!c ac!"!, &$!c$ can be
l!'!ed o F!l!p!nos. T$e %ons!u!on !sel( ac4no&led.es
$!s !n "ar!ous places - e;plo!a!on o( 'ar!ne &eal$ /Ar.
JII# Sec. 7 par. 71# cera!n areas o( !n"es'en /Ar. JII#
Sec. 9E1# o na'e a (e&.

In Ic$on. ". 8ernande@# 7E9 P$!l. 99FF /9A><1# $e
S% up$eld $e "al!d!, o( $e la& &$!c$ na!onal!@ed $e
rea!l rade. For $e proec!on o( $e la& can be obser"ed
b, $e na!onal !neres.

Ic$on. ". 8ernande@# 7E9 P$!l. 99FF /9A><1

)u $ere are areas &$ere al!ens canno be 4ep a&a,
(or $e s!'ple reason $a $e, canno be depr!"ed o( a
co''on 'eans o( l!"el!$ood# espec!all, &$en $e, are
ad'!ed o $e counr, as !''!.rans.

In V!lle.as ". 8!u %$!on. Isa! Po 8o# B6 S%RA 7<E
/9A<B1# $e S% !n"al!daed a c!, ord!nance !'pos!n. a PFEE
per'! (ee (or al!ens &$o &!s$ o en.a.e !n $e pursu! o( an
occupa!on. T$e S% noed $a $!s "!olaed $e un!(or'!,
o( a;a!on# and depr!"ed al!ens o( $e r!.$ o earn a
co''on l!"el!$ood.

V!lle.as ". 8!u %$!un. Tsa! Pao 8o B6 S%RA 7<E /9A<B1

F* An ord!nance o( $e %!, o( Man!la pro$!b!ed $e
e'plo,'en o( al!ens !n an, occupa!on or bus!ness unless
$e, (!rs secured a per'! (ro' $e Ma,or o( Man!la and
pa!d a (ee o( PFEE. Responden# an al!en# e'plo,ed !n
Man!la# brou.$ su! and oba!ned +ud.'en (ro' $e %FI
declar!n. $e ord!nance null and "o!d.

8ELD* T$e ord!nance !s a a; 'easure. In !'pos!n. a (la
rae o( PFEE# ! (a!led o cons!der subsan!al d!((erences !n
s!ua!ons a'on. al!ens and (or $a reason "!olaes $e rule
on un!(or'!, o( a;a!on. I also la,s do&n no .u!de (or
.ran!n.=den,!n. $e per'! and $ere(ore per'!s $e
arb!rar, e;erc!se o( d!scre!on b, $e Ma,or. F!nall,# $e
ord!nance den!es al!ens due process and $e e0ual proec!on
o( $e la&s. 88.

In Vera ". %ue"as# AE S%RA ><A /9A<A1# Sec. 96A o(
$e NIR% re0u!r!n. 'anu(acurers o( s4!''ed '!l4 /non-
(a1 o pu on !s label $e &arn!n. $a $e '!l4 !s $ar'(ul
(or !n(ans# &as sruc4 do&n as uncons!u!onal on $e
.round $a ! d!d no re0u!re $e sa'e labell!n. !n $e case
o( (!lled '!l4 /coco-(a added1

A $a !'e o( $e dec!s!on $ou.$# $e la& &as
alread, !nopera!"e.

Vera ". %ue"as AE S%RA ><A /9A<A1

F* Respondens are en.a.ed !n $e 'anu(acure and
sale o( (!lled '!l4 producs. T$e, brou.$ an ac!on !n $e
%FI (or a declara!on o( $e!r r!.$s !n respec o( sec!on 96A
o( $e Ta; %ode. T$!s pro"!s!on re0u!red $a 2all condensed
s4!''ed '!l4 !n &$ae"er (or'# (ro' &$!c$ $e (a, par
$as been re'o"ed oall, or !n par or pu on sale !n $e
P$!l!pp!nes s$all be clearl, and le.!bl, 'ar4ed on !s
!''ed!ae cona!ners &!$ $e &ords* T$!s '!l4 !s no
su!able (or nour!s$'en (or !n(ans less $an one ,ear o(
a.e.

8ELD* Sec. 96A o( $e Ta; %ode $as been repealed b, RA
>??. A an, rae# Sec. 96A appl!ed onl, o s4!''ed '!l4 and
no o (!lled '!l4. Sec. 96A !s be!n. en(orced onl, a.a!ns
responden 'anu(acurers o( (!lled '!l4 bu no a.a!ns
'anu(acurers o( s4!''ed '!l4# $us den,!n. $e' $e
e0ual proec!on o( $e la&s. 88.

;. Politi!%l ,+%lit)

Art. III, S!. "1. 5"7 No #rso$ sh%ll & 't%i$'
soll) &) r%so$ of his #oliti!%l &lifs %$' %s#ir%tio$s.

Art. IX, C, S!. "-. &ona #ide !%$'i'%ts to #+&li!
offi! sh%ll & fr fro. %$) for. of h%r%ss.$t %$'
'is!ri.i$%tio$.

In Du'lao ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1# $e S%
up$eld $e "al!d!, o( sec. ? o( )aas )l.. F7 d!s0ual!(,!n.
re!red elec!"e local o((!c!als &$o $a"e rece!"ed re!re'en
bene(!s and &ould $a"e been 6F ,ears old a $e sar o( $e
er'. I does no "!olae e0ual proec!on# (or ! .!"es
,oun.er blood $e opporun!, o run $e local .o"ern'en.

Du'lao ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1

F* Sec. ? o( )P F7 pro"!des !n par $a 2an, re!red
elec!"e pro"!nc!al# c!, o 'un!c!pal o((!c!al &$o $as
rece!"ed pa,'en o( $e re!re'en bene(!s o &$!c$ $e !s
en!led under $e la& and &$o s$all $a"e been 6F ,ears o(
a.e a $e co''ence'en o( $e er' o( o((!ce o &$!c$ $e
see4s o be eleced# s$all no be 0ual!(!ed o run (or $e sa'e
elec!"e local o((!ce (ro' &$!c$ $e $as re!red.2 Pe!!oner#
Go"ernor o( Nue"a V!@ca,a# sued (or pro$!b!!on o en+o!n
en(orce'en o( $e la& on $e .round $a ! &as conrar, o
$e e0ual proec!on and due process .uaranee o( $e
%ons!u!on.

8ELD* Du'lao $as no been !n+ured b, $e appl!ca!on o(
$e pro"!s!on. No pe!!on see4!n. $!s d!s0ual!(!ca!on $as
been (!led a.a!ns $!'. 8!s pe!!on !s a 'ere re0ues (or
ad"!sor, op!n!on. Ne"er$eless# because o( publ!c !neres#
$e 0ues!on s$ould be resol"ed. T$e purpose o( $e la& !s o
allo& $e e'er.ence o( ,oun.er blood !n local .o"ern'ens
and $ere(ore# no !n"al!d. T$e re!red e'plo,ee !n e((ec
declares $!'sel( !red and una"a!lable (or $e sa'e
.o"ern'en &or4. 88.

In I.o ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1# $o&e"er#
$e d!s0ual!(!ca!on o( cand!daes con"!ced or s!'pl,
c$ar.ed &!$ na!onal secur!, o((enses &as sruc4 do&n as
uncons!u!onal# (or "!ola!n. $e presu'p!on o( !nnocence
and $us ul!'ael, $e e0ual pol!!cal proec!on.

I.o c. %o'elec AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1

F* Ro'eo I.o# as a;pa,er# "oer and 'e'ber o( $e
bar# and Al(redo Salapanan -r.# as a;pa,er and "oer# sued
(or pro$!b!!on o en+o!n en(orce'en o( )P F7# sec. ? o(
&$!c$ pro"!des (or $e d!s0ual!(!ca!on as cand!dae o( an,
person con"!ced o( sub"ers!on# !nsurrec!on or rebell!on or
s!'!lar o((enses.

8ELD* Ne!$er pe!!oner $as been con"!ced nor c$ar.ed
&!$ acs o( d!slo,al, nor d!s0ual!(!ed (ro' be!n.
cand!daes (or local elec!"e pos!!ons. T$e, $a"e no
personal or subsan!al !neres a sa4e and $ere(ore no
locus sand!. Ne!$er can $e, sue as a;pa,ers because $e
saue does no !n"ol"e d!sburse'en o( publ!c (unds. 88.

>. Soc!al e0ual!,

Art. XIII, S!. ". Th Co$grss sh%ll gi( highst
#riorit) to th $%!t.$t of .%s+r th%t #rot!t %$'
$h%$! th right of %ll th #o#l to h+.%$ 'ig$it),
r'+! so!i%l, !o$o.i!, %$' #oliti!%l i$,+%litis %$'
r.o( !+lt+r%l i$,+itis &) ,+it%&l) 'iff+si$g *%lth
%$' #oliti!%l #o*r for th !o..o$ goo'.
To this $', th St%t sh%ll rg+l%t th
%!,+isitio$, o*$rshi#, +s, %$' 'is#ositio$ of #ro#rt)
%$' its i$!r.$ts.
.

II. REQUIREMENTS OD DAIR PROCEDURE

A. Arress# Searc$es and Se!@ures

Art. III, S!. ;. Th right of th #o#l to &
s!+r i$ thir #rso$s, ho+ss, #%#rs %$' ff!ts
%g%i$st +$r%so$%&l s%r!hs %$' siA+rs of *h%t(r
$%t+r %$' for %$) #+r#os, sh%ll & i$(iol%&l, %$' $o
s%r!h *%rr%$t or *%rr%$t of %rrst sh%ll iss+ C!#t
+#o$ #ro&%&l !%+s to & 'tr.i$' #rso$%ll) &) th
:+'g %ftr C%.i$%tio$ +$'r o%th or %ffir.%tio$ of th
!o.#l%i$%$t %$' th *it$sss h .%) #ro'+!, %$'
#%rti!+l%rl) 's!ri&i$g th #l%! to & s%r!h' %$' th
#rso$ or thi$gs to & siA'.

S!. >. Th #ri(%!) of !o..+$i!%tio$ %$'
!orrs#o$'$! sh%ll & i$(iol%&l, C!#t +#o$ l%*f+l
or'r of th !o+rt, or *h$ #+&li! s%ft) or or'r
r,+irs othr*is %s #rs!ri&' &) l%*. A$)
(i'$! o&t%i$' i$ (iol%tio$ of this or th #r!'i$g
s!tio$, sh%ll & i$%'.issi&l for %$) #+r#os i$ %$)
#ro!'i$g.

9. Re0u!re'ens (or Searc$ 3arrans

Yee Sue Cu, ". Al'eda# <E P$!l. 9?9 /9A?E1

F* ), "!rue o( $e s&orn appl!ca!on o( Al'eda# $e
%$!e( a.en o( $e An!-:sur, )oard# a S3 &as !ssued o
searc$ $e sore and pre'!ses o( $e pe!!oner# accused o(
"!ola!n. $e An!-:sur, La&. Rece!p boo4s# PNs and o$er
ar!cles &ere se!@ed and rea!ned !n $e possess!on o( $e
An!-:sur, )oard.

ISS:E* 3=n $e re0u!re'ens (or $e !ssuance o( "al!d S3
&ere co'pl!ed &!$.

R:LING* YES. T$e appl!can# Al'eda# !n $!s appl!ca!on#
s&ore $a 2$e 'ade $!s o&n personal !n"es!.a!on and
ascera!ned $a pe!!oner !s lend!n. 'one, &!$ou a
l!cense# c$ar.!n. usur!ous raes.2 T$e &!ness $e presened
es!(!ed be(ore $e +ud.e and s&ore $a $e 4ne& $a YEE
&as lend!n. &!$ou a l!cense because $e personall,
!n"es!.aed $e "!c!'s &$o secured loans (ro' $e
pe!!oner. T$e!r a((!da"!s &ere su((!c!en (or# $ereunder#
$e, could be $eld l!able (or per+ur,. T$e e;!sence o(
probable cause $as been deer'!ned b, $e +us!ce o( $e
peace be(ore !ssu!n. $e &arran co'pla!ned o(# as s$o&n !n
$e &arran !sel(. Ch%ro.

Pas!on "da. de Garc!a ". Locs!n# 6F P$!l. 6BA# /9A>B1

F* T$!s !s a pe!!on (or 'anda'us presened o secure
$e annul'en o( a searc$ &arran /S31 K 7 orders o( $e
resp. +ud.e# K $e resora!on o( cera!n docu'ens alle.ed
o $a"e been !lle.all, se!@ed b, an a.en o( $e An!-:sur,
)oard.
Al'eda# an a.en o( $e An!-:sur, )oard#
oba!ned (ro' $e +us!ce o( $e peace o( Tarlac# Tarlac# a
S3# co''and!n. an, o((!cer o( $e la& 2o searc$ $e
person# $ouse or sore o( $e pe!!oner (or cera!n boo4s#
l!ss# c$!s# rece!ps# docu'ens K o$er papers rela!n. o
$er ac!"!!es as userer.2
On $e sa'e dae# Al'eda# acco'pan!ed b, a
capa!n o( $e P%# &en o $e o((!ce o( $e pe!!oner# and
a(er s$o&!n. $e S3 o $e pe!!oner5s boo4eeper# Salas# K
&=o $e presence o( $e pe!!oner# &$o &as !ll and con(!ned
a $a !'e# proceeded &= $e e;ecu!on $ereo(. T&o
pac4a.es o( records K a loc4ed (!l!n. cab!ne cona!n!n.
se"eral papers and docu'ens &ere se!@ed b, Al'eda and a
rece!p $ereo( !ssued b, $!' o Salas. Separae cr!'!nal
cases &ere (!led a.a!ns pe!!oner. Pe!!oner de'anded $e
reurn o( $e docu'ens se!@ed. )u 'o!on# pe. c$allen.ed
$e le.al!, o( $e S3 and $e de"olu!on o( $e docu'ens
de'anded. ), resolu!on# $e resp. +ud.e o( %FI den!ed $e
pe!!oner5s 'o!on (or $e reason $a $ou.$ $e S3 &as
!lle.al# $ere &as a &a!"er on $e par o( $e pe!!oner.
T$e resolu!on o( 9E=F=>< K $e order o( 9=>=>B
are sou.$# o.e$er &= $e S3# o be null!(!ed !n $ese
proceed!n.s.

8ELD* Freedo' (ro' unreasonable searc$es and se!@ures
!s declared a popular r!.$ and (or a S3 o be "al!d# /91 it
must be issued upon probable causeD /71 the probable cause
must be determined by the ,udge himself and not by the
applicant or anotherD />1 in the determination of probable
cause, the ,udge must examine, under oath or affirmation,
the complainant and such witnesses as the latter may
produceD K /?1 the warrant issued must particularly
describe the place to be searched and persons or things to
be sei-ed.
In $e !nsan case# $e e;!sence o( probable cause
&as deer'!ned no b, $e +ud.e $!'sel( bu b, $e
appl!can. All $a $e +ud.e d!d &as o accep as rue $e
a((!da"! 'ade b, a.en Al'eda. I does no appear $a $e
e;a'!ned $e appl!can and $!s &!nesses# !( an,. E"en
accep!n. $e descr!p!on o( $e prop. o be se!@ed o be
su((!c!en and on $e assu'p!on $a $e rece!p !ssued !s
su((!c!enl, dea!led &=!n $e 'ean!n. o( $e la&# $e prop.
se!@ed &ere no del!"ered o $e cour &=c !ssued $e
&arran# as re0u!red b, la&. Insead# $e, &ere urned o"er
o $e resp. pro"!nc!al (!scal K used b, $!' !n bu!ld!n. up
cases a.a!ns pe!!oner. %ons!der!n. $a a $e !'e $e
&arran &as !ssued# $ere &as no case pend!n. a.a!ns $e
pe!!oner# $e a"er'en $a $e &arran &as !ssued
pr!'ar!l, (or e;plora!on purposes !s no &=o bas!s.

IS T8ERE A 3AIVERH No e;press &a!"er.
IS T8ERE AN IMPLIED 3AIVERH None.

To cons!ue a &a!"er o( cons!u!onal r!.$# ! 'us
appear (!rs $a /91 $e r!.$ e;!ssD /71 $a $e person
!n"ol"ed $ad 4no&led.e# acual or consruc!"e# o( $e
e;!sence o( suc$ r!.$D />1 $a sa!d person $ad an acual
!nen!on o rel!n0u!s$ $e r!.$.
I !s rue $a $e pe!!oner d!d no ob+ec o $e
le.al!, o( $e searc$ &$en ! &as 'ade. S$e could no
$a"e ob+eced bec. s$e &as s!c4 K &as no presen &$en $e
&arran &as ser"ed upon Salas. %era!nl,# $e cons!u!onal
!''un!, (ro' unreasonable searc$es and se!@ures# be!n. a
personal one# canno be &a!"ed b, an,one e;cep b, $e
person &$ose r!.$s are !n"aded or one &$o !s e;pressl,
au$or!@ed o do so !n $!s or $er be$al(. T$e (a!lure on $e
par o( $e pe!!oner and $er boo44eeper o res!s or ob+ec
o $e e;ecu!on o( $e &arran does no cons!ue an
!'pl!ed &a!"er o( $e cons!. r!.$. I !s bu a sub'!ss!on o
$e au$or!, o( $e la&. T$e dela, !n 'a4!n. $e de'and
(or $e reurn o( $e docu'ens se!@ed !s no suc$ as o resul
!' !'pl!ed. &a!"er. RAM.

B+rgos (. Chif of St%ff ">> SCRA 1-- 5"4107

Ille.al searc$ o( ne&spaper o((!ces and press (reedo'

F* On $e bas!s o( &o &arrans !ssued b, $e RT% o(
L%# $e o((!ces o( $e Meropol!an Ma!l and $e 3e Foru'
&ere searc$ and pr!n!n. 'ac$!nes# parap$ernal!a# 'oor
"e$!cles and o$er ar!cles used !n $e pr!n!n.# publ!ca!on
and d!sr!bu!on o( $e ne&spapers as &ell as papers and
o$er l!eraure se!@ed on $e .round $a $e, &ere used !n
$e co''!ss!on o( $e cr!'e o( sub"ers!on. Pe!!oners
brou.$ and ac!on o annul $e &arrans and co'pel $e
reurn o( $e $!n.s se!@ed.

8ELD* Pe!!oners5 $es!s !s !'pressed &!$ 'er!. Probable
cause (or a searc$ !s de(!ned as suc$ (acs and c!rcu'sances
&$!c$ &ould lead a reasonabl, d!scree and pruden 'an o
bel!e"e $a an o((ense $as been co''!ed and $a $e
ob+ecs sou.$ !n connec!on &!$ $e o((ense are !n $e
place sou.$ o be searc$ed. 3$en addressed o a ne&spaper
publ!s$er or ed!or# $e appl!ca!on (or a &arran 'us
cona!n a spec!(!ca!on sa!n. &!$ par!cular!, $e alle.ed
sub"ers!"e 'aer!als $e $as publ!s$ed or !nend!n. o
publ!s$. )road sae'en !n $e appl!ca!on !s a 'ere
conclus!on o( la& and does no sa!s(, $e re0u!re'en o(
probable cause. Ano$er (acor $a 'a4es $e searc$
&arrans cons!u!onall, ob+ec!onable !s $a $e, are !n $e
naure o( .eneral &arrans. In San(ord ". Sae o( Te;as# $e
:S S% declared $!s ,pe o( &arran "o!d. 88.

%orro ". L!s!n. 9>< S%RA >?9 /9ABF1

F* Responden -ud.e !ssued a searc$ &arran (or $e
se!@ure o( ar!cles alle.edl, used b, pe!!oner !n co''!!n.
$e cr!'e o( sed!!on. Se!@ed &ere pr!ned cop!es o( $e
P$!l!pp!ne T!'es# ne&spaper du''!es# ,pe&r!ers#
'!'eo.rap$!n. 'ac$!nes and ape recorders# "!deo
'ac$!nes and apes. T$e pe!!oner 'o"ed o 0uas$ $e
&arran bu $!s 'o!on &as den!ed.

8ELD* T$e sae'ens 'ade !n $e a((!da"!s are 'ere
conclus!ons o( la& and do no sa!s(, $e re0u!re'en o(
probable cause. T$e lan.ua.e used !s all e'brac!n. as o
!nclude all conce!"able &ords and e0u!p'en o( pe!!oner
re.ardless o( &$e$er $e, are le.al or !lle.al. T$e searc$
&arran under cons!dera!on &as !n $e naure o( a .eneral
&arran &$!c$ !s ob+ec!onable. 88.

)ac$e K %o. /P$!l.1 ". Ru!@# >< S%RA B7> /9A<91

F* T$e %o'. o( Inernal Re"enue $rou.$ Re".
E;a'!ner de Leon (!led an appl!ca!on (or a S3 a.a!ns
)ac$e K %o. and !s pres.# Se..er'an (or "!ola!on o( $e
pro"!sons o( $e NIR%. As -ud.e Ru!@ &as $en conduc!n.
a $ear!n.# $e depos!!on o( de Leon and $!s &!ness#
Lo.ron!o# &as a4en b, $e Dep. %ler4 o( %our. T$e
depos!!on &as laer read o $e +ud.e &$o as4ed $e &!ness
o a4e an oa$ as o $e ru$ o( $!s sae'ens. T$e +ud.e
$en s!.ned $e S3 and accord!n.l, !ssued $e sa'e.

ISS:E* 3=n $e re0u!re'ens (or $e !ssuance o( "al!d S3
&ere co'pl!ed &!$.

R:LING* NO. T$e +ud.e d!d no personall, e;a'!ne $e
co'pla!nan and $!s &!nesses. T$e +ud.e d!d no $a"e $e
opporun!, o obser"e $e de'eanor o( $e deponens and
o propound !n!!al and (ollo&-up 0ues!ons &$!c$ $!s
+ud!c!al '!nd# on accoun o( $!s ra!n!n.# &as !n $e bes
pos!!on o conce!"e. T$!s !s !'poran !n arr!"!n. a a sound
!n(erence on $e all-!'poran 0ues!on o( &=n $ere &as
probable cause. Ch%ro.

Prudene ". Da,r!# 9BE S%RA 6A /9AAE1

F* -ud.e Da,r!# upon appl!ca!n o( P=Ma+.
D!'a.'al!&# suppored b, a 2Depos!!on o( 3!ness#2
e;ecued b, P=L. An.eles# !ssued a searc$ &arran (or $e
searc$ and se!@ure o( ar's# a''un!!ons and e;plos!"es !n
$e pre'!ses o( $e P:P &$!c$ &ere supposed o be !n
possess!on o( Dr. Prudene. In en(orc!n. $e &arran# >
(ra.'ena!on .renades &ere (ound !n $e ba$roo' o( $e
o((!ce o( Dr. Prudene.

ISS:E* 3=n $e searc$ &arran &as "al!d.

R:LING* NO.
/91 T$e &arran &as no !ssued on $e bas!s o(
personal 4no&led.e o( $e appl!can and $!s &!ness. T$e
probable cause re0u!red under $e %ons!u!on (or $e
!ssuance o( a searc$ &arran 'us be !n connec!on &!$ one
spec!(!c o((ense# and $e +ud.e 'us# be(ore !ssu!n. $e
&arran# personall, e;a'!ne !n $e (or' o( searc$!n.
0ues!ons and ans&ers# !n &r!!n. and under oa$# $e
co'pla!nan and an, &!nesses $e 'a, produce# on (acs
personall, 4no&n o $e' and aac$ o $e record $e!r
s&orn sae'ens o.e$er &!$ an, a((!da"! sub'!ed.
8o&e"er# !n $e case a bar# D!'a.'al!& 'erel, saed !n
$!s appl!ca!on $a $!s 4no&led.e &as based 2on .a$ered
!n(r'a!on (ro' "er!(!ed sources.2 T$e sa'e $olds rue (or
$e a((!da"! o( An.eles.
Moreo"er# $e +ud.e d!d no e;a'!ne An.eles !n $e
(or' o( searc$!n. 0ues!ons and ans&ers. 3$a appears on
$e record are lead!n. 0ues!ons ans&ereable b, ,es or no.

/71 As o $e cla!' $a $e S3 (a!led o par!cularl,
descr!be $e place o be searc$ed# $e S% ruled $a $e
descr!p!on o( $e place o be searc$ed !s su((!c!en !( $e
o((!cer &!$ $e &arran can# &!$ reasonable e((or#
ascera!n and !den!(, $e place !nended o be searc$ed.
8ere# $e S3 descr!bed $e place as P:P# &!$ !s address
and spec!(!call, 'en!oned $e o((!ces o( $e 2Dep. o(
M!l!ar, Sc!ence and Tac!cs on $e .round (loor and $e
O((!ce o( $e Pres!den a $e 7nd (loor and $e o$er roo's
!n $a (loor.2 T$!s !s dee'ed su((!c!en.

/>1 T$ere &as also an !ssue as o &=n $e S3 &as
!ssued (or one spec!(!c o((ense. T$e &arrran &as !ssued (or
"!ola!on o( PD 9B66 &$!c$ pun!s$es se"eral o((enses.
3$!le $ere &as (a!lure o sae $e par!cular pro"!s!on o(
$e la& "!olaed# $e &arran !sel( 0ual!(!ed $e descr!p!on
o( $e o((ense as 2!lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's# ec.2 T$!s
su((!ces o cure $e de(ec.
T$e (ac $a $e &ord 2ec.2 &as added o re(er o
a''un!!ons and e;plos!"es d!d no "!olae $e rule on
s!n.le o((ense# (or no&!$sand!n. $a possess!on o(
(!rear's# e;plos!"es and a''un!!ons are pun!s$ed !n
d!((eren sec!ons o( $e PD# $e, are reaed as belon.!n. o
a s!n.le spec!e. An e;cep!on o $e rule $a a &aran s$all
be !ssued (or a s!n.le o((ense !s &$en e;!s!n. la&s
prescr!be a s!n.le pun!s$'en (or "ar!ous o((enses. Ch%ro.

Olaes ". People# 9FF S%RA ?B6 /9AB<1

F* Pe!!oners cla!' $a $e S3 !ssued b, resp. +ud.e
&as !n"al!d. T$e, also 0ues!on $e e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on
a4en (ro' $e' &!$ou accord!n. $e' $e r!.$ o
ass!sance o( a counsel. T$e ar!cles se!@ed b, "!rue o( $e
S3 cons!s!n. o( dr!ed 'ar!+uana &ere ad'!ed as e"!dence
(or "!ola!on o( RA 6?7F or Dan.erous Dru.s Ac.

R:LING* 3$!le ! !s rue $a $e cap!on o( $e S3 saes
$a ! !s !n connec!on &!$ 2$e "!ola!on o( RA 6?7F#2 ! !s
clearl, rec!ed !n $e e; $ereo( $a 2$ere !s probable
cause o bel!e"e $a Olaes o( Olon.apo %!, $as !n $!s
possess!on and conrol# 'ar!+uana dr!ed sal4s &$!c$ are
su+ec o( $e o((ense saed abo"e.2 Al$ou.$ $e spec!(!c
sec!on o( $e la& !s no saed# $ere !s no 0ues!on a all
$a $e spec!(!c o((ense alle.ed o $a"e been co''!ed as
bas!s (or deer'!n!n. probable cause !s alle.ed.
Fur$er'ore# $e S3 spec!(!call, descr!bed $e place o be
searc$ed and $e $!n.s o be se!@ed.

As o $e e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons o( $e accused#
$e sa'e are dee'ed !nad'!ss!ble a.a!ns $e'. In People
V. Gal!# $e %our declared $a* 2 A $e !'e $e person !s
arresed# ! s$all be $e du, o( $e arres!n. o((!cer o !n(or'
$!' o( $e reason (or $e arres and $e 'us be s$o&n $e
&arran o( arres# !( an,D $e s$all be !n(or'ed o( $!s
cons!u!onal r!.$s o re'a!n s!len and o counsel# and $a
an, sae'en $e '!.$ 'a4e could be used a.a!ns $!'.
T$e person arresed s$all $a"e $e r!.$ o co''un!cae
&!$ $!s la&,er# a rela!"e# or an,one $e c$ooses b, $e 'os
e;ped!en 'eans - b, elep$one !( poss!ble - or b, leer or
'essen.er. I s$all be $e respons!b!l!, o( $e arres!n.
o((!cer o see o ! $a $!s !s acco'pl!s$ed. No cusod!al
!n"es!.a!on s$all be conduced unless ! be !n $e presence
o( counsel en.a.ed b, $e person arresed# b, an, person on
$!s be$al(# or appo!ned b, $e cour upon pe!!on e!$er o(
$e dea!nee $!'sel( or b, an,one on $!s be$al(. T$e r!.$ o
counsel 'a, be &a!"ed bu $e &a!"er s$all no be "al!d
unless 'ade &!$ $e ass!sance o( counsel. An, sae'en
oba!ned !n "!ola!on o( $e procedure $ere!n la!d do&n#
&$e$er e;culpaor, or !nculpaor,# !n &$ole or !n par# s$all
be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.2

T$ese re0u!re'ens &ere e"en 'ade sr!cer under
$e 9AB< %ons!u!on &$!c$ pro"!des $a $e r!.$s o( a
person under cusod!al !n"es!.a!on canno be &a!"ed
e;cep &$en 'ade !n &r!!n. and !n $e presence o(
counsel. Ch%ro.

Pres!den!al An!-Dollar Sal!n. Tas4 Force ". %A# 9<9
S%RA >?B /9ABA1

F* T$e PASTF &as creaed b, "!rue o( PD 9A>6 o
ser"e as $e Pres!den5s ar' called upon o co'ba $e "!ce
o( dollar sal!n. or $e blac4-'ar4e!n. and sal!n. o(
(ore!.n e;c$an.e.

ISS:E* 3=N $e PASTF !s 2suc$ o$er o((!cer as 'a, be
au$or!@ed b, la&2 o !ssue &arrans under $e 9A<>
%ons!u!on.

R:LING* NO. T$e %our# !n re"!e&!n. $e po&ers o( $e
PASTF under !s enabl!n. la&# sees no$!n. $a &!ll re"eal
a le.!sla!"e !nend'en o con(er upon $e bod,# 0uas!-
+ud!c!al respons!b!l!!es rela!"e o o((enses pun!s$able b,
PD 9BB>. Is undera4!n. !s s!'pl, o deer'!ne &=n
probable cause e;!ss o &arran $e (!l!n. o( c$ar.es &!$
$e proper cour# 'ean!n. o sa,# o conduc an !n0u!r,
prel!'!nar, o a +ud!c!al recourse# and o reco''end ac!on
o( appropr!ae au$or!!es.
T$e %our a.rees $a PASTF e;erc!ses# or &as
'ean o e;erc!se# prosecuor!al po&ers# and on $a .round#
! canno be sa!d o be a neural and deac$ed +ud.e o
deer'!ne $e e;!sence o( probable cause (or purposes o(
arres or searc$. :nl!4e a 'a.!srae# a prosecuor !s
naurall, !neresed !n $e success o( $!s case. Al$ou.$ $!s
o((!ce 2!s o see o ! $a +us!ce !( done and no necessar!l,
o secure $e con"!c!on o( $e accused#2 $e sands
!n"ar!abl,# as $e accused5s ad"ersar, and $!s accuser. To
per'! $!' o !ssue &arrans and !ndeed# &arrans o( arres#
!s o 'a4e $!' bo$ +ud.e and +ur, !n $!s o&n r!.$# &$en
$e !s ne!$er. T$!s 'a4es o our '!nd and o $a e;en# PD
96>6 as a'ended b, PD 7EE7# uncons!u!onal.
T$e 2respons!ble o((!cer2 re(erred o under $e
%ons!u!on !s one no onl, possess!n. $e necessar, s4!lls
and co'peence bu 'ore s!.n!(!canl,# $e neural!, and
!ndependence co'parable o $e !'par!al!, presu'ed o( a
+ud!c!al o((!cer.

S%l%A%r (. A!h%!oso, "1> SCRA "03

F* Pursuan o $e po&ers "esed b, PD 9A7E and EO
9E77# POEA Ad'!n!sraor Ac$acoso ordered $e closure o(
$e recru!'en a.enc, o( 8or, Sala@ar# $a"!n. "er!(!ed $a
s$e $ad no l!cense o operae a recru!'en a.enc,. 8e
(ur$er ordered $e se!@ure o( $e docu'ens and
parap$ernal!as# be!n. used or !nended o be used as $e
'eans o( co''!!n. !lle.al recru!'en. T$!s order &as
en(orced on 76 -anuar, 9ABB. Pe!!oner (!led $!s su! (or
pro$!b!!on.

Issue* Ma, $e POEA /or $e Sec. o( Labor1 "al!dl, !ssue
&arrans o( serac$ and se!@ure /or arres 1 under Ar. >B o(
$e Labor %odeH

8ELD* NO.
T$e pro"!s!ons o( PD 9A7E and EO 9E77# no&
e'bod!ed !n Ar. >B o( $e Labor %ode# are $e d,!n.
"es!.es o( au$or!ar!an rule !n !s &!l!.$s 'o'ens.
:nder Ar. III# Sec 7 o( $e 9AB< %ons!u!on# ! !s onl,
+ud.es and no o$er# &$o 'a, !ssue &arrans o( arres and
searc$. T$e e;cep!on !s !n cases o( depora!on o( !lle.al
and undes!rable al!ens# &$o' $e Pres!den o( $e
%o''!ss!oner o( I''!.ra!on 'a, order arresed# (ollo&!n.
a (!nal order o( depora!on# (or $e purpose o( depora!on.
T$e Sec. o( Labor # no be!n. a +ud.e. 'a, no lon.er !ssue
searc$ or arres &arrans. 8ence# $e au$or!!es 'us .o
$rou.$ $e +ud!c!al process. To $a e;en# &e declare Ar.
>B# par. % o( $e Labor %ode# uncons!u!onal and o( no
(orce and e((ec.

%. ECist$! of #ro&%&l !%+s.

Probable cause !s suc$ (acs and c!rcu'sances as
&ould reasonabl, 'a4e a pruden 'an bel!e"e $a a cr!'e
$a"e been co''!ed and $a $e docu'ens or $!n.s
sou.$ o be searc$ed and se!@ed are !n $e possess!on o( $e
person a.a!ns &$o' $e &arran !s sou.$. 3!$ou
probable cause# $ere can be no "al!d searc$ &arran.

In Sto$hill (. Dio9$o, ;- SCRA >13
5"4267, ?7 searc$ &arrans &ere !ssued (or alle.ed "!ola!on
o( %enral )an4 La&s# $e Tar!(( and %uso's %ode# $e
NIR%# and $e Re"!sed Penal %ode. T$e S% "o!ded $e
&arrans on $e .round $a ! &as !'poss!ble (or $e +ud.e
o $a"e (ound probable cause !n "!e& o( $e nu'ber o( la&s
alle.ed o $a"e been "!olaed b, $e pe!!oner. 8o& could
$e e"en 4no& &$a par!cular pro"!s!on o( eac$ la& $ad
been "!olaedH I( $e d!d no 4no& $!s# $o& could ! be
deer'!ned !( $e person a.a!ns &$o' $e &arran &as
!ssued &as probabl, .u!l, $ereo(H In ru$# $!s &as a
(!s$!n. e;ped!!on# &$!c$ "!olaed $e sanc!, o( do'!c!le
and pr!"ac, o( co''un!ca!ons. To esabl!s$ $e re0u!re-
'en o( probable cause# $e rule !s* One cr!'e# one &arran.

&. As 'tr.i$' &) % :+'g

:nder $e 9AB< %ons!u!on# onl, a +ud.e can !ssue
a &arranD $e o((ens!"e and 'uc$ abused p$rase 2and o$er
respons!ble o((!cer as 'a, be au$or!@ed b, la&2 !n $e 9A<>
%ons!u!on $as been re'o"ed

!. Aftr #rso$%ll) C%.i$i$g +$'r o%th or %ffir.%tio$
th !o.#l%i$%$t %$' his *it$ss.

T$e e;a'!na!on conduced b, $e +ud.e a4es $e
(or' o( searc$!n. 0ues!ons.

T$e re0u!re'en $a $e +ud.e 'us personall,
e;a'!ne $e co'pla!nan and $!s &!nesses 'eans $a $e
acual e;a'!na!on canno be dele.aed o so'eone else#
l!4e $e cler4 o( cour.

So sa!d $e %our !n )ac$e and %o. /P$!l1 ". Ru!@# ><
S%RA B7> /9A<91. In $!s case# &$en $e )IR a.en and $!s
&!nesses arr!"ed !n cour !n $e '!ddle o( a $ear!n.# $e
+ud.e suspended $e $ear!n. and d!reced $e branc$ cler4 o
e;a'!ne and a4e $e es!'on, o( $e &!nesses !n $!s
c$a'bers. A(er $e &as $rou.$ &!$ $e $ear!n.# $e &en
bac4 o $!s c$a'bers and (!nd!n. $a $e e;a'!na!on &as
(!n!s$ed# as4ed $e )IR a.en and $!s &!nesses !( $e,
a((!r'ed &$a $e, &$a $e, es!(!ed o# a(er &$!c$ $e
!ssued $e searc$ &arran !n 0ues!on.
'. O$ th &%sis of thir #rso$%l 9$o*l'g of th f%!ts
th%t th) %r tstif)i$g to.

T$e deer'!na!on o( $e reasonableness o( $e
+ud!c!al &arran 'us be based on $e a((!da"! o( one &$o
$as personal 4no&led.e o( $e (acs o &$!c$ $e es!(!es.
T$e es!'on, canno be based on 'ere bel!e(. Ne!$er can
! be based on a repor. O$er&!se# $e &arran !s "o!d.

T$us# !n )ur.os ". %$!e( o( Sa((# 9>> S%RA BEE
/9AB?1# re!era!n. $e 9A>< case o( Rodr!.ue@ ". V!lla'!el#
$e es!'on, based on a '!l!ar, repor $a $e ne&spaper
3e Foru' &as used (or sub"ers!"e &ere $eld o be no a
personal 4no&led.e and so &as !nad'!ss!ble.

L!4e&!se# !n %orro ". L!s!n.# 9>< S%RA F?9 /9ABF1#
$e es!'on, based on !n"es!.a!on repors $a cera!n
!e's !n $e P$!l!pp!ne T!'es &ere sub"ers!"e &ere $eld o
be no personal 4no&led.e# and $us $e searc$ &arran
!ssued &as no "al!d.

. Th s%r!h *%rr%$t .+st 's!ri& #%rti!+l%rl)
's!ri& th #l%! to & s%r!h' %$' th thi$gs to &
siA'.

Fa!lure o sae &!$ par!cular!, $e place o be
searc$ed and !e's o be se!@ed 'a4es $e &arran used (or
(!s$!n. e"!dence /a .eneral &arran1 &$!c$ !s "o!d.

In )ur.os ". %$!e( o( Sa((# $e descr!p!on &$!c$
read 2sub"ers!"e docu'ens# lea(les# papers o pro'oe $e
ob+ec!"e o( $e Mo"e'en (or a Free P$!l!pp!nes# $e L!.$
a F!re Mo"e'en# and $e Apr!l 6 Mo"e'en2 &ere $eld no
o be par!cular descr!p!ons# $us 'a4!n. $e &arran a
.eneral &arran.

In %orro ". L!s!n.# $e searc$ and se!@ure o( 2pr!ned
cop!es and du''!es o( P$!l!pp!ne T!'es# sub"ers!"e
docu'ens# ar!cles# pr!ned 'aers# $andb!lls# lea(les#
banners# and ,pe&r!ers# ape recorders# ec.2 &as a.a!n
!n"al!daed (or $e descr!p!on &as no a all par!cular or
spec!(!c# $us 'a4!n. $e &arrans .eneral &arrans.

3$en ! co'es o pr!ned 'aers# $e o((ens!"e
'aer!al need no be se ou !n (ull. I !s enou.$ !( !
spec!(!es $e !ssues and $e !le o( $e ar!cles. T$e
!nsruc!on o se!@e 2sub"ers!"e 'aer!als2 !s no "al!d
because $e deer'!na!on o( &$e$er a 'aer!al !s
sub"ers!"e or no !s no (or $e pol!ce o((!cer o dec!deD no
un(eered d!scre!on 'us be .raned o $!'.

T$e 'aer !s d!((eren !( .oods &ere searc$ed and
se!@ed because o( $e!r !nr!ns!c 0ual!, /as &$en $e, are
solen or s'u..led1# $an !( $e .oods &ere searc$ed (or $e
!deas $e, cona!n /as &$en a 2sub"ers!"e ne&spaper !s
sou.$1. In $e laer case# a 'ore dea!led descr!p!on o( $e
p$,s!cal (eaures o( $e !e' !s re0u!red o a"o!d dele.a!n.
$e apprec!a!on o( !deas# and $us $reaen (ree e;press!on.

;. Wh$ S%r!h M%) B M%' *itho+t % W%rr%$t

/a1 (hen search is made of moving vehicles

T$e reason !s $e person 'a, escape eas!l, !( a
&arran $as o be appl!ed (or $e 'ean !'e. In $e Tar!((
and %uso's %ode# cuso's a.ens are spec!(!call,
au$or!@ed o searc$ and se!@e "e$!cles e"en &!$ou a
&arran.

%$ec4po!ns are "al!d !n so'e !nsances depend!n.
on $e purpose /e... appre$end a suspeced cr!'!nal1 and $e
c!rcu'sances /e... probable cause $a $e cr!'!nal !s !ns!de
$e car1. T$ere !s no 0ues!on $a &$en a c$!ld $as been
repored 4!dnapped !n a co''un!,# $e pol!ce can sop all
cars and c$ec4 !( $e dea!ned c$!ld !s !n an, one o( $e'.

5&7 When sear"h is an an in"ident to a 'alid arrest.

R+l ";2, S!. ";. Sear"h in"ident to la$#!l
arrest.BB A #rso$ l%*f+ll) %rrst' .%) & s%r!h' for
'%$gro+s *%#o$s or %$)thi$g *hi!h .%) & +s' %s
#roof of th !o..issio$ of %$ off$s, *itho+t % s%r!h
*%rr%$t. 5R+ls of Co+rt.7

A person arresed 'a, be searc$ed (or dan.erous
&eapons or an,$!n. $a pro"es $e co''!ss!on o( $e
o((ense. I (ollo&s $a $e searc$ can onl, be 'ade &!$!n
$e area o( conrol o( $e arresed person# and &!$!n $e
!'e o( $e arres.

In Nolasco ". %ru@ Pano# 9>A S%RA 9F7 /9ABF1D
M!la.ros Ro0ue and %,n$!a Nolasco &ere arresed a $e
!nersec!on o( Ma,on and Mar.al Srees !n L% a 99*>E
a.'.# $a"!n. been &aned as $!.$ o((!cers o( $e %PP. A
97*EE noon# Ro0ue5s apar'en locaed 7 bloc4s a&a,# &as
searc$ed and so'e docu'ens se!@ed. T$e S% a (!rs $eld
$a $e searc$ &as "al!d e"en !( $e &arran !ssued &as "o!d
(or (a!l!n. o descr!be &!$ par!cular!, $e $!n.s o be
se!@ed# because ! &as an !nc!den o( a "al!d arres.

)u a(er $e EDSA re"olu!on# $e recons!ued S%
.raned $e 'o!on (or recons!dera!on and $eld $a +us
because $ere &as a "al!d arres d!d no 'ean $a $e searc$
&as l!4e&!se "al!d. To be "al!d# $e searc$ 'us be
2!nc!denal2 o $e arres# $a !s# no separaed b, !'e or
place (ro' $e arres. I( $e bas!s (or allo&!n. !nc!denal
searc$es !s loo4ed !no# one can see $a $!s s!ua!on !s no
one !n"ol"!n. a "al!d !nc!denal searc$.

T$e la& allo&s $e arres!n. o((!cer o searc$ a
person "al!dl, arresed /b, (r!s4!n. $!' (or !nsance1
because /a1 a &eapon $eld b, $e arresed person 'a, be
urned a.a!ns $!s capor and /b1 $e 'a, desro, $e proo( o(
$e cr!'e# !( $e arresed o((!cer $as o (!rs appl, (or a
searc$ &arran (ro' a +ud.e.

I(# !n $e Nolasco case# $e searc$ &as conduced >E
'!nues a(er $e arres# $ere !s no lon.er an, dan.er $a
$e capured 'a, urn a.a!ns $e caporD and !( $e
docu'ens !n $e apar'en &ere 7 bloc4s a&a,# $e searc$
&ould no lon.er be +us!(!ed s!nce $ere !s no &a, (or Ro0ue
o .o bac4 o $e apar'en and desro, $e docu'ens#
$a"!n. been arresed alread,.
Nolasco ". %ru@ PaMo 9>A S%RA 9F7 /9ABF1

F* M!la.ros A.u!lar-Ro0ue &as arresed o.e$er &!$
%,n$!a Nolasco b, $e %onsabular, Secur!, Group.
M!la.rso $ad been &aned as a $!.$ ran4!n. o((!cer o( $e
%PP. T$e arres oo4 place a 99*>E a.'. o( Au.us 6# 9AB?.
A noon o( $e sa'e da,# $er pre'!ses &ere searc$ed and
?7B docu'ens# a porable ,pe&r!er and 7 bo;es &ere
se!@ed. Earl!er $a da,# -ud.e %ru@ PaMo !ssued a searc$
&arran (or rebell!on a.a!ns M!la.ros. On $e bas!s o( $e
docu'ens se!@ed# c$ar.es o( sub"ers!on and rebell!on &ere
(!led bu $e (!scal5s o((!ce 'erel, c$ar.ed $er and Nolasco
&!$ !lle.al possess!on o( sub"ers!"e 'aer!als. M!la.ros
as4ed (or suppress!on o( $e e"!dence on $e .round $a !
&as !lle.all, oba!ned. T$e searc$ &arran descr!bed $e
$!n.s o be se!@ed as 2Docu'ens# papers and o$er records
o( $e %PP# NPA and NDF# ;;;2.

8ELD* T$e searc$ &arran !s "o!d because ! (a!ls o
descr!be &!$ par!cular!, $e $!n.s o be se!@ed. I does no
spec!(, &$a $e sub"ers!"e boo4s and !nsruc!ons are and
&$a $e 'anuals no o$er&!se a"a!lable o $e publ!c
cona!n o 'a4e $e' sub"ers!"e. T$ere !s absen a de(!n!e
.u!del!ne as o &$a !e's '!.$ la&(ull, be se!@ed# $us
.!"!n. $e o((!cers d!scre!on re.ard!n. &$a ar!cles $e,
s$ould se!@e. I !s $us !n $e naure o( a .eneral &arran. )u
$e se!@ure o( $e ar!cles could be +us!(!ed as an !nc!den o(
a "al!d arres. I !s a .eneral rule $a# as an !nc!den o( an
arres# $e place o( pre'!ses &$ere $e arres &as 'ade can
also be searc$ed &!$ou a searc$ &arran.

5!7 When thin(s sei)ed are $ithin plain 'ie$ o# a
sear"hin( party

Roan ". Gon@ales# 9?F S%RA 6B< /9AB61

F* T$e c$allen.ed Searc$ 3arran &as !ssued b, $e
resp. +ud.e on F=9E=B?. T$e pe!!oner5s $ouse &as searc$ed
7 da,s laer bu none o( $e ar!cles l!sed !n $e &arran &as
d!sco"ered. T$e o((!cers conduc!n. $e searc$ (ound 9 col
Ma.nu' re"ol"er K 9B l!"e bulles &=c $e, con(!scaed.
T$e, are no& $e bases o( $e c$ar.e a.a!ns $e pe!!oner.

R:LING* Searc$ &arran !ssued b, resp. +ud.e !s $ereb,
declared null and "o!d and accord!n.l, se as!de.

T$e pe!!oner cla!'s $a no depos!!ons &ere a4en
b, $e resp. +ud.e !n accordance &= Rule 976# Sec. ? o( $e
RO%# bu $!s !s no en!rel, rue. Depos!!ons &ere a4en o(
$e co'pla!nan5s 7 &!nesses !n add!!on o $e a((!da"!
e;ecued b, $e'. I !s correc o sa,# $o&e"er# $a $e
co'pla!nan $!'sel( &as no sub+eced o a s!'!lar
!nerro.a!on.
), $!s o&n accouns# all $a resp. +ud.e d!d &as
0ues!on %ap. Lu!llosa on $e conens o( $!s a((!da"! onl,
2o ascera!n a'on. o$ers# !( $e 4ne& and undersood $e
sa'e#2 and onl, bec. 2$e appl!ca!on &as no ,e subscr!bed
and s&orn o.2 T$e su..es!on !s $a $e &ould no $a"e
as4ed an, 0ues!ons a all !( $e a((!da"! $ad alread, been
co'pleed &$en ! &as sub'!ed o $!'. In an, case# $e
d!d no as4 $!s o&n searc$!n. 0ues!ons. 8e l!'!ed $!'sel(
o $e conens o( $e a((!da"!. 8e d!d no a4e $e
appl!can5s depos!!on !n &r!!n. and aac$ $e' o $e
record# o.e$er &= $e a((!da"! presened o $!'. Suc$
&r!en depos!!on !s necessar, !n order $a $e -ud.e 'a,
be able o properl, deer'!ne $e e;!sence or non-e;!sence
o( $e probable cause# o $old l!able (or per+ur, $e person
.!"!n. ! !( ! &!ll be (ound laer $a $!s declara!ons are
(alse. /Maa ". )a,ona.1
T$e appl!can &as as4!n. (or $e !ssuance o( $e S3
on $e bas!s o( 'ere $earsa, and no o( !n(o. personall,
4no&n o $!'. 8!s appl!ca!on# sand!n. alone# &as
!nsu((!c!en o +us!(, $e !ssuance o( $e &arran sou.$. I
&as# $ere(ore# necessar, (or $e &!nesses $e'sel"es# b,
$e!r o&n personal !n(o.# o esabl!s$ $e appl!can5s cla!'s.
E"en assu'!n. $en $a ! &ould $a"e su((!ed o
a4e $e depos!!on onl, o( $e &!nesses and no o( $e
appl!can $!'sel(# $ere !s s!ll $e 0ues!on o( $e
su((!c!enc, o( $e!r depos!!ons.
A sud, o( $e depos!!on a4en (ro' &!nesess
Es'ael Morada and -esus To$!l!da# &$o bo$ cla!'ed o be
2!nell!.ence !n(or'ers#2 s$o&s $a $e, &ere !n $e 'a!n a
'ere resae'en o( $e!r alle.a!ons !n $e!r a((!da"!s#
e;cep $a $e, &ere 'ade !n $e (or' o( ans&ers o $e
0ues!ons pu o $e' b, $e resp. +ud.e.
One 'a, &ell &onder &$, ! d!d no occur o $e
resp. +ud.e o as4 $o& $e &!ness could be so cera!n e"en
as o $e cal!ber o( $e .uns# or $o& (ar $e &as (ro' $e
&!ndo&# or &$e$er ! &as on $e (!rs (loor or second (loor#
or &$, $!s presence &as no no!ced a all# or !( $e acs
relaed &ere reall, done openl,# !n $e (ull "!e& o( $e
&!nesses# cons!der!n. $a $ese acs &ere a.a!ns $e la&.
T$ese &ould $a"e been +ud!c!ous 0ues!ons bu $e, &ere
!n+ud!c!ousl, o'!ed. Insead# $e declara!on o( $e
&!nesses &ere read!l, acceped and $e &arran sou.$ &as
!ssued (or$&!$.

SOL-GEN ARG:ES T8AT T8E PETITIONER 3AIVED
38ATEVER DEFE%T 38EN T8E PETITIONER
VOL:NTARILY S:)MITTED TO T8E SEAR%8 AND
MANIFESTED 8IS %ONFORMITY IN 3RITING.

3e do no a.ree. 3$a &e see $ere !s pressure
e;ered b, $e '!l!ar, au$or!!es# &$o prac!call, coerced
$e pe!!oner o s!.n $e supposed &a!"er as .uaran,
a.a!ns a poss!ble c$allen.e laer o $e "al!d!, o( $e searc$
$e, &ere conduc!n..

+alum *rohibitum. I does no (ollo& $a because
an o((ense !s malum prohibitum# $e sub+ec $ereo( !s
necessar!l, !lle.al per se. Mo!"e !s !''aer!al !n mala
prohibita# bu $e sub+ecs o( $!s 4!nd o( o((ense 'a, no be
su''ar!l, se!@ed s!'pl, because $e, are pro$!b!ed. A
Searc$ 3arran !s s!ll necessar,.

+otion to .uash. Pe!!oner s$ould $a"e# be(ore
co'!n. o $e S%# (!led a 'o!on o 0uas$ $e searc$ &arran
b, $e resp. +ud.e. )u as &e sa!d and d!d !n )ur.os# 2$!s
procedural (la& no&!$sand!n.# &e a4e co.n!@ance o( $!s
pe!!on !n "!e& o( $e ser!ousness and ur.enc, o( $e
cons!u!onal !ssues ra!sed.2 RAM.

Pit% (. CA, "61 SCRA >2; 5"4147

F* Pursuan o $e An!-S'u %a'pa!.n o( Ma,or
Ra'on )a.as!n.# pol!ce'en se!@ed and con(!scaed (ro'
dealers# d!sr!buors# ne&ssand o&ners and peddlers alon.
Man!la s!de&al4s# 'a.a@!nes# publ!ca!ons and o$er
read!n. 'aer!als bel!e"ed o be obscene# porno.rap$!c# and
!ndecen and laer burned $e se!@ed 'aer!als !n publ!c.
A'on. $e publ!ca!ons se!@ed and laer burned &as 2P!no,
Pla,bo,2 'a.a@!nes publ!s$ed and co-ed!ed b, pla!n!((
Leo P!a. A(er $!s !n+unc!"e rel!e( &as d!s'!ssed b, $e
RT% and $!s appeal re+eced b, %A# $e see4s re"!e& &!$
S%# !n"o4!n. $e .uaran, a.a!ns unreasonable searc$es
and se!@ure.

Issue* 3=N $e searc$ and se!@ure &as !lle.al

8ELD* YES.
I !s bas!c $a searc$es and se!@ure 'a, be done
onl, $rou.$ a +ud!c!al &arran# o$er&!se# $e, beco'e
unreasonable and sub+ec o c$allen.e. In )ur.os " %$!e( o(
Sa(( /9>> S%RA BEE1 # $e S% couner'anded $e orders o(
$e RT% au$or!@!n. $e searc$ o( $e pre'!ses 3E Foru'
and Meropol!an Ma!l# &o Mero Man!la Da!l!es# b, reason
o( a de(ec!"e &arran. T$ere !s a .reaer reason !n $!s case
o reprobae $e 0ues!oned ra!d# !n $e co'plee absence o(
a &arran# "al!d or !n"al!d. T$e (ac $a $e !nsan case
!n"ol"es an obscen!, rap 'a4es ! no d!((eren (ro' )ur.os#
a pol!!cal case# because speec$ !s speec$# &$e$er pol!!cal
or 2obscene2.
T$e au$or!!es 'us appl, (or $e !ssuance o( $e
searc$ &arran (ro' $e +ud.e# !( !n $e!r op!n!on# an
obscen!, rap !s !n order. T$e, 'us con"!nce $e cour $a
$e 'aer!als sou.$ o be se!@ed are 2obscene2 and pose a
clear and presen dan.er o( an e"!l subsan!"e enou.$ o
&arran Sae !ner(erence and ac!on. T$e +ud.e 'us
deer'!ne 3ON $e sa'e are !ndeed 2obscene2* $e
0ues!on !s o be resol"ed on a case-o-case bas!s and on $e
+ud.e5s sound d!scre!on. I( probable cause e;!ss# a searc$
&arran &!ll !ssue.

5'7 Stop and *ris+

Posadas ". %A# 9BB S%RA 7BB /9AAE1

F* Parol'ans :n.ab and :'par# bo$ 'e'bers o( $e
INP o( $e Da"ao Merod!sco' ass!.ned &= $e Inell!.ence
Tas4 Force# &ere conduc!n. a sur"e!llance alon.
Ma.allanes# S.# Da"ao %!,. 3$!le $e, &ere &=!n $e
pre'!ses o( $e R!@al Me'or!al %olle.es# $e, spoed
pe!!oner carr,!n. a 2bur!2 ba. K $e, no!ced $!' o be
ac!n. susp!c!ousl,. T$e, approac$ed $e pe!!oner and
!den!(!ed $e'sel"es as 'e'bers o( $e INP. Pe!!oner
ae'ped o (lee bu &as sopped b, $e 7. T$e, $en
c$ec4ed $e 2bur!2 ba. o( $e pe!!oner &$ere $e, (ound 9
cal!ber .>B S'!$ K 3esson re"ol"er# &= 7 rounds o( l!"e
a''un!!on (or a .>B cal. .un# a s'o4e .renade# K 7 l!"e
a''un!!on (or a .77 cal. .un. Pe!!oner &as brou.$ o $e
pol!ce sa!on (or (ur$er !n"es!.a!on. 8e &as prosecued
(or !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's and a''un!!ons !n $e
RT% o( Da"ao %!, &$ere!n a(er a plea o( no .u!l,# and
r!al on $e 'er!s# a dec!s!on &as rendered (!nd!n.
pe!!oner .u!l,. T$e %A a((!r'ed $e appealed dec!s!on in
toto.
8ence# $e pe!!on (or re"!e&# $e 'a!n $rus o(
&=c !s $a $ere be!n. no la&(ul arres or searc$ and se!@ure#
$e !e's &=c &ere con(!scaed (ro' $e possess!on o( $e
pe!!oner are !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence a.a!ns $!'.
T$e Sol-Gen ar.ues $a under Sec. 97# R 9>6 o(
RO%# a person la&(ull, arresed 'a, be searc$ed (or
dan.erous &eapons or an,$!n. /&=c 'a, be1 used as proo(
o( a co''!ss!on o( an o((ense# &=o a S3.

8ELD* Fro' Sec. F# R 99># RO%# ! !s clear $a an arres
&=o a &arran 'a, be e((eced b, a peace o((!cer or pr!"ae
person# a'on. o$ers# &$en !n $!s presence $e person o be
arresed $as co''!ed# !s acuall, co''!!n.# or !s
ae'p!n. o co''! an o((ense# or &$en an o((ense $as !n
(ac# +us been co''!ed# K $e $as personal 4no&led.e o(
$e (acs !nd!ca!n. $a $e person arresed $as co''!ed !.
A $e !'e $e peace o((!cers !den!(!ed $e'sel"es
and appre$ended $e pe!!oner as $e ae'ped o (lee# $e,
d!d no 4no& $a $e $ad co''!ed# or &as acuall,
co''!!n.# $e o((ense. T$e, +us suspeced $a $e &as
$!d!n. so'e$!n. !n $e bur! ba.. T$e, d!d no 4no& &$a
!s conens &ere. T$e sa!d c!rcu'sances d!d no +us!(, an
arres &=o a &arran.
8o&e"er# $ere are 'an, !nsances &$ere a &arran
K se!@ure can be e((eced &=o necessar!l, be!n. preceded b,
an arres# (ore'os o( &=c !s $e 5sop K searc$5 &=o a S3 a
'!l!ar, or pol!ce c$ec4po!ns# $e cons!u!onal!, o( &=c
$as been up$eld b, $!s %our !n Val'one ". de V!lla.
As be. a &arranless searc$ and se!@ure /S K S1
conduced a '!l!ar, or pol!ce c$ec4po!ns and $e searc$
$ereo( !n $e case a bar# $ere !s no 0ues!on $a# !ndeed#
$e laer !s 'ore reasonable cons!der!n. $a# unl!4e !n $e
(or'er# ! &as e((eced on $e bas!s o( a probable cause. T$e
probable cause !s $a &$en $e pe!!oner aced susp!c!ousl,
and ae'ped o (lee &= $e bur! ba.# $ere &as a probable
cause $a $e &as conceal!n. so'e$!n. !lle.al !n $e ba.
and ! &as $e r!.$ and du, o( $e pol!ce o((!cers o !nspec
$e sa'e.
I !s oo 'uc$ !ndeed o re0u!re $e pol!ce o((!cers o
searc$ $e ba. !n $e possess!on o( $e pe!!oner onl, a(er
$e, s$all $a"e oba!ned a S3 (or $e purpose. Suc$ an
e;erc!se 'a, pro"e o be useless# (u!le and 'uc$ oo lae.
As $e Sol-Gen sa!d*

2T$e assa!led S K S 'a, s!ll be
+us!(!ed as a4!n o a 5sop and (r!s45
s!ua!on &$ose ob+ec !s e!$er o
deer'!ne $e !den!, o( susp!c!ous
!nd!"!duals or o 'a!na!n $e saus 0uo
'o'enar!l, &$!le $e pol!ce o((!cers
see4s o oba!n 'ore !n(o. ... T$e :S S%
$eld !n Terr, ". O$!o $a 2a pol!ce o((!cer
'a, !n appropr!ae c!rcu'sances K !n an
appropr!ae 'anner approac$ a person (or
$e purpose o( !n"es!.a!n. poss!ble
cr!'!nal be$a"!our e"en $ou.$ $ere !s no
probable cause o 'a4e an arres.2 In suc$
a s!ua!on# ! !s reasonable (or an o((!cer
ra$er $an s!'pl, o s$ru. $!s s$oulder
and allo& a cr!'e o occur# o sop a
susp!c!ous !nd!"!dual br!e(l, !n order o
deer'!ne $!s !den!, or 'a!na!n. $e
saus 0uo &$!le oba!n!n. 'ore !n(o.2

PETITION DENIED. RAM.

57 When there is a 'alid e,press $ai'er %ade 'ol!ntarily
and intelli(ently.

3a!"er canno be !'pl!ed (ro' $e (ac $a $e
person consened or d!d no ob+ec o $e searc$# (or ! 'an,
$appen $a $e d!d so onl, ou o( respec (or $e au$or!!es.
T$e &a!"er 'us be e;pressl, 'ade.

People ". De lara

F* A(er a sur"e!llance conduced# a bu,-bus opera!on
&as conduced b, $e pol!ce# as a conse0uence o( &$!c$#
accused &as arresed. T$e accused alread, poc4eed $e
'ar4ed 'one, and $anded &o (o!ls o $e pol!ce &$en $e
sensed $e presence o( pol!ce opera!"es. 8e r!ed o rer!e"e
$e &o (o!ls bu $e &as pre"ened (ro' do!n. so. 8e r!ed
o escape b, runn!n. !ns!de $!s $ouse. T$e pol!ce pursued
$!' and &ere able o subdue $!'. T$e accused ad'!ed
$a $e 4ep pro$!b!ed dru.s !n $!s $ouse. 8e e"en s$o&ed
$e arres!n. o((!cers a blue plas!c ba. cona!n!n. pro$!b!ed
dru.s. T$e ea'# o.e$er &!$ $e accused# proceeded o
3PD $ead0uarers (or !n"es!.a!on. Dur!n. $e
!n"es!.a!on# accused &as appr!sed o( $!s cons!u!onal
r!.$s o re'a!n s!len and o $a"e $e ass!sance o( counsel.
3$en appellan &as as4ed o .!"e a &r!en sae'en# $e
re(used o do so pend!n. arr!"al o( $!s la&,er. Accused
conends $a $!s arres and $e se!@ure o( $e ba. cona!n!n.
pro$!b!ed dru.s &as null and "o!d. 8e also conends $a
$e &as no ass!sed b, counsel dur!n. cusod!al
!n"es!.a!on# &$ere $e &as (orced o s!.n $e p$oocop, o(
$e 'ar4ed 'one,# $e Rece!p o( Proper, Se!@ed# and $e
)oo4!n. and In(or'a!on S$ee.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no $e arres o( $e accused and $e
se!@ure o( $e plas!c ba. &ere "al!d.

R:LING* YES. T$e accused &as cau.$ in flagrante as a
resul o( a bu,-bus opera!on. T$ere &as no need (or a
&arran. T$e pol!ce'en &ere no onl, au$or!@ed bu &ere
also under obl!.a!on o appre$end $e dru. pus$er e"en
&!$ou a &arran. T$e pol!ce'enNs enr, !no $e $ouse o(
$e accused &!$ou a searc$ &arran &as !n $o-pursu! o( a
person cau.$ co''!!n. an o((ense !n (la.rane. T$e
arres $a (ollo&ed $e $o-pursu! &as "al!d. T$e se!@ure
o( $e plas!c ba. &as $e resul o( $e accusedNs arres !ns!de
$e $ouse. A cone'poraneous searc$ 'a, be conduced
upon $e person o( $e arresee and $e !''ed!ae "!c!n!,
&$ere $e arres &as 'ade.

ISS:E* 3$e$er $e docu'ens s!.ned b, $e accused
dur!n. $e !n"es!.a!on &ere ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.

R:LING* NO. T$ere &as no s$o&!n. $a accused &as
$en ass!sed b, counsel nor $!s &a!"er $ereo pu !no
&r!!n.. /T$e re+ec!on o( $ese e"!dence &ould no a((ec
$e con"!c!on o( $e accused !n "!e& o( $e abundance o(
o$er e"!dence esabl!s$!n. $!s .u!l.1 B%..

People ". de Grac!a# 7>> S%RA <96 /-ul, 6# 9AA?1

F* T$e !nc!dens !n"ol"ed !n $!s case oo4 place a $e
$e!.$ o( $e coup d5ea sa.ed !n Dece'ber# 9ABA.
Accused-appellan Rolando de Grac!a &as c$ar.ed !n &o
separae !n(or'a!ons (or !lle.al possess!on o( a''un!!on
and e;plos!"es !n (ur$erance o( rebell!on# and (or ae'ped
$o'!c!de. Appellan &as con"!ced (or !lle.al possess!on o(
(!rear's !n (ur$erance o( rebell!on# bu &as ac0u!ed o(
ae'ped $o'!c!de.
Sur"e!llance &as undera4en b, $e '!l!ar, alon.
EDSA because o( !nell!.ence repors abou
a coup. Me'bers o( $e ea' &ere en.a.ed b, rebels !n
.un(!re 4!ll!n. one 'e'ber o( $e ea'. A searc$!n. ea'
ra!ded $e Eurocar Sales O((!ce. T$e, &ere able o (!nd and
con(!scae s!; carons o( M-96 a''un!!on# (!"e bundles o(
%-? d,na'!es# M-s$ells o( d!((eren cal!bers# and 2'oloo"2
bo'bs !ns!de one o( $e roo's belon.!n. o a cera!n %ol.
Ma!llano. De Grac!a &as seen !ns!de $e o((!ce o( %ol.
Ma!llano# $old!n. a %-? and susp!c!ousl, peep!n. $rou.$ a
door. T$e ea' arresed appellan. T$e, &ere $en 'ade o
s!.n an !n"enor,# &r!en !n Ta.alo.# o( $e e;plos!"es and
a''un!!on con(!scaed b, $e ra!d!n. ea'. No searc$
&arran &as secured b, $e ra!d!n. ea'. Accused &as
(ound .u!l, o( !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's.
T$a +ud.'en o( con"!c!on !s no& c$allen.ed
be(ore us !n $!s appeal.

Issue* 3$e$er or no $ere &as a "al!d searc$ and se!@ure
!n $!s case.

Rul!n.* YES
I !s ad'!ed $a $e '!l!ar, opera!"es &$o ra!ded
$e Eurocar Sales O((!ce &ere no ar'ed &!$ a searc$
&arran a $a !'e. T$e ra!d &as acuall, prec!p!aed b,
!nell!.ence repors $a sa!d o((!ce &as be!n. used as
$ead0uarers b, $e RAM. Pr!or o $e ra!d# $ere &as a
sur"e!llance conduced on $e pre'!ses &$ere!n $e
sur"e!llance ea' &as (!red a b, a .roup o( 'en co'!n.
(ro' $e Eurocar bu!ld!n.. 3$en $e '!l!ar, opera!"es
ra!ded $e place# $e occupans $ereo( re(used o open $e
door desp!e re0uess (or $e' o do so# $ereb, co'pell!n.
$e (or'er o brea4 !no $e o((!ce. T$e Eurocar Sales
O((!ce !s ob"!ousl, no a .un sore and ! !s de(!n!el, no an
ar'or, or arsenal &$!c$ are $e usual depos!or!es (or
e;plos!"es and a''un!!on. I !s pr!'ar!l, and solel,
en.a.ed !n $e sale o( auo'ob!les. T$e presence o( an
unusual 0uan!, o( $!.$-po&ered (!rear's and e;plos!"es
could no be +us!(!abl, or e"en colorabl, e;pla!ned. In
add!!on# $ere &as .eneral c$aos and d!sorder a $a !'e
because o( s!'ulaneous and !nense (!r!n. &!$!n $e
"!c!n!, o( $e o((!ce and !n $e nearb, %a'p A.u!naldo
&$!c$ &as under aac4 b, rebel (orces. T$e cours !n $e
surround!n. areas &ere ob"!ousl, closed and# (or $a
'aer# $e bu!ld!n. and $ouses $ere!n &ere desered.

:nder $e (ore.o!n. c!rcu'sances# ! !s our
cons!dered op!n!on $a $e !nsan case (alls under one o(
$e e;cep!ons o $e pro$!b!!on a.a!ns a &arranless
searc$. In $e (!rs place# $e '!l!ar, opera!"es# a4!n. !no
accoun $e (acs oba!n!n. !n $!s case# $ad reasonable
.round o bel!e"e $a a cr!'e &as be!n. co''!ed. T$ere
&as conse0uenl, 'ore $an su((!c!en probable cause o
&arran $e!r ac!on. Fur$er'ore# under $e s!ua!on $en
pre"a!l!n.# $e ra!d!n. ea' $ad no opporun!, o appl, (or
and secure a searc$ &arran (ro' $e cours. :nder suc$
ur.enc, and e;!.enc, o( $e 'o'en# a searc$ &arran
could la&(ull, be d!spensed &!$.
T$ere are &o separae saues penal!@!n. d!((eren
o((enses &!$ d!scree penal!es. T$e Re"!sed Penal %ode
reas rebell!on as a cr!'e apar (ro' 'urder# $o'!c!de#
arson# or o$er o((enses# suc$ as !lle.al possess!on o(
(!rear's# $a '!.$ conce!"abl, be co''!ed !n $e course
o( a rebell!on. Pres!den!al Decree No. 9B66 de(!nes and
pun!s$es# as a spec!(!c o((ense# $e cr!'e o( !lle.al
possess!on o( (!rear's co''!ed !n $e course or as par o(
a rebell!on.
Sub+ec o $e presence o( $e re0u!s!e ele'ens !n
eac$ case# unla&(ul possess!on o( an unl!censed (!rear' !n
(ur$erance o( rebell!on 'a, .!"e r!se o separae
prosecu!ons (or a "!ola!on o( Sec!on 9 o( Pres!den!al
Decree No. 9B66# and also a "!ola!on o( Ar!cles 9>? and
9>F o( $e Re"!sed Penal %ode on rebell!on. Double
+eopard, !n $!s case canno be !n"o4ed because $e (!rs !s
an o((ense pun!s$ed b, a spec!al la& &$!le $e second !s a
(elon, pun!s$ed b, $e Re"!sed Penal %ode# 7? &!$ "ar!an
ele'ens.
Pres!den!al Decree No. 9B66 !'poses $e dea$
penal, &$ere $e !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's and
a''un!!on !s co''!ed !n (ur$erance o( rebell!on. A $e
!'e $e o((ense c$ar.ed !n $!s case &as co''!ed under
$e .o"ernance o( $a la&# $e !'pos!!on o( $e dea$
penal, &as proscr!bed b, $e %ons!u!on. %onse0uenl,#
appellan De Grac!a could onl, be senenced o ser"e $e
penal, o( reclusion perpetua &$!c$ &as correcl, 'eed ou
b, $e r!al cour# albe! &!$ an erroneous reco''enda!on
!n connec!on $ere&!$.

>. Co$stit+tio$%lit) of !h!9#oi$ts %$' G%r%l t%rgt
Ao$i$gs.G

Val'one ". De V!lla# 9<E S%RA 7F6 /9ABA1

F* On 9=7E=B<# $e N%RD% &as ac!"aed &= $e
'!ss!on o( conduc!n. secur!, opera!ons &=!n !s area or
respons!b!l!, and per!p$eral areas# (or $e purpose o(
esabl!s$!n. an e((ec!"e err!or!al de(ense# 'a!na!n!n.
peace and order# and pro"!d!n. an a'osp$ere conduc!"e o
$e soc!al# econo'!c and pol!!cal de"5 o( $e N%R. As par
o( !s du, o 'a!a!n peace and order# $e N%RD% !nsalled
c$ec4po!ns !n "ar!ous pars o( Valen@uela and MM.
Pe!!oners a"er $a# bec. o( $e !ns!u!on o( sa!d
c$ec4po!ns# $e Valen@uela res!dens are &orr!ed o( be!n.
$arassed and o( $e!r sa(e, be!n. placed a $e arb!rar,#
capr!c!ous and &$!'s!cal d!spos!!on o( $e '!l!ar,
'ann!n. $e c$ec4po!ns# cons!der!n. $a $e!r cars and
"e$!cles are be!n. sub+eced o re.ular searc$es and c$ec4-
ups# espec!all, a n!.$ or a da&n# &=o a S3 and= or cour
order. T$e!r alle.ed (ear (or $e!r sa(e, !ncreased &$en
)en+a'!n Parpon# &as .aunned do&n alle.edl, !n cold
blood b, 'e'bers o( $e N%RD% (or !.nor!n. and= or
con!nu!n. o speed o(( !nsp!e o( &arn!n. s$os (!red !n $e
a!r.

8ELD* Pe!!oner5s concern (or $e!r sa(e, and
appre$ens!on a be!n. $arassed b, $e '!l!ar, 'ann!n. $e
c$ec4po!ns are no su((!c!en .rounds o declare $e
c$ec4po!ns per se# !lle.al. No proo( $as been presened
be(ore $e %our o s$o& $a# !n $e course o( $e!r rou!ne
c$ec4s# $e '!l!ar,# !ndeed# co''!ed spec!(!c "!ola!ons
o( pe!!oners5 r!.$s a.a!ns unla&(ul searc$ and se!@ure o(
o$er r!.$s.
T$e cons!u!onal r!.$ a.a!ns unreasonable
searc$es and se!@ures !s a personal r!.$ !n"ocable onl, b,
$ose &$ose r!.$s $a"e been !n(r!n.ed# or $reaened o be
!n(r!n.ed.
No all searc$es and se!@ures are pro$!b!ed. T$ose
&=c are reasonable are no (orb!dden.
T$e se!n. up o( $e 0ues!oned c$ec4po!ns 'a, be
cons!dered as a secur!, 'easure o enable $e N%RD% o
pursue !s '!ss!on o( esabl!s$!n. e((ec!"e err!or!al
de(ense and 'a!na!n!n. peace and order (or $e ben(! o(
$e publ!c. %$ec4po!ns 'a, no also be re.arded as
'easures o $&ar plos o desab!l!@e $e .o"# !n $e
!neres o( publ!c secur!,.
)e&een $e !n$eren r!.$ o( $e sae o proec !s
e;!sence and pro'oe publ!c &el(are and an !nd!"!dual5s
r!.$ a.a!ns a &arranless searc$ &=c !s# $o&e"er#
reasonabl, conduced# $e (or'er s$ould pre"a!l.
True# $e 'ann!n. o( c$ec4po!ns b, $e '!l!ar, !s
suscep!ble o( abuse b, $e '!l!ar, !n $e sa'e 'anner $a
all .o"ern'enal po&er !s suscep!ble o( abuse. )u# a $e
cos o( occas!onal !ncon"en!nece# d!sco'(or and e"en
!rr!a!on o $e c!!@en# $e c$ec4po!ns dur!n. $ese
abnor'al !'es# &$en conduced &=!n reasonable l!'!s# are
par o( $e pr!ce &e pa, (or an orderl, soc!e, and a peace(ul
co''un!,.

Gua@on ". De V!lla# 9B9 S%RA 67> /9AAE1

F* T$!s !s a pe!!on (or pro$!b!!on &= prel. !n+. o
pro$!b! $e '!l!ar, and pol!ce o((!cers represened b,
publ!c respondens (ro' conduc!n. 2areal ar.e @on!n.s2
or 2saura!on dr!"es2 !n MM.
T$e ?9 pe!!oners sae $a $e, are all o( le.al
a.e# bona fide res!dens o( MM and Ta;pa,ers and leaders
!n $e!r respec!"e co''un!!es.
Accd.. o $e pe!!oners# $e 2areal ar.e
@on!n.s2 or 2saura!on dr!"es2 are !n cr!!cal areas
p!npo!ned b, $e '!l!ar, and pol!ce as places &$ere $e
sub"ers!"es are $!d!n.. Pe!!oners cla!' $a $e saura!on
dr!"es (ollo& a co''on paern o( $u'an r!.$s abuses.
Respondens sress 7 po!ns. F!rs# $e resps. $a"e
le.al au$or!, o conduc saura!on dr!"es. And# second#
$e, alle.e $a $e accusa!ons o( $e pe!!oners abou a
del!berae d!sre.ard (or $u'an r!.$s# are total lies.
Resps. c!e Ar. VII# Sec. 9< o( $e %ons.*2T$e
Pres. s$all $a"e conrol o( all $e e;ecu!"e depar'ens#
bureaus and o((!ces. 'e shall ensure that the laws are
faithfully executed.2
T$e, also c!e sec. 9B.*2T$e Pres. s$all be $e
%o''ander-!n-c$!e( o( all AFP and &$ene"er ! beco'es
necessar,# $e 'a, call ou suc$ ar'ed (orces o pre"en or
suppress la&less "!olence# !n"as!on or rebell!on. ;;;

8ELD* T$e %our bel!e"es ! !s $!.$l, probable $a so'e
"!ola!ons &ere acuall, co''!ed. T$!s !s so !nsp!e o( $e
alle.ed pleas o( baran.a, o((!c!als (or $e $ousands o(
res!dens2o sub'! $e'sel"es "olunar!l, (or c$aracer and
personal "er!(!ca!on.2 8o&e"er# $e re'ed, !s no o sop
all pol!ce ac!ons# including the essential and legitimate
ones. 3e see no$!n. &ron. !n pol!ce 'a4!n. $e!r presence
"!s!bl, (el !n roubled areas. Pol!ce canno respond o r!os
or "!olen de'onsra!on !( $e, do no 'o"e !n su((!c!en
nu'bers. A s$o& o( (orce !s so'e!'es necesar, as long as
the rights of the people are protected and not violated. A
blan4e pro$!b!!on suc$ as $a sou.$ b, $e pe!!oners
&ould l!'! all pol!ce ac!ons o one on one con(rona!on
&$ere searc$ &arrans and &arrans o( arres a.a!ns spec!(!c
!nd!"!duals are eas!l, procured. Anarc$, 'a, re!.n !( $e
'!l!ar, and $e pol!ce dec!de o s! do&n !n $e!r o((!ces
bec. all concered dr!"es &$ere a s$o& o( (orce !s presen
are oall, pro$!b!ed.
T$e re'ed, !s no an or!.!nal ac!on (or pro$!b!!on
brou.$ $rou.$ a TP5s su!. 3$ere no one "!c!'
co'pla!ns# and no one "!olaor !s properl, c$ar.ed# the
problem is not initially for the !C. It is basically one for the
executive departments and for the trial courts.
:nder $e c!rcu'sances o( $!s TP5s su!# $ere !s no
err!n. sold!er or pol!ce'an &$o' &e can order prosecued.
In $e absence o( clear (acs ascera!ned $rou.$ an orderl,
procedure# no per'anen rel!e( can be .!"en a $!s !'e.
Fur$er !n"es!.a!on o( $e pe!!oners5 c$ar.es and a $ard
loo4 b, ad'!n. o((!c!als a $e pol!c, !'pl!ca!ons o( $e
pra,ed (or blan4e pro$!b!!on are also &arraned.
In $e 'ean!'e# and !n $e (ace o( a prima facie
s$o&!n. $a so'e abuses &ere probabl, co''!ed and
could be co''!ed dur!n. (uure pol!ce ac!ons# &e $a"e o
e'porar!l, resra!n $e alle.ed ban!n. on &alls# $e 4!c4!n.
!n o( doors# $e $erd!n. o( $al(-na4ed 'en o asse'bl, areas
(or e;a'!na!on o( aoo 'ar4s# $e "!ola!on o( res!dences
e"en !( $ese are $u'ble s$an!es o( s0uaers# and o$er
alle.ed acs &=c are s$oc4!n. o $e consc!ence.

0. Wir T%##i$g

Gaanan ". IA%# 9?F S%RA 997 /9AB61

F* %o'pla!nan A,. P!nor and Monebon o((ered o
&!$dra& $e co'pla!n (or d!rec assaul $e, (!led a.a!ns
Lacon!co a(er de'and!n. PB#EEE (ro' $!'. T$!s de'and
&as $eard b, A,. Gaanan $rou.$ a elep$one e;ens!on as
re0uesed b, Lacon!co so as o personall, $ear $e proposed
cond!!ons (or $e sele'en. A,. P!nor &as subse0uenl,
arresed !n an enrap'en opera!on upon rece!p o( $e
'one,. S!nce A,. Gaanan l!sened o $e elep$one
con"ersa!on &!$ou co'pla!nan5s consen# co'pla!nan
c$ar.ed Gaanan and Lacon!co &!$ "!ola!on o( $e An!-
3!reapp!n. Ac /RA ?7EE1.

ISS:E* 3=N an e;ens!on elep$one !s a'on. $e
pro$!b!ed de"!ces !n Sec. 9 o( RA ?7EE suc$ $a !us use o
o"er$ear a pr!"ae con"ersa!on &ould cons!ue an
unla&(ul !nercep!on o( co''un!ca!on be&een 7 par!es
us!n. a elep$one l!ne.

8ELD* NO
An e;ens!on el. canno be placed !n $e sa'e
cae.or, as a d!cap$one# d!ca.rap$# or o$er de"!ces
enu'eraed !n Sec. 9 o( $e la& as $e use $ereo( canno be
cons!dered as 2app!n.2 $e &!re or cable o( a elep$one
l!ne. T$!s sec!on re(ers o !nsru'ens &$ose !nsalla!on or
presence canno be presu'ed b, $e par, or par!es be!n.
o"er$eard because# b, $e!r "er, naure# $e, are no o(
co''on usa.e and $e!r purpose !s prec!sel, (or app!n.#
!nercep!n.# or record!n. a el. con"ersa!on. T$e el.
e;ens!on !n $!s case &as no !nsalled (or $a purpose. I
+us $appened o be $ere (or ord!nar, o((!ce use.
Fur$er'ore# ! !s a .eneral rule $a penal saues
'us be consrued sr!cl, !n (a"or o( $e accused. T$us !n
$e case o( doub as !n $!s case# on 3ON an e;ens!on el.
!s !ncluded !n $e p$rase 2de"!ce or arran.e'en2 $e penal
saue 'us be consrued as no !nclud!n. an e;ens!on el.
A perusal o( $e Senae %on.ress!onal Record s$o&s
$a our la&'a4ers !nended o d!scoura.e# $rou.$
pun!s$'en# persons suc$+ as .o"ern'en au$or!!es or
represena!"es o( or.an!@ed .roups (ro' !nsall!n. de"!ces
!n order o .a$er e"!dence (or use !n cour or o !n!'!dae#
blac4'a!l or .a!n so'e un&arraned ad"ana.e o"er $e el.
users. %onse0uenl,# $e 'ere ac o( l!sen!n. # !n order o
be pun!s$able 'us sr!cl, be &!$ $e use o( $e enu'eraed
de"!ces !n RA ?7EE or o$ers o( s!'!lar naure.

3. Wh%t .%) & siA'

R+l ";2, s!. ;. Personal property to be sei)ed.BB
A s%r!h *%rr%$t .%) & iss+' for th s%r!h %$'
siA+r of th follo*i$g #rso$%l #ro#rt)F
5%7 S+&:!t .%ttr of th off$sH
5&7 Stol$ or .&AAl' %$' othr #ro!'s or
fr+its of th off$sH %$'
5!7 Us' or i$t$'' to & +s' %s % .%$s of
!o..itti$g %$ off$s. 5R+ls of Co+rt.7

2. EC!l+sio$%r) R+l

Art. III, S!. >. CCC
5;7 A$) (i'$! o&t%i$' i$ (iol%tio$ of this
5#ri(%!) of !o..+$i!%tio$ %$' !orrs#o$'$!7 or th
#r!'i$g s!tio$ 5+$r%so$%&l s%r!hs %$' siA+rs7
sh%ll & i$%'.issi&l for %$) #+r#os i$ %$) #ro!'i$g.

One o( $e re'ed!es o( one &$o &as "!c!'!@ed b,
an !lle.al searc$ !s o as4 (or $e suppress!on o( $e $!n.s
se!@ed and $e e"!dence !lle.all, a4en.

T$e e;clus!onar, rule pro$!b!s $e use o( an,
e"!dence oba!ned !n "!ola!on o( secs. 7 and > /91 o( Ar. III
(or 2an, purpose2 and !n 2an, proceed!n.2. T$e e"!dence !s
absoluel, useless. T$!s $as no al&a,s been $e case.

In Moncado ". People5s %our /9A?B1# $e S%#
(ollo&!n. $e :.S. case o( 3ol( V. %olorado# rules $a
e"!dence !lle.all, oba!ned !s no necessar!l, e;cluded !( !s
o$er&!se ad'!ss!ble under $e rules o( e"!dence. In suc$
case# $e e"!dence ad'!ed# &!$ou pre+ud!ce o an,
cr!'!nal# c!"!l or ad'!n!sra!"e l!ab!l!, o( $e o((!cer &$o
!lle.all, se!@ed !. In o$er &ords# $e ad'!ss!b!l!, o( $e
e"!dence !s no e((eced b, $e !lle.al!, o( $e 'eans b,
&$!c$ ! &as ac0u!red.

I &as !n Sone$!ll ". D!o4no# supra# (ollo&!n. $e
:.S. case o( Maop ". O$!o 9A6A# &$en $e e;clus!onar, rule
&as (!rs adoped !n $e P$!l!pp!nes# $e S% no!n. $a $e
oal suppress!on o( $e $!n. se!@ed !s $e onl, e((ec!"e
'eans o( ensur!n. $e cons!u!onal r!.$ &$!c$ ! see4s o
preser"e. T$e %our noed# $e !nsu((!c!enc, o( $e o$er
re'ed!es /e... ac!on (or da'a.es# cr!'!nal pun!s$'en#
res!sance1# espec!all, !n $e P$!l!pp!nes &$ere "!ola!ons
&ere co''!ed b, $ose !n po&er and &ere $us e0u!pped
&!$ $e pardon!n. po&er o &aer do&n $e .ra"!, o( $e
o$er penal!es !'posed o "!olaors o( $ose cons!u!onal
r!.$s.

T$e "!c!' 'a, or 'a, no .e bac4 $e $!n. se!@ed#
depend!n. on &$e$er ! !s conraband or no. I $e $!n. !s
conraband# ! &ould no be reurned# and onl, !s
suppress!on can be as4ed (or. )u !( $e $!n. !s le.al# $e
par, can as4 (or !s reurn# e"en !( no cr!'!nal prosecu!on
$as ,e been (!led# as !n $e Sone$!ll case.

Sone$!ll ". D!o4no# 7E S%RA >B> /9A6<1

F* :pon appl!ca!on o( $e o((!cers o( $e .o" /resp.
prosecuors1# se"eral +ud.es /resp. +ud.es1 !ssued a oal o(
?7 searc$ &arrans a.a!ns pe!!oners K= or $e corpora!ons
o( &=c $e, &ere o((!cers# d!reced o an, peace o((!cer# o
searc$ $e perons na'ed and= or $e pre'!ses o( $e!r
o((!ces# &are$ouses# and= or res!dences# and o se!@e se"eral
personal prop. as $e 2sub+ec o( $e o((enseD solen or
e'be@elled or $e (ru!s o( $e o((ense#2 or 2used or !nended
o be used as $e 'eans o( co''!!n. $e o((ense2 as
"!ola!on o( %) La&s# Tar!(( and %uso's La&s /T%%1#
NIR% and $e RP%.2
Alle.!n. $a $e a(ore'en!oned searc$ &arrans
are null K "o!d# sa!d pe!!oners (!led &= $e S% $!s or!..
ac!on (or cer!orar!# pro$!b!!on# 'anda'us K !n+unc!on.
T$e &r! &as par!all, l!(ed or d!ssol"ed# !nso(ar as $e
papers# docu'ens# and $!n.s se!@ed (ro' $e o((!cers o( $e
corpora!onsD bu $e !n+unc!on &as 'a!na!ned as re.ards
$ose (ound K se!@ed !n $e res!dences o( pe!!oners.

ISS:ES* /91 3!$ respec o $ose (ound K se!@ed !n $e
o((!ces o( $e corpora!ons# &=n pe!!oners $a"e cause o(
ac!on o assa!l $e "al!d!, o( $e conesed &arrans.
/71 In connec!on &= $ose (ound K se!@ed !n $e
res!dences o( pe!!oners# &=n $e searc$ &arrans !n 0ues!on
and $e searc$es and se!@ures 'ade under $e au$or!,
$ereo( are "al!d.
/>1 I( $e ans&er !n no. 7 !s no# &=n sa!d
docu'ens# papers and $!n.s 'a, be used !n e"!dence
a.a!ns pe!!oners.

8ELD* /91 No. Pe!!oners $a"e no cause o( ac!on o assa!l
$e le.al!, o( $e conesed &arrans and $e se!@ure 'ade
!n pursuance $ereo( bec. sa!d corpora!ons $a"e $e!r
respec!"e personal!!es# separae and d!s!nc (ro' $e
personal!, o( pe!!oners. T$e le.al!, o( a se!@ure can be
conesed only b, $e par, &$ose r!.$s $a"e been !'pa!red
$ereb, and $a $e ob+ec!on o an unla&(ul searc$ and
se!@ure !s purely personal and canno be a"al!ed o( b, >rd
par!es.

/71 No. T&o po!ns 'us be sressed !n connec!on
&= Ar. III# Sec. 7 o( $e %ons!* /a1 $a no &arran s$all
!ssue bu upon probable cause o be deer'!ned b, $e +ud.e
!n $e 'anner se (or$ $ere!nD K /b1 $a $e &arran s$all
par!cularl, descr!be $e $!n.s o be se!@ed.
None o( $ese re0u!re'ens $as been co'pl!ed &=. I
&as saed $a $e naural and +ur!d!cal persons $as
co''!ed a "!ola!on o( %) la&s# T%%# NIR% K RP%. No
specific offense $ad been alle.ed !n sa!d appl!ca!ons. T$e
a"er'ens $ereo( &= respec o $e o((ense co''!ed &ere
abstract. As a conse0uence# ! &as impossible (or $e +ud.es
&$o !ssued $e &arrans o $a"e (ound $e e;!sence o( a
probable cause# (or $e sa'e presupposes $e !nroduc!on o(
co'peen proo( $a $e par, a.a!ns &$o' ! !s sou.$ $as
per(or'ed particular acs# or co''!ed specific o'!ss!ons#
"!ola!n. a .!"en pro"!s!on o( our cr!'!nal la&s.
General searc$ &arrans are oula&ed bec. $e, place
$e sanc!, o( $e do'!c!le and $e pr!"ac, o(
co''un!ca!on and correspondence a $e 'erc, o( $e
&$!'s# capr!ce or pass!on o( peace o((!cers.
T$e &arrans sanc!oned $e se!@ure o( all records o(
$e pe!!oners and $e a(ore'en!oned corpora!ons#
&$ae"er $e!r naure# $us openl, conra"en!n. $e e;pl!c!
co''and o( our )!ll o( R!.$s-- $a $e $!n.s o be se!@ed
be par!cularl, descr!bed-- as &ell as end!n. o de(ea !s
'a+or ob+ec!"e* $e el!'!na!on o( general warrants.
RAM.

6. Ci(il A!tio$ for D%.%gs

A c!"!l case (or da'a.es can also be (!led pursuan o
Ar!cle >7 o( $e %!"!l %ode.

In Aberca ". Ver# $e S% $eld $a e"en !( $e
pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! !s suspended# $e cour can ne"er$eless
enera!n an ac!on no onl, a.a!ns $e as4 (orce bu e"en
a.a!ns $e op ran4!n. o((!c!als &$o ordered $e se!@ure# o
reco"er da'a.es (or $e !lle.al searc$es and se!@ures 'ade
!n a despo!c 'anner. ), so do!n.# one can !nd!recl,
!n0u!re !no $e "al!d!, o( $e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e.

1. S%r!h %$' SiA+r &) Pri(%t Prso$s

People ". Mar!# 9A> S%RA F< /9AA91

F* )e(ore del!"er, o( appellan5s bo; o $e )ureau o(
%uso's and= or )ureau o( Poss# Mr. -ob Re,es /propr!eor1
K $usband o( An!a Re,es# (ollo&!n. sandard opera!n.
procedure# opened $e bo;es (or (!nal !nspec!on. 3$en $e
opened appellan5s bo;# a pecul!ar order e'!ed $ere(ro'.
8!s cur!os!, aroused# $e s0uee@ed one o( $e bundles
alle.edl, cona!n!n. .lo"es and (el dr!ed lea"es !ns!de.
Open!n. one o( $e bundles# $e pulled ou a cellop$ane
&rapper prorud!n. (ro' $e open!n. o( one o( $e .lo"es.
8e 'ade an open!n. on one o( $e cellop$ane &rappers and
oo4 se"eral .ra's o( $e conens $ereo(.
-ob Re,es repored $e !nc!den o $e N)I and
re0uesed a laboraor, e;a'!na!on o( $e sa'ples $e
e;raced (ro' $e cellop$ane &rapper.
I urned ou $a $e dr!ed lea"es &ere 'ar!+uana
(lo&er!n. ops as cer!(!ed b, $e (orens!c c$e'!s o( $e
Narco!cs Sec!on o( $e N)I.
T$erea(er# an !n(or'a!on &as (!led a.a!ns
appellan (or "!ola!on o( RA 6?7F.

APPELANT %ONTENDS $a $e e"!dence sub+ec o( $e
!'pued o((ense $ad been oba!ned !n "!ola!on o( $!s cons!.
r!.$s a.a!ns unreasonable searc$es and se!@ures and
pr!"ac, o( co''un!ca!on and $ere(ore ar.ues $a $e
sa'e s$ould be $eld !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.

T$e case a bar assu'es a pecul!ar c$aracer s!nce
$e e"!dence sou.$ o be e;cluded &as pr!'ar!l,
d!sco"ered and oba!ned b, a pr!"ae person# ac!n. !n a
pr!"ae capac!, and &=o $e !ner"en!on and par!c!pa!on
o( sae au$or!!es.

ISS:E* Ma, an ac o( a pr!"ae !nd!"!dual# alle.edl, !n
"!ola!on o( appellan5s cons!u!onal r!.$s# be !n"o4ed
a.a!ns $e saeH

8ELD* 3e $old !n $e ne.a!"e. In $e absence o(
.o"ern'enal !ner(erence# $e l!ber!es .uaraneed b, $e
%ons!. canno be !n"o4ed a.a!ns $e Sae. T$!s
cons!u!onal r!.$ re(ers o $e !''un!, o( one5s person#
&$e$er c!!@en or al!en# (ro' !ner(erence b, .o". ;;;
/V!llanue"a ". Luerub!n.1
T$e conraband !n $e case a bar $a"!n. co'e !no
possess!on o( $e .o" &=o $e laer rans.ress!n.
appellan5s r!.$s a.a!ns unreasonable searc$es and se!@ures
/S K S1# $e %our sees no co.en reason &$, $e sa'e
s$ould no be ad'!ed a.a!ns $!'.
Appellan# $o&e"er# &ould l!4e $!s %our o bel!e"e
$a N)I a.ens 'ade an !lle.al searc$ and se!@ure o( $e
e"!dence laer on used !n prosecu!n. $e case. T$e
ar.u'ens o( appellan sands o (all on !s o&n &e!.$# or
$e lac4 o( !.
/irst# $e (acual cons!dera!ons o( $e case a bar
read!l, (oreclose $e propos!!on $a N)I a.ens conduced
an !lle.al S K S o( $e pro$!b!ed 'erc$and!se. Records o(
$e case clearl, !nd!cae $a ! &as Mr. -ob Re,es# $e
propr!eor o( $e (or&ard!n. a.enc,# &$o 'ade $e searc$=
!nspec!on. Suc$ !nspec!on &as reasonable and a SOP on
$e par o( Mr. Re,es as a precau!onar, 'easure be(.
del!"er, o( pac4a.es o $e )ureau o( %uso's or )ureau o(
Poss.
!econd# $e 'ere presence o( $e N)I a.ens d!d no
con"er $e reasonable searc$ e((eced b, Re,es !no a
&arranless S K S proscr!bed b, $e %ons!. Merel, o
obser"e and loo4 a $a &=c !s pla!n s!.$ !s no searc$.
8a"!n. obser"ed $a &=c !s open# &$ere no respass $as
been co''!ed !n a!d $ereo(# !s no searc$.
T$a $e )!ll o( R!.$s e'bod!ed !n $e %ons!. !s no
'ean o be !n"o4ed a.a!ns acs o( pr!"ae !nd!"!duals (!nds
suppor !n $e del!bera!ons o( $e %on %o'.* 2 ;;; T$e )!ll
o( R!.$s .o"erns $e rela!ons$!p be&een $e !nd!"!dual
and $e sae. Is concern !s no $e rela!on be&een
!nd!"!duals# be&een a pr!"ae !nd!"!dual and o$er
!nd!"!duals. ;;;2 /Sponsors$!p speec$ o( %o''!ss!oner
)ernas.1
T$e cons!u!onal proscr!p!on a.a!ns unla&(ul S K
S $ere(ore appl!es as a resra!n d!reced onl, a.a!ns $e
.o" and !s a.enc!es as4ed &= $e en(orce'en o( $e la&.
T$us# ! could onl, be !n"o4ed a.a!ns $e Sae o &$o' $e
resra!n a.a!ns arb!rar, and unreasonable e;erc!se o(
po&er !s !'posed.
I $e searc$ !s 'ade a $e be$es or !n!!!a!on o(
$e propr!eor o( a pr!"ae esabl!s$'en (or !s o&n and
pr!"ae purposes# as !n $e case a bar# and &=o $e
!ner"en!on o( pol!ce au$or!!es# $e r!.$ a.a!ns
unreasonable S K S canno be !n"o4ed (or onl, $e ac o(
pr!"ae !nd!"!duals# no la& en(orcers# !s !n"ol"ed. In su'#
$e proec!on a.a!ns unreasonable S K S canno be
e;ended o acs co''!ed b, pr!"ae !nd!"!duals so as o
br!n. ! &=!n $e a'b! o( alle.ed unla&(ul !nrus!on b, $e
.o".

4. I$ th iss+%$! of *%rr%$ts of ARREST, %s
'isti$g+ish' fro. SEARCH *%rr%$ts, th :+'g .%)
rl) si.#l) o$ fis!%lEs !rtifi!%tio$ %s to #ro&%&l !%+s

%o'pare Rule 997# Sec. 6 /on warrants of arrest1 &!$ Rule
976# Sec. ? /on search warrants.1

R+l "";, S!. 2. When $arrant o# arrest %ay
iss!e-.. 5%7 &y the /e(ional Trial Co!rt-.. U#o$ th
fili$g of %$ i$for.%tio$, th Rgio$%l Tri%l Co+rt .%)
iss+ % *%rr%$t for th %rrst of th %!!+s'.
5&7 &y the 0!ni"ipal Trial Co!rt-.. If th
.+$i!i#%l tri%l :+'g !o$'+!ti$g th #rli.i$%r)
i$(stig%tio$ is s%tisfi' %ftr %$ C%.i$%tio$ i$ *riti$g
%$' +$'r o%th of th !o.#l%i$%$t %$' his *it$sss i$
th for. of s%r!hi$g ,+stio$s %$' %$s*rs, th%t %
#ro&%&l !%+s Cists %$' th%t thr is % $!ssit) of
#l%!i$g th rs#o$'$t +$'r i..'i%t !+sto') i$
or'r $ot to fr+str%t th $'s of :+sti!, h sh%ll iss+ %
*%rr%$t of %rrst. 5R+ls of Co+rt.7

R+l ";2, S!. 0. E,a%ination o# "o%plainant1
re"ord-.. Th :+'g .+st, &for iss+i$g th *%rr%$t,
#rso$%ll) C%.i$ i$ th for. of s%r!hi$g ,+stio$s
%$' %$s*rs, i$ *riti$g %$' +$'r o%th th !o.#l%i$%$t
%$' %$) *it$sss h .%) #ro'+! o$ f%!ts #rso$%ll)
9$o*$ to th. %$' %tt%!h to th r!or's thir s*or$
st%t.$ts togthr *ith %$) %ffi'%(its s+&.itt'.
T$e re0u!re'en !n $e case o( &arrans o( arres !s rela;ed
!n $a $e +ud.e can rel, on $e cer!(!ca!on o( $e (!scal
$a $e laer $as conduced $e prel!'!nar, !n"es!.a!on
and $as (ound probable cause on $e par o( $e accused.
T$e +ud.e can !ssue $e &arran on $e bas!s o( $e
!n(or'a!on (!led b, $e (!scal and $e cer!(!ca!on o(
probable cause.

T$e S% $as allo&ed $!s prac!ce !n A'ar.a ".
Abbas# AB P$!l. <>A /9AF61# no!n. $a ! $as been prac!ce
lon. seled and $a a +ud.e can !ssue an order o arres on
$e bas!s o( $e cer!(!cae.

O( course# !( $e +ud.e !s !n doub# $e can al&a,s as4
$e (!scal o sub'! $e records o( $e prel!'!nar,
!n"es!.a!on# so $e could deer'!ne (or $!'sel( !(# on $e
bas!s o( $e a((!da"!s# $ere e;!ss probable cause. I $e !s
sa!s(!ed &!$ $e a((!da"!s# $e need no su''on $e
a((!ans.

A'ar.a ". Abbas# AB P$!l. <>A /9AF61

F* Mun!c!pal -ud.e Sa'ulde conduced a prel!'!nar,
!n"es!.a!on /PI1 o( Aran.ale upon a co'pla!n (or robber,
(!led b, co'pla!nan Ma.banua# alle.!n. $a Aran.ale
$ar"esed pala, (ro' a por!on o( $er land d!recl, ad+o!n!n.
Aran.aleNs land. A(er $e PI# Sa'ulde rans'!ed $e
records o( $e case o Pro"!nc!al F!scal Sal"an! &!$ $!s
(!nd!n. $a O$ere !s pr!'a (ac!e e"!dence o( robber, as
c$ar.ed !n $e co'pla!nP. F!scal Sal"an! reurned $e
records o -ud.e Sa'ulde on $e .round $a $e rans'!al
o( $e records &as Opre'aureP because -ud.e Sa'ulde
(a!led o !nclude $e &arran o( arres /3A1 a.a!ns $e
accused. -ud.e Sa'ulde sen $e records bac4 o F!scal
Sal"an! sa!n. $a al$ou.$ $e (ound $a a probable cause
e;!sed# $e d!d no bel!e"e $a Aran.ale s$ould be arresed.
F!scal Sal"an! (!led a 'anda'us case a.a!ns
-ud.e Sa'ulde o co'pel $!' o !ssue a 3A. RT%
d!s'!ssed $e pe!!on on $e .round $a $e (!scal $ad no
s$o&n $a $e $as a clear# le.al r!.$ o $e per(or'ance o(
$e ac o be re0u!red o( $e +ud.e and $a $e laer $ad an
!'pera!"e du, o per(or' !. Ne"er$eless# -ud.e Sa'ulde
&as ordered o !ssue a 3A !n accordance &!$ Sec. F# Rule
997 o( $e 9ABF Rules o( %our.

ISS:E* 3$e$er ! !s 'andaor, (or $e !n"es!.a!n. +ud.e
o !ssue a 3A o( $e accused !n "!e& o( $!s (!nd!n.# a(er
conduc!n. a PI# $a $ere e;!ss pr!'a (ac!e e"!dence $a
$e accused co''!ed $e cr!'e c$ar.ed.

8ELD* T8E P:RPOSE OF A PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION DOES NOT %ONTEMPLATE T8E
ISS:AN%E OF A 3A )Y T8E INVESTIGATING -:DGE
OR OFFI%ER.

:nder Rule 997 o( $e 9ABF RO%# a PI !s conduced
on $e bas!s o( a((!da"!s o deer'!ne &$e$er or no $ere !s
su((!c!en .round o $old $e accused (or r!al. To deer'!ne
&$e$er a 3A s$ould !ssue# $e !n"es!.a!n. +ud.e 'us
$a"e e;a'!ned !n &r!!n. and under oa$ $e co'pla!nan
and $!s &!rnesses b, searc$!n. 0ues!ons and ans&ersD $e
'us be sa!s(!ed $a a probable cause e;!ssD and $ere 'us
be a need o place $e accused under !''ed!ae cusod, !n
order no o (rusrae $e ends o( +us!ce. I !s no obl!.aor,#
bu 'erel, d!scre!onar,# upon $e !n"es!.a!n. +ud.e o
!ssue a 3A# (or $e deer'!na!on o( &$e$er ! !s necessar,
o arres $e accused !n order no o (rusrae $e ends o(
+us!ce# !s le( o $!s sound +ud.'en or d!scre!on.
T$e (!scal s$ould# !nsead# $a"e (!led an !n(or'a!on
!''ed!ael, so $a $e RT% 'a, !ssue a &arran (or $e
arres o( $e accused. B%..

Bltr%$ (. M%9%si%r, "26 SCRA >4> 5"4117

F* T$e Pres. o( $e P$!ls. (!led a co'pla!n (or l!bel
a.a!ns $e pe!!oners# &$o &ere publ!s$er and colu'n!s o(
$e P$!l!pp!ne Sar# based on $e (ollo&!n. sae'en !n
)elran5s colu'n o( Oc. 97# 9AB< en!led 2T$e Ner"ous
O((!c!als o( $e A0u!no Ad'!n!sra!on*2 2I( ,ou &!ll recall#
dur!n. $e Au.. 7A coup ae'p# $e Pres. $!d under $er
bed# &$!le $e (!r!n. &as .o!n. on-- per$aps $e (!rs
%o''ander-!n-%$!e( o( $e AFP o $a"e o do so.2
Insead o( sub'!!n. $!s couner-a((!da"!# )elran
'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e co'pla!n. T$e (!scal den!end $!s
'o!on a(er (!nd!n. a pr!'a (ac!e case a.a!ns $e
pe!!oners and (!led $e case !n cour &=c $erea(er !ssued
&arrans o( arres a.a!ns $e pe!!oners. T$e pe!!oners
(!led a pe!!on (or cer!orar! and pro$!b!!on.

8ELD* T$e add!!on o( $e &ord 2personall,2 a(er $e
&ord 2deer'!ned2 /Ar. III# Sec. 71 and $e dele!on o( $e
.ran o( au$or!, b, $e 9A<> %ons!. o !ssue &arrans o
2o$er respons!ble o((!cer as 'a, be au$or!@ed b, la&#2 $as
apparenl, con"!nced pe!!oner )elran $a $e %ons!. no&
re0u!res $e +ud.e o personall, e;a'!ne $e co'pla!nan
and $!s &!nesses !n $!s deer'!na!on o( probable cause (or
$e !ssuance o( &arrans o( arres. T$!s !s no an accurae
!nerprea!on. 3$a $e %ons!. underscores !s $e e;clus!"e
and personal respons!b!l!, o( $e !ssu!n. +ud.e o sa!s(,
$!'sel( o( $e e;!sence o( probable cause. In sa!s(,!n.
$!'sel( o( $e e;!sence o( probable cause (or $e !ssuance
o( a &arran o( arres# $e +ud.e !s no re0u!red o personall,
e;a'!ne $e co'pla!nan and $!s &!nesses. Follo&!n.
esabl!s$ed docr!ne and procedure# $e s$all* /91 personall,
e"aluae $e repor and $e suppor!n. docu'ens sub'!ed
b, $e (!scal re.ard!n. $e e;!sence o( probable cause and#
on $e bas!s $ereo(# !ssue a &arran o( arresD or /71 !( on
$e bas!s $ereo( $e (!nds no probable cause# $e 'a,
d!sre.ard $e (!scal5s repor and re0u!re $e sub'!ss!on o(
suppor!n. a((!da"!s o( &!nesses o a!d $!' !n arr!"!n. a a
conclus!on as o $e e;!sence o( probable cause. Sound
pol!c, d!caes $!s procedure# o$er&!se +ud.es &ould be
undul, laden &= $e prel!'!nar, e;a'!na!on and
!n"es!.a!on o( cr!'!nal co'pla!ns !nsead o( concenra!n.
on $ear!n. and dec!d!n. cases (!led be(ore $e!r cours.
;;;

"-. Wh$ %rrst .%) & .%' *itho+t % *%rr%$t

R+l "">, S!. 3. Arrst *itho+t *%rr%$tH *h$
l%*f+l.BB A #%! offi!r or % #ri(%t #rso$ .%),
*itho+t % *%rr%$t, %rrst % #rso$F
5%7 Wh$, i$ his #rs$!, th #rso$ to &
%rrst' h%s !o..itt', is %!t+%ll) !o..itti$g, or is
%tt.#ti$g to !o..it %$ off$sH
5&7 Wh$ %$ off$s, h%s i$ f%!t :+st &$
!o..itt', %$' h h%s #rso$%l 9$o*l'g of f%!ts
i$'i!%ti$g th%t th #rso$ to & %rrst' h%s !o..itt'
itH
5!7 Wh$ th #rso$ to & %rrst' is % #riso$r
*ho h%s s!%#' fro. % #$%l st%&lish.$t of #l%!
*hr h is sr(i$g fi$%l :+'g.$t or t.#or%ril)
!o$fi$' *hil his !%s is #$'i$g, or h%s s!%#' *hil
&i$g tr%$sfrr' fro. o$ !o$fi$.$t to %$othr.
I$ !%ss f%lli$g +$'r #%r%gr%#hs 5%7 %$' 5&7
hrof, th #rso$ %rrst' *itho+t % *%rr%$t sh%ll &
forth*ith 'li(r' to th $%rst #oli! st%tio$ or :%il,
%$' h sh%ll & #ro!'' %g%i$st i$ %!!or'%$! *ith
R+l "";, S!tio$. 6. 5R+ls of Co+rt.7

Rule 99># sec. F al4s o( 2c!!@en arress2# cases
&$ere an arres can be 'ade e!$er b, $e peace o((!cer or a
pr!"ae person &!$ou need o( a &arran.
T$e 4e, ele'en !n $e (!rs case !s $a $e o((ense
&as co''!ed 2!n $!s presence2. T$e 4e, ele'en !n $e
second case !s $a $e $as 2personal 4no&led.e2.

T$us# !n People ". )ur.os# 9?? S%RA 9 /9AB61# $e
arres 'ade b, $e consabular, &!$ou a &arran o( a
(ar'er on $e bas!s o( !n(or'a!on $a $e &as a sub"ers!"e
&as $eld uncons!u!onal# s!nce $ere &as no personal
4no&led.e o( $e o((ense !sel(.

T$e .un and sub"ers!"e docu'ens (ound b, $e
o((!cer and ad'!ed b, $e (or'er o be $!s &ere l!4e&!se
$eld !nad'!ss!ble because $e ad'!ss!on "!olaed $e
M!randa rule.

%. Stri!t $for!.$t of r+l

People ". )ur.os# 9?? S%RA 9 /9AB61

F* On $e bas!s o( !n(o. .!"en b, %esar Masa'lo4# $e
appellan &as arresed &$!le plo&!n. $!s (ar' !n T!.u'an#
Da"ao del Sur# on Ma, 9># 9AB7# on c$ar.es o( !lle.al
possess!on o( (!rear' !n (ur$erance o( sub"ers!on. A .>B
cal!ber re"ol"er &as (ound bur!ed under $!s $ouse.
Sub"ers!"e docu'ens &ere also se!@ed (ro' a place near
$!s $ouse. T&o arres!n. o((!cers es!(!ed $a $e appellan
$ad read!l, ad'!ed o&ners$!p o( $e .un and $e
docu'ens. T$e appellan &as (ound .u!l, o( $e c$ar.e
and senenced o 7E ,ears o( reclusion temporal# as
'!n!'u'# o reclusion perpetua# as 'a;!'u'# and $e .un
and docu'ens &ere ordered con(!scaed.

8ELD* /91 :nder R 99># Sec. F /a1# $e arres!n. o((!cer
'us $a"e personal 4no&led.e $a $e cr!'e $as been
co''!ed# !s be!n. co''!ed# or !s abou o be co''!ed#
!n order o +us!(, an arres &=o a &arran. T$e o((ense 'us
also be co''!ed !n $!s presence or &=!n $!s "!e&. T$ere !s
no suc$ personal 4no&led.e !n $!s case. 8ence $e arres
o( $e appellan &as !lle.al.
/71 %onse0uenl,# $e !nc!denal searc$ and se!@ure
&ere l!4e&!se !lle.al and $e (!rear' and docu'en are
!nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.
/>1 T$e prosecu!on ar.ues $a $e appellan
ad'!ed o&ners$!p o( $e .un and cla!'s $a ! &as $e &$o
po!ned o $e place &$ere $e sub"ers!"e docu'ens &ere
$!dden. 8o&e"er# as $e appellan &as no !n(or'ed o( $!s
cons!u!onal r!.$s a $a !'e# $!s ad'!ss!on !s
!nad'!ss!ble under QAr. III# Sec. 97 /91.R I !s rue $a 6
da,s laer $e e;ecued a con(ess!on be(ore $e (!scal &= $e
ass!sance o( counsel# bu ! &as $en alread, oo lae.
/?1 As $e re'a!n!n. e"!dence a.a!ns $e appellan
!s $e es!'on, o( %esar M. and ! !s uncorroboraed and
unrel!able# $e appellan s$ould be ac0u!ed# bu $e .un and
$e sub"ers!"e docu'ens 'us be con(!scaed.

Po#l (. Ro'rig+A, ;>; SCRA 041 5A#ril ;3, "4147

F* Pa. Mar"!n Pa+!lan rece!"ed a p$one call (ro' $e
des4 o((!cer o( Sub-Sa!on I# na'el,# M!c$ael Orbea# &$o
!n(or'ed $!' $a a person na'ed 5Al,as Allan5 &as sell!n.
'ar!+uana a No. B9AA %onsanc!a S.# Ma4a!# Mero Man!la
and re0uesed $a sa!d person be appre$ended. Ac!n. on
$!s p$one call o( des4 o((!cer M!c$ael Orbea# a ea' o(
pol!ce'en posed $e'sel"es abou 9E o 9F 'eers (ro' $e
$ouse locaed a B9AA %onsanc!a S.# Ma4a!. T$e, sa& a
r!c,cle &!$ > persons on board# a dr!"er and 7 passen.ers#
sop !n (ron o( $e $ouse a B9AA %onsanc!a S. T$e, also
sa& a 'ale person co'e ou o( $e sa!d $ouse and approac$
and al4 o $e dr!"er o( $e r!c,cle. A(er a &$!le $e, sa&
$e 'ale person .o bac4 o $e $ouse and a l!le laer co'e
bac4 and $and o $e r!c,cle dr!"er 5a susp!c!ous su(( o( a
c!.aree# a 'ar!+uana c!.aree5# $e, (ur$er sa& $e r!c,cle
dr!"er !n urn .!"e so'e$!n. o $e 'ale person. Pa. Pa+!lan
o.e$er &!$ $!s co'pan!ons approac$ed $e 'ale person
and $e r!c,cle dr!"er and a(er !nroduc!n. $e'sel"es as
pol!ce o((!cers# $e, as4ed $e 'ale person# $e r!c,cle
dr!"er and $!s 7 passen.ers o br!n. ou $e conens o( $e!r
poc4es# &$!c$ $e 'ale person# $e dr!"er and $e
passen.ers o( $e r!c,cle d!d. T$e 'ale person brou.$ ou
(ro' $!s poc4es 7 s'all plas!c ba.s cona!n!n. suspeced
'ar!+uana lea"es. T$e r!c,cle dr!"er brou.$ ou (ro' $!s
r!.$ (ron poc4e > s!c4s o( suspeced 'ar!+uana c!.arees.
No$!n. !lle.al &as (ound !n $e poc4es o( $e 7 passen.ers
o( $e r!c,cle.
T$e appellan conends $a $e pol!ce o((!cers $ad
no personal 4no&led.e $a $e &as !ndeed $and!n.
'ar!+uana o Enr!co )acod as $e, &ere 9E-9F 'eers a&a,
(ro' $e alle.ed sale ransac!on. T$e arres $ere(ore &as
no "al!d as $e re0u!re'ens (or a &arranless arres &ere
no co'pl!ed &!$.

Issue* 3as $e &aranless arres "al!dH

Rul!n.* YES.
T$e &arranless arres 'ade b, $e la& en(orcers
&as "al!d s!nce ! (alls under $e pro"!s!ons o( Rule 99>#
Sec. F/a1 o( $e Rules o( %our &$!c$ pro"!des*
Sec. F. Arres &!$ou &arranD &$en la&(ul. A peace
o((!cer or a pr!"ae person 'a,# &!$ou a &arran# arres a
person*
/a1 3$en# !n $!s presence# $e person o be arresed
$as co''!ed# !s acuall, co''!!n.# or !s ae'p!n. o
co''! an o((enseD

8a"!n. cau.$ $e appellan in flagrante as a resul
o( $e bu,-bus opera!on# $e pol!ce'en &ere no onl,
au$or!@ed bu &ere also under obl!.a!on o appre$end $e
dru. pus$er e"en &!$ou a &arran o( arres. T$e pol!ce
o((!cers &ere !pped o(( b, an !n(or'er abou $e !lle.al
rade o( $e accused. T$e e;ac loca!on &$ere $!s rad!n. !n
dru.s &as a4!n. place &as .!"en o $e'. T$e 5susp!c!ous
su((5 a4en (ro' $e accused &ere con(!r'ed o be
'ar!+uana a(er ess &ere conduced on $e'. T$e aendan
c!rcu'sances a4!n. place be(ore $e!r e,es led $e pol!ce
o((!cers o reasonabl, conclude $a an o((ense &as acuall,
be!n. co''!ed.

&. EC!#tio$s to stri!t $for!.$t

/91 2%on!nuous2 cr!'es o( sub"ers!on

:'!l ". Ra'os# 9B< S%RA >99 /9AAE1

T$ese are B pe!!ons (or habeas corpus 0'C1 (!led
be(. $e %our. T$e %our (!nds $a $e persons dea!ned
$a"e no been !lle.all, arresed nor arb!rar!l, depr!"ed o(
$e!r cons!u!onal r!.$ o l!ber, and $a $e
c!rcu'sances aend!n. $ese cases do no &arran $e!r
release on 'C.
An arres &=o a &arran# under Sec. F# pars. /a1 and
/b1 o( Rule 99># RO%# as a'ended !s +us!(!ed &$en $e
person arresed !s cau.$ in flagrante delicto# "!@.# !n $e ac
o( co''!!n. an o((enseD or &$en an o((ense $as +us been
co''!ed and $e person 'a4!n. $e arres $as personal
4no&led.e o( $e (acs !nd!ca!n. $a $e person arresed
$as co''!ed !.
T$e persons !n &$ose be$al( $ese pe!!ons (or 'C
$a"e been (!led $ad (res$l, co''!ed or &ere acuall,
co''!!n. an o((ense# &$en appre$ended# so $a $e!r
arress# &=o &arran &ere clearl, +us!(!ed# and $a $e, are#
(ur$er dea!ned b, "!rue o( "al!d !n(or'a!ons (!led a.a!ns
$e' !n cour.

I

In :'!l ". Ra'os# RIO:-%AP%OM rece!"ed
con(!den!al !n(o. abou a 'e'ber o( $e NPA-Sparro& un!
be!n. reaed (or a .uns$o &ound a $e S. A.nes 8osp!al
!n Roose"el A"e.# L.%. I &as (ound $a $e &ounded
person# &$o &as l!sed !n $e $osp!al records as Ronn!e
-a"elon# !s acuall, Rolando Dural# a 'e'ber o( $e NPA
l!0u!da!on s0uad# respons!ble (or $e 4!ll!n. o( 7 %AP%OM
sold!ers $e da, be(ore. Dural &as $en rans(erred o $e
Re.!onal Med!cal Ser"!ces o( $e %AP%OM.
:pon pos!!"e !den!(!ca!on b, an e,e&!ness# Dural
&as re(erred o $e %aloocan %!, F!scal &$o conduced an
!n0ues and $erea(er (!led &= $e RT%-%aloocan %!, an
!n(o. c$ar.!n. Dural &= $e cr!'e o( 2Double Murder &=
Assaul upon a.ens o( persons !n au$or!,.2
T$e pe!!on (or 'C# !nso(ar as :'!l K V!llanue"a
are concerned# !s no& 'oo and acade'!c and !s accord!n.l,
d!s'!ssed# s!nce $e &r! does no l!e !n (a"or o( an accused
!n a cr!'. case# &$o $as been released on ba!l.
As o Dural# $e &as no arresed &$!le !n $e ac o(
s$oo!n. $e 7 sold!ers. Nor &as $e arresed a(er $e
co''!ss!on o( sa!d o((ense (or $!s arres ca'e a day after
$e s$oo!n. !nc!den. 8o&e"er# Dural &as arresed (or
be!n. a 'e'ber o( $e NPA# an oula&ed sub"ers!"e
or.an!@a!on. Sub"ers!on be!n. a continuing offense# $e
arres o( Dural &=o &arran !s +us!(!ed as ! can be sa!d $a
$e &as co''!!n. an o((ense &$en arresed.
T$e arres o( persons !n"ol"ed !n rebell!on &$e$er
as !s (!.$!n. ar'ed ele'ens# or (or co''!!n. non-
"!olen acs bu !n (ur$erance o( rebell!on# !s 'ore an ac o(
capur!n. $e' !n $e course o( an ar'ed con(l!c# o 0uell
$e rebell!on# $an (or $e purpose o( !''ed!ael,
prosecu!n. $e' !n cour (or a sauor, o((ense. T$e arres#
$ere(ore# need no (ollo& $e usual procedure !n $e
prosecu!on o( o((enses &=c re0u!res $e deer'!na!on b, a
+ud.e o( $e e;!sence o( probable cause be(. $e !ssuance o(
a +ud!c!al &arran and $e .ran!n. o( ba!l !( $e o((ense !s
ba!lable. Ob"!ousl,# $e absence o( a +ud!c!al &arran !s no
le.al !'ped!'en o arres!n. or capur!n. persons
co''!!n. o"er acs o( "!olence a.a!ns .o" (orces# or an,
o$er '!lder acs bu e0uall, !n pursuance o( $e rebell!ous
'o"e'en. ;;; /Garc!a-Pad!lla ". Enr!le.1
Dural &as (ound .u!l, o( $e c$ar.e and !s no&
ser"!n. $e senence !'posed upon $!' b, $e r!al cour.
T$us# $e &r! o( 'C !s no lon.er a"a!lable

II

T$e arres o( A'el!a Ro0ue and 3!l(redo
)uenaobra# &=o &arran !s also +us!(!ed.

In "!e& o( $e re"ela!ons 'ade b, Ro.el!o Ra'os# a
(or'er NPA# $e %onsan!no $ouse !n Mar!4!na 8e!.$s
&as placed under '!l!ar, sur"e!llance and on B=97=BB#
pursuan o a searc$ &arran # a searc$ o( $e $ouse &as
conduced a F PM b, %IS%-N%D K %SG. In $e course o(
$e searc$ &ere (ound se"eral (!rear's# re.ular po&er
suppl,# anennae# spea4er and sub"ers!"e docu'ens.
3$en con(roned# R. %onsan!no /R%1 could no
produce an, per'! or au$or!, o possess $e (!rear's#
a''un!!on# rad!o# ec. 8e &as brou.$ o %IS 8L (or
!n"es!.a!on. 3$en 0ues!oned# $e re(used o .!"e a &r!en
sae'en# al$ou.$ $e ad'!ed $a $e &as a sa(( 'e'ber
o( $e e;ecu!"e o( $e N:F% and a ran4!n. 'e'ber o( $e
Inerna!onal Dep. o( $e %PP.
A abou B PM# sa'e da,# )uenaobra arr!"ed a R%5s
$ouse. 3$en arresed# $e read!l, sub'!ed o $e '!l!ar,
a.ens $a $e !s a re.ular 'e'ber o( $e %PP= NPA and $a
$e &en o $e place o del!"er leers o 2Ca Mon.#2
re(err!n. o R% and o$er 'e'bers o( $e rebel .roup. Also
(ound !n )uenaobra5s possess!on &as a p!ece o( paper
cona!n!n. $e +u'bled el. no. o( Flor!da Ro0ue# s!ser o(
A'el!a Ro0ue# a4a. 2Ca Nel!a.2 T$e, &en o $e address
on B=9>=BB and arr!"ed a $e place abou 99 AM. A(er
!den!(,!n. $e'sel"es as '!l!ar, a.ens and a(er see4!n.
per'!ss!on o searc$ $e place# &=c &as .raned# $e '!l!ar,
a.ens conduced a searc$ !n $e presence o( $e occupans
o( $e $ouse and $e baran.a, capa!n o( $e place.
T$e '!l!ar, (ound $e place o be ano$er sa(e$ouse
o( $e N:F%= %PP. T$e, (ound (!rear's# sub"ers!"e
docu'ens# led.ers# +ournals# "ouc$ers# a'on. o$ers.
A'el!a ad'!ed o&ners$!p o( $e docu'ens se!@ed.
Ro0ue &as brou.$ o $e %aloocan %!, F!scal (or
!n0ues a(er &=c an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $er &= "!ol. o( PD 9B66
&as (!led. Ano$er !n(o. (or "!ol. o( $e An!-Sub"ers!on Ac
&as (!led a.a!ns Ro0ue and also o )uenaobra.
A pe!!on (or 'C &as (!led be(. $!s %our on be$al(
o( Ro0ue and )uenaobra. A $e $ear!n.# )uenaobra
'an!(esed $!s des!re o sa, !n $e P%-INP soc4ade a
%a'p %ra'e# L.%. Accord!n.l,# $e pe!!on (or 'C on $!s
be$al( !s no& 'oo and acade'!c.

III

Anonue"o ". Ra'os.

T$e arres o( Do'!n.o Anonue"o /A1 and Ra'on
%as!ple /%1 &=o &arran !s +us!(!ed.
A abou <*>E PM on B=9>=BB# A and % arr!"ed a $e
$ouse o( R% &=c &as s!ll under sur"e!llance. T$e '!l!ar,
no!ced bul.!n. ob+ecs on $e!r &a!s l!nes. 3$en (r!s4ed#
$e a.ens (ound $e' o be loaded .uns. T$e, &ere as4ed
o s$o& $e!r per'! or l!cense o possess or carr, (!rear's
and a''un!!ons bu $e, could no produce an,. 8ence#
$e, &ere brou.$ o P% 8L (or !n"es!.a!on.
A $e P% soc4ade# A &as !den!(!ed as 2Ca Ted#2
and % as 2Ca Too,2 o( $e %PP b, $e!r (or'er co'rades.
On B=9F=BB# an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $e' &= "!ol. o( PD
9B66 &as (!led be(. RT%-Pas!.. On B=7?=BB# a pe!!on (or
'C &as (!led be(. $!s %our.

8ELD* T$e pe!!oner5s cla!' $a $e, &ere unla&(ull,
arresed bec. $ere &as no pre"!ous &arran# !s &=o 'er!.
T$e records s$o& $a $e, &ere carr,!n. unl!censed
(!rear's and a''un!!ons !n $e!r person &$en
appre$ended.
T$ere !s also no 'er! !n $e conen!on $a $e !n(o.
(!led a.a!ns $e' are null and "o!d (or &an o( prel. !n".
T$e (!l!n. o( an !n(o.# &=o a prel. !n".# $a"!n. been (!rs
conduced# !s sanc!oned b, Rule 997# Sec. <# RO%.
Pe!!oners re(used o s!.n a &a!"er o( $e pro"!s!ons
o( Ar. 97F# RP%. Nor d!d pe!!oners as4 (or prel. !n". a(er
$e !n(or'a!ons $ad been (!led a.a!ns $e' !n cour.

IV

Oca,a ". A.u!rre.

On F=97=BB# a.ens o( $e P% Inell!.ence and
In"es!.a!on D!"!s!on o( R!@al P%-INP %o''and# ar'ed
&= a searc$ &arran# conduced a searc$ o( a $ouse locaed
a Mar!4!na Green 8e!.$s# bel!e"ed o be occup!ed b,
)en!o T!a'son# $ead o( $e %PP-NPA. In $e course o( $e
searc$# Oca,a arr!"ed !n a car dr!"en b, Dann, R!"era.
Sub"ers!"e docu'ens and se"eral rounds o( a''un!!ons
(or a .?F cal. p!sol &ere (ound !n V!c4, Oca,a5s car. T$e,
&ere brou.$ o $e P% 8L (or !n"es!.a!on# &$en O. could
no produce an, per'! or au$or!@a!on o possess $e
a''un!!on# an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $er &= "!ol. o( PD 9B66 &as
(!led &= RT%-Pas!.. R!"era &as released (ro' cusod,.
On F=9<=BB# a pe!!on (or 'C &as (!led on be$al( o(
$ese 7.

8ELD* V!c4, O. &as arresed in flagrante delicto so $a
$er arres &=o &arran !s +us!(!ed. No. prel. !n". &as
conduced bec. s$e &as arresed &=o a &arran and s$e
re(used o &a!"e $e pro"!s!ons o( Ar. 97F o( $e RP%#
pursuan o R997# Sec. <# RO%.

V

T$e pe!!oners Oca,a# Anonue"o# %as!ple and
Ro0ue cla!' $a $e (!rear's# a''un!!ons and sub"ers!"e
docu'ens alle.ed o $a"e been (ound !n $e!r possess!on#
&$en arresed# d!d no belon. o $e'# bu &ere planed b,
$e '!l!ar, o +us!(, $e!r !lle.al arres.
T$e pe!!oners# $o&e"er# $a"e no !nroduced an,
e"!dence o suppor $e!r cla!'. On $e o$er $and# no e"!l
'o!"e or !ll &!ll on $e par o( $e arres!n. o((!cers $a
could cause $e sa!d o((!cers !n $ese cases o accuse $e
pe!!oners (alsel,# $as been s$o&n.
As po!ned ou b, $e Sol-Gen# $e arres o( $e
pe!!oners !s no a produc o( a &!c$ $un or a (!s$!n.
e;ped!!on# bu $e resul o( an !n-dep$ sur"e!llance o( NPA
sa(e$ouses po!ned no less $an b, (or'er co'rades o( $e
pe!!oners.
VI

Esp!r!u ". L!'.

Deo.rac!as Esp!!u !s $e Gen. Sec. o( PISTON.
Pe!!oner cla!'s $a a abou F AM o( 99=7>=BB# &$!le $e
&as sleep!n. !n $!s $o'e locaed a Sa. Mesa# Mla.# $e &as
a&a4ened b, $!s s!ser &$o old $!' $a a .roup o( persons
&aned o $!re $!s +eepne,. 3$en $e &en do&n o al4 o
$e'# $e &as !''ed!ael, pu under arres. 3$en $e as4ed
(or $e &arran# $e 'en bod!l, l!(ed $!' and placed $!' !n
$e!r o&ner ,pe +eepne,. 8e de'anded $a $!s s!ser be
allo&ed o acco'pan, $!'# bu $e 'en d!d no accede o
$!s re0ues.
An !n(o. c$ar.!n. $!' &= "!ol. o( Ar. 9?7# RP%
/Inc!!n. o sed!!on1 &as (!led a.a!ns $!'.
In $e a(ernoon o( 99=77=BB# dur!n. a press-con a
$e NP% 2Deo.rac!as E. $rou.$ r!-'ed!a &as $eard ur.!n.
all dr!"ers and operaors o .o on na!on&!de sr!4e on
99=7>=BB ;;;.2
Pol!ce'en &a!ed (or pe!!oners ous!de $e NP% !n
order o !n"es!.ae $!'# bu $e .a"e $e la&'en $!s sl!p.
8e &as ne; seen a abou F PM a a .a$er!n. o( dr!"ers and
s,'pa$!@ers# &$ere $e &as $eard as sa,!n.#
2)u4as ulo, and &el.a na!n ... $an..an. sa
'a.4a.ulo na.2
S!nce $e arres o( $e pe!!oner &=o &arran &as !n
accordance &= $e pro"!s!ons o( R 99># Sec. F /b1# RO%# and
$e pe!!oner !s dea!ned b, "!rue o( a "al!d !n(o. (!led &=
$e co'peen cour# $e 'a, no be released on 'C.

VII

Na@areno ". Sa!on %o''ander.

A abou B*>E AM o( 97=9?=BB# one Ro'ulo )un,e II
&as 4!lled b, a .roup o( 'en !n Alaban.# Mun!n.lupa#
MM. One o( $e suspecs !n $e 4!ll!n. &as Ra'!l Re.ala
&$o &as arresed b, $e pol!ce on 97=7B=BB. :pon
0ues!on!n.# Re.ala po!ned o Na@areno as one o( $!s
co'pan!ons !n $e 4!ll!n. o( )un,e II. In "!e& $ereo(# $e
o((!cers# &=o &arran# p!c4ed up Na@areno and brou.$ $!'
o $e pol!ce 8L (or 0ues!on!n..
;;;
On 7=9=BA# $e pres!d!n. +ud.e o( $e RT%-)!nan#
La.una# !ssued a resolu!on den,!n. $e pe!!on (or 'C, !
appear!n. $a sa!d Narc!so Na@areno !s !n $e cusod, o( $e
respondens b, reason o( an !n(o. (!led a.a!ns $!' &= $e
RT%-M4!.# MM.

8ELD* T$e arres o( Na@areno &as e((eced b, $e pol!ce
&=o &arran pursuan o Sec. F /b1# R 99># RO%# a(er $e
&as pos!!"el, !'pl!caed b, $!s co-accusedD and a(er
!n"es!.a!on b, $e pol!ce.
T$e obl!.a!on o( an a.en o( au$or!, o 'a4e an
arres b, reason o( a cr!'e# does no presuppose as a
necessar, re0u!s!e (or $e (ul(!ll'en $ereo(# $e
!ndub!able e;!sence o( a cr!'e. For $e deen!on o be
per(ecl, le.al# ! !s su((!c!en $a $e a.en or person !n
au$or!, 'a4!n. $e arres $as reasonabl, su((!c!en
.rounds o bel!e"e $e e;!sence o( an ac $a"!n. $e
c$aracer!s!c o( a cr!'e and $a $e sa'e .rounds e;!s o
bele!"e $a $e person sou.$ o be dea!ned par!c!paed
$ere!n.2 /Peo. ". Anc$ea.1

VIII

In all $e pe!!ons $ere cons!dered# cr!'!nal c$ar.es
$a"e been (!led !n $e proper cours a.a!ns $e pe!!oners.
T$e rule !s $a !( a person alle.ed o be resra!ned o( $!s
l!ber, !s !n $e cusod, o( an o((!cer under process !ssued b,
a cour or +ud.e# and $a $e cour or +ud.e $ad +ur!sd!c!on
o !ssue $e process or 'a4e $e order# or if such person is
charged before any court# $e &r! o( 'C &!ll no be
allo&ed. /Sec. ?# R 9E7# RO%.1

On $e Ila.an Docr!ne.

As $e %our sees !# re-e;a'!na!on or re-appra!sal#
&= a "!e& o !s abandon'en# o( $e Ila.an case docr!ne !s
no $e ans&er. T$e ans&er and $e beer prac!ce &ould
be# no o l!'! $e (unc!on o( 8% o a 'ere !n0u!r, as o
&=n $e cour &=c !ssued $e process# +ud.e'en or order o(
co''!'en# or be(. &$o' $e dea!ned person !s c$ar.ed#
$ad +ur!sd!c!on or no o !ssue $e process# +ud.'en or
order or o a4e co.n!@ance o( $e case# bu ra$er# as $e
cour !sel( saed !n Morales# -r. ". Enr!le# !n all pe!!ons (or
8%# $e cour 'us !n0u!re !no e"er, p$ase and aspec o(
pe!!oner5s deen!on-- 2(ro' $e 'o'en pe!!oner was
ta%en into custody up to the moment the court passes upon
the merits of the petitionD2 and 2onl, after such a scrutiny
can the court satisfy itself that the due process clause of our
Constitution in fact has been satisfied.2

:'!l ". Ra'os# 7E7 S%RA 7F9

PETITION SEECING SEPARATE MOTIONS FOR
RE%ONSIDERATION FROM T8E %O:RT5S DE%ISION
PROM:LGATED ON A -:LY 9AAE

T$e dec!s!on /on -ul, A# 9AAE1 d!d not rule $a 'ere
susp!c!on $a one !s a %PP or NPA !s a "al!d .round (or $!s
arres &=o &arran.

3e (!nd no 'er! !n $e 'o!ons (or recons!dera!on.

Rolando 2ural.-- 8!s arres &=o &arran !s +us!(!ed
as ! can be sa!d $a# &=!n $e cone'pla!on o( Sec. F /a1# R
99># RO%# $e &as co''!!n. an o((ense# &$en arresed#
bec. Dural &as arresed (or be!n. a 'e'ber o( $e NPA# an
oula&ed or..# &$ere 'e'bers$!p !s penal!@ed# and (or
sub"ers!on &=c# l!4e rebell!on !s# under Garc!a ". Pad!lla# a
continuing crime.
Dural d!d no cease o be# or beco'e less o( a
sub"ers!"e# FOR P:RPOSES OF ARREST# s!'pl, bec. $e
&as# a $e !'e o( arres# con(!ned !n $e S. A.nes
8osp!al. Dural &as !den!(!ed as one o( se"eral persons
&$o# $e da, be(ore $!s arres# &=o &arran# $ad s$o 7
%AP%OM pol!ce'en !n $e!r parol car. Dural# .!"en
ano$er opporun!,# &ould $a"e s$o or &ould s$oo o$er
pol!ce'en# an,&$ere as a.ens or represena!"e o( an
or.an!@ed .o". I !s !n $!s sense $a sub"ers!on and
rebell!on are anc$ored on an !deolo.!cal base &=c co'pels
$e repe!!on o( $e sa'e acs o( la&lessness and "!olence
un!l $e o"err!d!n. ob+ec!"e o( o"er$ro&!n. or.an!@ed
.o" !s aa!ned.
8!s arres &as based on 2probable cause.2
Sec. F# R 99># RO%# re0u!res 7 cond!!ons (or a "al!d
arres &=o &arran* /91 $e person o be arresed $as +us
co''!ed an o((ense and /71 $e person arres!n. $as
personal 4no&led.e o( (acs !nd!ca!n. $a $e person o be
arresed !s $e one &$o co''!ed $e o((ense.
It has been ruled that personal +no$led(e o# #a"ts
in arrests w$o warrant must be based upon probable "a!se,
w$c means on actual belief or reasonable grounds of
suspicion.
T$e .rounds o( susp!c!on are reasonable &$en# !n $e
absence o( acual bel!e( o( $e arres!n. o((!cers# $e
susp!c!on $a $e person o be arresed !s probabl, .u!l, o(
co''!!n. $e o((ense# !s based on a"t!al #a"ts# !.e.#
supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves
to create the probable cause of guilt of the person to be
arrested. A reasonable suspicion therefore must be founded
on probable cause, coupled w$ good faith on the part of the
peace officers ma%ing the arrest.
Sa!d con(!den!al !n(o. rece!"ed b, $e arres!n.
o((!cers# o $e e((ec $a an NPA &as be!n. reaed (or a
.uns$o &ound &as based on acual (acs and suppored b,
c!rcu'sances su((!c!enl, o en.ender a bel!e( $a an NPA
'e'ber &as rul, !n sa!d $osp!al. T$e acual (acs
suppored b, c!rcu'sances are* /91 $e da, be(.# or on
9=>9=BB# 7 %AP%OM sold!ers &ere acuall, 4!lled !n
)a.on. )o.# %aloocan %!, b, F 2sparro&s2 !nclud!n.
DuralD /71 a &ounded person l!sed !n $e $osp!al records as
2Ronn!e -a"elon2 &as acuall, $en be!n. reaed !n sa!d
$osp!al (or (or a .uns$o &oundD />1 2Ronn!e -a"elon2 and
$!s address enered !n $e $osp!al records &ere (!c!!ous
and $e &ounded 'an &as !n real!, Dural.

#n good faith.-- T$e peace o((!cers &$o arresed
Dural are dee'ed o $a"e conduced $e sa'e !n .ood (a!$#
cons!der!n. $a la& en(orcers are presu'ed o re.ularl,
per(or' $e!r o((!c!al du!es.
A (e& da,s a(er Dural5s arres# an !n(o. c$ar.!n. $!'
&= Double 'urder &= assaul a.a!ns a.ens o( persons !n
au$or!, &as (!led !n RT%-%aloocan %!,. 8e &as placed
under +ud!c!al cusod,. On B=>9=BB# $e &as con"!ced and
senenced o reclusion perpetua.

As o 3. Roque.# (. Buenaobra# 2. 3nonuevo, R..
Casiple 4 ). #caya# $e!r arress# &=o &arran# are also
+us!(!ed. T$e, &ere searc$ed pursuan o a &arran !ssued
b, a cour o( la& and &ere (ound &= unl!censed (!rear's#
e;plos!"es and= or a''un!!ons on $e!r persons. T$e,
&ere# $ere(ore# cau.$ in flagrante delicto &=c +us!(!ed
$e!r our!.$ arres &=o &arran under Sec. F /a1# R99>#
RO%. A (e& da,s a(er $e!r arress# !n(or'a!ons &ere (!led
!n cour a.a!ns sa!d pe!!oners plac!n. $e' &=!n +ud!c!al
cusod, and d!spos!!on. )uenaobra5s pe!!on !s 'oo bec.
$e $ad c$osen o re'a!n !n deen!on.
T$e reason &$!c$ co'pelled $e '!l!ar, a.ens o
'a4e $e arress &=o &arran &as $e !n(o. .!"en o $e
'!l!ar, $a 7 sa(e$ouses /one occup!ed b, R% and $e
o$er b, )en!o T!a'son1 &ere be!n. used b, $e %PP= NPA
(or $e!r opera!ons# &= !n(o. as o $e!r e;ac loca!on and
$e na'es o( R% and )T as res!dens and occupans $ereo(.
And a $e !'e o( $e acual arress# $e (ollo&!n.
c!rcu'sances surrounded sa!d arress /o( Ro0ue#
)uenaobra# Anonue"o and %as!ple1# &=c con(!r'ed $e
bel!e( o( $e '!l!ar, $a $e !n(o. $e, $ad rece!"ed &as
rue and $e persons o be arresed &ere probabl, .u!l, o(
$e co''!ss!on o( cera!n cr!'es* (!rs# $e searc$ &arran
&as dul, !ssued o e((ec $e searc$ o( $e %onsan!no
sa(e$ouseD second# (ound !n $e sa(e$ouse &as a person
na'ed R%# &$o ad'!ed $a $e &as a ran4!n. 'e'ber o(
$e %PP# and (ound !n $!s possess!on &ere unl!censed
(!rear's and co''un!s e0u!p'enD $!rd# a $e !'e o(
$e!r arress# !n $e!r possess!on &ere unl!censed (!rear's#
a''un!!ons# and= or sub"ers!"e docu'ens# and $e,
ad'!ed o&ners$!p $ereo( as &ell as $e!r 'e'bers$!p !n
$e %PP= NPA. And $en s$or,l, a(er $e!r arress# $e,
&ere pos!!"el, !den!(!ed b, $e!r (or'er co'rades as %PP=
NPA 'e'bers.
An arres !s !n $e naure o( an ad'!n!sra!"e
'easure. T$e po&er o arres &=o &arran !s &=o l!'!a!on
as lon. as $e re0u!re'ens o( Sec. F# R 99> are 'e. T$!s
rule !s (ounded on an o"er&$el'!n. publ!c !neres !n peace
and order !n our co''un!,.
2;;; T$e le.al!, o( $e deen!on does no depend
upon $e (ac o( $e cr!'e# bu ;;; upon $e naure o( $e
deed# &$ere(ro' suc$ c$aracer!@a!on 'a, reasonabl, be
!n(erred b, $e o((!cer or (unc!onar, o &$o' $e la& a $e
'o'en lea"es $e dec!s!on (or $e ur.en purpose o(
suspend!n. $e l!ber, o( $e c!!@en.2 /:S ". Sanc$e@.1

ESPIRIT: &as arresed &=o &arran# no (or
sub"ers!"e or an, 2con!nu!n. o((ense#2 bu (or uer!n. $e
&ords 2)u4as ulo, an. &el.a na!n ;;; $an..an. sa
'a.4a.ulo na2 &=c !n $e percep!on o( $e arres!n.
o((!cers# &as inciting to sedition.

Man, persons d!((er as o $e "al!d!, o( suc$
percep!on and re.ard $e lan.ua.e as (all!n. &=!n (ree
speec$ .uaraneed b, $e %ons!. )u# $e au$or!, o( $e
peace o((!cers o 'a4e $e arres# &=o &arran# a $e !'e
$e &ords &ere uered# or soon $erea(er# !s s!ll ano$er
$!n.. In $e balanc!n. o( au$or!, and (reedo'# &=o
ob"!ousl, beco'es d!((!cul a !'es# $e cour# $as !n $!s
case# !led $e scale !n (a"or o( au$or!, but only for
purposes of the arrest /no con"!c!on.1

Super"en!n. e"ens 'ade $!s case 'oo and
acade'!c. (or E. $ad be(. arra!.n'en as4ed $e cour a quo
(or re-!n"es!.a!on# $e peace o((!cers d!d no appear. %ase
a.a!ns E. $as been pro"!s!onall, d!s'!ssed and $!s ba!l
cancelled.

5363R"5#7! 3RR"!T. Al$ou.$ $e 4!ll!n. o(
)un,e II occured on 97=9?=BB# &$!le Na@areno5s arres &=o
&arran &as 'ade onl, on 97=7B=BB or 9? da,s laer# e$
arres (alls under Sec. F /b1# R99># s!nce ! &as onl, on
97=7B=BB $a $e pol!ce au$or!!es ca'e o 4no& $a
Na@areno &as probabl, one o( $ose .u!l, !n $e 4!ll!n. o(
)un,e II and $e arres $ad o be 'ade pro'pl,# e"en &=o a
&arran /a(er $e pol!ce &ere alered1 and desp!e $e lapse
o( 9? da,s o pre"en poss!ble (l!.$.
Na@areno $as s!nce been con"!ced b, $e cour a
quo (or 'urder and senenced o reclusion perpetua.

32+I!!IB8IT9 #/ ":TR3;&2ICI38 32+I!!I#5.

T$ese ad'!ss!ons sren.$en $e %our5s percep!on
$a rul, $e .rounds upon &=c $e arres!n. o((!cers based
$e!r arress &=o &arran# are suppored b, probable cause#
!.e.# $a $e persons arresed &ere probabl, .u!l, o( $e
co''!ss!on o( cera!n o((enses# !n co'pl!ance &= Sec. F# R
99># RO%. To noe $ese ad'!ss!ons# on $e o$er $and# !s
no o rule $a $e persons arresed are alread, .u!l, o( $e
o((enses upon &=c $e!r &arranless arress &ere pred!caed.
T$e as4 o( deer'!n!n. $e .u!l or !nnocence o( persons
arresed &=o &arran !s no proper !n a pe!!on (or 'C. I
pera!ns o $e r!al o( $e case on $e 'er!s.

5;7 Illg%l Possssio$ of g+$s or 'r+gs

People ". L!nsan.an# 9AF S%RA <B?

F* Accused L!nsan.an &as arresed a(er a Obu,-busP
opera!on. T$e &o 'ar4ed en-peso b!ll &ere rer!e"ed
(ro' $!'. 8e &as as4ed o s!.n $!s na'e on $e &o
'ar4ed b!lls. T$e en $androlled c!.aree s!c4s con(!scaed
(ro' $e accused &ere sub'!ed (or e;a'!na!on. A(er
(!nd!n. $ese pos!!"e (or 'ar!+uana# a case &as (!led (or
"!ola!on o( $e Dan.erous Dru.s La&. L!nsan.an den!ed
$e c$ar.e. T$e r!al cour (ound L!nsan.an .u!l,. :pon
appeal# one o( $e asser!ons o( L!nsan.an &as $a $e r!al
cour erred !n no $old!n. $a &$en $e pol!ce'en re0u!red
$!' o !n!!al $e 'ar4ed b!lls# $e, "!olaed $!s
cons!u!onal r!.$ o counsel# o re'a!n s!len# and no o
!ncr!'!nae $!'sel( &$!le under cusod!al !n"es!.a!on.

ISS:E* 38ET8ER OR NOT T8ERE 3AS A
VIOLATION OF T8E A%%:SEDNS %ONSTIT:TIONAL
RIG8TS 38EN 8E 3AS MADE TO SIGN T8E
MARCED )ILLS.

8ELD* Al$ou.$ $e accused &as no ass!sed b, counsel
&$en $e !n!!aled $e P9E-b!lls $a $e pol!ce (ound uc4ed
!n $!s &a!s# $!s r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on &as no
"!olaed (or $!s possess!on o( $e 'ar4ed b!lls d!d no
cons!ue a cr!'eD $e sub+ec o( $e prosecu!on &as $!s ac
o( sell!n. 'ar!+uana c!.arees. 8!s con"!c!on &as no
based on $e presence o( $!s !n!!als on $e 'ar4ed b!lls# bu
on $e (ac $a $e r!al cour bel!e"ed $e es!'on, o( $e
pol!ce'en $a $e, arresed $!' &$!le $e &as acuall,
en.a.ed !n $e sell!n. 'ar!+uana c!.arees o a 'e'ber o(
$e arres!n. par,. T$e r!al cour .a"e 'ore credence o
$e!r cae.or!cal declara!ons $an o $e appellanNs den!als.
T$a !s as ! s$ould be (or as la& en(orcers# $e, are
presu'ed o $a"e per(or'ed $e!r o((!c!al du!es !n a re.ular
'anner. T$e!r as4 o( appre$end!n. persons en.a.ed !n $e
deadl, dru. rade !s d!((!cul enou.$ &!$ou le.al and
procedural ec$n!cal!!es o 'a4e ! doubl, so.

99. I''un!, (ro' arres o( 'e'bers o(
%on.ress

Art. 8I, S!. "". A S$%tor or M.&r of th
Ho+s sh%ll, i$ %ll off$ss #+$ish%&l &) $ot .or th%$
siC 527 )%rs i.#riso$.$t 5prision "orre"ional7, &
#ri(ilg' fro. %rrst *hil Co$grss is i$ sssio$. CCC

B. Rights of Prso$s +$'r !+sto'i%l
i$trrog%tio$

Art. III, S!. ";. 5"7 A$) #rso$ +$'r !+sto'i%l
i$(stig%tio$ for th !o..issio$ of %$ off$s, sh%ll h%(
th right to & i$for.' of his right to r.%i$ sil$t %$'
to h%( !o.#t$t %$' i$'#$'$t !o+$sl #rfr%&l)
of his o*$ !hoi!. If th #rso$ !%$$ot %ffor' th
sr(i!s of !o+$sl, h .+st & #ro(i'' *ith o$. Ths
rights !%$$ot & *%i(' C!#t i$ *riti$g %$' i$ th
#rs$! of !o+$sl.
5;7 No tort+r, for!, (iol$!, thr%t,
i$ti.i'%tio$, or %$) othr .%$s *hi!h (iti%t th fr
*ill sh%ll & +s' %g%i$st hi.. S!rt 't$tio$ #l%!s,
solit%r), in"o%%!ni"ado, or othr si.il%r for.s of
't$tio$ %r #rohi&it'.
5>7 A$) !o$fssio$ or %'.issio$ o&t%i$' i$
(iol%tio$ of this or s!. "6 hrof, sh%ll & i$%'.issi&l i$
(i'$! %g%i$st hi..
507 Th l%* sh%ll #ro(i' for #$%l %$' !i(il
s%$!tio$s for (iol%tio$s of this s!tio$, %s *ll %s
!o.#$s%tio$ to %$' rh%&ilit%tio$ of (i!ti.s of tort+r
or si.il%r #r%!ti!s, %$' thir f%.ilis.

So+r!F Mir%$'% (. AriAo$%, >10 U.S. 0>2 5"4227

Accord!n. o %$!e( -us!ce 3arren# &$en a de(endan
!s $rus !no an un(a'!l!ar a'osp$ere and run $rou.$
'enac!n. pol!ce !nerro.a!on procedures# &$ere
co'puls!on !s (orce(ull, poen!al and $!s &!ll !s l!4el, o be
sub+u.aed# $e o((!cers 'us undera4e o a((ord proper
sa(e.uards b, $e read!n. o( $e 2M!randa r!.$s2 a $e
ouse o( $e !n"es!.a!on o ensure $a $e sae'ens 'ade
are rul, $e produc o( (ree c$o!ce.

An, person under cusod!al or pol!ce !n"es!.a!on
$as $e r!.$ o be !n(or'ed o( $e (ollo&!n. r!.$s*

9. R!.$ o re'a!n s!len

a1 To 'a4e $!' a&are o( !.
b1 To o"erco'e $e !n$eren pressure o( $e
!nerro.a!n. a'osp$ere
c1 To s$o& $e !nd!"!dual $a $!s !nerro.aors are
prepared o reco.n!@e $!s pr!"!le.e s$ould $e c$oose o
!n"o4e $!s r!.$.

7. R!.$ o be re'!nded $a !( $e &a!"es $!s r!.$ o re'a!n
s!len# an,$!n. $e sa,s can and &!ll be used a.a!ns $!'.

a1 To &arn $!' o( $e conse0uences o( &a!"!n. $!s
r!.$ o re'a!n s!len.
b1 To 'a4e $!' a&are $a $!s !s an ad"ersar,
s,se'# and $a $e pol!ce are no ac!n. !n $!s !neres.

>. R!.$ o counsel be(ore and dur!n. $e !nerro.a!on

a1 To '!!.ae $e dan.ers o( unrus&or$!ness !n
$!s es!'on,# s!nce $e !n$eren pressures !n!!all,
o"erco'e b, $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len 'a, a.a!n run unless
coupled &!$ $e r!.$ o counsel.
b1 To lessen $e poss!b!l!, o( coerc!on b, $e
pol!ce.

?. R!.$ o be re'!nded $a !( $e canno a((ord counsel#
$en one &!ll be pro"!ded (or $!' b, $e sae.

a1 To !n(or' $!' $a !( $e does no $a"e counsel or
canno a((ord one# $e does no $a"e o de(end $!'sel( alone.
b1 To !n(or' $!' $a $!s po"er, !s no reason &$,
$e s$ould lose $!s r!.$ o counsel.

/T$e read!n. o( $ese r!.$s !s no less !nd!spensable
e"en !( $e person arresed !s a pro'!nen %ons!u!onal
la&,er. Al$ou.$ $e 'a, alread, 4no& $ese r!.$s# $e
purpose !s no so 'uc$ o !n(or' $!'# as o assure $!' $a
$!s !nerro.aors are &!ll!n. o respec $!s r!.$s a'!ds $e
pressure o( cusod!al !n"es!.a!on.1

T$e read!n. o( $ese r!.$s !s re0u!red dur!n.
2cusod!al !n"es!.a!on2.

A pol!ce !n"es!.a!on cons!ss o( 7 sa.es*

91 2General e;ploraor, !n"es!.a!on2 - &$en $e
!n"es!.a!on cons!ss 'erel, o( .eneral 0ues!ons o (!nd ou
&$o '!.$ be $e culpr!# bu &!$ou be!n. d!reced a
an,one5s .u!l !n par!cular. A $!s sa.e# $e M!randa rule
!s no ,e appl!cableD o$er&!se# people &$o could o$er&!se
e;pla!n $e!r !nnocence &ould be arresed.

71 2%usod!al !n"es!.a!on2 - &$en $e
!n"es!.a!on no& (ocuses on $e .u!l o( a person suc$ $a
$e !s no lon.er allo&ed o lea"e $e pre'!se. I !s a $!s
sa.e $a $e M!randa rul!n. !s necessar,# s!nce $e purpose
o( $e !nerro.a!on !s o e"!nce e"!dence $a can be used o
prosecue $e person.

For !nsance# &$en A# a pol!ce'an# sees J runn!n.
&!$ a sa!ned 4n!(e a&a, (ro' an apparenl, dead 'an# $e
can run. a(er J and $a"!n. .rabbed $!'# as4 $!' (or an
e;plana!on as o &$a $e sa& &!$ou read!n. $!s M!randa
r!.$s. )u once A arress J and sars !nerro.a!n. $!' !n
$e pol!ce prec!nc# $en $!s r!.$s 'us no& be read# (or
$ere can onl, be one purpose o $e 0ues!on!n.# and $a !s
o el!c! e"!dence o be used o prosecue $!'.

Mendo@a# The Right to Counsel 2uring Custodial
Investigations# 7 La& Re". No. 9E# 7 /9ABB1D 69 P$!l. L- ?EA

I. RIG8T TO %O:NSEL 3AS DEVELOPED AS PART
OF PROTE%TION AGAINST INVOL:NTARY
%ONFESSIONS.

S!nce $e !nroduc!on o( $e A'er!can accusaor!al
s,se' o( cr!'!nal procedure !n $e P$!ls.# $e rule $as been
$a !n"olunar, con(ess!ons are !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence
a.a!ns $e accused.
T$e 0ues!on !s on &$o' $e burden o( proo( !s
placed. T$e earl, rule placed $e burden o( pro"!n. $a $e
con(ess!on &as "olunar, and# $ere(ore# ad'!ss!ble !n
e"!dence# on $e prosecu!on. /Sec. ?# Ac No. 69A.1 I &as
$eld $a a con(ess!on no s$o&n o $a"e been "olunar!l,
.!"en could be ob+eced o a an, sa.e o( $e proceed!n.s#
e"en (or $e (!rs !'e on appeal !n $e S%.
Ac No. 69A &as laer repealed b, $e Ad'!n. code
o( 9A96# &=c placed $e burden o( proo( on $e accused o
s$o& $a $!s con(ess!on &as !n"olunar,. :nder $e ne&
rule# ! &as su((!c!en $a $e con(ess!on &as .!"en under
cond!!ons &=c accred! prima facie !s ad'!ss!b!l!,.
In 9AF># a (ur$er c$an.e oo4 place &$en $e S%
$eld !n Peo. ". de los Sanos $a 2A con(ess!on# o be
repud!aed# 'us no onl, be pro"ed o $a"e been oba!ned
b, (orce and "!olence# bu also $a ! !s (alse or unrue# (or
$e la& re+ecs $e con(ess!on &$en# b, (orce or "!olence or
!n!'!da!on# $e accused !s co'pelled a.a!ns $!s &!ll o ell
a (alse$ood# no e"en &$en suc$ (orce and "!olence $e !s
co'pelled o ell $e ru$. In $e laer case o( Peo. ".
V!llanue"a# $e %our saed 2$e ad'!ss!b!l!, o( $a 4!nd
o( e"!dence depends no on $e supposed !lle.al 'anner !n
&=c ! !s oba!ned bu on $e ru$ or (als!, o( $e (acs or
ad'!ss!on cona!ned $ere!n.
T$e !lle.al!, o( $e 'eans used !n oba!n!n.
e"!dence does no a((ec !s ad'!ss!b!l!, /Moncado ".
People5s %our.1

T8E EFFE%T OF T8E EJ%L:SIONARY R:LE IN
SEAR%8 AND SEII:RE %ASES

T$e adop!on !n 9A6< o( $e e;clus!onar, rule !n
searc$ and se!@ure cases /Sone$!ll ". D!o4no1 &or4ed a
parallel !n $e la& o( con(ess!on. 3=o e;pressl, o"errul!n.
!s dec!s!on !n de los Sanos and V!llanue"a# $e %our# !n
Peo. ". :rro# &en bac4 o $e (or'er rule $a !n"olunar,
or coerced con(ess!ons# re.ardless o( $e!r ru$# are null and
"o!d. ;;; In"olunar, or coerced con(ess!ons oba!ned b,
la&# &=c proscr!bes $e use o( suc$ cruel and !n$u'an
'e$ods o secure con(ess!ons. ;;;
Indeed# !n $e :S# ! !s sa!d $a an 2uncons!u!onal
coerc!on &!ll render !nad'!ss!ble e"en $e 'os
un0ues!onabl, rue !nculpaor, sae'ens.2 ;;; T$!s !s
no bec. suc$ con(ess!ons are unl!4el, o be rue bu bec. $e
'e$ods used o e;rac $e' o((end an underl,!n. pr!nc!ple
!n $e en(orce'en o( our cr!'!nal la&* $a ours !s an
accusaor!al and no an !n0u!s!or!al s,se' -- a s,se' !n
&=c $e Sae 'us esabl!s$ .u!l b, e"!dence !ndependenl,
and (reel, secured and no b, coerc!on pro"e !s c$ar.e
a.a!ns an accused ou o( $!s o&n 'ou$ ;;;.2 /Ro.ers ".
R!c$'ond# -. Fran4(urer.1

T8E MIRANDA R:LE

T$e prosecu!on 'a, no use sae'ens# &$e$er
e;culpaor, or !nculpaor,# se''!n. (ro' cusod!al
!nerro.a!on o( $e de(. unless ! de'onsraes $e use o(
procedural sa(e.uards e((ec!"e o secure $e pr!"!le.e
a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on. ), custodial interrogation# &e
'ean questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after
a person has been ta%en to custody or otherwise deprived of
his freedom of action in any significant way. xxx

II. IN T:RN# MIRANDA 3ARNINGS 3ERE DEVISED
AS MEANS OF SE%:RING T8E RIG8T TO %O:NSEL.

M!randa ". Ar!@ona re0u!res cera!n &arn!n.s o be
.!"en b, pol!ce !nerro.aors be(. a person !n cusod, 'a,
be !nerro.aed# &=c $a"e been adoped b, $e P$!l. S%*
9. T$e person !n cusod, 'us be !n(or'ed !n clear
and une0u!"ocal er's $a $e $as a r!.$ o re'a!n s!len.
T$e purpose !s o appr!se $!' o( $!s pr!"!le.e no o be
co'pelled o !ncr!'!nae $!'sel(# o o"erco'e $e !n$eren
pressures o( $e !nerro.a!on a'osp$ere# and o assure $e
!nd!"!dual $a $!s !nerro.aors are prepared o reco.n!@e
$!s pr!"!le.e# s$ould $e c$oose o e;erc!se !.
7. T$e person !n cusod, 'us be &arned $a
an,$!n. $e &!ll sa, can and &!lol be used a.a!ns $!'.
T$!s &arn!n. !s !nended o 'a4e $!' a&are no onl, o( $e
pr!"!le.e bu also o( $e conse0uences o( (ore.o!n. !.
>. S!nce $e c!rcu'sances surround!n. !n-cusod,
!nerro.a!on can operae "er, 0u!c4l, o o"erbear $e &!ll
o( one 'erel, 'ade a&are o( $!s pr!"!le.e b, $!s
!nerro.aors# ! !s !nd!spensable $a $e $as $e ass!sance o(
counsel.

T8E %:STODIAL P8ASE OF INTERROGATION

A &$a sa.e o( $e pol!ce !nerro.a!on 'us $e
&arn!n.s be .!"enH T$e %ons!. does no sae a &$a sa.e
o( $e !nerro.a!on process $e, 'us be 'ade. bu !n
M!randa# $e cour spec!(!ed $a ! !s onl, a $e cusod!al
p$ase o( $e !nerro.a!on $a !s rul!n. appl!ed. As $e
%our !nd!caed !n Escobedo ". Ill!no!s# ! !s onl, a(er $e
!n"es!.a!on ceases o be a .eneral !n0u!r, !no an unsol"ed
cr!'e and be.!ns o (ocus on a par!cular suspec# $e
suspec !s a4en !no cusod,# and $e pol!ce carr!es ou a
process o( !nerro.a!on $a leads !sel( o el!c!!n.
!ncr!'!na!n. sae'ens $a $e rule be.!ns o operae.

In Ga'boa ". %ru@# $e accused &as arresed# &=o a
&arran# (or "a.ranc,. 8e &as a4en o pol!ce prec!n no. 7
!n Mla. T$e ne; da,# $e &as !ncluded !n a pol!ce l!ne-up o(
F dea!nees and &as po!ned o b, $e co'pla!nan as a
co'plan!on o( $e 'a!n suspec on $e bas!s o( &=c $e
accused &as ordered o sa, and s! !n (ron o( $e
co'pla!nan# &$!le $e laer &as !nerro.aed. T$e accused
&as $en c$ar.ed &= robber,. T$e accused 'o"ed o
d!s'!ss $e case a.a!ns $!' on $e .round $a $e $ad been
den!ed $e ass!sance o( counsel dur!n. $e l!ne-up. 8!s
'o!on &as den!ed. 8ence# $!s pe!!on (or certiorari.

8ELD* T$e r!.$ o counsel aac$es onl, upon $e sar o(
an !nerro.a!on# &$en $e pol!ce o((!cer sars o as4
0ues!ons des!.ned o el!c! !n(o. and= or con(ess!ons or
ad'!ss!ons (ro' $e accused. As $e pol!ce l!ne-up !n $!s
case &as no par o( $e cusod!al !n0ues# $e pe!!oner &as
no en!led o counsel ;;;.

III. 3AIVER OF RIG8TS.

I !s !'poran o d!s!n.u!s$ be. $e &a!"er o( r!.$s
and $e &a!"er o( &arn!n.s. T$e (!rs can be 'ade pro"!ded
$a $e &a!"er !s 2"olunar,# 4no&!n. and !nell!.en2 bu
$e second canno. As $e &arn!n.s are $e 'eans o(
!nsur!n. $a $e suspec !s appr!sed o( $!s r!.$s so $a an,
subse0uen &a!"er o( $!s r!.$s can be 2"olunar,# 4no&!n.
and !nell!.en#2 ! !s ob"!ous $a $ere can be no "al!d
&a!"er o( $e &arn!n.s. A &a!"er o( r!.$s &!ll no be
presu'ed.

9. 3!$ respec o con(ess!ons oba!ned be(. -an. 9<#
9A<># $e rule $a $e suspec 'us be &arned $a $e $as a
r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o $a"e $e ass!sance o( counsel
does no appl,. suc$ con(ess!ons# e"en $ou.$ presened !n
e"!dence !n a r!al a(er $e e((ec!"!, o( $e 9A<> %ons!.#
are ad'!ss!ble# pro"!ded $e, are "olunar,# us!n. $e
rad!!onal es o( "olunar!ness.

7. 3!$ respec o con(ess!ons oba!ned a(er -an. 9<#
9A<># bu be(ore Marc$ 7E# 9ABF# &$en $e dec!s!on o( Peo.
". Gal! &as $anded do&n# $e rule !s $a $e "olunar!ness
o( a &a!"er o( $e r!.$s o s!lence and o counsel 'us be
deer'!ned on a case-o-case bas!s# a4!n. !no accoun $e
c!rcu'sances under &=c $e &a!"er &as 'ade.

>. 3!$ re.ard o con(ess!ons oba!ned a(er Marc$
7E# 9ABF bu be(ore Feb. 7# 9AB<# &$en $e presen %ons!.
oo4 e((ec# $e rule !s $a a &a!"er o( $e r!.$s o re'a!n
s!len and o $e ass!sance o( counsel# o be "al!d# 'us be
'ade &= $e ass!sance o( counsel.

?. 3!$ re.ard o con(ess!ons .!"en a(er Feb. 7#
9AB<# $e presen %ons!. re0u!res $a $e &a!"er o be "al!d#
'us be !n &r!!n. and &= $e ass!sance o( counsel.

IJ. T8E EJL:SIONARY R:LE.

An, con(ess!on or ad'!ss!on oba!ned !n "!ola!on o(
$!s or Sec. 9< $ereo( s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence
a.a!ns $!'# $e %ons!. sa,s. No d!s!nc!on !s 'ade be.
con(ess!on or ad'!ss!on. Al$ou.$ $e pre"!ous %ons!.
spo4e o( con(ess!ons onl,# I $a"e ar.ued $a ! &as no so
l!'!ed bu $a ! also e'braced uncounselled sae'ens.
For 2!( a sae'en 'ade &ore !n (ac e;culpaor,# ! could ...
ne"er be used b, $e prosecu!on# !n (ac# sae'ens 'erel,
!nended o be e;culpaor, b, $e de(endan are o(en used
o !'peac$ $!s es!'on, a r!al or o de'onsrae unru$s
!n $e sae'en .!"en under !nerro.a!on and $us o pro"e
.u!l b, !'pl!ca!on.2

EJ%EPTIONS TO T8E EJ%L:SIONARY R:LE

T$e p$rase 2(or an, purpose !n an, proceed!n.2
con"e,s $e !dea $a $e rule e;clud!n. e"!dence !lle.all,
oba!ned !s absolue. No s!'!lar p$raseolo., !s used !n $e
e;clus!onar, rule !'ple'en!n. $e M!randa rule. Does $!s
'ean $ere can be !nsances# &$ere uncounselled sae'ens
'a, ne"er$eless be ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence# albe!# (or a
l!'!ed purposeH

In 8arr!s ". :S# ! &as $eld $a al$ou.$ a
con(ess!on oba!ned &=o co'pl,!n. &= $e M!randa rule &as
!nad'!ss!ble (or $e purpose o( esabl!s$!n. !n c$!e( $e
con(essor5s .u!l# ! 'a, ne"er$eless be presened !n
e"!dence o !'peac$ $!s cred!. Pe!!oner# as a de(.# !n a
prosecu!on (or sell!n. $ero!n# cla!'ed $a &$a $e $ad sold
o a pol!ce o((!cer &as ba4!n. po&der# as par o( $e sc$e'e
o de(raud $e purc$aser ;;; T$e s$!eld pro"!ded b,
M!randa canno be per"ered !no a l!cense o use per+ur, b,
&a, o( a de(ense# (ree (ro' $e r!s4 o( con(rona!on &=
pr!or !ncons!sen uerance

In Ne& Yor4 ". Luarles# $e S% creaed a 2publ!c
sa(e,2 e;cep!on o $e M!randa rule. ;;;. 2T$ere !s publ!c
sa(e, e;cep!on o $e re0u!re'en $a M!randa &arn!n.s
be .!"en be(ore a suspec5s ans&ers 'a, be ad'!ed !n
e"!dence.2 I $eld $a $e &arn!n.s &ere no $e'sel"es
%ons!u!onal r!.$s bu 'erel, 2prop$,lac!c2 'easures o
!nsure $e r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on. T$e %our noed
$e cos !'posed on $e publ!c b, $e rule# na'el,# $a $e
.!"!n. o( &arn!n.s '!.$ deer suspecs (ro' ans&er!n.
0ues!ons and $!s '!.$ lead !n urn o (e&er con"!c!ons. I
$en ruled $a $e soc!al cos !s $!.$er &$en $e .!"!n. o(
&arn!n.s '!.$ deer suspecs (ro' ans&er!n. 0ues!ons
$an are necessar, o a"er an !''ed!ae $rea o publ!c
sa(e,. 3$en ans&ers are no acuall, coerced# $!s soc!al
cos ou&e!.$s $e need (or M!randa sa(e.uards. In suc$
e;!.en c!rcu'sances# pol!ce o((!cers 'us no be 'ade o
c$oose be. .!"!n. $e &arn!n.s a $e r!s4 $a publ!c sa(e,
&!ll be endan.ered and &!$$old!n. $e &arn!n.s a $e r!s4
$a proba!"e e"!dence &!ll be e;cluded.

Po#l (. Bol%$os, ;"" SCRA ;2;

F* )olanos &as con"!ced (or Murder. T$e "!c!'#
Pa.dal!an &as (ound dead# susa!n!n. sab &ounds. 3$en
$e pol!ce'en !n0u!red abou $e c!rcu'sances o( $e
!nc!den# $e, &ere !n(or'ed $a $e deceased &as &!$ &o
co'pan!ons# on $e pre"!ous n!.$. T$e accused &as
appre$ended. In $e "e$!cle &$ere $e accused boarded# on
$!s &a, o $e Pol!ce Sa!on# )olanos alle.edl, ad'!ed
$a $e 4!lled Pa.dal!an because $e &as abus!"e.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no $e ad'!ss!on !n $e +eep &as
ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.

8ELD* T$e r!al cour# !n ad'!!n. $e e;ra-+ud!c!al
con(ess!on o( $e accused !n e"!dence# "!olaed $!s
%ons!u!onal r!.$ o be !n(or'ed# o re'a!n s!len and o
$a"e a counsel o( $!s c$o!ce# &$!le alread, !n pol!ce
cusod,. S!nce $e e;ra-+ud!c!al con(ess!on &as $e onl,
bas!s (or $e con"!c!on o( $e accused# $e r!al cousNs
+ud.'en &as re"ersed. B%..

Po#l (. B%$'+l%, ;>; SCRA 322

F* A(er $e and $!s &!(e &ere !nd!"!duall,
$o.!ed and $e!r $ouse ransac4ed# A,. Gara, &as
(ound dead &!$ > .uns$o &ounds . For $!s dea$
and $e loss o( $e!r $!n.s on $e occas!on $ereo(#
)andula# S!d!.o# D!onanao# and E+an &ere c$ar.ed !n
cour (or robber, &!$ $o'!c!de. On $e bas!s o( $e
e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons /E-%1 alle.edl, 'ade b,
)andula and D!onanao dur!n. $e!r cusod!al
!n"es!.a!on &$!c$ $e cour (ound o 2$a"e all $e
0ual!!es and $a"e co'pl!ed &!$ all $e re0u!re'ens
o( an ad'!ss!ble con(ess!on# ! appear!n. (ro' $e
con(ess!on $a acussed &ere !n(or'ed o( $e!r r!.$s
under $e la& re.ard!n. cusod!al !n"es!.a!on and
&ere dul, represened b, %ounsel /A,. Ierna12# !
d!sre.arded $e de(enses !nerposed b, $e accused
and con"!ced )andula. T$e > o$er accused &ere
ac0u!ed (or 2!nsu((!c!enc, o( e"!dence2.

Issue* 3=N $e e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on o( )andula
con(or'ed &!$ $e cons!u!onal re0u!s!es (or !s
"al!d!,# $ence ad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.

8ELD* NO
Fro' $e records# ! can be .leaned $a &$en
accused )andula and D!onanao &ere !n"es!.aed
!''ed!ael, a(er $e!r arres# $e, $ad no counsel
presen. I( a all# counsel ca'e !n onl, a da, a(er $e
cusod!al !n"es!.a!on &!$ respec o D!onanao# and
7 &ee4s laer &!$ respec o )andula. And counsel
&$o supposedl, ass!sed bo$ accused &as A,.
Ierna# $e Mun!c!pal Aorne, o( Tan+a,# &$ose
!neres !s ad'!edl, ad"erse o $e accused and &$o
!s no an !ndependen counsel. On op o( $!s# $ere
are ellale s!.ns $a "!olence &as used a.a!ns $e
accused. %era!nl,# $ese are blaan "!ola!ons o( o(
Sec. 97# Ar III o( $e 9AB< %ons!u!on &$!c$
proecs $e r!.$s o( $e accused dur!n. cusod!al
!n"es!.a!on. S+Att.

". Mir%$'% r+l $ot %##li!%&l to !o$fssio$s C!+t'
&for <%$+%r) "6, "46>

7. No appl!cable o res gestae sae'ens

People ". D,# 9FB S%RA 999 /9ABB1
Res .esae /a La!n p$rase 'ean!n. 2$!n.s done21 !s an
e;cep!on o $e rule a.a!ns 8earsa, e"!dence. Res .esae !s
based on $e bel!e( $a because cera!n sae'ens are 'ade
naurall,# sponaneousl, and &!$ou del!bera!on dur!n. $e
course o( an e"en# $e, lea"e l!le roo' (or
'!sundersand!n.='!s!nerprea!on upon $ear!n. b,
so'eone else/ !.e. b, $e &!ness &$o &!ll laer repea $e
sae'en o $e cour1 and $us $e cours bel!e"e $a suc$
sae'ens carr, a $!.$ de.ree o( cred!b!l!,. E"!dence
&$!c$ can be ad'!ed !no e"!dence as Res .esae (all !no
$ree $ead!n.s*
3ords or p$rases &$!c$ e!$er (or' par o(# or e;pla!n a
p$,s!cal ac#
E;cla'a!ons &$!c$ are so sponaneous as o bel!e
concoc!on# and
Sae'ens &$!c$ are e"!dence as o so'eone5s sae o(
'!nd.

>. Not %##li!%&l to st%t.$ts gi($ i$ %'.i$istr%ti(
i$(stig%tio$s

People ". A,son# 9<F S%RA 796 /9ABA1

I s$ould a once be apparen $a $ere are
&o /71 r!.$s# or ses o( r!.$s# deal &!$ !n $e
sec!on# na'el,*

91 $e r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on !.e.# $e r!.$
o( a person no o be co'pelled o be a &!ness a.a!ns
$!'sel( se ou !n $e (!rs senence# &$!c$ !s a "erba!'
reproduc!on o( Sec!on 9B# Ar!cle III o( $e 9A>F
%ons!u!on# and !s s!'!lar o $a accorded b, $e F!($
A'end'en o( $e A'er!can %ons!u!on# and
71 $e r!.$ o( a person !n cusod!al !nerro.a!on#
!.e.# $e r!.$s o( e"er, suspec 2under !n"es!.a!on (or $e
co''!ss!on o( an o((ense.2

Paren$e!call,# $e 9AB< %ons!u!on !nd!caes
'uc$ 'ore clearl, $e !nd!"!dual!, and d!sparaeness o(
$ese r!.$s. I $as placed $e r!.$s !n separae sec!ons. T$e
r!.$ a.a!ns sel(- !ncr!'!na!on# 2No person s$all be
co'pelled o be a &!ness a.a!ns $!'sel(#2 !s no&
e'bod!ed !n Sec!on 9<# Ar!cle III o( $e 9AB< %ons!u!on.
T$e r!.$s o( a person !n cusod!al !nerro.a!on# &$!c$ $a"e
been 'ade 'ore e;pl!c!# are no& cona!ned !n Sec!on 97 o(
$e sa'e Ar!cle III.

Right Ag%i$st SlfBI$!ri.i$%tio$

T$e (!rs r!.$# a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on# 'en!oned
!n Sec!on 7E# Ar!cle IV o( $e 9A<> %ons!u!on# !s
accorded o e"er, person &$o .!"es e"!dence# &$e$er
"olunar!l, or under co'puls!on o( subpoena# !n an, c!"!l#
cr!'!nal# or ad'!n!sra!"e proceed!n.. T$e r!.$ !s NOT o
2be co'pelled o be a &!ness a.a!ns $!'sel(.2 I prescr!bes
an 2op!on o( re(usal o ans&er !ncr!'!na!n. 0ues!ons and
no a pro$!b!!on o( !n0u!r,.2 I s!'pl, secures o a &!ness#
&$e$er $e be a par, or no# $e r!.$ o re(use o ans&er
an, par!cular !ncr!'!naor, 0ues!on# !.e.# one $e ans&er o
&$!c$ $as a endenc, o !ncr!'!nae $!' (or so'e cr!'e.
8o&e"er# $e r!.$ can be cla!'ed onl, &$en $e spec!(!c
0ues!on# !ncr!'!naor, !n c$aracer# !s acuall, pu o $e
&!ness. I canno be cla!'ed a an, o$er !'e. I does no
.!"e a &!ness $e r!.$ o d!sre.ard a subpoena# o decl!ne
o appear be(ore $e cour a $e !'e appo!ned.

T$e r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on !s no sel(-
e;ecu!n. or auo'a!call, opera!onal. I 'us be cla!'ed.
I (ollo&s $a $e r!.$ 'a, be &a!"ed# e;pressl,# or
!'pl!edl,# as b, a (a!lure o cla!' ! a $e appropr!ae !'e.

Rights i$ C+sto'i%l I$trrog%tio$

Sec!on 7E# Ar!cle IV o( $e 9A<> %ons!u!on also
reas o( a second r!.$# or beer sa!d# .roup o( r!.$s. T$ese
r!.$s appl, o persons 2under !n"es!.a!on (or $e
co''!ss!on o( an o((ense#2 !.e.# 2suspecs2 under
!n"es!.a!on b, pol!ce au$or!!esD and $!s !s &$a 'a4es
$ese r!.$s d!((eren (ro' $a e'bod!ed !n $e (!rs
senence# $a a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on &$!c$# as
a(oresaed# !nd!scr!'!nael, appl!es o an, person es!(,!n.
!n an, proceed!n.# c!"!l# cr!'!nal# or ad'!n!sra!"e.

T$!s pro"!s!on .ran!n. e;pl!c! r!.$s o persons
under !n"es!.a!on (or an o((ense &as no !n $e 9A>F
%ons!u!on. I !s a"o&edl, der!"ed (ro' $e dec!s!on o( $e
:.S. Supre'e %our !n M!randa ". Ar!@ona# a dec!s!on
descr!bed as an 2ear$0ua4e !n $e &orld o( la&
en(orce'en.2

Sec!on 7E saes $a &$ene"er an, person !s 2under
!n"es!.a!on (or $e co''!ss!on o( an o((ense2--

91 $e s$all $a"e $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o
counsel# and o be !n(or'ed o( suc$ r!.$#
71 no (orce# "!olence# $rea# !n!'!da!on# or an,
o$er 'eans &$!c$ "!!aes $e (ree &!ll s$all be used a.a!ns
$!'D and
>1 an, con(ess!on oba!ned !n "!ola!on o( $ese
r!.$s s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.

Mir%$'% rights

8e 'us be &arned pr!or o an, 0ues!on!n. $a $e
$as $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len# $a an,$!n. $e sa,s can be
used a.a!ns $!' !n a cour o( la&# $a $e $as $e r!.$ o $e
presence o( an aorne,# and $a !( $e canno a((ord an
aorne, one &!ll be appo!ned (or $!' pr!or o an,
0ues!on!n. !( $e so des!res. Opporun!, o e;erc!se $ose
r!.$s 'us be a((orded o $!' $rou.$ou $e !nerro.a!on.
A(er suc$ &arn!n.s $a"e been .!"en# suc$ opporun!,
a((orded $!'# $e !nd!"!dual 'a, 4no&!n.l, and
!nell!.enl, &a!"e $ese r!.$s and a.ree o ans&er or 'a4e
a sae'en. )u unless and un!l suc$ &arn!n.s and &a!"er
are de'onsraed b, $e prosecu!on a $e r!al# no e"!dence
oba!ned as a resul o( !nerro.a!on can be used a.a!ns $!'.

T$e ob+ec!"e !s o pro$!b! 2!nco''un!cado
!nerro.a!on o( !nd!"!duals !n a pol!ce-do'!naed
a'osp$ere# resul!n. !n sel(- !ncr!'!na!n. sae'en
&!$ou (ull &arn!n.s o( cons!u!onal r!.$s.2

T$e r!.$s abo"e spec!(!ed# o repea# e;!s onl, !n
2cusod!al !nerro.a!ons#2 or 2!n-cusod, !nerro.a!on o(
accused persons.2 And# as $!s %our $as alread, saed# b,
cusod!al !nerro.a!on !s 'ean 20ues!on!n. !n!!aed b,
la& en(orce'en o((!cers a(er a person $as been a4en !no
cusod, or o$er&!se depr!"ed o( $!s (reedo' o( ac!on !n
an, s!.n!(!can &a,.2

R!.$s o( De(endan !n %r!'!nal %ase As Re.ards G!"!n. o(
Tes!'on,

In (!ne# a person suspeced o( $a"!n. co''!ed a
cr!'e and subse0uenl, c$ar.ed &!$ !s co''!ss!on !n
cour# $as $e (ollo&!n. r!.$s !n $e 'aer o( $!s es!(,!n.
or produc!n. e"!dence# o &!*

91 )EFORE T8E %ASE IS FILED IN %O:RT /or
&!$ $e publ!c prosecuor# (or prel!'!nar, !n"es!.a!on1#
bu a(er $a"!n. been a4en !no cusod, or o$er&!se
depr!"ed o( $!s l!ber, !n so'e s!.n!(!can &a,# and on be!n.
!nerro.aed b, $e pol!ce* $e con!nu!n. r!.$ o re'a!n
s!len and o counsel# and o be !n(or'ed $ereo(# no o be
sub+eced o (orce# "!olence# $rea# !n!'!da!on or an, o$er
'eans &$!c$ "!!aes $e (ree &!llD and o $a"e e"!dence
oba!ned !n "!ola!on o( $ese r!.$s re+ecedD and

71 AFTER T8E %ASE IS FILED IN %O:RT

a1 o re(use o be a &!nessD
b1 no o $a"e an, pre+ud!ce &$asoe"er
resul o $!' b, suc$ re(usalD
c1 o es!(, !n $!s o&n be$al(# sub+ec o
cross-e;a'!na!on b, $e prosecu!onD
d1 38ILE TESTIFYING# o re(use o
ans&er a spec!(!c 0ues!on &$!c$ ends o
!ncr!'!nae $!' (or so'e cr!'e o$er $an $a (or
&$!c$ $e !s $en prosecued.

I !s clear (ro' $e und!spued (acs o( $!s case $a
Fel!pe Ra'os &as no !n an, sense under cusod!al
!nerro.a!on# as $e er' s$ould be properl, undersood#
pr!or o and dur!n. $e ad'!n!sra!"e !n0u!r, !no $e
d!sco"ered !rre.ular!!es !n !c4e sales !n &$!c$ $e appeared
o $a"e $ad a $and. T$e cons!u!onal r!.$s o( a person
under cusod!al !nerro.a!on under Sec!on 7E# Ar!cle IV o(
$e 9A<> %ons!u!on d!d no $ere(ore co'e !no pla,# &ere
o( no rele"ance o $e !n0u!r,.

0. C+sto'i%l Ph%s of I$(stig%tio$

Pol!ce L!neups

Ga'boa ". %ru@ -une 7<# 9ABB

*olice lineup not part of custodial inquest

F* Pe!!oner &as arresed (or "a.ranc, !n Man!la. T$e
(ollo&!n. da,# $e &as !ncluded !n a pol!ce l!ne-up and &as
!den!(!ed as one o( $e suspecs !n a robber, case. 8e &as
laer c$ar.ed &!$ robber, and c$ar.ed. 8e 'o"ed o
d!s'!ss $e case on $e .round $a $e conduc o( $e l!ne-
up# &!$ou $e ass!sance o( counsel# &as uncons!u!onal.

8ELD* T$e pol!ce l!ne-up &as no par o( $e cusod!al
!n0ues# $ence# pe!!oner &as no ,e en!led# a suc$ sa.e#
o counsel. 88.

:S ". 3ade# >BB :S 79B /9A6<1

People ". 8aon# 79E S%RA 9

F* Al.ra'e &as sabbed a $e bac4 &$!le &al4!n. &!$
se"eral co'pan!ons !nclud!n. On.ue &$o "a.uel,
reco.n!@ed $e assa!lan# descr!b!n. $e laer as a
2'es!@o.2 T&o da,s laer# On.ue &as !n"!ed b, $e pol!ce
o !den!(, $e suspec !n a pol!ce l!ne- up. 8aon &as
po!ned b, On.ue as $e assa!lan. 8aon alle.es $a a $e
!'e $a $e &as 'ade o sand !n $e pol!ce l!ne-up# $e &as
no ass!sed b, counsel. 8ence# $!s !den!(!ca!on $ere!n b,
On.ue !s !nad'!ssble.

R:LING* 3$en $e suspec &as brou.$ o $e pol!ce
sa!on (or !nden!(!ca!on# ec$n!call,# $e &as no ,e under
cusod!al !n"es!.a!on. T$us# $e r!.$ o counsel does no
,e appl,.
8o&e"er# $ere !s e"er, reason o doub $e
re.ular!, o( $e !den!(!ca!on o( $e suspec b, $e &!ness.
Dur!n. $e proceed!n.s !n $e pol!ce sa!on# On.ue
!den!(!ed 8aon no because $e &as cera!n $a 8aon
&as reall, $e assa!lan bu because $e &as $e onl, 'es!@o
!n $e sa!on and because $e &as po!ned b, $e pol!ce as
$e suspec. T$!s canno be cons!dered as pos!!"e
!den!(!ca!on o( $e accused b, $e &!ness.

3. Tsts of 8%li'it) of W%i(r of Mir%$'% Rights

No (%li' *%i(r.

People ". %a.u!oa AF S%RA 7 /9ABE1

Right to counsel may be waived provided the waiver is
voluntary, %nowing and intelligent

F* Responden Pa0u!o Yupo &as accused o( 'urder !n
$e %FI o( )ulacan. T$e prosecu!on presened %orporal
%onrado Roca o( $e Me,caua,an Pol!ce &$o !den!(!ed a
sae'en o( $e accused dur!n. a pol!ce !nerro.a!on and
$!s alle.ed &a!"er o( $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o
counsel. 3$en Roca &as 0ues!oned on $e !ncr!'!na!n.
ans&ers !n $e sae'en# $e de(ense ob+eced# conend!n.
$a Yupo5s sae'en &as .!"en &!$ou $e ass!sance o(
counsel. Responden -ud.e susa!ned $e ob+ec!on on $e
.round $a $e r!.$ o counsel canno be &a!"ed.

8ELD* T$e r!.$ o counsel dur!n. cusod!al !nerro.a!on
'a, be &a!"ed pro"!ded $e &a!"er !s 'ade !nell!.enl,
and "olunar!l,# &!$ (ull undersand!n. o( !s conse0uences.
In $!s case# $e sae'en 'ade onl, a per(uncor, open!n.
0ues!on# a(er !n(or'!n. $e suspec $a $e &as under
!n"es!.a!on# $a $e $ad a r!.$ o counsel and $a
an,$!n. $e sa!d could be used (or or a.a!ns $!' and a(er
as4!n. &$e$er $e &as &!ll!n. o ans&er 0ues!ons and $e
ans&ered 2,es.2 T$e sae'en &as !n Ta.alo. &$!c$ $e
de(endan# a na!"e o( Sa'ar# $ad no been s$o&n o be (ull,
ac0ua!ned &!$. T$e dae o( e;ecu!on o( $e sae'en
be(ore $e 'un!c!pal cour &as no !nd!caed. T$e separae
sae'en s!.ned b, $e de(endan sa!n. $e &as 'ade o
read $e open!n. sae'en cona!n!n. $e M!randa &arn!n.s
and $a $e, &ere e;pla!ned o $!' all $e 'ore en.enders
doub as o &$e$er $e de(endan &as properl, !n(or'ed o(
$!s r!.$.

People ". Ta'pus A6 S%RA 67? /9ABE1

*ublic trial< waiver of right to counsel

F* -ose Ta'pus and Rodol(o A"!la &ere pr!soners a $e
Na!onal Pen!en!ar, !n Mun!nlupa# R!@al. On -une 9?#
9A<6# $e, aac4ed and 4!lled %elso Sa'!nado# ano$er
pr!soner. A(er&ards# $e, surrendered o $e pr!son .uard#
sa,!n. 2surrender po 4a'!. Gu'an! lan. po 4a'!.2 T&o
da,s laer# $e, .a"e e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons ad'!!n. $e
4!ll!n.. T$e, &ere accused o( 'urder and pleaded .u!l,.
T$e, oo4 $e &!ness sand and a((!r'ed $e!r con(ess!ons.
Ta'pus &as senenced o dea$ &$!le A"!la o reclus!on
e'poral. Tr!al oo4 place a $e Pen!en!ar,. On re"!e&# !
&as conended $a Ta'pus &as den!ed $e r!.$ o a publ!c
r!al and o counsel.

8ELD* T$e record does no s$o& $a $e publ!c &as
acuall, e;cluded (ro' $e place &$ere $e r!al &as $eld or
$a $e accused &as pre+ud!ced b, $e $old!n. o( $e r!al
$ere. An,&a,# $e r!.$ o publ!c r!al 'a, be &a!"ed. In
ano$er case &$ere A"!la &as also a de(endan# $e S%
d!reced $a# (or secur!, reasons# A"!la5s r!al be $eld !n $e
Na!onal Pen!en!ar,. T$e accused &as &arned !n Ta.alo.
$a $e $ad a r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o counsel bu desp!e
$!s# $e &as &!ll!n. o ans&er 0ues!ons o( $e pol!ce. T$ere
!s no doub $a $e con(ess!on &as "olunar!l, 'ade. T$e
ru$ !s $a s$orl, a(er $e 4!ll!n.# Ta'pus and A"!la
ad'!ed $e!r .u!l. That spontaneous statement, elicited
without interrogation, was part of the res gestae and at the
same time was a voluntary confession of guilt. By means of
that statement given freely on the spur of the moment
without any urging or suggestion, the two waived their right
to remain silent and to counsel.

Po#l (. Po)os "0> SCRA 30> 5"4127

5o valid waiver of right to counsel and to silence

F* Po,os &as con"!ced o( $e 'urder o( a <<-,ear-old
&o'an and senence o dea$. 8!s con"!c!on &as based
solel, on $!s e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on &$!c$ $e d!so&ned !n
cour. T$e con(ess!on &as .!"en o $e pol!ce and subscr!bed
be(ore $e cler4 o( cour and cona!ns a &a!"er.

8ELD* I !s doub(ul# .!"en $e enor o( $e 0ues!on
&$e$er $ere &as a de(!n!e &a!"er b, $e suspec o( $!s
r!.$ o counsel. 8!s ans&er &as cae.or!cal enou.$# o be
sure# bu $e 0ues!on !sel( &as no s!nce ! spo4e o( a
&a!"er onl, 2(or $e 'o'en.2 As &orded# $e 0ues!on
su..esed a ena!"eness $a bel!ed $e suspec5s supposed
per'anen (ore.o!n. o( $!s r!.$ o counsel# !( !ndeed $ere
&as an, &a!"er a all. Moreo"er# $e &as old $a $e could
$!re a la&,er bu no $a one could be pro"!ded (or $!' (or
(ree. 88.

S!nce Ro,o5s con"!c!on (or 'urder &as based on a
&r!en con(ess!on s$o&!n. $a $e &as appr!sed o( $!s r!.$
no onl, b, $e pol!ce bu also b, $e (!scal# bu $a $e
&a!"ed $ese r!.$s# $en $e &a!"er (ound o be "olunar,#
4no&!n. and !nell!.en and $us ad'!ss!ble.

&. Th @%lit R+l 5M%r!h ;-, "413 to D&. ;, "4167

I !s no enou.$ $a $e con(ess!on !s "olunar,#
4no&!n. and !nell!.en. T$e &a!"er 'us be 'ade !n $e
presence o( counsel. 3a!"er o( $e r!.$ o counsel 'us be
'ade &!$ $e ass!sance o( counsel. T$!s rule appl!ed (ro'
Marc$ 7E# 9ABF o Februar, 7# 9AB<.

In People ". Gal!# 9>F S%RA ?BF /9ABF1# $e S%#
re!era!n. a d!cu' !n Morales ". Enr!le# 979 S%RA F>B
/9AB>1# ruled $a no cusod!al !n"es!.a!on s$ould be
conduced unless ! be !n $e presence o( counsel# and $a
al$ou.$ $e r!.$ o counsel 'a, be &a!"ed# $e &a!"er
s$ould no be "al!d unless 'ade &!$ $e ass!sance o(
counsel.

In $e Gal! case# $o&e"er# $e adop!on o( $e
Morales ob!er &as also an ob!er. T$e con(ess!on !n $!s
case &as rad!!onall, !n"olunar,# and so $e S% d!d no
need $e Morales ob!er !n order o d!sallo& $e con(ess!on.

:nder $e (acs o( $e case# $e accused Gal! &as
con"!ced o( robber, &!$ $o'!c!de on $e bas!s o( $!s
con(ess!on# &$!c$ &as oba!ned $rou.$ orure. T$e N)I
!n"es!.aors co"ered Gal!5s (ace &!$ a ra. and $en pus$ed
! !no a o!le bo&l (ull o( $u'an &ase. I &as onl, a(er
$e, $ad bro4en $!s &!ll $a $e s!.ned $e con(ess!on and
posed (or p!cures (or re-enac'en as d!reced b, $e
!n"es!.aors.

Po#l (. @%lit ">3 SCRA 023 5"4137

F* De(endan &as con"!ced o( robber, &!$ $o'!c!de
b, $e %!rcu! %r!'!nal %our. T$e pr!nc!pal prosecu!on
&!ness es!(!ed $a $e $eard $e de(endan and $!s &!(e#
&$o &as $e 'o$er o( $e &!ness5 &!(e# 0uarrell!n. $e
'orn!n. a(er $e cr!'e. 8e sa!d $e de(endan &aned o
lea"e $e!r $ouse because $e and $!s co'pan!ons $ad robbed
2Al!n. Nene.2 T$e prosecu!on also presened $e
e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on o( $e de(endan.

8ELD* T$e con(ess!on o( $e de(endan !s !nad'!ss!ble
because ! &as oba!ned $rou.$ orure. T$e N)I
!n"es!.aors co"ered $e de(endan5s (ace &!$ a ra. and
$en pus$ed !n !no a o!le bo&l (ull o( $u'an &ase. I &as
onl, a(er $e, $ad bro4en $!s &!ll $a $e de(endan s!.ned
$e con(ess!on and posed (or p!cures (or reenac'en as
d!reced b, $e !n"es!.aors. T$e de(endan !s (ro' Sa'ar
and $ere !s no s$o&!n. $a $e undersood Ta.alo.. I &as
&o &ee4s a(er $e e;ecued $e sala,sa, $a $!s rela!"es
&ere per'!ed o "!s! $!'. 8!s sae'en does no cona!n
an, &a!"er or r!.$ o counsel and ,e dur!n. $e
!n"es!.a!on $e &as no ass!sed b, one. T$ese cons!ue
.ross "!ola!ons o( $!s r!.$. T$e S% c!ed $e case o(
Morales ". Ponce Enr!le &$ere ! la!d $e procedure !n
cusod!al !n"es!.a!ons* No cusod!al !n"es!.a!on s$all be
conduced unless ! be !n $e precense o( counsel en.a.ed b,
$e person arresed# or b, an, person on $!s be$al(# or
appo!ned b, $e cour upon pe!!on e!$er o( $e dea!nee
$!'sel( or o( an,one on $!s be$al(. T$e r!.$ o counsel 'a,
be &a!"ed bu $e &a!"er s$all no be "al!d unless 'ade &!$
$e ass!sance o( counsel. An, sae'en oba!ned !n
"!ola!on o( $!s# &$e$er e;culpaor, or !nculpaor,# !n
&$ole or !n par# s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence.

3$ae"er doub as o $e "al!d!, o( $e Gal! rule#
$o&e"er# &as la!d o res b, $e S% !n People ". S!son# 9?7
S%RA 79A /9AB61. T$e %our $eld $a !n People ". Gal!#
&$!c$ &as dec!ded en banc and concurred !n b, all $e
-us!ces e;cep one &$o oo4 no par# $e %our &as ou o
res all doubs re.ard!n. $e rul!n. !n Morales ". Enr!le# and
e'braced !s rul!n..

In $!s case# $e prosecu!on sou.$ o pro"e !s
c$ar.e o( sub"ers!on a.a!ns As!s b, 'eans o( $er
con(ess!on .!"en !n $e $osp!al# !n &$!c$ s$e ad'!ed
$rou.$ a lead!n. 0ues!on# $a s$e &as a 'e'ber o( $e
NPA and $a s$e &as &ounded !n $e encouner. T$e S%
up$eld $e r!al cour5s dec!s!on e;clud!n. $e con(ess!on on
$e .round $a $e &a!"er o( $e M!randa r!.$s &as 'ade
&!$ou $e ass!sance o( counsel.

Po#l (. Siso$ "0; SCRA ;"4 5"4127

F* -ocel,n de As!s &as accused o( sub"ers!on. A $e
r!al# $e F!scal o((ered as e"!dence an e;ra+ud!c!al
con(ess!on .!"en b, $er !n $e $osp!al. In $a con(ess!on#
s$e ad'!ed# $rou.$ a lead!n. 0ues!on $a s$e &as a
'e'ber o( $e NPA. T$e r!al cour e;cluded $e con(ess!on
on $e .round $a $e &a!"er o( M!randa r!.$s &as 'ade
&!$ou $e ass!sance o( counsel. T$e prosecu!on conends
$a $e rul!n. !n Morales ". Ponce Enr!le $a $e r!.$ o
counsel 'a, be &a!"ed onl, &!$ $e ass!sance o( counsel#
&as onl, a d!cu'.

8ELD* In $e case o( People ". Gal!# &$!c$ &as dec!ded en
banc and concurred !n b, all -us!ces e;cep one &$o oo4
no par# $e S% pu o res all doubs re.ard!n. $e rul!n. !n
Morales ". Ponce Enr!le and Moncupa ". Enr!le.

People ". L!'# 9A6 S%RA BEA /9AA91

In People ". Nabaluna# 9?7 S%RA ??6 /9AB61#
Nabaluna e. al. &ere con"!ced o( robber, &!$ $o'!c!de on
$e bas!s# a'on. o$ers# o( e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons a4en !n
9A<<. T$e con(ess!ons and $e spec!al counsel be(ore &$o'
$e con(ess!ons &ere s!.ned pro"e $a $e M!randa
&arn!n.s &ere .!"en# bu $ese &ere no 'ade !n $e
presence o( counsel. T$e S%# !n allo&!n. $e con(ess!on#
ruled $a $e GAl! rul!n. could no $a"e a reroac!"e
e((ec# espec!all, s!nce !n $!s case $e r!al cour dec!s!on
&as alread, rendered be(ore $e S% pronounce'en.

People ". Lasac 9?B S%RA 67? /9AB<1

F* Appellan &as con"!ced o( parr!c!de on $e bas!s o(
a con(ess!on and c!rcu'san!al e"!dence &$!c$ $e r!al
cour (ound subsan!al o esabl!s$ .u!l.

8ELD* T$e &a!"er b, $e appellan o( $!s r!.$ o counsel
&as 'ade &!$ou $e ass!sance o( a counsel. T$e S% $as
$eld !n Morales ". Ponce Enr!le# People ". Gal! and People
". S!son /9AB61 $a $!s re0u!re'en !s 'andaor,. An,
sae'en oba!ned !n "!ola!on o( $!s procedure s$all be
!nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence. 88.

c. Ne& rule on &a!"er /Feb. 7# 9AB<1

Ar. III# Sec. 97 /91* 3a!"er 'us be !n &r!!n. and 'ade !n
$e presence o( counsel

Art. III, S!. ";. 5"7 A$) #rso$ +$'r
i$(stig%tio$ for th !o..issio$ of %$ off$s sh%ll h%(
th right to & i$for.' of his right to r.%i$ sil$t %$'
to h%( !o.#t$t %$' i$'#$'$t !o+$sl #rfr%&l)
of his !hoi!. If th #rso$ !%$$ot %ffor' th sr(i!s of
!o+$sl, h .+st & #ro(i'' *ith o$. Ths rights
!%$$ot & *%i(' C!#t i$ *riti$g %$' i$ th #rs$!
of !o+$sl.

:nder $e ne& %ons!u!on# an, &a!"er 'us no& be
'ade /91 !n &r!!n.# and /71 !n $e presence o( counsel.

2. Th &+r'$ of #ro(i$g (ol+$t%ri$ss of *%i(rs is o$
th #ros!+tio$

T$e burden o pro"e $a $ere &as a "al!d &a!"er o(
$e M!randa &arn!n. de"ol"es upon $e one see4!n. o
presen $e con(ess!on# $a !s# on $e prosecu!on. T$!s rule
appl!es &$e$er !n $e pre-Gal!# Gal!# or 9AB< rule.

In People ". -ara# 9?? S%RA F96 /9AB61# $e S%
noed $a $e sereo,pe 2ad"!ce2 appear!n. !n prac!call,
all e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons &$!c$ are laer repud!aed $as
assu'ed $e naure o( a le.al (or'. In"es!.aors
auo'a!call, ,pe ! o.e$er &!$ 2opo2 as $e ans&er# or
as4 $e accused o s!.n ! or e"en cop, ! !n $e!r
$and&r!!n.. Is !red punc!l!ous# (!;ed and ar!(!c!all,
sael, s,le does no creae an !'press!on o( "olunar!ness
or e"en undersand!n. on $e par o( $e accused.

3$ene"er a %ons!u!onal proec!on !s &a!"ed b,
one en!led o $a proec!on# $e presu'p!on !s al&a,s
a.a!ns $e &a!"er. T$us# $e prosecu!on 'us pro"e &!$
sron.l, con"!nc!n. e"!dence $a !ndeed $e accused
&!ll!n.l, and "olunar!l, sub'!ed $!s con(ess!on# and
4no&!n.l, and del!berael, 'an!(esed $a $e &as no
!neresed !n $a"!n. a la&,er ass!s $!' dur!n. $e a4!n. o(
$a con(ess!on.

People ". -ara# 9?? S%RA F96 /9AB61

F* Appellans &ere (ound .u!l, o( robber, &!$
$o'!c!de (or $e 4!ll!n. and robber, o( A'para "da. de
)an!.ue on -une A# 9A<B. In ano$er case# &o o( $e
appellans &ere (ound .u!l, o( $o'!c!de (or $e 4!ll!n. on
$e sa'e dae o( Lu!sa -ara &$!le Fel!c!s!'o -ara# $e
$usband o( $e deceased# &as (ound .u!l, o( parr!c!de. T&o
o( $e appellans# Ra,'undo Ver.ara and )ernardo
)ernadas# 'ade e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons !'pl!ca!n. -ara as
$e 'aser'!nd. T$e con(ess!ons &ere a4en &$!le $e &o
&ere $eld !nco''un!cado !n $e presence o( (!"e pol!ce'en
and a(er &o &ee4s o( deen!on.

8ELD* T$e sereo,ped 2ad"!ce2 o( $e M!randa r!.$s
appear!n. !n prac!call, all e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons &$!c$
are laer repud!aed assu'ed $e naure o( a le.al (or' or
'odel. Is !red# punc!l!ous# (!;ed and ar!(!c!al s,le does
no creae an !'press!on o( "olunar!ness or e"en
undersand!n. on $e par o( $e accused. T$e s$o&!n. o( a
sponaneous# (ree and unconsra!ned .!"!n. up o( a r!.$ !s
'!ss!n.. 3$ene"er a proec!on .!"en b, $e %ons!u!on !s
&a!"ed b, $e person en!led o $a proec!on# $e
presu'p!on !s al&a,s a.a!ns $e &a!"er. %onse0uenl,# $e
prosecu!on 'us pro"e &!$ sron.# con"!nc!n. e"!dence
$a !ndeed $e accused &!ll!n.l, and "olunar!l, sub'!ed
$!s con(ess!on and 4no&!n.l, and del!berael, 'an!(esed
$a $e &as no !neresed !n $a"!n. a la&,er ass!s $!'
dur!n. $e a4!n. o( $a con(ess!on. T$a proo( !s '!ss!n. !n
$!s case.

6. Wh%t .%) & *%i('F Th right to r.%i$ sil$t %$'
to !o+$sl, &+t $ot th right to & gi($ GMir%$'%
*%r$i$gsG

T$e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and o counsel# &$!c$ are
$e e((ecua!ons o( $e M!randa r!.$s# can be &a!"ed.

3$a canno be &a!"ed are*

9. T$e r!.$ o be .!"en $e M!randa &arn!n.s. /For
$o& can one &a!"e &$a one does no 4no&H1

7. T$e r!.$ o counsel &$en 'a4!n. $e &a!"er o(
$e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len or o counsel.

B. E;clus!onar, rule

Art. III, S!. ";. CCC
(iol%tio$ of this or S!tio$ "6 hrof sh%ll &
i$%'.issi&l i$ (i'$! %g%i$st hi..

Noe $an under QAr. III# Sec. >/71R $e e;clus!onar,
rule reads* /an, e"!dence oba!ned !n "!ola!on o( $!s or $e
preced!n. sec!on s$all be !nad'!ss!ble 2(or an, purpose !n
an, proceed!n..2
T$ere are &o e;cep!ons o $e e;clus!onar, rule.
One# o !'peac$ $e cred!b!l!, o( $e accused. T&o# publ!c
sa(e,.

I'peac$ $e cred!b!l!,

T$e un&arned or uncounselled con(ess!on !s no
oall, &!$ou use. 3$!le ! !s no ad'!ss!ble o pro"e $e
.u!l o( $e accused# ! 'a, be used a.a!ns $!' o !'peac$
$!s cred!b!l!, b, s$o&!n. $a $e !s l,!n. !n cour# so ruled
$e :.S. Supre'e %our !n 8arr!s ". Ne& Yor4# ?E9 :.S.
777 /9A<91.

8arr!s ". Ne& Yor4# ?E9 :.S. 777 /9A<91

In $!s case# 8arr!s &as arresed (or &!ce sell!n.
$ero!n o an underco"er pol!ce a.en. 8e con(essed o $e
cr!'e dur!n. $e pol!ce !nerro.a!on# bu $e con(ess!on &as
uncounselled# and so ! &as $eld as !nad'!ss!ble !n
e"!dence. )u &$en 8arr!s oo4 $e &!ness sand# $e
es!(!ed $a &$a $e sold &as ba4!n. po&der !n order o
de(raud $e pol!ce a.en. T$e S% allo&ed $e prosecu!on o
!nroduce $e uncounselled sa'en o s$o& $a $e &as
l,!n..

In +us!(,!n. $e ad'!ss!on o( $e es!'on,# -us!ce
)ur.er sa!d $a ! !s one $!n. o sa, $a $e .o"ern'en
canno 'a4e an a((!r'a!"e use o( $e e"!dence unla&(ull,
oba!ned# and 0u!e ano$er o sa, $a $e de(endan can
urn $e !lle.al 'e$od b, &$!c$ $e e"!dence !n $e
possess!on o( $e .o"ern'en &as oba!ned o $!s o&n
ad"ana.e# pro"!d!n. $!'sel( &!$ a s$!eld a.a!ns per+ur,
and $e conrad!c!on o( $!s unru$s.

T$e reason# con!nued $e %our !s $a $e s$!eld
pro"!ded b, $e M!randa r!.$s canno be per"ered !no a
l!cense o use per+ur, b, &a, o( a de(ense# (ree (ro' $e r!s4
o( con(rona!on &!$ pr!or !ncons!sen uerances.

P+&li! S%ft)

Publ!c Sa(e, 'a, +us!(, $e pol!ce !n a4!n.
con(ess!ons &!$ou pr!or &arn!n.. T$us ruled $e :.S.
Supre'e %our !n Ne& Yor4 ". Luarles# 9E? S. %. 7676
/9AB?1.

Ne$ 2or+ '- 3!arles4 567 S- Ct- 2828 95:;7<-

In $e case# $e %our e;cused $e .!"!n. o( $e
M!randa &arn!n. because $e publ!c sa(e, re0u!red $a $e
&eapon $ad o be locaed be(ore ! could be used b, $e
accused a.a!ns $ose !n $e super'ar4e.

T$e cr!!c!s' $urled a.a!ns $!s rul!n. !s $a &$!le
$e pol!ce 'a, be +us!(!ed !n (orc!n. $e assa!lan o sa,
&$ere $e &eapon !s locaed# $e !s no +us!(!ed o presen
$!s !n e"!dence !n $e subse0uen cr!'!nal prosecu!on.

C- /i(ht to bail

Art. III, S!. ">. All #rso$s, C!#t thos
!h%rg' *ith off$ss #+$ish%&l &) re"l!sion perpet!a
*h$ th (i'$! of g+ilt is stro$g, sh%ll, &for
!o$(i!tio$, & &%il%&l &) s+ffi!i$t s+rtis, or &
rl%s' o$ r!og$iA%$! %s .%) & #ro(i'' &) l%*. th
right to &%il sh%ll $ot & i.#%ir' ($ *h$ th
#ri(ilg of th *rit of habeas "orp!s is s+s#$''.
EC!ssi( &%il sh%ll $ot & r,+ir'.

". Wh$ right .%) & i$(o9'

T$e r!.$ o ba!l !s a"a!lable (ro' $e "er, 'o'en
o( arres /&$!c$ 'a, be be(ore or a(er $e (!l!n. o( (or'al
c$ar.es !n cour1 up o $e !'e o( con"!c!on b, (!nal
+ud.e'en /&$!c$ 'eans a(er appeal1.

No c$ar.e need be (!led (or'all, be(ore one can (!le
(or ba!l# so lon. as one !s under arres. So ruled $e S% !n
8eras Tee$an4ee ". Ro"!ca. <F P$!l.6>? /9A?F1.

T$e case &as un!0ue !n $a a(er $e &ar# $e
People5s %our Ac a'ended Ar. 97F o( $e RP% o allo&
(or a lon.er !'e o dea!n persons because o( $e
!'poss!b!l!, o( (!l!n. c$ar.es &!$!n $e re.le'enar,
per!od due o $e nu'ber o( !nd!cees.

B%il %$' =abeas Corp!s

In $e case o( ba!l# $ere !s an !'pl!c! reco.n!!on
$a $e arres and deen!on# are "al!d# or $a e"en !( $e,
&ere !n!!all, !lle.al# suc$ !lle.al!, &as cured b, $e
subse0uen (!l!n. o( a case !n cour. T$us# $e pra,er !n ba!l
!s $a one be released e'porar!l, (ro' suc$ "al!d
deen!on# and $!s can be 'ade an,!'e a(er arres.

In habeas corpus# $e assu'p!on !s prec!sel, $a
$e arres and deen!on are !lle.al# so $a $e pra,er !s o be
released per'anenl, (ro' suc$ !lle.al deen!on. 3$en $e
pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! !s suspended# $e arres and deen!on
re'a!n !lle.al# bu $e re'ed, a((orded b, la& o $e "!c!'
!s no a"a!lable. :nder $e 9AB< %ons!u!on# $ou.$ $e
e((ec o( $e suspens!on $as been cons!derabl, lessened o
$e need o (!le a case &!$!n <7 $ours (ro' $e !lle.al arres#
o$er&!se $e dea!nee !s o be released.

T$e %ons!u!on no& pro"!des# o"errul!n. Morales
". Enr!le# $a $e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! does
no carr, &!$ ! $e suspens!on o( $e r!.$ o ba!l. 8abeas
%orpus re(ers o !lle.al deen!on# &$!le ba!l re(ers o le.al
deen!on# or e"en deen!on $a sared as !lle.al bu &as
cured b, $e (!l!n. o( a case !n cour.

;. Wh$ &%il is % .%ttr of right, *h$ it is % .%ttr of
'is!rtio$

)a!l !s a 'aer o( r!.$ !n all cases no pun!s$able b,
reclus!on perpeua.

I !s a 'aer o( d!scre!on !n case $e e"!dence o(
.u!l !s sron.. In suc$ a case# accord!n. o People ". San
D!e.o# 76 S%RA F77 /9A661# $e cour5s d!scre!on o .ran
ba!l 'us be e;erc!sed !n $e l!.$ o( a su''ar, o( $e
e"!dence presened b, $e prosecu!on. T$us# $e order
.ran!n. or re(us!n. ba!l 'us cona!n a su''ar, o( $e
e"!dence (or $e prosecu!on (ollo&ed b, $e conclus!on on
&$e$er or no $e e"!dence o( .u!l !s sron..

T$e onl, !'e ba!l 'a, be den!ed !s &$en /a1 $e
o((ense !s pun!s$able b, reclus!on perpeua# and /b1 $e
e"!dence o( .u!l !s sron..

3!$ $e abol!!on o( $e dea$ penal, /III# 7E1# and
$e auo'a!c co''ua!on o( a dea$ senence o reclus!on
perpeua# ! !s conended $a &$en $e 9AB< %ons!u!on
den!es $e r!.$ o ba!l !n o((enses pun!s$able b, reclus!on
perpeua# ! !s 'ean o appl, onl, o $ose cr!'es &$!c$
&ere once pun!s$able b, dea$. For !( ! !ncludeds e"en
$ose cr!'es &$!c$ be(ore and no& are reall, pun!s$able b,
reclus!on perpeua# ! &ould .o a.a!ns $e "er, sp!r! o( $e
%ons!u!on.

People ". Donao# 9A6 S%RA 9>E /9AA91

>. B%il i$ !o+rtsB.%rti%l

%o''endador ". De V!lla# 7EE S%RA BE /9AA91

0. St%$'%r's for fiCi$g &%il

R+l ""0, S!. 2. A%o!nt o# bail1 (!idelines-..
Th :+'g *ho iss' th *%rr%$t or gr%$t' th
%##li!%tio$ sh%ll fiC % r%so$%&l %.o+$t of &%il
!o$si'ri$g #ri.%ril), &+t $ot li.it' to th follo*i$g
g+i'li$sF
5%7 Di$%$!i%l %&ilit) of th %!!+s' to gi( &%ilH
5&7 N%t+r %$' !ir!+.st%$!s of th off$sH
5!7 P$%lt) of th off$s !h%rg'H
5'7 Ch%r%!tr %$' r#+t%tio$ of th %!!+s'H
57 Ag %$' h%lth of th %!!+s'H
5f7 Th *ight of th (i'$! %g%i$st th
%!!+s'H
5g7 Pro&%&ilit) of th %!!+s' %##%ri$g i$ tri%lH
5h7 Dorfit+r of othr &o$'sH
5i7 Th f%!t th%t %!!+s' *%s % f+giti( fro.
:+sti! *h$ %rrst'H %$'
5:7 Th #$'$!) of othr !%ss i$ *hi!h th
%!!+s' is +$'r &o$'.
EC!ssi( &%il sh%ll $ot & r,+ir'.

3$ere $e r!.$ o ba!l e;!ss# ! s$ould no be
rendered nu.aor, be re0u!r!n. a su' $a !s e;cess!"e#
o$er&!se# ! beco'es 2a pro'!se o $e ear o be bro4en o
$e $ope# a eas!n. !llus!on l!4e a 'un!(!cen be0ues !n a
pauper5s &!ll2 /-ac4son1. T$us# sa!d $e S% !n De la %a'ara
". Ena.e# ?9 S%RA 9 /9A<91.

In $!s case# a ba!l o( P9.9AF '!ll!on !'posed a.a!ns
Ma,or %a'ara (or c$ar.es o( 97 'urders and 97 (rusraed
'urder &as (ound e;cess!"e.

T$e S% la!d do&n $e (ollo&!n. .u!del!nes !n (!;!n.
$e a'oun o( ba!l !n V!llasenor ". Abano# 79 S%RA >97
/9A6<1# laer cona!ned !n sec. 6 o( Rule 99?.

9. Ab!l!, o( $e accused o .!"e $e ba!l.
7. Naure o( $e o((ense.
>. Penal, (or $e o((ense c$ar.ed.
?. %$aracer and repua!on o( $e accused
F. 8eal$ o( $e accused.
6. %$aracer and sren.$ o( $e e"!dence.
<. Probab!l!, o( $e accused appear!n. !n r!al.
B. For(e!ure o( o$er bonds.
A. 3$e$er $e accused &as a (u.!!"e (ro' +us!ce
&$en arresed.
9E. I( $e accused !s under bond (or appearance a
r!al !n o$er cases.

E"en &$en $e accused $as pre"!ousl, +u'ped ba!l#
s!ll $e canno be den!ed ba!l. $e re'ed, !n $!s case !s o
!ncrease $e a'oun o( $e ba!l /S!0u!a' ". A'paro1.

3. Right to &%il %$' right to tr%(l %&ro%'

Art. III, S!. 2. Th li&rt) of %&o' %$' of
!h%$gi$g th s%. *ithi$ th li.its #rs!ri&' &) l%*
sh%ll $ot & i.#%ir' C!#t +#o$ l%*f+l or'r of th
!o+rt. Neither shall the ri(ht to tra'el be i%paired e,"ept
in the interest o# national se"!rity4 p!bli" sa#ety4 or p!bli"
health4 as %ay be pro'ided by la$.

In Manooc ". %our o( Appeals# 9?7 S%RA 9?A
/9AB61# $e S% d!sallo&ed a person released on ba!l o ra"el
abroad (or a bus!ness r!p. T$e %our .a"e 7 reasons &$,
ba!l operaes onl, &!$!n $e counr,.

One# $e accused 'a, be placed be,ond $e
+ur!sd!c!on o( $e cour !( $e &ere allo&ed o lea"e $e
P$!l!pp!nes &!$ou su((!c!en reason# $us a((ec!n. one o(
$e cond!!ons !n $e .ran o( ba!l# na'el, o $a"e $e
accused a"a!lable &$ene"er $e cour re0u!res $!s presence.

T&o# !'pl!c! !n $e ba!l !s $e a.ree'en be&een
$e Sae and $e sure, $a $e Sae &!ll do no$!n. o
'a4e ! d!((!cul (or $e sure, o arres $e de(endan upon
order o( $e cour. I( $e cour $us allo&s $!s o lea"e# $en
$e Sae loses !s r!.$ o order $e (or(e!ure o( $e bond
because ! !sel( $as breac$ed !s obl!.a!on o $e sure,.

T$e case lea"es $e 0ues!on o( allo&!n. an accused
under ba!l o .o abroad (or $u'an!ar!an reasons open-
ended. T$!s reason &as no (oreclosed b, $e %our# &$!c$
$!ned $a $e accused could be allo&ed o lea"e !( $e $ad
2su((!c!en reason2. 3$a $e %our (ound !nsu((!c!en &as
$e bus!ness r!p.

M%$oto! (. CA, "0; SCRA "04 5"4127

F* Pe!!oner !s a pr!nc!pal soc4$older o( &o
corpora!ons# !n one o( &$!c$ $e &as $e pres!den. T$e
(!r's &ere placed under a 'ana.e'en co''!ee b, $e
SE% and pe!!oner &as placed 2on $old2 b, $e
%o''!ss!on o( I''!.ra!on. Pe!!oner &as c$ar.ed &!$
esa(a. 8e laer as4ed (or per'!ss!on o lea"e $e counr, (or
bus!ness reasons# bu $!s re0ues &as den!ed b, $e cours.
8e (!led a pe!!on (or cer!orar! bu $!s pe!!on &as also
d!s'!ssed (or lac4 o( 'er!. 8e appealed o $e S%.

8ELD* T$e cond!!on !'posed b, Rule 99?# sec. 9 upon $e
accused o 'a4e $!'sel( a"a!lable &$ene"er $e cour
re0u!res $!s presence# operaes as a "al!d resr!c!on on $!s
r!.$ o ra"el. T$e cons!u!onal r!.$ o ra"el !s no
absolue# bu !s sub+ec o la&(ul orders o( $e cour. 88.

2. W%i(r of th Right to B%il

People ". Donao# 9AB S%RA 9>E /9AA91

D. Rights '+ri$g tri%l

Art. III, S!. "0. 5"7 No #rso$ sh%ll & hl' to
%$s*r for % !ri.i$%l off$s *itho+t '+ #ro!ss of l%*.
I$ %ll !ri.i$%l #ros!+tio$s, th %!!+s' sh%ll &
#rs+.' i$$o!$t +$til th !o$tr%r) is #ro(', %$'
sh%ll $:o) th right to & h%r' &) hi.slf %$' !o+$sl,
to & i$for.' of th $%t+r %$' !%+s of th %!!+s%tio$
%g%i$st hi., to h%( % s#'), i.#%rti%l %$' #+&li! tri%l,
to .t th *it$sss f%! to f%!, %$' to h%(
!o.#+lsor) #ro!ss to s!+r th %tt$'%$! of *it$sss
%$' th #ro'+!tio$ of (i'$! i$ his &h%lf. Ho*(r,
%ftr %rr%ig$.$t, tri%l .%) #ro!' $ot*ithst%$'i$g
th %&s$! of th %!!+s' #ro(i'' th%t h h%s &$
'+l) $otifi' %$' his f%il+r to %##%r is +$:+stifi%&l.

9. Presu'p!on o( !nnocence

In People ". Dra'a,o# ?7 S%RA 6A /9A<91# $e S%
noed $a $e re0u!re'en o( proo( be,ond reasonable doub
!s a necessar, corollar, o( $e cons!u!onal r!.$ o be
presu'ed !nnocen.

In I.o ". %o'elec# AF S%RA >A7 /9ABE1# a la&
d!s0ual!(,!n. cand!daes c$ar.ed &!$ na!onal secur!,
o((ences &as sruc4 do&n as uncons!u!onal# (or "!ola!n.
$e presu'p!on a.a!ns !nnocence.

In Ale+andro ". Pep!o# A6 S%RA >77 /9ABE1# a +ud.e
&$o allo&ed $e accused o presen $!s e"!dence a$ead o(
$e prosecu!on# o"er $e ob+ec!on o( $e prosecu!on# a(er
$e acused ad'!ed $e 4!ll!n. bu !n"o4ed sel(-de(ense#
&as re"ersed b, $e S% on $e .round $a $!s c$an.e !n $e
order o( r!al "!olaed $e cons!u!onal presu'p!on o(
!nnocence &$!c$ places $e burden proo( on $e prosecu!on.

T$!s rul!n. &as 'od!(!ed b, Rule 99A# sec. > /e1 o(
$e 9ABF Rules o( %r!'!nal Procedure &$!c$ no& re"erses
$e order o( r!al &$en $e de(endan ad'!s $e ac bu
!n"o4es a +us!(,!n. or e;e'p!n. c!rcu'sance.

Po#l (. ' @+A.%$, ;>" SCRA 6>4

F* De Gu@'an# %asro and %aap &ere c$ar.ed
&!$ 'urder (or $e 4!ll!n. o( an un!den!(!ed person
on No". 96# 9AA?. Onl, De Gu@'an and %asro &ere
arresed and bo$ pleaded no .u!l,. T$e, &ere
con"!ced b, $e cour 'a!nl, on $e bas!s o( $e
es!'on, o( Adel!a An.eles. S$e pos!!"el,
!den!(!ed $e 7 accused as $e persons &$o &ere
&!$ %aap &$o 'alreaed an un!den!(!ed person
&$o' $e, $ad !ed o an !p!l-!p!l ree and upon
see!n. $er# s$e es!(!ed $a $e, un!ed $e 'an and
brou.$ $!' o&ards $e d!rec!on o( $e Pas!. r!"er
&$!c$ &as onl, > $ouses a&a,. T$!s &as (ur$er
sren.$ened b, $e e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on /E-%1 o(
accused %asro o Pol!ce %orporal Do'!nador
%unanan $a ! &as %aap &$o 4!lled $e "!c!' and
$a $e and de Gu@'an aced onl, as loo4-ous.

Issue* 3=N $e cons!u!onal presu'p!on o(
!nnocenec o( $e accused $as been o"erco'e.

8ELD* YES
T$ou.$ $ere !s no d!rec e"!dence o l!n4 $e
> accused o $e 4!ll!n. o( $e un4no&n "!c!'# $e
c!rcu'san!al e"!dence presened sa!s(!ed Sec. ?#
Rule 9>> RO% na'el,* /91 $ere !s 'ore $an one
c!rcu'sanceD /71 $e (acs (ro' &$!c$ $e !n(erences
are der!"ed are pro"enD and />1 $e co'b!na!on o( all
$e c!rcu'sances !s suc$ as o produce con"!c!on
be,ond resonable doub.
3!$ re.ard o $e E-% o( Accused %asro o Pol!ce
%pl. %unanan# $ere !s no e"!dence $a %unanan $ad an,
'o!"e o (alsel, es!(, a.a!ns accused. 3$!le ! !s rue
$a accused5s E-% &as 'ade &!$ou $e ad"!ce and
ass!sance o( counsel# $ence !nad'!ss!ble as e"!dence# !
could be reaed as a "erbal ad'!ss!on o( $e accused
esabl!s$ed $rou.$ $e es!'on!es o( persons &$o $eard !
or &$o conduced $e !n"es!.a!uon o( $e accused /Peo "
Molas 79B S%RA ?<>1. Moreo"er !n Peo " Al"are@# $e
cour ruled $a an e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!on !s ad'!ss!ble
a.a!ns a co-accused &$en ! !s used as a c!rcu'san!al
e"!dence o s$o& $e probab!l!, o( $e par!c!pa!on o( sa!d
co-accused !n $e cr!'e co''!ed.

;. Right to & h%r' #rso$%ll) or &) !o+$sl

Ade0uae le.al ass!sance s$all no be den!ed o an,
person b, reason o( po"er, /Ar. III# Sec. 99.1 No 'aer
$o& educaed one 'a, be# $e 'a, no 4no& $o& o
esabls!$ $!s !nnocence (or $e s!'ple reason $a $e does
no 4no& $e rules o( e"!dence sa!d $e S% !n People ".
8ol.ado# BF P$!l <F7 /9AF71.

People ". 8ol.ado# BF P$!l <F7 /9AF71

F* Appellan Fr!sco 8ol.ado &as c$ar.ed !n $e cour
o( F!rs Insance o( Ro'blon &!$ sl!.$ !lle.al deen!on
because $e d!d 2(elon!ousl, and &!$ou +us!(!able 'o!"e#
4!dnap and dea!n one Are'!a Fabrea. !n $e $ouse o(
Anero 8ol.ado (or abou e!.$ $ours $ereb, depr!"!n. sa!d
Are'!a Fabrea. o( $er personal l!ber,.2 Accused# una!ded
b, counsel# pleaded .u!l, and sa!d $a $e &as !nsruced b,
Mr. Oca'po o do so.
Accused &as con"!ced o( a cap!al o((ense.
S!nce $e accused-appellan pleaded .u!l, and no
e"!dence appears o $a"e been presened b, e!$er par,# $e
r!al +ud.e 'us $a"e deduced $e cap!al o((ense (ro' $e
(acs pleaded !n $e !n(or'a!on.

Rul!n.* :nder $e c!rcu'sances# par!cularl, $e 0ual!(!ed
plea .!"en b, $e accused &$o &as una!ded b, counsel# !
&as no pruden# o sa, $e leas# (or $e r!al cour o render
suc$ a ser!ous +ud.'en (!nd!n. $e accused .u!l, o( a
cap!al o((ense# and !'pos!n. upon $!' suc$ a $ea",
penal, as en ,ears and one da, o( pr!s!on 'a,or o &en,
,ears# &!$ou absolue an, e"!dence o deer'!ne and
clar!(, $e rue (acs o( $e case.
T$e proceed!n.s !n $e r!al cour are !rre.ular (ro'
$e be.!nn!n.. I !s e;pressl, pro"!ded !n our rules o( %our#
Rule 997# sec!on > /no& Rule 996# Sec. 61# $a*

I( $e de(endan appears &!$ou aorne,# $e 'us
be !n(or'ed b, $e cour $a ! !s $!s r!.$ o $a"e aorne,
be(ore be!n. arra!.ned.# and 'us be as4ed !( $e des!res $e
a!d o( aorne,# $e %our 'us ass!.n aorne, de oficio o
de(end $!'. A reasonable !'e 'us be allo&ed (or
procur!n. aorne,.

No one o( $ese du!es $ad been co'pl!ed &!$ b,
$e r!al cour.
One o( $e .rea pr!nc!ples o( +us!ce .uaraneed b,
our %ons!u!on !s $a 2no person s$all be $eld o ans&er
(or a cr!'!nal o((ense &!$ou due process o( la&2# and $a
all accused 2s$all en+o, $e r!.$ o be $eard b, $!'sel( and
counsel.2 In cr!'!nal cases $ere can be no (a!r $ear!n.
unless $e accused be .!"en $e opporun!, o be $eard b,
counsel. T$e r!.$ o be $eard &ould be o( l!le a"a!l !( !
does no !nclude $e r!.$ o be $eard b, counsel. E"en $e
'os !nell!.en or educaed 'an 'a, $a"e no s4!ll !n $e
sc!ence o( $e la&# par!cularl, !n $e rules o( procedure#
and# &!$ou counsel# $e 'a, be con"!ced no because $e !s
.u!l, bu because $e does no 4no& $o& o esabl!s$ $!s
!nnocence. And $!s can $appen 'ore eas!l, o persons &$o
are !.noran or uneducaed. I !s (or $!s reason $a $e r!.$
o be ass!sed b, counsel !s dee'ed so !'poran $a ! $as
beco'e a cons!u!onal r!.$ and ! !s so !'ple'ened $a
under our rules o( procedure ! !s no enou.$ (or $e %our o
appr!se an accused o( $!s r!.$ o $a"e an aorne,# ! !s no
enou.$ o as4 $!' &$e$er $e des!res $e a!d o( an aorne,#
bu ! !s essen!al $a $e cour s$ould ass!.n one de oficio !(
$e so des!res and $e !s poor .ran $!' a reasonable !'e o
procure an aorne, o( $!s o&n.

L* 3$a $appens !( $e accused (!les a de'urrer o
$e e"!dence o( $e prosecu!on /on $e .round $a $e
prosecu!on (a!led o ender a case1 and $!s 'o!on !s den!ed
-- could $e de(ense s!ll presen !s o&n e"!denceH

In Abr!ol ". 8o'eres# B? P$!l F7F# /9A?A1# $e S%
ruled !n $e a((!r'a!"e# conend!n. $a $e r!.$ o( $e
accused o presen $!s e"!dence !s a cons!u!onal r!.$
&$!c$ canno be de(eaed b, $e d!s'!ssal o( $e 'o!on o(
de'urrer.

*ilin( o# de%!rrer to e'iden"e is a WAI>E/ o# ri(ht to be
heard 5R+l ""4, S!. "3.7

Abr!ol ". 8o'eres# B? P$!l F7F# /9A?A1

F* F!del Abr!ol# o.e$er &!$ s!; o$er persons# &as
accused o( !lle.al possess!on o( (!rear's and a''un!!on.
A(er $e prosecu!on $ad presened !s e"!dence and resed
!s case# counsel (or $e de(ense 'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e case
on $e .round o( !nsu((!c!enc, o( $e e"!dence o pro"e $e
.u!l o( $e accused. A(er $ear!n. $e ar.u'ens (or and
a.a!ns $e 'o!on (or d!s'!ssal# $e cour $eld $e proo(s
su((!c!en o con"!c and den!ed sa!d 'o!on# &$ereupon
counsel (or $e de(ense o((ered o presen e"!dence (or $e
accused. T$e pro"!nc!al (!scal opposed $e presena!on o(
e"!dence b, $e de(ense# conend!n. $a $e presen
procedural prac!ce and la&s precluded $e de(ense !n
cr!'!nal cases (ro' presen!n. an, e"!dence a(er ! $ad
presened a 'o!on (or d!s'!ssal &!$ or &!$ou reser"a!on
and a(er sa!d 'o!on $ad been den!ed# and c!!n. as
au$or!, $e case o( :n!ed Saes "s. De la %ru@# 7B P$!l.#
7<A. 8!s 8onor -ud.e S. %. Moscoso susa!ned $e
oppos!!on o( $e pro"!nc!al (!scal and# &!$ou allo&!n. $e
accused o presen e"!dence !n $e!r de(ense# con"!ced all o(
$e' and senenced $e $ere!n pe!!oner o su((er se"en
,ears o( !'pr!son'en and o pa, a (!ne o( P7#EEE.

Issue* 3$e$er $e accused s$ould be allo&ed o presen
e"!dence a(er $e den!al o( $e!r 'o!on o d!s'!ss on $e
.round o( !nsu((!c!enc, o( e"!dence o( $e prosecu!on

Rul!n.* T$e accused s$ould be allo&ed o presen e"!dence.

9. T$e re(usal o( -ud.e Moscoso o allo& $e
accused-pe!!oner o presen proo(s !n $!s de(ense a(er $e
den!al o( $!s 'o!on (or d!s'!ssal &as a palpable error
&$!c$ resuled !n den,!n. o $e sa!d accused $e due
process o( la& .uaraneed !n $e )!ll o( R!.$s e'bod!ed !n
$e %ons!u!on# ! be!n. pro"!ded !n Ar!cle II# sec!on 9
/9<1# o( $e %ons!u!on $a !n all cr!'!nal prosecu!ons $e
accused s$all en+o, $e r!.$ o be $eard b, $!'sel( and
counsel and o $a"e co'pulsor, process o secure $e
aendance o( &!nesses !n $!s be$al(. T$ere !s no la& nor
2procedural prac!ce2 under &$!c$ $e accused 'a, e"er be
den!ed $e r!.$ o be $eard be(ore be!n. senenced.
No& $a $e Go"ern'en canno appeal !n cr!'!nal
cases !( $e de(endan &ould be placed $ereb, !n double
+eopard, /sec. 7# Rule 99B1# $e d!s'!ssal o( $e case (or
!nsu((!c!enc, o( $e e"!dence a(er $e prosecu!on $as resed
er'!naes $e case $en and $ere. )u !( $e 'o!on (or
d!s'!ssal !s den!ed# $e cour s$ould proceed o $ear $e
e"!dence (or $e de(ense be(ore ener!n. +ud.'en
re.ardless o( &$e$er or no $e de(ense $ad reser"ed !s
r!.$ o presen e"!dence !n $e e"en !s 'o!on (or
d!s'!ssal be den!ed. T$e reason !s $a ! !s $e cons!u!onal
r!.$ o( $e accused o be $eard !n $!s de(ense be(ore
senence !s pronounced on $!'. O( course !( $e accused $as
no e"!dence o presen or e;pressl, &a!"es $e r!.$ o
presen !# $e cour $as no alerna!"e bu o dec!de $e case
upon $e e"!dence presened b, $e prosecu!on alone.

7. T$e 'a!n 0ues!on o dec!de !s &$e$er $e &r! o(
habeas corpus l!es !n a case l!4e $e presen.
3e $a"e alread, s$o&n $a $ere !s no la& or
preceden &$!c$ could be !n"o4ed o place !n doub $e r!.$
o( $e accused o be $eard or o presen e"!dence !n $!s
de(ense be(ore be!n. senenced. On $e conrar,# $e
pro"!s!ons o( $e %ons!u!on $ere!nabo"e c!ed e;pressl,
and clearl, .uaranee o $!' $a r!.$. Suc$ cons!u!onal
r!.$ !s !n"!olae. No cour o( +us!ce under our s,se' o(
.o"ern'en $as $e po&er o depr!"e $!' o( $a r!.$. I( $e
accused does no &a!"e $!s r!.$ o be $eard bu on $e
conrar, as !n $e !nsan case !n"o4es $a rou.$# and $e
cour den!es ! o $!'# $a cour no lon.er $as +ur!sd!c!on o
proceedD ! $as no po&er o senence $e accused &!$ou
$ear!n. $!' !n $!s de(enseD and $e senence $us
pronounced !s "o!d and 'a, be collaerall, aac4ed !n a
habeas corpus proceed!n..
Al$ou.$ $e senence a.a!ns $e pe!!oner !s "o!d
(or $e reasons $ere!nabo"e saed# $e 'a, be $eld under $e
cusod, o( $e la& b, be!n. dea!ned or ad'!ed o ba!l
un!l $e case a.a!ns $!' !s (!nall, and la&(ull, dec!ded.
T$e process a.a!ns $!' !n cr!'!nal case No. 9?<7 'a,
sand s$ould be resu'ed (ro' $e sa.e a &$!c$ ! &as
"!!aed b, $e r!al cour5s den!al o( $!s cons!u!onal r!.$
o be $eard. :p o $e po!n &$en $e prosecu!on resed# $e
proceed!n.s &ere "al!d and s$ould be resu'ed (ro' $ere.

People ". Donesa# ?A S%RA 7B9 /9A<>1

=rant of demurrer is equivalent to an acquittal

F* A(er prosecu!on presened !s &!nesses# $e
de(ense 'o"ed (or d!s'!ssal o( $e case on $e .round o(
!nsu((!c!enc, o( e"!dence. T$e +ud.e .raned $e 'o!on.

Issue* D!d suc$ d!s'!ssal operae as an ac0u!al o( $e
accusedH

Rul!n.* YES
A d!s'!ssal ordered a(er $e er'!na!on o( $e
presena!on o( $e e"!dence (or $e prosecu!on $as $e
(orce and e((ec o( an ac0u!al. S!nce $ere !s a (a!lure o
pro"e $e .u!l o( $e accused# $e case 'us be d!s'!ssed#
and ! &!ll be a bar o ano$er prosecu!on (or $e sa'e
o((ense e"en $ou.$ ! &as ordered b, $e %our upon
'o!on or &!$ $e e;press consen o( $e de(endan# !n
e;acl, $e sa'e &a, as a +ud.'en o( ac0u!al.
R+l ""4, S!. "3. D.+rrr to (i'$!.BB Aftr th
#ros!+tio$ h%s rst' its !%s, th !o+rt .%) 'is.iss th
!%s o$ th gro+$' of i$s+ffi!i$!) of (i'$!F 5"7 o$t
its o*$ i$titi%ti( %ftr gi(i$t th #ros!+tio$ %$
o##ort+$it) to & h%r'H or 5;7 o$ .otio$ of th %!!+s'
fil' *ith #ro#r l%( of !o+rt.
If th !o+rt '$is th .otio$ for 'is.iss%l, th
%!!+s' .%) %''+! (i'$! i$ his 'f$s. Wh$ th
%!!+s' fils s+!h .otio$ to 'is.iss *itho+t C#rss
l%( of !o+rt, h *%i(s th right to #rs$t (i'$!
%$' s+&.its th !%s for :+'g.$t o$ th &%sis of th
(i'$! for th #ros!+tio$. 5R+ls of Co+rt.7

>. Right to fr lg%l %ssist%$!


People ". R!o# 7E9 S%RA <E7 /9AA91

F* On 7A Dece'ber 9ABA# $e accused-appellan
R!cardo R!o# !n &o /71 leers daed 9? Dece'ber 9ABA#
addressed o D!"!s!on %ler4 o( %our Fer'!n -. Gar'a and
o Ass!san %ler4 o( %our To'as!a M. Dr!s# 'an!(esed $!s
!nen!on o &!$dra& $e appeal due o $!s po"er,.

Parap$ras!n. Mr. -us!ce Malcol'# 2T&o /71 o( $e
bas!c pr!"!le.es o( $e accused !n a cr!'!nal prosecu!on are
$e r!.$ o $e ass!sance o( counsel and $e r!.$ o a
prel!'!nar, e;a'!na!on. Pres!den Mc4!nle, 'ade $e (!rs
a par o( $e Or.an!c La& !n $!s Insruc!ons o $e
%o''!ss!on b, !'pos!n. $e !n"!olable rule $a !n all
cr!'!nal prosecu!ons $e accused 5s$all en+o, $e r!.$ ... o
$a"e ass!sance o( counsel (or $e de(ense5 2. Toda, sa!d
r!.$ !s ens$r!ned !n $e 9AB< %ons!u!on (or# as -ud.e
%oole, sa,s# $!s !s 2per$aps $e pr!"!le.e 'os !'poran o
$e person accused o( cr!'e.2
2In cr!'!nal cases $ere can be no (a!r $ear!n. unless
$e accused be .!"en an opporun!, o be $eard b, counsel.
T$e r!.$ o be $eard &ould be o( l!le 'ean!n. !( ! does
no !nclude $e r!.$ o be $eard b, counsel. E"en $e 'os
!nell!.en or educaed 'an 'a, $a"e no s4!ll !n $e sc!ence
o( $e la&# par!cularl, !n $e rules o( procedure# and#
&!$ou counsel# $e 'a, be con"!ced no because $e !s
.u!l, bu because $e does no 4no& $o& o esabl!s$ $!s
!nnocence. And $!s can $appen 'ore eas!l, o persons &$o
are !.noran or uneducaed. I !s (or $!s reason $a $e r!.$
o be ass!sed b, counsel !s dee'ed so !'poran $a ! $as
beco'e a cons!u!onal r!.$ and ! !s so !'ple'ened $a
under our rules o( procedure ! !s no enou.$ (or $e %our o
appr!se an accused o( $!s r!.$ o $a"e an aorne,# ! !s no
enou.$ o as4 $!' &$e$er $e des!res $e a!d o( an aorne,#
bu ! !s essen!al $a $e cour s$ould ass!.n one de oficio
(or $!' !( $e so des!res and $e !s poor# or .ran $!' a
reasonable !'e o procure an aorne, o( $!s o&n.2
T$!s r!.$ o a counsel de oficio does no cease upon
$e con"!c!on o( an accused b, a r!al cour. I con!nues#
e"en dur!n. appeal# suc$ $a $e du, o( $e cour o ass!.n
a counsel de oficio pers!ss &$ere an accused !nerposes an
!nen o appeal. E"en !n a case# suc$ as $e one a bar#
&$ere $e accused $ad s!.n!(!ed $!s !nen o &!$dra& $!s
appeal# $e cour !s re0u!red o !n0u!re !no $e reason (or $e
&!$dra&al. 3$ere ! (!nds $e sole reason (or $e
&!$dra&al o be po"er,# as !n $!s case# $e cour 'us
ass!.n a counsel de oficio# (or desp!e suc$ &!$dra&al# $e
du, o proec $e r!.$s o( $e accused subs!ss and
per$aps# &!$ .reaer reason. A(er all# 2$ose &$o $a"e less
!n l!(e 'us $a"e 'ore !n la&.2 -us!ce s$ould ne"er be
l!'!ed o $ose &$o $a"e $e 'eans. I !s (or e"er,one#
&$e$er r!c$ or poor. Is scales s$ould al&a,s be balanced
and s$ould ne"er e0u!"ocae or co.!ae !n order o (a"or
one par, o"er ano$er.
I !s &!$ $!s $ou.$ !n '!nd $a &e c$ar.e cler4s
o( cour o( r!al cours o be 'ore c!rcu'spec &!$ $e du,
!'posed on $e' b, la& /Sec!on 9># Rule 977 o( $e Rules
o( %our1 so $a cours &!ll be abo"e reproac$ and $a
ne"er /!( poss!ble1 &!ll an !nnocen person be senenced (or
a cr!'e $e $as no co''!ed nor $e .u!l, allo&ed o .o
sco-(ree.
In $!s sp!r!# $e %our ordered $e appo!n'en o( a
counsel de oficio (or $e accused-appellan and (or sa!d
counsel and $e Sol!c!or General o (!le $e!r respec!"e
br!e(s# upon sub'!ss!on o( &$!c$ $e case &ould be dee'ed
sub'!ed (or dec!s!on.

Fro' $e records o( $e case# ! !s esabl!s$ed $a
$e accused- appellan &as c$ar.ed &!$ $e cr!'e o( rape !n
a "er!(!ed co'pla!n (!led b, co'pla!nan 3!l'a P$ua R!o#
dul, subscr!bed be(ore >rd Ass!san F!scal Rodol(o M.
Ale+andro o( $e pro"!nce o( R!@al# &$!c$ reads as (ollo&s*
T$a on or abou $e 7?$ da, o( Marc$# 9AB?# !n
$e Mun!c!pal!, o( Mun!nlupa# Mero Man!la# P$!l!pp!nes#
a place &!$!n $e +ur!sd!c!on o( $!s 8onorable %our# $e
abo"e-na'ed accused# b, 'eans o( (orce and !n!'!da!on
d!d $en and $ere &!l(ull,# unla&(ull, and (elon!ousl, $a"e
carnal 4no&led.e o( $e unders!.ned 3!l'a P$ua a.a!ns
$er &!ll.
On 76 -une 9ABF# a $e arra!.n'en# $e accused-
appellan# ass!sed b, A,. Leon!do Manalo o( $e Ma4a!
%LAO o((!ce# as counsel de oficio# enered a plea o( no
.u!l, o $e o((ense c$ar.ed.
;;;
T$e r!al cour (ound $e accused-appellan .u!l,
o( $e cr!'e o( rape.

T$e $eor, o( $e de(ense a $e r!al le"el &as
.rounded on al!b!. T$e accused cla!'ed $a a $e !'e o(
$e alle.ed co''!ss!on o( $e cr!'e o( rape $e &as !n
Ro'blon. T$!s cla!' &as corroboraed b, $e accused5s
bro$er# A'ado R!o. 8o&e"er# $!s cla!' &as# as
a(oresaed# rebued b, $e prosecu!on5s sub'!ss!on o( $e
"oer5s a((!da"! e;ecued b, $e accused !n Mun!nlupa#
Mero Man!la on >9 Marc$ 9AB? &$en appellan cla!'ed $e
&as !n Ro'blon.

8ELD* On appeal# appellan5s counsel de oficio c$an.ed
$e $eor, o( $e de(ense. T$e ne& $eor, presened b,
counsel de oficio !s $a 3!l'a P$ua consened &$en
accused-appellan $ad se;ual !nercourse &!$ $er on 7?
Marc$ 9AB?. I &as sressed b, counsel de oficio $a $e
rape occurred on 7? Marc$ 9AB? and $a# alle.edl,# ! &as
$e (our$ !'e accused $ad abused co'pla!nan. T$!s
alle.a!on as &ell as $e (ac $a co'pla!nan (a!led o loc4
$e door o $e ba$roo' could onl, $a"e been due o $e
(ac $a $ere &as consen. T$e c$ar.e &as (!led# accord!n.
o de(ense counsel de oficio# onl, because $e co'pla!nan5s
'o$er cau.$ $e'.
T$!s $eor, o( $e de(ense on appeal $a $ere $ad
been consen (ro' $e co'pla!nan# (a!ls o .enerae doub
as o $e accused5s .u!l# (or ! &ould be an !ncredulous
s!ua!on !ndeed o bel!e"e $a one# so ,oun. and as ,e
un!n!!aed o $e &a,s o( $e &orld# &ould per'! $e
occurrence o( an !ncesuous rela!ons$!p &!$ an uncle# a
bro$er o( $er "er, o&n 'o$er. T$e %our noes $e sudden
s&!( !n $e $eor, o( $e de(ense (ro' one o( oal den!al o(
$e !nc!den !n 0ues!on# b, &a, o( al!b!# o one o(
par!c!pa!on# $a !s# &!$ $e alle.ed consen o( $e
co'pla!nan. T$!s ne& "ers!on could onl, be ar!bued b,
$e %our o $e (ac $a counsel on appeal !s d!((eren (ro'
$e counsel !n $e r!al cour. Al$ou.$ $e Sol!c!or General
$as su..esed $a $!s sudden s$!( be !nerpreed as an
a(er$ou.$ b, $e accused or a desperae e((or o .e
$!'sel( ac0u!ed# $e %our dee's ! 'ore l!4el, $a $!s
s$!( &as caused b, counsel de oficio5s prepara!on o( $e
appellan5s br!e( &!$ou e;a'!n!n. $e en!re records o( $e
case. I( $e appo!ned counsel (or $e accused# on appeal#
$ad read $e records and ranscr!ps o( $e case $orou.$l,#
$e &ould no $a"e c$an.ed $e $eor, o( $e de(ense (or
suc$ a s$!( can ne"er spea4 &ell o( $e cred!b!l!, o( $e
de(ense. Moreo"er# $e rule !n c!"!l procedure# &$!c$ appl!es
e0uall, !n cr!'!nal cases# !s $a a par, 'a, no s$!( $!s
$eor, on appeal. I( $e counsel de oficio $ad been 'ore
consc!en!ous# $e &ould $a"e 4no&n $a $e sudden s$!(
&ould be "!ola!"e o( a(ore'en!oned procedural rule and
der!'enal o $e cause o( $e accused-appellan /$!s cl!en1.
The Court hereby admonishes members of the Bar to
be more conscious of their duties as advocates of their
clients7 causes, whether acting de parte or de oficio, for
>public interest requires that an attorney exert his best
efforts and ability in the prosecution or defense of his
client7s cause.> 8awyers are an indispensable part of the
whole system of administering ,ustice in this ,urisdiction.
3nd a lawyer who performs that duty with diligence and
candor not only protects the interests of his client< he also
serves the ends of ,ustice, does honor to the Bar and helps
maintain the respect of the community to the legal
profession. This is so because the entrusted privilege to
practice law carries with it correlative duties not only to the
client but also to the court, to the bar and to the public.
(hile a lawyer is not supposed to %now all the laws,
he is expected to ta%e such reasonable precaution in the
discharge of his duty to his client and for his professional
guidance as will not ma%e him, who is sworn to uphold the
law, a transgressor of its precepts.
The fact that he merely volunteered his services or
the circumstance that he was a counsel de oficio neither
diminishes nor alters the degree of professional
responsibility owed to his client. The ethics of the profession
require that counsel display warm -eal and great dedication
to duty irrespective of the client7s capacity to pay him his
fees. 3ny attempted presentation of a case without adequate
preparation distracts the administration of ,ustice and
discredits the Bar.

0. Right to & i$for.' of $%t+r %$' !%+s of
%!!+s%tio$

T$e arra!.n'en !n cr!'!nal prosecu!on !s prec!sel,
!nended o co'pl, &!$ $e r!.$ o( $e accused o be
!n(or'ed o( $e naure and cause o( $e accusa!on a.a!ns
$!'. As noed !n Vera ". People# procedural due process
re0u!res $a $e accused 'us be !n(or'ed &$, $e !s be!n.
prosecued and &$a c$ar.e $e 'us 'ee.

)or+a ". Mendo@a# << S%RA ?77 /9A<<1

5o valid trial in absentia without arraignment

F* Pe!!oner &as accused o( sl!.$ p$,s!cal !n+ur!es !n
$e %!, %our o( %ebu. A(er one pospone'en due o
pe!!oner5s (a!lure o appear# $e case &as rese. A.a!n#
pe!!oner (a!led o appear# desp!e no!ce o $!s bonds'an.
T$e cour $en allo&ed $e prosecu!on o presen e"!dence
desp!e $e (ac $a pe!!oner $ad no been arra!.ned. A(er
$e o((ended par, $ad es!(!ed and presened docu'enar,
e"!dence# $e cour (ound pe!!oner .u!l,. T$e %FI a((!r'ed
$e dec!s!on. 8ence# $!s pe!!on (or cer!orar!.

8ELD* Responden -ud.e co''!ed a .ra"e abuse o(
d!scre!on and $!s dec!s!on !s "o!d. )ecause pe!!oner &as
no arra!.ned# $e &as no !n(or'ed o( $e naure and cause
o( accusa!on a.a!ns $!'. Arra!.n'en !s an !nd!spensable
re0u!re'en !n an, cr!'!nal proceed!n..

3. Right to s#'), i.#%rti%l %$' #+&li! tri%l

/91 Speed, Tr!al

T$e r!.$ o a speed, r!al 'eans one $a !s (ree
(ro' "e;a!ous and oppress!"e dela,s. Is ob+ec!"e !s o
(ree $e !nnocen person (ro' an;!e, and e;pense o( a cour
l!!.a!on# or o$er&!se# o $a"e $!s .u!l deer'!ned &!$!n
$e s$ores poss!ble !'e# co'pa!ble &!$ $e presena!on
and cons!dera!on o( &$ae"er le.!!'ae de(ense $e
accused 'a, !nerpose.

3$!le reasonable dela, 'a, be allo&ed as
deer'!ned on a case o case bas!s# an unreasonable dela, on
$e par o( $e prosecu!on o presen !s case# $ereb,
caus!n. $e $rea o( penal l!ab!l!, o re'a!n $an.!n. o"er
$e $ead o( $e accused (or an e;ended per!od o( !'e#
"!olaes $e r!.$ o( $e accused o a speed, r!al.

T$e re'ed, o( $e accused !n $!s case !s habeas
corpus !( $e $as been resra!ned o( $!s l!ber,# or certiorari#
pro$!b!!on or 'anda'us (or $e (!nal d!s'!ssal o( $e caseD
and d!s'!ssal based on $e den!al o( $e r!.$ o speed, r!al
a'ouns o an ac0u!al.

So sa!d $e S% !n Ace"edo ". Sar'!eno# >6 S%RA
7?< /9A<E1# a case !n"ol"!n. $e prosecu!on (or da'a.e o
proper, $rou.$ rec4less !'prudence &$!c$ $ad been
pend!n. (or 6 ,ears# $e las sep a4en be!n. $e sar o( $e
cross-e;a'!na!on o( $e co'pla!n!n. &!ness# &$o d!d no
appear $erea(er. T$e S% ordered $e case d!s'!ssed &!$
pre+ud!ce# $us ac0u!!n. $e accused.
5;7 P+&li! Tri%l

A publ!c r!al does no re0u!re $a $e en!re publ!c
can &!ness $e r!al. I !s enou.$ !( ! !s conduced a a
place &$ere one5s rela!"es and (r!ends can be
acco''odaed and $e publ!c 'a, 4no& &$a !s .o!n. on.

T$e r!.$ !s no absolue. T$e cour can order $e
publ!c ou o( $e r!al roo' !n $e !neres o( 'oral!, and
order.

In Garc!a ". Do'!n.o# F7 S%RA 9?> /9A<E1# $e S%
d!s'!ssed $e conen!on o( one par, $a $e r!al &as
conduced !ns!de $e c$a'ber o( $e +ud.e on $e .round
$a $e ob+ec!on ca'e oo lae /$e par, onl, co'pla!ned
a(er $e 9?$ $ear!n.1 and $a $e place &as a.reed upon
b, $e par!es (or $e!r 'uual con"en!ence /$e +ud.e5s
roo' &as a!r cond!!oned1.

Garc!a ". Do'!n.o# F7 S%RA 9?> /9A<E1

T$e p!"oal 0ues!on !n $!s pe!!on (or certiorari and
pro$!b!!on# one &$!c$ $us (ar $as re'a!ned unresol"ed# !s
$e 'ean!n. o be accorded $e cons!u!onal r!.$ o publ!c
r!al.

Issue* Is $e $old!n. o( r!al !n $e c$a'bers o( $e +ud.e
"!ola!"e o( $e r!.$ o a publ!c r!alH

Rul!n.* NO
T$e de(endans !n $!s case a.reed $a $e $ear!n.s
be $eld !n $e c$a'bers. On (oureen separae occas!ons
$!s &as $e case and $ere &as no ob+ec!on on $e!r par.
T$ere &as no e"!dence o subsan!ae $e cla!' $a an,
o$er person &as e;cluded (ro' $e c$a'bers. I !s $us
e"!den $a &$a oo4 place !n $e c$a'bers o( $e c!,
cour +ud.e &as de"o!d o( $ase or !nen!onal secrec,.
T$e r!al 'us be publ!c. I possesses $a c$aracer
&$en an,one !neresed !n obser"!n. $e 'anner a +ud.e
conducs $e proceed!n.s !n $!s courroo' 'a, do so. T$ere
!s o be no ban on suc$ aendance. 8!s be!n. a sran.er o
$e l!!.ans !s o( no 'o'en. No rela!ons$!p o $e par!es
need be s$o&n. T$e $ou.$ $a l!es be$!nd $!s sa(e.uard
!s $e bel!e( $a $ereb, $e accused !s a((orded (ur$er
proec!on# $a $!s r!al !s l!4el, o be conduced &!$
re.ular!, and no a!ned &!$ an, !'propr!e,. I !s no
a'!ss o recall $a Dele.ae Laurel !n $!s erse su''a!on
$e !'porance o( $!s r!.$ s!n.led ou !s be!n. a deerrence
o arb!rar!ness. I !s $us undersandable &$, suc$ a r!.$ !s
dee'ed e'braced !n procedural due process. 3$ere a r!al
a4es place# as !s 0u!e usual# !n $e courroo' and a
calendar o( &$a cases are o be $eard !s posed# no proble'
ar!ses. I $e usual course o( e"ens $a !nd!"!duals des!rous
o( be!n. presen are (ree o do so. T$ere !s $e &ell
reco.n!@ed e;cep!on $ou.$ $a &arrans $e e;clus!on o(
$e publ!c &$ere $e e"!dence 'a, be c$aracer!@ed as
2o((ens!"e o decenc, or publ!c 'orals.2
3$a d!d occas!on d!((!cul, !n $!s su! &as $a (or
$e con"en!ence o( $e par!es# and o( $e c!, cour -ud.e# !
&as !n $e laer5s a!r-cond!!oned c$a'bers $a $e r!al &as
$eld. D!d $a su((!ce o !n"es!.ae $e proceed!n.s as
"!ola!"e o( $!s r!.$H T$e ans&er 'us be !n $e ne.a!"e.
T$ere !s no s$o&!n. $a $e publ!c &as $ereb, e;cluded. I
!s o be ad'!ed $a $e s!@e o( $e roo' alloed $e -ud.e
&ould reduce $e nu'ber o( $ose &$o could be presen.
Suc$ a (ac $ou.$ !s no !nd!ca!"e o( an, rans.ress!on o(
$!s r!.$. %ourroo's are no o( un!(or' d!'ens!ons. So'e
are s'aller $an o$ers. Moreo"er# as ad'!ed b, -us!ce
)lac4 !n $!s 'aserl, In re Ol!"er op!n!on# ! su((!ces o
sa!s(, $e re0u!re'en o( a r!al be!n. publ!c !( $e accused
could 2$a"e $!s (r!ends# rela!"es and counsel presen# no
'aer &!$ &$a o((ense $e 'a, be c$ar.ed.2
T$en# oo# re(erence 'a, also be 'ade o $e
und!spued (ac a leas (oureen $ear!n.s $ad been $eld !n
c$a'bers o( $e c!, cour -ud.e# &!$ou ob+ec!on on $e
par o( responden pol!ce'en. ;;;

5>7 I.#%rti%l tri%l

One aspec o( an !'par!al r!al !s a neural
'a.!srae &$o e;erc!ses cold !'par!al!,.

In Tu'e, ". O$!o# 7<> :.S. F9E /9A7<1# ! &as $eld
$a a o&n 'a,or &$o &as pa!d on $e bas!s o( $e (!ne $e
!'poses (or e"er, con"!c!on (or "!ola!on o( $e dr!n4!n.
la&s# could no be an !'par!al +ud.e. :nder suc$ a
s!ua!on# $e &ould be !neresed !n con"!c!n. $ose $e r!es
so $e &ould earn 'ore.

Ano$er aspec o( an !'par!al r!al !s an !'par!al
r!bunal bound b, $e )!ll o( R!.$s and $e sr!c rules o(
e"!dence and procedure.

In Ola.uer ". M!l!ar, %o''!ss!on# 9FE S%RA 9??
/9AB<1# $e S% $eld $a a c!"!l!an canno be r!ed b, a
'!l!ar, cour /!n connec!on &!$ $e L!.$ a F!re
Mo"e'en1 so lon. as $e c!"!l cours are open and
opera!n.# e"en dur!n. Mar!al La&.

2. Right to !o$fro$t *it$ss

T$e purpose o( $!s r!.$ !s o enable $e accused o
es $e cred!b!l!, o( $e &!ness. T$e bes 'eans o(
con(rona!on !s $e process o( cross-e;a'!na!on.

6. Right to s!+r %tt$'%$! of *it$sss 5%$' th
#ro'+!tio$ of (i'$! i$ his &h%lf7

T$ere are "ar!ous 'eans a"a!lable o $e par!es o
co'pel $e aendance o( &!nesses and $e produc!on o(
docu'ens and $!n.s needed !n $e prosecu!on or de(ense
o( a case !n an ad"ersar!al 'anner* subpoena and subpoena
duces tecum* depos!!ons and o$er 'odes o( d!sco"er,D
perpeua!on o( es!'on!es.

1. Tri%l in Absentia

Al$ou.$ $e r!.$ o be presen !s no e;pl!c! !n $e
pro"!s!on# ! !s !n(errable (ro' $e p$rase 2r!al 'a, proceed
no&!$sand!n. $e absence o( $e accused2

T$!s r!.$ o be presen 'a,# $o&e"er# be &a!"ed b,
$e accused. Rule 99F# sec# 9/c1# al4s o( > &a,s $a $e
&a!"er 'a, a4e place* /a1 e;press &a!"er pursuan o $e
s!pula!ons se (or$ !n $!s ba!l bond# unless $!s presence !s
spec!(!call, ordered b, $e cour (or purposes o(
!den!(!ca!onD /b1 !'pl!ed &a!"er &$en $e accused
&!$ou an, +us!(!able cause !s absen a $e r!al on a
par!cular dae o( &$!c$ $e $ad no!ceD and /c1 !'pl!ed
&a!"er &$en $e accused under cusod, &$o $ad been
no!(!ed o( $e dae o( r!al escapes.
In cases !n &$!c$ $ere $a"e been a &a!"er o( $e
r!.$ o be presen# &$e$er e;pressed or !'pl!ed# $e r!al
'a, be $eld 2in absentia2. T$e re0u!s!es o( a "al!d r!al in
absentia are* /!1 $e accused $as been arra!.nedD /!!1 $e
&as dul, no!(!ed o( $e $ear!n.D and /!!!1 $!s (a!lure o
aend $e r!al !s un+us!(!ed.

T$ere can be no "al!d r!al in absentia unless $e
accused $as been arra!.ned# ruled $e S% !n )or!a ".
Mendo@a# << S%RA ?77 /9A<<1# a case !n"ol"!n. a c$ar.e
(or sl!.$ p$,s!cal !n+ur!es &$ere $e accused (a!led o
appear and so $e r!al cour allo&ed $e prosecu!on o
presen !s e"!dence e"en !( $e accused $as no ,e been
arra!.ned. Arra!.n'en !s cruc!al because ! !n(or's $e
accued o( $e naure and cause o( $e accusa!on a.a!ns
$!'. %on"!c!on &!$ou arra!.n'en "!olaes due process
and ouss $e cour o( !s +ur!sd!c!on.

)or!a ". Mendo@a# << S%RA ?77 /9A<<1# supra.

8ELD* T$e subse0uen r!al in absentia depr!"ed pe!!oner
o( $!s r!.$ o be $eard b, $!'sel( and counsel. T$e
!nd!spensable re0u!re'en (or r!al in absentia !s $a !
s$ould co'e a(er arra!.n'en. 88.

3a!"er o( $e r!.$ o be presen !'pl!es also &a!"er
o( $e r!.$ o presen e"!dence. T$us# !( $e accused (a!ls o
aend r!al /&$!c$ presupposes arra!.n'en1# &!$ou an,
+us!(!able cause# $e prosecu!on can proceed &!$ $e
presena!on o( $e e"!dence# and $ereupon# $e cour 'a,
cons!der $e case sub'!ed (or dec!s!on. T$e cour &!ll
dec!de $e case on $e bas!s onl, o( $e prosecu!on5s
e"!dence. T$!s does no "!olae $e cons!u!onal
presu'p!on o( !nnocence because ! does no 'ean $a $e
+ud.'en o( $e r!al cour &!ll resul !n con"!c!on.

So ruled $e S% !n People ". Salas# 9?> S%RA 96>
/9AB61# &$!c$ (ur$er ruled $a r!al in absentia appl!es
e"en o cap!al cases.

People ". Salas 9?> S%RA 96> /9AB61

Trial in absentia applies even to capital cases

F* Mar!o Abon. &as or!.!nall, c$ar.ed &!$ $o'!c!de
!n $e %FI %ebu bu be(ore $e could be arra!.ned# $e case
&as re!n"es!.aed on 'o!on o( $e prosecu!on. As a resul
o( $e re!n"es!.a!on# an a'ended !n(or'a!on &as (!led#
&!$ no ba!l reco''ended# o &$!c$ $e pleaded no .u!l,.
Tr!al co''enced bu &$!le ! &as !n pro.ress# $e pr!soner
oo4 ad"ana.e o( $e (!rs !n(or'a!on (!led and succeeded
!n dece!"!n. $e c!, cour o( %ebu !no .ran!n. $!' ba!l
and order!n. $!s release. T$e responden -ud.e# learn!n. o(
$e r!c4er,# cancelled $e !lle.al ba!l bond and ordered
Abon.5s re-arres. )u $e &as .one. None$eless# $e
prosecu!on 'o"ed $a $e $ear!n. con!nue !n accordance
&!$ $e cons!u!onal pro"!s!on au$or!@!n. r!al !n
absen!a. T$e responden -ud.e den!ed $e 'o!on and
suspended all proceed!n.s un!l $e reurn o( $e accused.
8ence# $!s pe!!on.

8ELD* T$e docr!ne la!d do&n !n People ". A"anceMa $as
been 'od!(!ed b, Ar. IV# sec. 9A Qno& Ar. III# sec. 9?/71 o(
$e 9AB< %ons!u!onR &$!c$ allo&s r!al in absentia. T$e
pr!soner canno b, s!'pl, escap!n. $&ar $!s con!nued
prosecu!on and poss!ble e"enual con"!c!on pro"!ded onl,
$a /a1 $e $as been arra!.nedD /b1 $e $as been dul, no!(!ed
o( $e r!alD and /c1 $!s (a!lure o appear !s un+us!(!ed. T$e
r!.$ o be presen a one5s r!al 'a, no& be &a!"ed e;cep
onl, a $a sa.e &$ere $e prosecu!on !nends o presen
&!nesses &$o &!ll !den!(, $e accused. T$e de(endan5s
escape &!ll be cons!dered a &a!"er o( $!s r!.$ and $e
!nab!l!, o( $e cour o no!(, $!' o( $e subse0uen
$ear!n.s &!ll no pre"en ! (ro' con!nu!n. &!$ $!s r!al.
88.

Tr!al in absentia &as !nroduced onl, !n $e 9A<>
%ons!u!on o re'ed, a s!ua!on !n &$!c$ cr!'!nal
prosecu!on could no 'o"e because $e accused $as e!$er
escaped or +u'ped ba!l.

In People ". Pr!eo# B? S%RA 9AB /9A<B1# $e S%
ruled $a r!al in absentia does no +us!(, $e accused o
+u'p ba!l. -us because $ %ons!u!on allo&s r!al in
absentia does no 'ean $a $e accused !s no& (ree o
&a!"e $!s r!.$ o be presen dur!n. $e r!al. I( $e does# $e
runds $e r!s4 o( $a"!n. $!s ba!l bond (or(e!ed.

*rovision for trial in absentia not a ,ustification for ,umping
bail

F* For repeaed (a!lure o( $e accused Dar!o Ga'a,on
o appear# responden -ud.e declared $e ba!l bond (or(e!ed
and re0u!red $e bonds'en o produce $e accused &!$!n
$!r, da,s and o s$o& cause &$, no +ud.'en s$ould be
rendered a.a!ns $e'. 8o&e"er# on 'o!on o( de(ense
counsel# &$o !n"o4ed $e las senence o( Ar. IV# sec!on 9A
Qno& Ar. III# sec. 9?/71R on r!al !n absen!a# responden
-ud.e recons!dered $!s order. 8e ar.ued $a 2!( r!al could
be conduced a(er $e accused $as been arra!.ned and
!den!(!ed# $e conclus!on !s !nescapable $a !ssu!n. an order
o( (or(e!ure o( $e ba!l bond !s pre'aure.2 T$e prosecu!on
(!led a pe!!on (or cer!orar!.

8ELD* T$e !nno"a!on !nroduced b, $e presen
%ons!u!on .oes no (ur$er $an o enable a +ud.e o
con!nue &!$ $e r!al e"en !( $e accused !s no presen
under $e cond!!ons $ere!n spec!(!ed. I does no .!"e $e
accused $e r!.$ o +u'p ba!l. 88.

G!'ene@ ". Na@areno# 96E S%RA 9 /9ABB1

In trial in absentia accused waives the right to present
evidence and confront witnesses

F* Teodoro dela Ve.a -r.# o.e$er &!$ (!"e o$ers# &as
c$ar.ed &!$ 'urder. A(er arra!.n'en# dur!n. &$!c$ $e
pleaded no .u!l,# $e case &as se (or $ear!n. on Sep. 9B#
9A<> bu $e escaped. 8e &as r!ed in absentia. T$e r!al
cour rendered +ud.'en d!s'!ss!n. $e case a.a!ns $!s co-
accused bu ! $eld !n abe,ance $e proceed!n.s a.a!ns $!'
!n order o .!"e $!' $e c$ance o cross e;a'!ne $e
&!nesses a.a!ns $!' and presen e"!dence. 8ence# $!s
pe!!on (or certiorari.

8ELD* 3as $e +ur!sd!c!on los &$en $e accused escaped
(ro' $e cusod, o( $e la& and (a!led o appear dur!n. $e
r!alH No. As &e $a"e cons!senl, ruled# +ur!sd!c!on once
ac0u!red !s no los upon $e !nsance o( par!es bu
con!nues un!l $e case !s er'!naed. T$e lo&er cour &as
correc !n proceed!n. &!$ $e recep!on o( e"!dence bu !
erred &$en !s suspended $e proceed!n.s as o $e
responden. T$e cour need no &a! (or $e !'e un!l $e
accused (!nall, dec!des o appear. To allo& $!s dela, !s o
render !ne((ec!"e $e cons!u!onal pro"!s!on on r!al in
absentia.

4. Wh$ #rs$! of th %!!+s' is % DUT/

In People ". A"ancena# >7 O.G. <9># $e S% $eld $a
/a1 $e accused $as $e r!.$ o be presen dur!n. r!alD /b1 !(
$e !s !n $e cusod, o( $e la&# presence !n all sa.e !s
l!4e&!se a du, dur!n. /!1 arra!.n'en# /!!1 ener!n. a plea#
and /!!!1 pro'ul.a!on o( +ud.'en. T$!s rule $o&e"er $as
been 'od!(!ed.

As $!n.s sand# $e (ollo&!n. are $e rules*

9. Generall,# $e accused $as $e r!.$ o be presen
a all sa.es $e r!al /(ro' arra!.n'en o rend!!on o(
+ud.'en1.

7. I( $e accused !s !n $e cusod, o( $e la&# $!s
presence dur!n. $e r!al !s a du, onl, !( $e cour orders $!s
presence o enable $e prosecu!on &!nesses o !den!(,
$!'. /People ". Salas# !n(ra. re!era!n. A0u!no ". M!l!ar,
%o''!!ss!on# !n(ra. 'od!(,!n. People ". A"ancena# !n(ra.1

>. Al$ou.$ $e accused !s no !n $e cusod, o( $e
la& /and 'ore so !( $e !s !n $e cusod, o( $e la&1# $!s
presence !s re0u!red !n $e (ollo&!n. cases*

a1 Arra!.n'en# re.ardless o( $e o((enseD

b1 Ener!n. a plea# re.ardless o( &$e$er $e
plea !s .u!l, or no .u!l,.

c1 Pro'ul.a!on o( +ud.'en# e;cep $a
&$en $e +ud.'en !s (or a l!.$ o((ense# $e 'a, be
represened b, $!s counsel or a personal e'!ssar,.

a. Arra!.n'en and plea# &$e$er o(
!nnocence or o( .u!l

R+l ""2, S!. ". Arrai(n%ent and plea1 ho$
%ade-..
CCC
5&7 Th %!!+s' .+st & #rs$t %t th
%rr%ig$.$t %$' .+st #rso$%ll) $tr his #l%. Both
%rr%ig$.$t %$' #l% sh%ll & .%' of r!or', &+t %
f%il+r to $tr of r!or' sh%ll $ot %ff!t th (%li'it) of
th #ro!'i$gs.

b. Dur!n. r!al# (or !den!(!ca!on

People ". Salas# 9?> S%RA 96> /9AB61# supra.

8ELD* T$e r!.$ o be presen a one5s r!al 'a, no&
be &a!"ed e;cep onl, a $a sa.e &$ere $e
prosecu!on !nends o presen &!nesses &$o &!ll
!den!(, $e accused.

c. Pro'ul.a!on o( senence# unless ! !s (or a l!.$ o((ense#
!n &$!c$ case accused 'a, appear by counsel# or a
representative /Rule 97E# Sec. 6.1
E. Pri(il'g %g%i$st slf i$!ri.i$%tio$

Art. III, S!. "6. No #rso$ sh%ll & !o.#ll' to
& % *it$ss %g%i$st hi.slf.

An, con(ess!on or ad'!ss!on oba!ned !n "!ola!on o(
sec!on 9< $ereo( s$all be !nad'!ss!ble !n e"!dence a.a!ns
$!'. QAr. III# Sec. 97 />1R

9. Scope o( pr!"!le.e* %o'pulsor,
Tes!'on!al sel(-!ncr!'!na!on

T$e pr!"!le.e co"ers onl, es!'on!al !ncr!'!na!on
oba!ned co'pulsor!l,. I re(ers $ere(ore o $e use o( $e
'enal process and $e co''un!ca!"e (acul!es# and no o
a 'erel, p$,s!cal ac!"!,. I( $e ac !s p$,s!cal or
'ec$an!cal# $e accused can be co'pelled o allo& or
per(or' $e ac# and $e resul can be used !n e"!dence
a.a!ns $!'.

T$us $e accused can be re0u!red o allo& a sa'ple
o( a subsance a4en (ro' $!s bod, /:.S. ". Tan Ten.. 7>#
P$!l. 9?F /9A9711.

F* T$!s de(endan &as c$ar.ed &!$ $e cr!'e o( rape.
8e &as (ound .u!l, o( $e c$ar.e. 8e appeals $e dec!s!on
on $e .round $a $e lo&er cour erred !n ad'!!n. $e
es!'on, o( $e p$,s!c!ans abou $a"!n. a4en a cera!n
subsance (ro' $e bod, o( $e accused &$!le $e &as
con(!ned !n +a!l and re.ard!n. $e c$e'!cal anal,s!s 'ade o(
$e subsance o de'onsrae $e p$,s!cal cond!!on o( $e
accused &!$ re(erence o a "enereal d!sease. I &as
d!sco"ered $a $e rape "!c!' &as !n(eced b, "enereal
d!sease so $a $e (!nd!n. o( "enereal d!sease !n $e accused
&as 'aer!al o $!s con"!c!on.
:pon $!s !n(or'a!on $e de(endan &as arresed
and a4en o $e pol!ce sa!on and sr!pped o( $!s clo$!n.
and e;a'!ned. T$e pol!ce'an &$o e;a'!ned $e de(endan
s&ore (ro' $e "enereal d!sease 4no&n as .onorr$ea. T$e
pol!ce'an oo4 a por!on o( $e subsance e'!!n. (ro' $e
bod, o( $e de(endan and urned ! o"er o $e )ureau o(
Sc!ence (or $e purpose o( $a"!n. a sc!en!(!c anal,s!s 'ade
o( $e sa'e. T$e resul o( $e e;a'!na!on s$o&ed $a $e
de(endan &as su((er!n. (ro' .onorr$ea.

Issue* 3$e$er or no $e !n(or'a!on $a $e accused $as
.onorr$ea 'a, be used a.a!ns $!'

Rul!n.* YES. T$e accused &as no co'pelled o 'a4e an,
ad'!ss!ons or ans&er an, 0ues!ons# and $e 'ere (ac $a
an ob+ec (ound on $!s person &as e;a'!ned* see's no 'ore
o !n(r!n.e $e rule !n"o4ed# $an &ould $e !nroduc!on !n
e"!dence o( solen proper, a4en (ro' $e person o( a $!e(.
T$e subsance &as a4en (ro' $e bod, o( $e
de(endan &!$ou $!s ob+ec!on# $e e;a'!na!on &as 'ade
b, co'peen 'ed!cal au$or!, and $e resul s$o&ed $a
$e de(endan &as su((er!n. (ro' sa!d d!sease. As &as
su..esed b, -ud.e Lob!n.!er# $ad $e de(endan been (ound
&!$ solen proper, upon $!s person# $ere cera!nl, could
$a"e been no 0ues!on $ad $e solen proper, been a4en (or
$e purpose o( us!n. $e sa'e as e"!dence a.a!ns $!'. So
also !( $e clo$!n. &$!c$ $e &ore# b, reason o( blood sa!ns
or o$er&!se# $ad (urn!s$ed e"!dence o( $e co''!ss!on o( a
cr!'e# $ere cera!nl, could $a"e been no ob+ec!on o a4!n.
suc$ (or $e purpose o( us!n. $e sa'e as proo(. No one
&ould $!n4 o( e"en su..es!n. $a solen proper, and $e
clo$!n. !n $e case !nd!caed# a4en (ro' $e de(endan#
could no be used a.a!ns $!' as e"!dence# &!$ou "!ola!n.
$e rule $a a person s$all no be re0u!red o .!"e es!'on,
a.a!ns $!'sel(.
)u $e pro$!b!!on o( co'pell!n. a 'an !n a
cr!'!nal cour o be a &!ness a.a!ns $!'sel(# !s a
pro$!b!!on o( $e use o( p$,s!cal or 'oral co'puls!on# o
e;or co''un!ca!ons (ro' $!'# no an e;clus!on o( $!s
bod, as e"!dence# &$en ! 'a, be 'aer!al. T$e ob+ec!on# !n
pr!nc!ple# &ould (orb!d a +ur, /cour1 o loo4 a a person and
co'pare $!s (eaures &!$ a p$oo.rap$ !n proo(. Moreo"er
&e are no cons!der!n. $o& (ar a cour &ould .o !n
co'pell!n. a 'an o e;$!b! $!'sel(# (or &$en $e !s
e;$!b!ed# &$e$er "olunar!l, or b, order# e"en !( $e order
.oes oo (ar# $e e"!dence !( 'aer!al# !s co'peen.
T$e pro$!b!!on cona!ned !n sec!on F o( $e
P$!l!pp!ne )!ll $a a person s$all no be co'pelled o be a
&!ness a.a!ns $!'sel(# !s s!'pl, a pro$!b!!on a.a!ns le.al
process o e;rac (ro' $e de(endan5s o&n l!ps# a.a!ns $!s
&!ll# an ad'!ss!on o( $!s .u!l.
Mr. 3!.'ore# !n $!s "aluable &or4 on e"!dence# !n
d!scuss!n. $e 0ues!on be(ore us# sa!d*
I(# !n o$er &ords# ! /$e rule1 creaed !n"!olab!l!,
no onl, (or $!s Qp$,s!cal conrolR !n &$ae"er (or'
e;erc!sed# $en ! &ould be poss!ble (or a .u!l, person o
s$u $!'sel( up !n $!s $ouse# &!$ all $e ools and !nd!c!a o(
$!s cr!'e# and de(, $e au$or!, o( $e la& o e'plo, !n
e"!dence an,$!n. $a '!.$ be oba!ned b, (orc!bl,
o"er$ro&!n. $!s possess!on and co'pell!n. $e surrender o(
$e e"!den!al ar!cles a clear reductio ad absurdum. In o$er
&ords# ! !s no 'erel, co'puls!on $a !s $e 4ernel o( $e
pr!"!le.e# . . . bu es!'on!al co'puls!on. /? 3!.'ore# sec.
776>.1
T$e 'a!n purpose o( $e pro"!s!on o( $e P$!l!pp!ne
)!ll !s o pro$!b! co'pulsor, oral e;a'!na!on o( pr!soners
be(ore r!al. or upon r!al# (or $e purpose o( e;or!n.
un&!ll!n. con(ess!ons or declara!ons !'pl!ca!n. $e' !n
$e co''!ss!on o( a cr!'e. /People "s. Gardner# 9?? N. Y.#
99A.1
T$e docr!ne conended (or b, appellan &ould
pro$!b! cours (ro' loo4!n. a $e (ac o( a de(endan e"en#
(or $e purpose o( d!sclos!n. $!s !den!,. Suc$ an
appl!ca!on o( $e pro$!b!!on under d!scuss!on cera!nl,
could no be per'!ed. Suc$ an !nspec!on o( $e bod!l,
(eaures b, $e cour or b, &!nesses# can no "!olae $e
pr!"!le.e .raned under $e P$!l!pp!ne )!ll# because ! does
no call upon $e accused as a &!ness ! does no call upon
$e de(endan (or $!s es!'on!al respons!b!l!,. Mr.
3!.'ore sa,s $a e"!dence oba!ned !n $!s &a, (ro' $e
accused# !s no es!'on, bu $!s bod, $!s bod, !sel(.

T$e accused can be ordered o e;pel $e 'orp$!ne
(ro' $!s 'ou$ /:.S. ". On. S!o 8on. >6 P$!l <>F# /9A9<11.

:.S. ". On. S!o 8on. >6 P$!l <>F# /9A9<1

%ounsel (or appellan ra!ses $e cons!u!onal
0ues!on $a $e accused &as co'pelled o be a &!ness
a.a!ns $!'sel(. T$e conen!on !s $a $!s &as $e resul o(
(orc!n. $e accused o d!sc$ar.e $e 'orp$!ne (ro' $!s
'ou$. To (orce a pro$!b!ed dru. (ro' $e person o( an
accused !s alon. $e sa'e l!ne as re0u!r!n. $!' o e;$!b!
$!'sel( be(ore $e courD or pu!n. !n e"!dence papers and
o$er ar!cles a4en (ro' $e roo' o( an accused !n $!s
absenceD or# as !n $e Tan Ten. case# a4!n. a subsance (ro'
$e bod, o( $e accused o be used !n pro"!n. $!s .u!l. I
&ould be a (orced consruc!on o( $e para.rap$ o( $e
P$!l!pp!ne )!ll o( R!.$s !n 0ues!on o $old $a an, ar!cle#
subsance# or $!n. a4en (ro' a person accused o( cr!'e
could no be .!"en !n e"!dence. T$e 'a!n purpose o( $!s
cons!u!onal pro"!s!on !s o pro$!b! es!'on!al
co'puls!on b, oral e;a'!na!on !n order o e;or un&!ll!n.
con(ess!ons (ro' pr!soners !'pl!ca!n. $e' !n $e
co''!ss!on o( a cr!'e. /8arr!s "s. %oas Q9BBFR# <F Ga.#
?9F.1

T$e accused can be 'ade o a4e o(( $er .ar'ens
and s$oes and be p$oo.rap$ed. /People ". Oadura# A6 P$!l
7?? /9AFE11.

A &o'an accused o( aduler, can be co'pelled o
s$o& $er bod, (or p$,s!cal !n"es!.a!on o see !( s$e !s
pre.nan /V!lla(lor ". Su''ers# ?9 P$!l. 67 /9A7E11. V!e&ed
a.a!ns presen sandards# $o&e"er# ! !s poss!ble $a $!s
'e$od o( deer'!n!n. pre.nanc, &ould "!olae due process
as be!n. oo barbar!c.

V!lla(lor ". Su''ers# ?9 P$!l. 67 /9A7E1

F* T$e (acs are no d!spue. In a cr!'!nal case pend!n.
be(ore $e %our o( F!rs Insance o( $e c!, o( Man!la#
E'eer!a V!lla(lor and Floren!no Sou!n.co are c$ar.ed &!$
$e cr!'e o( aduler,. T$e cour ordered $e de(endan
E'eer!a V!lla(lor# o sub'! $er bod, o $e e;a'!na!on o(
one or &o co'peen docors o deer'!ne !( s$e &as
pre.nan or no. T$e accused re(used o obe, $e order on
$e .round $a suc$ e;a'!na!on o( $er person &as a
"!ola!on o( $e cons!u!onal pro"!s!on rela!n. o sel(-
!ncr!'!na!on. T$ereupon s$e &as (ound !n cone'p o(
cour and &as ordered o be co''!ed o )!l!b!d Pr!son
un!l s$e s$ould per'! $e 'ed!cal e;a'!na!on re0u!red b,
$e cour.

Issue* 3$e$er $e co'pell!n. o( a &o'an o per'! $er
bod, o be e;a'!ned b, p$,s!c!ans o deer'!ne !( s$e !s
pre.nan# "!olaes $a por!on o( $e P$!l!pp!ne )!ll o(
R!.$s

Rul!n.* T$e cons!u!onal .uaran,# $a no person s$all be
co'pelled !n an, cr!'!nal case o be a &!ness a.a!ns
$!'sel(# !s l!'!ed o a pro$!b!!on a.a!ns co'pulsor,
es!'on!al sel(-!ncr!'!na!on. T$e corollar, o $e
propos!!on !s $a# an ocular !nspec!on o( $e bod, o( $e
accused !s per'!ss!ble. T$e pro"!so !s $a orure o( (orce
s$all be a"o!ded. 3$e$er (acs (all &!$!n or &!$ou $e
rule &!$ !s corollar, and pro"!so 'us# o( course# be
dec!ded as cases ar!se.
I !s a reasonable presu'p!on $a !n an e;a'!na!on
b, repuable and d!s!neresed p$,s!c!ans due care &!ll be
a4en no o use "!olence and no o e'barass $e pa!en an,
'ore $an !s absoluel, necessar,. Indeed# no ob+ec!on o
$e p$,s!cal e;a'!na!on be!n. 'ade b, $e (a'!l, docor o(
$e accused or b, docor o( $e sa'e se; can be seen.

T$e a4!n. o( (oopr!n sa'ple o see !( ! 'ac$es
$e ones (ound !n $e scene o( $e cr!'e !s allo&ed /People
". Salas and People ". Sara1.

8o&e"er# 'a4!n. $e accused a4e d!ca!on o .e a
spec!'en o( $er $and&r!!n. !s no allo&ed# (or $!s !n"ol"es
$e use o( $e 'enal process. Q)er'ude@ ". %as!llo# 6?
P$!l. ?BF /9A><1.R

)er'ude@ ". %as!llo# 6? P$!l. ?BF /9A><1

F* In connec!on &!$ $!s ad'!n!sra!"e case# sa!d
responden (!led# s!; leers &$!c$# (or purposes o(
!den!(!ca!on# &ere 'ar4ed as E;$!b!s >7# >?# >F# >6 and
><. 8e conends $a sa!d s!; leers are $e co'pla!nan5s#
bu $e laer den!ed ! &$!le s$e &as es!(,!n. as a &!ness
!n rebual.
Responden re0u!red co'pla!nan o cop, $e
leers !n $er o&n $and&r!!n. !n $e presence o( $e
!n"es!.aor. T$e co'pla!nan# re(used !n"o4!n. $er r!.$ no
o !ncr!'!nae $ersel(. T$e !n"es!.aor# up$old!n. $e
co'pla!nan# d!d no co'pel $er o sub'! o $e r!al
re0u!red# $ereb, den,!n. $e responden5s pe!!on.

Issue* 3$e$er or no $e co'pla!nan 'a, be (orced o
'a4e a cop, o( $e leers !n $er o&n $and&r!!n.

Rul!n.* No. I &ould "!olae $er r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-
!ncr!'!na!on.
T$e cons!u!on pro"!des* 2No person s$all be
co'pelled o be a &!ness a.a!ns $!'sel(.2 I s$ould be
noed $a be(ore ! &as ae'ped o re0u!re $e co'pla!nan
o cop, $e s!; docu'ens abo"e-saed# s$e $ad s&orn o
ell $e ru$ be(ore $e !n"es!.aor au$or!@ed o rece!"e
sae'ens under oa$# and under sa!d oa$ s$e assered $a
$e docu'ens !n 0ues!on $ad no been &r!en b, $er. 3ere
s$e co'pelled o &r!e and &ere ! pro"en b, 'eans o( &$a
s$e '!.$ &r!e laer $a sa!d docu'ens $ad reall, been
&r!en b, $er# ! &ould be !'poss!ble (or $er o e"ade
prosecu!on (or per+ur,.
T$e reason (or $e pr!"!le.e appears e"!den. T$e
purpose $ereo( !s pos!!"el, o a"o!d and pro$!b! $ereb,
$e repe!!on and recurrence o( $e cera!nl, !n$u'an
procedure o( co'pell!n. a person# !n a cr!'!nal or an, o$er
case# o (urn!s$ $e '!ss!n. e"!dence necessar, (or $!s
con"!c!on. I( suc$ !s !s purpose# $en $e e"!dence 'us be
sou.$ else&$ereD and !( ! !s des!red o d!sco"er e"!dence !n
$e person $!'sel(# $en $e 'us be pro'!sed and assured a
leas absolue !''un!, b, one au$or!@ed o do so le.all,#
or $e s$ould be as4ed# one (or all# o (urn!s$ suc$ e"!dence
"olunar!l, &!$ou an, cond!!on. T$!s cour !s o( $e
op!n!on $a !n order $a $e cons!u!onal pro"!s!on under
cons!dera!on 'a, pro"e o be a real proec!on and no a
dead leer# ! 'us be .!"en a l!beral and broad
!nerprea!on (a"orable o $e person !n"o4!n. !.
In "!e& o( $e (ore.o!n. cons!dera!on and $old!n.#
as ! !s $ereb, $eld# $a $e co'pla!nan !s per(ecl, en!led
o $e pr!"!le.e !n"o4ed b, $er# $e responden5s pe!!on !s
den!ed.

Also re0u!r!n. $e accused o reenac $e cr!'e !s
no allo&ed# (or $!s also !n"ol"es $e 'enal process.

People ". Ol"!s# 9F? S%RA F7F

F* V!llaro+o# %ade'as and Sorela &ere con"!ced !n $e
lo&er cour o( 'urder (or $e dea$ o( )a.on. Ol"!s# $e
alle.ed pr!nc!pal b, !nduce'en# &as ac0u!ed. T$e $ree
accused &ere con"!ced on $e bas!s o( $e e;ra+ud!c!al
con(ess!ons e;ecued b, $e' !n $e presence o( a counsel
su''oned b, $e N)I o $andle appellans5 case# and $e
reenac'en done b, $e' o( $e c!rcu'sances surround!n.
$e 4!ll!n..

R:LING* T$e e;ra+ud!c!al con(ess!ons are !nad'!ss!ble.
T$e, &ere 'ade !n $e presence o( a counsel su''oned b,
$e N)I and no o( appellans5 o&n c$o!ce. 8e canno
$ere(ore be sa!d o $a"e been ac!n. on be$al( o( $e
accused &$en $e len $!s presence a $e con(ess!on
proceed!n.s.
)u $e accused &ere den!ed $e!r r!.$ o counsel
no once bu &!ce &$en $e, &ere (orced o re-enac $e
cr!'e. Forced re-enac'ens l!4e uncounselled and coerced
con(ess!ons co'e &!$!n $e ban a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on.
T$!s cons!u!onal pr!"!le.e $as been de(!ned as a proec!on
a.a!ns es!'on!al co'puls!on bu $!s $as s!nce been
e;ended o an, e"!dence co''un!ca!"e !n naure ac0u!red
under c!rcu'sances o( duress. Essen!all,# $e r!.$ !s
'ean o a"o!d and pro$!b! pos!!"el, $e repe!!on and
recurrence o( $e cera!nl, !n$u'an procedure o( co'pell!n.
a person# !n a cr!'!nal or an, o$er case# o (urn!s$ $e
'!ss!n. e"!dence necessar, (or $!s con"!c!on.

People ". Go# 7>< S%RA <>

F* A(er a bu,-bus opera!on accused &ere arresed b,
$e pol!ce. :pon $e presena!on o( a searc$ &arran# $e
$ouse o( $e accused &as searc$ed# and se"eral pro$!b!ed
dru.s &ere se!@ed. T$e, &ere c$ar.ed &!$ and con"!ced
o( "!ola!on o( $e Dan.erous Dru.s la&. T$e, conended
$a $e, $ad no been s$o&n a searc$ &arran. In
conclud!n. $a a searc$ &arran $ad been presened o $e
accused pr!or o $e searc$# $e r!al cour rel!ed on a
docu'en en!!led O%er!(!cae o( Re-conduc o( Searc$P#
s!.ned b, $e accused.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no suc$ docu'en !s ad'!ss!ble !n
e"!dence.

R:LING* IT %ANNOT )E ADMITTED IN ITS
ENTIRETY.
T$e second para.rap$ o( $e %er!(!ca!on a'ouns o
an !'pl!ed ad'!ss!on $a s$abu# $e 'ar4ed 'one,# and
s$abu papap$ernal!a $ad been (ound b, $e pol!ce
au$or!!es a $e res!dence o( $e Go spouses and $ere(ore#
sub+ec o $e conrol and cusod, o( $e accused /$e
spouses1 and necessar!l, !n $e!r possess!on. To $!s e;en#
$e O%er!(!ca!onP !s a declara!on a.a!ns $e !neres and
ac! ad'!ss!on o( $e cr!'e c$ar.ed. T$e second para.rap$
o( $e %er!(!ca!on !s a sel(-!ncr!'!naor, sa'en 'ade a
a !'e &$en $e spouses &ere no ass!sed b, counsel and
under c!rcu'sances /!n $e course o( or !''ed!ael, a(er
$e searc$ o( $e res!dence and se!@ure o( 0uan!!es o(
s$abu1 &$!c$ render !nell!.en &a!"er o( $e!r r!.$ a.a!ns
sel(-!ncr!'!na!on open o ser!ous doub.
T$e %our cons!ders $a $ere !s no$!n. o pre"en
ad'!ss!on o( $e O%er!(!ca!onP o subsan!ae $e (ac $a
a searc$ &arran !ssued b, a +ud.e $ad been brou.$ o $e
aen!on o( $e spouses !n $e course o( $e ra!d or bu,-bus
opera!on carr!ed ou a $e!r res!dence and $a !n $e course
$ereo(# no (orce or !n!'!da!on $ad been e;erc!sed upon
$e spouses.
No&!$sand!n. suc$# $e accused &ere con"!ced o(
$e cr!'e c$ar.ed a.a!ns $e'.

;. I$ *h%t #ro!'i$gs %(%il%&l

T$e pr!"!le.e !s a"a!lable !n an, proceed!n.s# e"en
ous!de $e cour# (or $e, 'a, e"enuall, lead o a cr!'!nal
prosecu!on.

In Pascual ". )oard o( Med!cal E;a'!ners# 7B S%RA
>?? /9A6A1# $e S% $eld $a $e pr!"!le.e a.a!ns sel(-
!ncr!'!na!on e;ends o ad'!n!sra!"e proceed!n.s &$!c$
possess a cr!'!nal or penal aspec. In $!s case# ! &as $eld
$a a docor &$o &as be!n. !n"es!.aed b, a 'ed!cal board
(or alle.ed 'alprac!ce and &ould lose $!s l!cense !( (ound
.u!l,# could no be co'pelled o a4e $e &!ness sand
&!$ou $!s consen.

Pascual ". )oard o( Med!cal E;a'!ners# 7B S%RA >??
/9A6A1

F* Arsen!o Pascual# -r.# pe!!oner-appellee# (!led on
Februar, 9# 9A6F &!$ $e %our o( F!rs Insance o( Man!la
an ac!on (or pro$!b!!on &!$ pra,er (or prel!'!nar,
!n+unc!on a.a!ns $e )oard o( Med!cal E;a'!ners# no&
responden-appellan. I &as alle.ed $ere!n $a a $e !n!!al
$ear!n. o( an ad'!n!sra!"e case (or alle.ed !''oral!,#
counsel (or co'pla!nans announced $a $e &ould presen
as $!s (!rs &!ness $ere!n pe!!oner- appellee# &$o &as $e
responden !n suc$ 'alprac!ce c$ar.e. T$ereupon#
pe!!oner-appellee# $rou.$ counsel# 'ade o( record $!s
ob+ec!on# rel,!n. on $e cons!u!onal r!.$ o be e;e'p
(ro' be!n. a &!ness a.a!ns $!'sel(. Responden-appellan#
$e )oard o( E;a'!ners# oo4 noe o( suc$ a plea# a $e
sa'e !'e sa!n. $a a $e ne; sc$eduled $ear!n.# on
Februar, 97# 9A6F# pe!!oner-appellee &ould be called upon
o es!(, as suc$ &!ness# unless !n $e 'ean!'e $e could
secure a resra!n!n. order (ro' a co'peen au$or!,.
A dec!s!on &as rendered b, $e lo&er cour on
Au.us 7# 9A6F# (!nd!n. $e cla!' o( pe!!oner-appellee o
be &ell-(ounded and pro$!b!!n. responden )oard 2(ro'
co'pell!n. $e pe!!oner o ac and es!(, as a &!ness (or
$e co'pla!nan !n sa!d !n"es!.a!on &!$ou $!s consen
and a.a!ns $!'sel(.2

8ELD* Pe!!oner could su((er $e re"oca!on o( $!s l!cense
as a 'ed!cal prac!!oner# (or so'e an e"en .reaer
depr!"a!on.
3$, ! s$ould be $us !s no d!((!cul o d!scern. T$e
cons!u!onal .uaranee# alon. &!$ o$er r!.$s .raned an
accused# sands (or a bel!e( $a &$!le cr!'e s$ould no .o
unpun!s$ed and $a $e ru$ 'us be re"ealed# suc$
des!rable ob+ec!"es s$ould no be acco'pl!s$ed accord!n.
o 'eans or 'e$ods o((ens!"e o $e $!.$ sense o( respec
accorded $e $u'an personal!,. More and 'ore !n l!ne &!$
$e de'ocra!c creed# $e de(erence accorded an !nd!"!dual
e"en $ose suspeced o( $e 'os $e!nous cr!'es !s .!"en
due &e!.$. To 0uoe (ro' %$!e( -us!ce 3arren# 2$e
cons!u!onal (ounda!on underl,!n. $e pr!"!le.e !s $e
respec a .o"ern'en ... 'us accord o $e d!.n!, and
!ne.r!, o( !s c!!@ens.2
T$us accord!n. o -us!ce Dou.las* 2T$e F!($
A'end'en !n !s Sel(-Incr!'!na!on clause enables $e
c!!@en o creae a @one o( pr!"ac, &$!c$ .o"ern'en 'a,
no (orce o surrender o $!s der!'en.2 So also &!$ $e
obser"a!on o( $e lae -ud.e Fran4 &$o spo4e o( 2a r!.$ o
a pr!"ae encla"e &$ere $e 'a, lead a pr!"ae l!(e. T$a r!.$
!s $e $all'ar4 o( our de'ocrac,.2 In $e l!.$ o( $e abo"e#
! could $us clearl, appear $a no poss!ble ob+ec!on could
be le.!!'ael, ra!sed a.a!ns $e correcness o( $e dec!s!on
no& on appeal. 3e $old $a !n an ad'!n!sra!"e $ear!n.
a.a!ns a 'ed!cal prac!!oner (or alle.ed 'alprac!ce#
responden )oard o( Med!cal E;a'!ners canno#
cons!senl, &!$ $e sel(-!ncr!'!na!on clause# co'pel $e
person proceeded a.a!ns o a4e $e &!ness sand &!$ou
$!s consen.

In Gal'an ". Pa'aran# !n(ra# $e pr!"!le.e &as $eld
o e;end o (ac-(!nd!n. !n"es!.a!on b, an adhoc bod,.

Gal'an ". Pa'aran# 9>B S%RA 7<? /9ABF1

3 person can be compelled to testify provided he is given
immunity coextensive with the privilege against self
incrimination

F* T$e respondens led b, General Fab!an Ver and
Ma+or General Prospero Ol!"as es!(!ed be(ore $e A.ra"a
)oard loo4!n. !no $e 4!ll!n. o( (or'er Senaor )en!.no
A0u!no. T$e, &ere subse0uenl, accused o( 'urder !n &o
cases (or $e 4!ll!n. o( Sen. A0u!no and Rolando Gal'an.
T$e, &ere c$ar.ed as accessor!es !n bo$. T$e prosecu!on
o((ered !n e"!dence $e es!'on, o( Ver and Ol!"as be(ore
$e A.ra"a )oard# bu on $e laer5s ob+ec!ons# $e
Sand!.anba,an e;cluded $e es!'on,. T$e pr!"ae and
publ!c prosecu!ons (!led pe!!ons (or cer!orar!.

8ELD* T$e persons su''oned o es!(, be(ore $e A.ra"a
)oard &ere 2under !n"es!.a!on (or $e co''!ss!on o( $e
o((ense2 &!$!n $e 'ean!n. o( Ar. III# sec. 97. I !s o be
noed $a $e (ra'ers o( $e %ons!u!on d!d no adop $e
M!randa re(erence o 2cusod!al !n"es!.a!on.2 T$e sub+ec
'aer deal &!$ and $e 0ues!on!n. be(ore $e A.ra"a
)oard !ndub!abl, e"!nced purposes o$er $an 'erel,
deer'!n!n. $e surround!n. (acs and c!rcu'sances o( $e
assass!na!on. T$e respondens &ere called o deer'!ne
$e!r probable !n"ol"e'en !n $e cr!'e. Ye $e, &ere no
!n(or'ed or a $e "er, leas &arned o( $e!r r!.$ o re'a!n
s!len and $a an, sae'en .!"en b, $e' 'a, be used
a.a!ns $e'. T$e (!rs por!on o( Sec. F o( PD 9BB6 den!ed
$e' $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len# and .a"e po&er o $e )oard
o pun!s$ re(usal o es!(,. T$e S% sa!d ! !s no sa!s(!ed $a
&$en $e, es!(!ed $e, &a!"ed $e!r cons!u!onal r!.$ no
be co'pelled o be a &!ness a.a!ns $e'sel"es# 'uc$ less
$e!r r!.$ o re'a!n s!len. T$e S% also sa!d ! canno be
conended $a $e pr!"!le.e a.a!ns sel(- !ncr!'!na!on
appl!es onl, o cr!'!nal prosecu!ons. Ar. III# sec. 9< o( $e
%ons. pro"!des $a 2No person s$all be co'pelled o be a
&!ness a.a!ns $!'sel(.2

%o'pare People ". A,son# 9<F S%RA 796 /9ABA1# supra.

>. GUs %$' Dr+it I..+$it)G (. GTr%$s%!tio$%l
I..+$it)G

3$en $e Sae re0u!res es!'on, o be 'ade be(ore
a board or bod,# ! $as o .ran !''un!, b, 'eans o( la& o
$e persons es!(,!n.# so as no o "!olae $e!r r!.$ a.a!ns
sel(-!ncr!'!nar!on. T$!s !s $e onl, &a, o reconc!le &o
con(l!c!n. "aluesD publ!c !neres o .e cera!n rele"an
!n(or'a!on# sa,# o le.!sla!on# $a can onl, be suppl!ed b,
$e es!'on, o( cera!n persons and $e $!.$l, pr!'ed
cons!u!onal r!.$ no o 'a4e a person a &!ness a.a!ns
$!'sel(.

T$rou.$ an !''un!, saue# $e sae !n e((ec
e;c$an.es !''un!, (or $e es!'on, o( a &!ness. T$e
proble' concerns $e e;en o( !''un!, $a $e Sae 'us
.ran !n order o proec $e pr!"!le.e a.a!ns sel(-
!ncr!'!na!on.

Transac!onal I''un!,

In a ransac!onal !''un!,# a person !s .!"en
!''un!, (ro' prosecu!on o( $e cr!'e !n connec!on &!$
&$!c$ $e .a"e $!s es!'on,. T$e !''un!, !s (ro' $e
prosecu!on# no 'erel, (ro' $e use o( $e es!'on,.
T$us# e"en !( $e .u!l o( $e person es!(,!n. can be pro"en
b, !ndependen 'eans# $e can no be prosecued an,'ore.

:se and Fru! I''un!,

In a use and (ru! !''un!,# a person !s e;e'ped
(ro' $e use o( $!s es!'on, as &ell as $e leads /(ru!s1
$a $e es!'on, opened up !n a cr!'!nal prosecu!on
ar!s!n. (ro' &$a $e es!(!ed on. T$e !''un!, !n $!s case
!s (ro' $e es!'on, .!"en. T$us# !( $e sae can procure
e"!dence# !ndependen o( $e es!'on, and !s (ru!s# ! can
prosecue $e person es!(,!n. ne"er$eless.

8!sor, !n $e :n!ed Saes

In %ounc!l'an ". 8!c$coc4 /9BA71# $e S% ruled
$a $e onl, &a, o respec $e r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-
!ncr!'!na!on !s o .!"e ransac!onal !''un!,D an,$!n.
less "!olaes $e cons!u!onal r!.$.

T$us# %on.ress !n 9BA> passed $e %o'pulsor,
Tes!'on, Ac# pro"!d!n. (or ransac!onal !''un!,.

In 9A6?# $e :.S. S% !n Murp$, ". 3aer(ron
%o''!ss!on o( Ne& Yor4 $!ned $a ! &as no reall,
necessar, o .!"e ransac!onal !''un!, !n order o proec
$e r!.$ a.a!ns sel( !ncr!'!na!on.

T$!s .a"e $e :.S. %on.ress $e cue o re"!se $e
%o'pulsor, Tes!'on, Ac and pro"!de (or a 2use and (ru!
!''un!,2.

3!$ $e "al!d!, o( $!s l!'!ed !''un!, &as
ra!sed# $e S% !n %as!.as ". :.S. and I!carell! ". :.S. ruled
$a $e r!.$ !s a'pl, proeced b, $e use and (ru!
!''un!,.

In $e P$!l!pp!nes

T$ere !s no (!;ed rule !n $e P$!l!pp!nes.
2Transac!onal !''un!,2 can be (ound !n $e (ollo&!n.*

Art. XIII, S!. "1. Th Co..issio$ o$ H+.%$
Rights sh%ll h%( th follo*i$g #o*rs %$' f+$!tio$s
CCC
517 @r%$t i..+$it) fro. #ros!+tio$ to %$)
#rso$ *hos tsti.o$) or #ossssio$ of 'o!+.$ts or
othr (i'$! is $!ss%r) or !o$($i$t to 'tr.i$
th tr+th i$ %$) i$(stig%tio$ !o$'+!t' &) it or +$'r
its %+thorit).

:se and Fru! I''un!,

On $e o$er $and# 2use and (ru! !''un!, can be
(ound !n P.D. 9BB6# &$!c$ creaed $e A.ra"a Fac F!nd!n.
)oard# and &$!c$ &as $e sub+ec-'aer o( Gal'an ".
Pa'aran# 9>B S%RA 7<? /9ABF1.

In $!s case# Ver and o$er $!.$-ran4!n. AFP o((!c!als
&ere 'ade o es!(, be(ore $e A.ra"a )oard !n"es!.a!n.
$e double 'urder o( Sen. A0u!no and Gal'an. :nder
P.D.9BB6# e"er, person su''oned b, $e )oard $as o
appear and es!(, on pa!n o( be!n. $eld !n cone'p. An,
es!'on, 'ade# !n urn# &as e;e'ped (ro' be!n. 2used2 !n
a cr!'!nal prosecu!on. Desp!e $!s $o&e"er# a case &as
(!le a.a!ns Ver !n $e Sand!.anba,an# and one o( $e
e"!dence presened &as $e es!'on, $e 'ade be(ore $e
)oard. 3$en ob+eced o# $e Sand!.anba,an susa!ned $e
ob+ec!on. And so $e 'aer &as ra!sed o $e S% on
cer!orar!.

T$e S% $eld $a $e es!'on, could no be used !n
a subse0uen proceed!n.. ! $!ned $a &ere ! no (or $e
pro"!s!on !n $e decree con'pell!n. aendance and
es!'on, on pa!n o( be!n. $eld !n cone'p# $e accused
could $a"e !n"o4ed $e r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on. )u
s!nce $e sae needed $e es!'on,# ! .a"e $e' !''un!,
and so no&# $e Sae 'us $onor !s obl!.a!on and d!sallo&
$e use o( $e es!'on, !n $e cr!'!nal prosecu!on.

Gal'an ". Pa'aran# 9>B S%RA 7<? /9ABF1, supra.

8ELD* I''un!, saues 'a, be .enerall, class!(!ed !no
&o* one# &$!c$ .rans 2use !''un!,2 and $e o$er# &$!c$
.rans &$a !s 4no&n as 2ransac!onal !''un!,.2 T$e
d!s!nc!on be&een $e &o !s* 2:se !''un!,2 pro$!b!s
use o( a &!ness5 co'pelled es!'on, and !s (ru!s !n an,
'anner !n connec!on &!$ $e cr!'!nal prosecu!on o( $e
&!ness. On $e o$er $and# 2ransac!onal !''un!,2 .rans
!''un!, o $e &!ness (ro' prosecu!on (or an o((ense o
&$!c$ $!s co'pelled es!'on, relaes. PD 9BB6# sec. F
.rans 'erel, !''un!, (ro' use o( an, sae'en .!"en
be(ore $e )oard# bu no !''un!, (ro' prosecu!on b,
reason or on $e bas!s $ereo(. 88

0. EC!l+sio$%r) r+l

(iol%tio$of this or S!tio$ "6 hrof sh%ll & i$%'.issi&l
i$ (i'$! %g%i$st hi..

T$e parad!.'a!c appl!ca!on o( $e e;clus!onar,
rule !s a rad!!onall, coerced con(ess!on# and no so 'uc$
on uncounselled sae'en. A fortiori# es!'on, (orced ou
o( a person canno be used !n e"!dence a.a!ns $a person.

3. Eff!t of '$i%l of th #ri(ilg &) !o+rt

3$en $e pr!"!le.e a.a!ns sel(-!ncr!'!na!on !s
"!olaed ous!de o( cour# sa,# b, $e pol!ce# $en $e
es!'on,# as alread, noed# !s no ad'!ss!ble under $e
e;clus!onar, rule.

3$en $e pr!"!le.e !s "!olaed b, $e cour !sel(# $a
!s# b, $e +ud.e# $e cour !s oused o( !s +ur!sd!c!on# all !s
proceed!n.s are null and "o!d# and ! !s as !( no +ud.'en $as
been rendered. A class!c case !s %$a"e@ ". %our o( Appeals#
>? S%RA 66> /9A6B1.
%$a"e@ ". %our o( Appeals# >? S%RA 66> /9A6B1

F* T$e $rus o( pe!!oner5s case presened !n $!s
or!.!nal and supple'enar, pe!!ons !n"o4!n. +ur!sd!c!on o(
$!s %our !s $a $e !s en!led# on habeas corpus# o be (reed
(ro' !'pr!son'en upon $e .round $a !n $e r!al &$!c$
resuled !n $!s con"!c!on $e &as den!ed $!s cons!u!onal
r!.$ no o be co'pelled o es!(, a.a!ns $!'sel(. T$ere !s
$!s pra,er# oo# $a# s$ould $e (a!l !n $!s# $e be .raned $e
alerna!"e re'ed!es o( cer!orar! o sr!4e do&n $e &o
resolu!ons o( $e %our o( Appeals d!s'!ss!n. $!s appeal (or
(a!lure o (!le br!e(# and o( 'anda'us o d!rec $e sa!d cour
o (or&ard $!s appeal o $!s %our (or $e reason $a $e &as
ra!s!n. purel, 0ues!ons o( la&.
Accused %$a"e@ &as 'ade o es!(, as a &!ness
(or $e prosecu!on &!$ou $!' be!n. cons!dered a sae
&!ness !nsp!e o( ob+ec!ons b, $!s counsel.
Ro.er %$a"e@ &as (ound .u!l,. T$e cour $ad $!s
o sa,* 2Ro.er %$a"e@ does no o((er an, de(ense. As a
'aer o( (ac# $!s es!'on, as &!ness (or $e prosecu!on
esabl!s$es $!s .u!l be,ond reasonable doub.2 T$e r!al
cour branded $!' 2a sel(- con(essed culpr!2.

Issue* 3$e$er or no %$a"e@ r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-
!ncr!'!na!on &as "!olaed

Rul!n.* YES
T$e r!.$ a.!ans sel(-!ncr!'!na!on !s 2no 'erel, a
(or'al ec$n!cal rule $e en(orce'en o( &$!c$ !s le( o $e
d!scre!on o( $e cour2D ! !s 'andaor,D ! secures o a
de(endan a "aluable and subsan!"e r!.$D ! !s (unda'enal
o our sc$e'e o( +us!ce.
T$e cons!u!onal proscr!p!on &as esabl!s$ed on
broad .rounds o( publ!c pol!c, and $u'an!,D o( pol!c,
because ! &ould place $e &!ness a.a!ns $e sron.es
e'pa!on o co''! per+ur,# and o( $u'an!, because !
&ould be o e;or a con(ess!on o( ru$ b, a 4!nd o( duress
e"er, spec!es and de.ree o( &$!c$ $e la& ab$ors.
T$ere(ore# $e cour 'a, no e;rac (ro' a
de(endan5s o&n l!ps and a.a!ns $!s &!ll an ad'!ss!on o( $!s
.u!l. Nor 'a, a cour as 'uc$ as resor o co'pulsor,
d!sclosure# d!recl, or !nd!recl,# o( (acs usable a.a!ns $!'
as a con(ess!on o( $e cr!'e or $e endenc, o( &$!c$ !s o
pro"e $e co''!ss!on o( a cr!'e. )ecause# ! !s $!s r!.$ o
(ore.o es!'on,# o re'a!n s!len# unless $e c$ooses o a4e
$e &!ness sand &!$ und!lued# un(eered e;erc!se o( $!s
o&n (ree# .enu!ne &!ll.
%o'puls!on as ! !s undersood $ere does no
necessar!l, connoe $e use o( "!olenceD ! 'a, be $e
produc o( un!nen!onal sae'ens. Pressure &$!c$ operaes
o o"erbear $!s &!ll# d!sable $!' (ro' 'a4!n. a (ree and
ra!onal c$o!ce# or !'pa!r $!s capac!, (or ra!onal +ud.'en
&ould !n our op!n!on be su((!c!en. So !s 'oral coerc!on
2end!n. o (orce es!'on, (ro' $e un&!ll!n. l!ps o( $e
de(endan.2
Pe!!oner# as accused# occup!es a d!((eren !er o(
proec!on (ro' an ord!nar, &!ness. 3$ereas an ord!nar,
&!ness 'a, be co'pelled o a4e $e &!ness sand and
cla!' $e pr!"!le.e as eac$ 0ues!on re0u!r!n. an
!ncr!'!na!n. ans&er !s s$o a $!'# and accused 'a,
alo.e$er re(use o a4e $e &!ness sand and re(use o
ans&er an, and all 0ues!ons. For# !n real!,# $e purpose o(
call!n. an accused as a &!ness (or $e People &ould be o
!ncr!'!nae $!'.

;;; 3!$ all $ese# &e $a"e no $es!anc, !n sa,!n.
$a pe!!oner &as (orced o es!(, o !ncr!'!nae $!'sel(# !n
(ull breac$ o( $!s cons!u!onal r!.$ o re'a!n s!len. I
canno be sa!d no& $a $e $as &a!"ed $!s r!.$. 8e d!d no
"oluneer o a4e $e sand and !n $!s o&n de(enseD $e d!d
no o((er $!'sel( as a &!nessD on $e conrar,# $e cla!'ed
$e r!.$ upon be!n. called o es!(,. I( pe!!oner
ne"er$eless ans&ered $e 0ues!ons !nsp!e o( $!s (ear o(
be!n. accused o( per+ur, or be!n. pu under cone'p# $!s
c!rcu'sance canno be couned a.a!ns $!'. 8!s es!'on,
!s no o( $!s o&n c$o!ce. To $!' ! &as a case o( co'pelled
sub'!ss!on. 8e &as a co&ed par!c!pan !n proceed!n.s
be(ore a +ud.e &$o possessed $e po&er o pu $!' under
cone'p $ad $e c$osen o re'a!n s!len. Nor could $e
escape es!(,!n.. T$e cour 'ade ! abundanl, clear $a $!s
es!'on, a leas on d!rec e;a'!na!on &ould be a4en
r!.$ $en and $ereon $e (!rs da, o( $e r!al.
T$e course &$!c$ pe!!oner a4es !s correc. 'abeas
corpus !s a $!.$ prero.a!"e &r!. I !s rad!!onall,
cons!dered as an e;cep!onal re'ed, o release a person
&$ose l!ber, !s !lle.all, resra!ned suc$ as &$en $e
accused5s cons!u!onal r!.$s are d!sre.arded. Suc$ de(ec
resuls !n $e absence or loss o( +ur!sd!c!on and $ere(ore
!n"al!daes $e r!al and $e conse0uen con"!c!on o( $e
accused &$ose (unda'enal r!.$ &as "!olaed. T$a "o!d
+ud.'en o( con"!c!on 'a, be c$allen.ed b, collaeral
aac4# &$!c$ prec!sel, !s $e (unc!on o( habeas corpus.
'abeas corpus !s proper o c$allen.e a con"!c!on &$ere $e
cons!u!onal r!.$s o( $e accused &ere "!olaed.
A cour &$!c$ den!es $e accused o( $!s
cons!u!onal r!.$s !s oused o( !s +ur!sd!c!on. T$e
+ud.'en o( con"!c!on pronounced b, a cour &!$ou
+ur!sd!c!on !s "o!d# and one !'pr!soned $ereunder 'a,
oba!n release o( habeas corpus.

Noes on $e case* In $!s case# $e accused %$a"e@
&as co'pelled b, $e +ud.e &!$ $e $rea o( be!n. $eld !n
cone'p o a4e $e &!ness sand# !n sp!e o( $!s ob+ec!on
$a $e $ad $e r!.$ o re'a!n s!len and no o be a &!ness
a.a!ns $!'sel(. And so $e oo4 $e &!ness sand and &as
con"!ced b, 0ual!(!ed $e(. 8e appealed bu $e la&,er
(a!led o (!le $e appellan5s br!e( and so $e appeal &as
d!s'!ssed# $e +ud.'en beca'e (!nal and e;ecuor,# and $e
ser"ed $!s senence. Years laer# %$a"e@ &en o $e S% on
habeas corpus# conend!n. $a $!s con"!c!o!n &as "o!d
because ! &as rendered on $e bas!s o( e"!dence oba!ned !n
$e "!ola!on o( $!s r!.$ a.a!ns sel(- !ncr!'!na!on. T$e S%
.raned $e pe!!on and released $!'.
'abeas Corpus# as s$o&n b, $!s case# !s an
e;raord!nar, pos-con"!c!on# '!d-senence# re'ed,. T$e
pe!!on (or habeas corpus !s suc$ $a ! !n0u!res !no all
0ues!ons o( !lle.al deen!on. 3$en $e +ud.e co'pelled
$e accused o a4e $e &!ness sand# $e &as oused o( $!s
+ur!sd!c!on and all subse0uen proceed!n.s beca'e "o!d.
:l!'ael,# $e +ud.'en o( con"!c!on and e"en $e
senence &ere l!4e&!se "o!d# $us 'a4!n. $e deen!on o(
%$a"e@ !lle.al# and $us ac!onable b, habeas corpus.
T$e case also !llusraes $e d!((erence be&een $e
ord!nar, &!ness and $e accused. A &!ness can be
con'pelled o a4e $e sandD $e can onl, ob+ec o $e
0ues!ons as $e, co'e# !n"o4!n. $!s r!.$ a.a!ns sel(-
!ncr!'!na!on.
)u !n $e case o( $e accused# $e canno e"en be
'ade o a4e $e &!ness sand# (or $e onl, purpose o( suc$
!s o !ncr!'!nae $!'.
O( course# $e 'o'en $e accused a.rees o a4e $e
sand# $e !s dee'ed o $a"e &a!"ed $!s r!.$# and 'us no&
$us sub'! $!'sel( o cross-e;a'!na!on.

E. Right to %$ i.#%rti%l tri&+$%l %$' tri%l of !i(ili%$s &)
.ilit%r) !o+rts

An!'as ". M!n!ser o( Na!onal De(ense# 9?6 S%RA ?E6
/9AB61

F* T$!s pe!!on c$allen.es $e +ur!sd!c!on o( a
'!l!ar, r!bunal o r, &el"e accused persons# onl, one o(
&$o' !s !n $e '!l!ar,# (or $e o((ense de"o!d o( an,
na!onal secur!, or pol!!cal co'ple;!on and co''!ed
lon. be(ore $e procla'a!on o( 'ar!al la&#
T$e pe!!oners &ere c$ar.ed &!$ 'urder !n
connec!on &!$ $e alle.ed 4!ll!n. o( Yanson# a pol!!cal
leader#dur!n. $e No"e'ber 99 elec!ons.
T$e accused &ere arresed al'os a ,ear laer# on
Sepe'ber 79# 9A<7 a(er 'ar!al la& &as procla!'ed. I &as
onl, !n 9A<? $a a 2su''ar, prel!'!nar, !n"es!.a!on2
&as conduced b, a P% capa!n belon.!n. o $e -ud.e
Ad"ocae General Ser"!ce. T$e pe!!oners &ere
reco''ended (or prosecu!on be(ore $e M!l!ar, Tr!bunal#
cons!der!n. $a one o( $e'# pe!!oner S.. Rodol(o
An!'as !s a '!l!ar, personnel. T$erea(er# $e -ud.e
Ad"ocae General (!led $e correspond!n. c$ar.e s$ee# bu
$e 'od!(!ed $e cr!'e c$ar.ed (ro' 2Murder2 o 2V!ola!on
o( Sec!on B<B o( $e Re"!sed Ad'!n!sra!"e %ode2 !n
Rela!on o Sec!on 76A7 o( $e sa'e %ode and Pres!den!al
Decree No. A# 2 Ille.al Possess!on o( F!rear's &!$
Murder.2
On Februar, 96# 9A<B# $e M!n!ser o( Na!onal
De(ense re(erred $e case o $e M!l!ar, Tr!bunal5s )ranc$
o( $e -ud.e Ad"ocae General5s O((!ce /-AGO1 &$!c$ !n
urn ass!.ned $e sa'e o responden M!l!ar, %o''!ss!on
No. 7<.

Issue* 3$e$er or no M!l!ar, %o''!ss!on No. 7< !s
&!$ou +ur!sd!c!on o"er $e cr!'!nal case

Rul!n.* T$e '!l!ar, cour !s &!$ou +ur!sd!c!on.
3e appl, $e rule !n Rolando A. de Gu@'an ". 8on.
Ale+andro R. Leopando# e al# /G.R. No. 67<AB# Dece'ber
77# 9AB> and Marc$ 9># 9AB?1 &$ere $e lone '!l!ar,
personnel &as ordered r!ed o.e$er &!$ 9A c!"!l!ans
accused be(ore a c!"!l cour. I !s also clear (ro' $e records
$a $e acs (or &$!c$ S.. An!'as &as c$ar.ed $ad no$!n.
o do &!$ $e per(or'ance o( o((!c!al du,.
T$e cr!'e (or &$!c$ $e pe!!oners &ere c$ar.ed
&as co''!ed on No"e'ber 9E# 9A<9 lon. be(ore $e
procla'a!on o( 'ar!al la&. T$ere &as no 0ues!on abou
$e case be!n. prosecued b, c!"!l!an (!scals and r!ed b,
c!"!l cours a $e !'e. No& $a ! !s alread, lae 9AB6# and
'ar!al la& !s a $!n. o( $e pas# $ope(ull, ne"er 'ore o
reurn# $ere !s no 'ore reason &$, a 'urder co''!ed !n
9A<9 s$ould s!ll be rea!ned# a $!s !'e# b, a '!l!ar,
r!bunal.

Ol%g+r (. Milit%r) Co..issio$ No. >0, "3- SCRA "00

+ilitary trial of civilians void even under +artial 8aw if the
civil courts are open

F* Pe!!oners &ere (ound .u!l, o( sub"ers!on b, $e
responden '!l!ar, co''!ss!on and senenced o dea$.
T$e, (!led a pe!!on (or habeas corpus# certiorari#
pro$!b!!on and mandamus be(ore $e S%# 0ues!on!n. $e
+ur!sd!c!on o( $e '!l!ar, r!bunal.

8ELD* In A0u!no ". M!l!ar, %o''!ss!on /9A<F1# $e S%
$eld $a 2Mar!al la& creaes and e;cep!on o $e .eneral
rules o( e;clus!"e +ur!sd!c!on# and renders o((enses a.a!ns
$e la&s o( &ar as &ell as $ose o( a c!"!l c$aracer# r!able
b, '!l!ar, r!bunals.;;;2 Due process# $o&e"er de'ands
$a !n all cr!'!nal cases prosecu!ons# $e accused s$all be
en!led o# a'on. o$ers# a r!al. As e;pla!ned b, -us!ce
Tee$an4ee !n $!s d!ssen!n. op!n!on !n A0u!no ". M!l!ar,
%o''!ss!on supra* 2-ud!c!al po&er !s "esed b, $e
%ons!u!on e;clus!"el, !n $e S% and !nsuc$ !n(er!or cours
as are esabl!s$ed b, la&. -ud!c!al po&er e;!ss onl, !n $e
cours &$!c$ $a"e $e e;lcus!"e po&er o $ear and
deer'!ne $ose 'aers &$!c$ a((ec $e l!(e or l!ber, or
proper, o( a c!!@en.2 S!nce &e are no an ene', occup!ed
err!or, and e"en on $e pre'!se $a 'ar!al con!nues !n
(orce# $e '!l!ar, r!bunals canno r, and e;erc!se
+ur!sd!c!on o"er c!"!l!ans (or c!"!l o((enses co''!ed b,
$e' &$!c$ are properl, co.n!@able b, $e c!"!l cours.
;;;
2T$e pres!d!n. o((!cer a a cour 'ar!al !s no a
+ud.e &$ose ob+ec!"!, and !ndependence are proeced b,
enure and und!'!ns$ed salar, and nurured b, $e +ud!c!al
rad!!on# bu !s a '!l!ar, o((!cer. Subsan!all, d!((eren
rules o( e"!dence and procedure appl, !n '!l!ar, r!als.
Apar (ro' $ese d!((erences# $e su..es!on o( $e
poss!b!l!, o( !n(luence on $e ac!ons o( $e cour-'ar!al b,
$e o((!cer &$o con"enes !# selecs !s 'e'bers and $e
counsel on bo$ s!des# and &$o usuall, $as d!rec co''and
and au$or!, o"er !s 'e'bers !s a per"as!"e one !n '!l!ar,
la&s# desp!e srenuous e((ors o el!'!nae $e dan.er.
88.

%ru@ ". Ponce-Enr!le# 96E S%RA <E7 /9ABB1

F* 'abeas corpus proceed!n.s &ere co''enced !n $!s
%our on Ocober 9# 9AB6 o es $e le.al!, o( $e
con!nued deen!on o( so'e 79< so-called 2pol!!cal
dea!nees arresed !n $e n!ne-,ear span o( o((!c!al 'ar!al
rule and co''!ed o $e Ne& )!l!b!d Pr!sons !n
Mun!nlupa. All $ad been 'ade o sand r!al (or co''on
cr!'es be(ore "ar!ous cours 'ar!alD !( an, o( $ese
o((enses $ad an, pol!!cal color# $!s $ad ne!$er been
pleaded nor pro"ed.
O( $e 79< pr!soners# 9F< are c!"!l!ans# and onl,
76 con(!r'ed as '!l!ar, personnel.

Issue* 3$e$er or no '!l!ar, cours $a"e +ur!sd!c!on o"er
c!"!l!ans

Rul!n.* No
As $eld !n Ola.uer* A '!l!ar, +ur!sd!c!on or
r!bunal canno r, and e;erc!se +ur!sd!c!on# e"en dur!n. $e
per!od o( 'ar!al la&# o"er c!"!l!ans (or o((enses alle.edl,
co''!ed b, $e' as lon. as $e c!"!l cours are open and
(unc!on!n.# and $a an, +ud.'en rendered b, suc$ bod,
rela!n. o a c!"!l!an !s null and "o!d (or lac4 o( +ur!sd!c!on
on $e par o( $e '!l!ar, r!bunal concerned
T$e (ac canno be !.nored# $o&e"er# $a cr!'es
appear o $a"e been co''!ed# and $ere are accusa!ons
a.a!ns $ere!n pe!!oners (or $ose o((enses. Ola.uer canno
and does no operae o absol"e $e pe!!oners o( $ese
c$ar.es# or esabl!s$ $a $e sa'e are baseless# so as o
en!le $e' o !''ed!ae release (ro' deen!on. I !s no o
be (or.oen $a $e "!c!'s !n o((enses ascr!bed o $e
pe!!oners $a"e as 'uc$ !neres as $e Sae $as o
prosecue $e alle.ed au$ors o( $e '!sdeeds. -us!ce &!ll
be beer ser"ed !( $e deen!on o( suc$ o( $e pe!!oners as
are no $ereb, ordered released or e;ceped# !s con!nued
un!l $e!r cases are rans(erred o $e ord!nar, cours $a"!n.
+ur!sd!c!on# and $e necessar, !n(or'a!ons $a"e been (!led
a.a!ns $e' $ere!n# as $as alread, been done !n $e case o(
pe!!oners I'per!al D. :s'an and Sa'u Gu'al. T$e Sae
s$ould be .!"en a reasonable per!od o( !'e o acco'pl!s$
$!s rans(er# a &$!c$ !'e $e pe!!oners 'a, appl, (or ba!l
(or $e!r e'porar, release.
T$e Sol!c!or General no unreasonabl, an!c!paes
0ues!ons o ar!se as o $e a"a!lab!l!, o( cera!n de(enses o
$e pe!!oners upon $e!r prosecu!on be(ore $e c!"!l cours.
I see's e"!den# $o&e"er# $a no breac$ o( $e
cons!u!onal pro$!b!!on a.a!ns &!ce pu!n. an accused !n
+eopard, o( pun!s$'en (or $e sa'e o((ense &ould resul
(ro' $e rer!al o( $e pe!!oners2 cases# (or $e s!'ple
reason $a $e absence o( +ur!sd!c!on o( $e cours 'ar!al
o r, and con"!c $e pe!!oners pre"ened $e (!rs +eopard,
(ro' aac$!n.. Val!d pre"!ous proceed!n.s are re0u!red !n
order $a $e de(ense o( double +eopard, can be ra!sed b,
$e accused !n $e second prosecu!on.

@. Bills of %tt%i$'rBB Lgisl%ti( %':+'i!%tio$ of g+ilt

)!ll o( Aa!nder

A 2b!ll o( aa!nder2 !s a la& &$!c$ subs!ues $e
le.!sla!"e deer'!na!on o( .u!l (or a +ud!c!al
deer'!na!on. T$rou.$ a saue# $e le.!slaure (!nds
!nd!"!duals or .roups .u!l,# &!$ou $e bene(! o( be!n.
pro"en so !n cour.

A b!ll o( aa!nder !s o( &o 4!nds* /!1 b!ll o( aa!nder
proper /le.!sla!"e !'pos!!on o( $e dea$ penal,1 and /!!1
b!ll o( pa!ns and penal!es /!'pos!!on o( a lesser penal,1.

In People ". Ferrer# ?B S%RA >B7 /9A<71# $e An!-
Sub"ers!on La& /RA 9<EE1 &$!c$ declared $e %o''un!s
Par, o( $e P$!l!pp!nes a clear and presen dan.er o
P$!l!pp!ne secur!,# and $us pro$!b!ed 'e'bers$!p !n suc$
or.an!@a!on# &as conended o be a b!ll o( aa!nder. T$e
S%# $o&e"er# d!s'!ssed $e conen!on# $old!n. $a
al$ou.$ $e la& 'en!ons $e %PP !n par!cular# !s purpose
!s no o de(!ne a cr!'e bu onl, o la, a bas!s or o +us!(,
$e le.!sla!"e deer'!na!on $a 'e'bers$!p !n suc$
or.an!@a!on !s a cr!'e because o( $e clear and presen
dan.er o na!onal secur!,.

People ". Ferrer# ?B S%RA >B7 /9A<71

F* Posed !n !ssue !n $ese &o cases !s $e
cons!u!onal!, o( $e An!-Sub"ers!on Ac# &$!c$ oula&s
$e %o''un!s Par, and o$er 2sub"ers!"e assoc!a!ons2#
and pun!s$es an, person &$o 24no&!n.l,# &!ll(ull, and b,
o"er acs a((!l!aes $!'sel(# &!$# beco'es or re'a!ns a
'e'ber#2 o( $e Par, and o( an, o$er s!'!lar 2sub"ers!"e2
or.an!@a!on.

ISS:E* 3=N $!s la& !s a b!ll o( aa!nder.

8ELD* NO
A b!ll o( aa!nder !s a le.!sla!"e ac &$!c$ !n(l!cs
pun!s$'en &!$ou r!al. Is essence !s $e subs!u!on o( a
le.!sla!"e (or a +ud!c!al deer'!na!on o( .u!l. T$e
cons!u!onal ban a.a!ns b!ll o( aa!nder ser"es o
!'ple'en $e pr!nc!ple o( separa!on o( po&ers b,
con(!n!n. le.!slaures o rule-'a4!n. and $ereb,
(oresall!n. le.!sla!"e usurpa!on o( $e +ud!c!al (unc!on.
3$en $e Ac !s "!e&ed !n !s acual opera!on# !
&!ll be seen $a ! does no spec!(, $e %o''un!s Par, o(
$e P$!ls /%PP1 o( $e 'e'bers $ereo( (or $e purpose o(
pun!s$'en. 3$a ! does !s s!'pl, o declare $e Par, o
an or.an!@ed consp!rac, (or $e o"er$ro& o( $e
Go"ern'en (or $e purposes o( $e pro$!b!!on a.a!ns
'e'bers!p !n $e oula&ed or.an!@a!on. T$e er' 2%PP2
!s used solel, (or de(!n!!on purposes. In (ac $e Ac appl!es
no onl, o $e %PP bu o 2an, o$er or.an!@au!!on $a"!n.
$e sa'e purposes and $e!r successors2. Is (ocus !s no on
!nd!"!duals bu on conduc.
Indeed# &ere $e An!-Sub"ers!on Ac a b!ll o(
aa!nder# ! &ould be oall, unnecessar, o c$ar.e
%o''un!ss !n cour# as $e la& alone# &!$ou 'ore &ould
su((!ce o secure $e!r pun!s$e'en. )u $e unden!able (ac
!s $a $e!r .u!l s!ll $as o be +ud!c!all, esabl!s$ed. T$e
Go"ern'en $as ,e o pro"e a $e r!al $a $e accused
+o!ned $e Par, 4no&!n.l,# &!ll(ull, and b, o"er acs# and
$a $e, +o!ned &!$ $e spec!(!c !nen o (ur$er !s bas!c
ob+ec!"es.

H. Right to % s#') 'is#ositio$ of !%ss

Art. III, S!. "2. All #rso$s sh%ll h%( th right
to % s#') 'is#ositio$ of thir !%ss &for %ll :+'i!i%l,
,+%siB:+'i!i%l, or %'.i$istr%ti( &o'is.

T$e r!.$ o a speed, d!spos!!on o( cases
co'ple'ens $e r!.$ o a speed, r!al. A(er $e case $as
been sub'!ed (or dec!s!on# so $a ec$n!call, $e r!al
sa.e !s er'!naed# $e %ons!u!on 'andaes $a $e
+ud!c!al# 0uas!- +ud!c!al or ad'!n!sra!"e bod, or r!bunal
'us dec!de $e case cons!sen &!$ $e r!.$ o( $e accused
o a speed, d!spos!!on o( $!s case.

To carr, ou $!s 'andae# $e %ons!u!on !n se"eral
o$er places pro"!des per!ods (or dec!d!n. a case*

T$e Supre'e %our $as o dec!de cases &!$!n 7?
'on$s (ro' $e dae o( sub'!ss!on o( $e case (or dec!s!on
&$!c$ !s $e dae o( (!l!n. o( $e las plead!n. QAr. VIII#
Sec. 9F /91.R
III. SUBSTANTI8E RI@HTS UNDER THE DUE
PROCESS CLAUSE

A. 3$a acs canno be cr!'!nal!@ed

9. Mere bel!e(s and asp!ra!ons

Art. III, S!. "1. 5"7 No #rso$ sh%ll & 't%i$'

7. Debs and c!"!l obl!.a!ons

Art. III. S!. ;-. No #rso$ sh%ll & i.#riso$'
for '&t or $o$B#%).$t of % #oll t%C.

3$a $e la& pro$!b!s !s !'pr!son'en (or non-
pa,'en o( a conracual obl!.a!on.

3$en one !s con"!ced o( esa(a and sen o pr!son#
$e !'pr!son'en !s no (or $e non- pa,'en o( deb bu (or
$e dece! or abuse o( con(!dence e'plo,ed b, $e con"!c.

T$us# !n Lo@ano ". Mar!ne@# 9?6 S%RA 97> /9AB61#
$e S% a.a!n up$eld )aas )l.. 77 /)ounc!n. %$ec4s La&1
as no uncons!u!onal (or be!n. "!ola!"e o( $e rule a.a!ns
non- !'pr!son'en (or deb. I !s rue $a under $!s la&
dece! !s no necessar,. I !s# $o&e"er# a "al!d e;erc!se o( $e
Sae o( !s po&er o deer'!ne &$a acs cons!ue a cr!'e.

3$a $e %ons!u!on (ur$er pro$!b!s !s
!'pr!son'en (or non-pa,'en o( poll a;# &$!c$ !s a a;
!'posed on cera!n persons re.ardless o( $e!r proper, or
bus!ness. T$e pro$!b!!on does no appl, o non-pa,'en o(
proper, a;es and a;es on pr!"!le.e.

Lo@ano ". Mar!ne@# 9?6 S%RA >7> /9AB61

F* )P 77 pun!s$es an, person 2&$o 'a4es or
dra&s and !ssues an, c$ec4 on accoun or (or "alue#
4no&!n. a $e !'e o( !ssue $a $e does no $a"e
su((!c!en (unds !n or cred! &!$ $e dra&ee ban4 (or
$e pa,'en o( sa!d c$ec4 !n (ull upon presen'en#
&$!c$ c$ec4 !s subse0uenl, d!s$onored b, $e
dra&ee ban4 (or !nsu((!c!enc, o( (unds ;;;2
Pe!!oners c$allen.ed $e cons!u!onal!, o( )P 77
on $e (ollo&!n. .rounds* 91 I o((ends $e
cons!u!onal pro"!s!on pro$!b!!n. !'pr!son'en (or
debD 71 ! !'pa!rs (reedo' o( conracD >1 !
conra"enes $e e0ual proec!on clauseD ?1 ! undul,
dele.aes le.!sla!"e and e;ecu!"e po&ersD and F1 !s
enac'en !s (la&ed because $e Iner!' )aasan
pro$!b!ed a'end'en o( $e b!ll on >rd read!n..

8ELD* T$e .ra"a'en o( $e o((ense pun!s$ed !n )P
77 !s $e ac o( 'a4!n. and !ssu!n. a &or$less c$ec4
or a c$ec4 $a !s d!s$onored upon !s presena!on (or
pa,'en. I !s no $e non- pa,'en o( an obl!.a!on
&$!c$ $e la& pun!s$es. T$e la& pun!s$es $e ac
no as an o((ense a.a!ns proper, bu as an o((ense
a.a!ns publ!c order. Recen sa!s!cs s$o& $a one
$!rd o( $e en!re 'one, suppl, o( $e counr,
cons!ss o( currenc, !n c!rcula!on. T$ese de'and
depos!s !n $e ban4s cons!ue $e (unds a.a!ns
&$!c$ co''erc!al papers are dra&n. T$e a'oun
concerned +us!(!es $e le.!!'ae concern o( $e sae
!n preser"!n. $e !ne.r!, o( $e ban4!n. s,se'.

>. Acs &$!c$ &$en done &ere !nnocen

Art. III, S!. ;;. No e, post #a"to l%* or &ill of
%tt%i$'r sh%ll & $%!t'.

E; Pos Faco La&

An 2e; pos (aco la&2 !s a la& $a see4s o pun!s$ an
ac &$!c$# &$en co''!ed# &as no ,e a cr!'e or &as no
as $ea"!l, pun!s$ed. I !s a la& $a reroacs o $e da, o(
$e ac so as o cause pre+ud!ce o $e person per(or'!n. $e
ac. Is un(a!rness cons!ss !n $e (ac $a $e person could
no $a"e 4no&n $e ac &as cr!'!nal# and $us could no
$a"e a"o!ded $e cr!'e. 3$en a la& !s 'ore (a"orable o
$e accused# $o&e"er# ! !s allo&ed o reroac.

In re Ca, V!lle.as Ca'!# Inc.# >F S%RA ?7B

F* T$!s pe!!on (or declaraor, &as (!led b, Ca,
V!lle.as Ca'! Inc.# cla!'!n. o be a dul, reco.n!@ed non-
soc4 and non-pro(! corpora!on creaed under $e la&s o(
$e land# and pra,!n. (or $e dere'!na!on o( $e "al!d!, o(
Sec. B# RA 69>7 and a declara!on o( pe!!oner5s r!.$ s and
du!es $ereunder. Pe!!oner cla!'s $a $e c$allen.ed
pro"!s!on cons!ues an e; pos (aco la&.

ISS:E* 3=N ! !s an e; pos (aco la&.

8ELD* NO
An ex post facto la& !s one &$!c$*
9. Ma4es cr!'!nal an ac done be(ore $e passa.e o(
$e la& &$!c$ &as !nnocen &$en done# and pun!s$es suc$
an acD
7. A..ra"aes a cr!'e # or 'a4es ! .reaer $an !
&as# &$en co''!edD
>. %$an.es $e pun!s$'en and !n(l!cs a .reaer
pun!s$'en $an $e la& anne;ed o $e cr!'e &$en
co''!edD
?. Alers $e le.al rules o( e"!dence# and au$or!@es
con"!c!on upon less or d!((eren es!'on, $an $e la&
re0u!red a $e !'e o( $e co''!ss!on o( $e o((enseD
F. Assu'!n. o re.ulae c!"!l r!.$s and re'ed!es
onl,# !n e((ec !'poses penal, or depr!"a!on o( a r!.$ (or
so'e$!n. &$!c$ &$en done &as la&(ulD and
6. Depr!"es a person accused o( a cr!'e o( so'e
la&(ul proec!on o &$!c$ $e $as beco'e en!led# suc$ as
$e proec!on o( a (or'er con"!c!on or ac0u!al# or a
procla'a!on o( a'nes,. QLuo!n. Me4!n ". 3ol(e# 7 P$!l.
<? /9AE71R
T$!s cons!u!onal pro$!b!!on re(ers onl, o
cr!'!nal la&s &$!c$ are .!"en reroac!"e e((ec.
3$!le ! !s rue $a Sec. 9B penal!@es a "!ola!on o(
an, pro"!s!n o( RA 69>7 !nclud!n. Sec. B/a1 $ereo(# $e
penal, !s !'posed onl, (or acs co''!ed a(er $e
appro"al o( $e la& and no $ose perperaed pr!or $ereo.
T$ere !s no$!n. !n $e la& $a re'oel, !ns!nuaes $a !s
pro"!s!ons s$all appl, o acs carr!ed ou pr!or o !s
appro"al.

B. Wh%t #+$ish.$ts !%$$ot & i.#os'

9. In"olunar, ser"!ude

Art. III, S!. "1 5;7 No i$(ol+$t%r) s(it+'s i$
%$) for. sh%ll Cist, C!#t %s % #+$ish.$t for % !ri.
*hrof th #%rt) sh%ll h%( &$ !o$(i!t'.

7. E;cess!"e (!nes

Art. III, S!. "4. 5"7 EC!ssi( fi$s sh%ll $ot &
i.#os'. $or !r+l, 'gr%'i$g or i$h+.%$ #+$ish.$t
i$fli!t'. Nithr sh%ll th '%th #$%lt) & i.#os',
+$lss for !o.#lli$g r%so$s i$(ol(i$g hi$o+s !ri.s,
th Co$grss hr%ftr #ro(i's for it. A$) '%th
#$%lt) %lr%') i.#os' sh%ll & r'+!' to re"l!sion
perpet!a.

>. Cr+l, 'gr%'i$g %$' i$h+.%$ #+$ish.$ts

Art. III, S!. "4. 5"7 EC!ssi( fi$s sh%ll $ot &
i.#os'. $or !r+l, 'gr%'i$g or i$h+.%$ #+$ish.$t
i$fli!t'. Nithr sh%ll th '%th #$%lt) & i.#os',
+$lss for !o.#lli$g r%so$s i$(ol(i$g hi$o+s !ri.s,
th Co$grss hr%ftr #ro(i's for it. A$) '%th
#$%lt) %lr%') i.#os' sh%ll & r'+!' to r!l+sio$
#r#t+%.
I'., S!. ";. CCC

Assu'!n. $a +ud.'en $as been rendered and $e
accused $as been con"!ced $e %ons!u!on no& (ur$er
prescr!bes cera!n sandards as o $e pun!s$'en $a can be
'eed ou. A(er all# due process pro$!b!s barbar!c and
d!spropor!onae penal!es.

T$e e'plo,'en o( p$,s!cal# ps,c$olo.!cal or
de.rad!n. pun!s$'en a.a!ns an, pr!soner or dea!nee# or
$e use o( subsandard or !nade0uae penal (ac!l!!es under
sub$u'an cond!!ons# s$all be deal &!$ b, la&. QAr. III#
Sec. 9A /71.R

In 9A>F# $e pro$!b!!on &as a.a!ns 2cruel and
unusual2 penal,# !n 9A<>D ! &as a.a!ns 2cruel or unusual 2
penal,D !n 9AB<# $e pro$!b!!on !s a.a!ns 2cruel# de.rad!n.
or !n$u'an2 pun!s$'en. T$e purpose !n c$an.!n. $e
p$raseolo., !s o allo& (or e;per!'ena!on# and no o (!;
$e concep o( &$a !s cruel o $e sandards o( $e presen
c!"!l!@a!on# or $ose o( an!0u!,. T$!s no!on !s supposed o
e;pand and .ro&# so $a &$a oda, !s cons!dered as
accepable 'a, !n $e ne; .enera!on be dee'ed as cruel
penal,.

3$e$er $e cruel, o( a pun!s$'en depends on !s
(or' or &$e$er ! depends on !s se"er!, $as been
a'b!"alenl, ans&ered b, $e S%*

In People ". dela %ru@# A7 P$!l. AEE /9AF>1 $e S%
ruled $a ! &as $e (or' o( pun!s$'en as (!;ed !n an!0u!,
/p!llor, dese'bo&el'en# ec.1 and no !s se"er!,# $a
cons!ued 2cruel and unusual2 penal, under $e 9A>F
%ons!u!on. T$us a d!spropor!onae penal, /9E ,ears
!'pr!son'en (or $e(1 !s no cruel or unusual because ! !s
onl, a 'aer o( se"er!, o( an accepable (or' o(
pun!s$'en /!'pr!son'en1.

T$e S% spo4e !n a d!((eren &a, !n People ". )or+a
A9 S%RA >?E /9A<A1# )or+a &as senenced and $e ser"ed a
$e na!onal pen!en!ar, (or 7E ,ears be(ore $e case ca'e
o $e S%. T$e %our sa!d $a )or+a $ad been l!"!n. !n $e
s$ado& o( dea$. Al$ou.$ $e senence &as !n!!all, "al!d#
! $ad beco'e cruel b, $e lapse o( !'e. And ,e# $!s &as a
(or' o( penal, $a &as ne!$er cruel nor unusual.

People ". Muno@# 9<E S%RA 9E< /9ABA1

F* T$e accused are (our o( $e 99 bod,.uards o( a
'a,or &$o 4!lled $ree persons on susp!c!on $a $e, &ere
cale ruslers. T$e, &ere (ound .u!l, o( 'urder. T$ree
appealed o $e S% &$!c$ (ound $e' e0uall, l!able (or $e
4!ll!n.. T$e penal, (or 'urder under $e RP% !s reclusion
temporal o dea$. T$e 0ues!on concerns $e penal, o be
!'posed !n "!e& o( Ar. III# sec. 9A &$!c$ pro"!des $a
2Ne!$er s$all $e dea$ penal, be !'posed# unless (or
co'pell!n. reasons !n"ol"!n. $e!nous cr!'es# %on.ress
pro"!des (or !. An, dea$ penal, alread, !'posed s$all be
reduced o reclus!on perpeua.2

8ELD* Ar. III# sec!on 9A does no c$an.e $e per!ods o(
$e penal, prescr!bed b, Ar. 7?B o( $e RP% e;cep !nso(ar
as ! pro$!b!s $e !'pos!!on o( $e dea$ penal, adn
reduces ! o reclusion perpetua. T$e ran.e o( 'ed!u' and
'!n!'u' penal!es re'a!n $e sa'e. 88.

People ". Lubreo# 7EE S%RA 99 /9AA91

F* A co'pla!n (or $o'!c!de &as (!led &!$ MT% o(
Del %ar'en# Sur!.ao del Nore# c$ar.!n. Re'el!o Lubreo
alon. &!$ cr!'e o( 8o'!c!de !n connec!on &!$ $e 4!ll!n.
o( Ma'ero San!co. -ud.e Gor.olon o( sa!d cour
conduced bo$ $e prel!'!nar, !n"es!.a!on and
prel!'!nar, e;a'!na!on. T$erea(er# $e (or&arded $e
records o( $e case o $e O((!ce o( Pro"!nc!al F!scal. T$e
(!scal conduced $!s o&n PI and on $e bas!s $ereo(# $e (!led
an !n(or'a!on (or 'urder no onl, a.a!ns re'el!o bu also
a.a!ns Lucres!o Lubreo. Tr!al %our (!nd $e' .u!l, o( $e
cr!'e c$ar.ed.

ISS:E* 3=N $e cons!u!onal presu'p!on o( !nnocence !n
(a"or o( Lucrec!o $as been o"erurned b, $e prosecu!on

8ELD* NO.
An accused !s presu'ed !nnocen un!l $e conrar,
!s pro"ed. T$e burden o( proo( !s upon $e prosecu!on and
un!l suc$ burden !s su((!c!enl, d!sc$ar.ed # $e accused
con!nues o en+o, $e presu'p!on o( !nnocence. In $e
!nsan case# $e lo&er cour con"!ced Lucrec!o on $e bas!s
o( !s conclus!on $a $e &as pos!!"el, !den!(!ed b,
&!nesses Nen!a Moner and Ep!(an!o Pan.aun.an as one
o( $e assa!lans# and $a $ere(ore# $!s de(ense o( al!b!
&ould no prosper. :n(orunael,# $e es!'on!es o( $e
abo"e'en!oned &!nesses d!d no cae.or!call, saed or
pro"ed $a Lucrec!o oo4 par !n $ac4!n. $e "!c!'.
T$ou.$ Moner cae.or!call, saed !n $er d!rec
e;a'!na!on $a s$e sa& $e accused Lucres!o $ac4!n. $e
"!c!'# !n $e 2re-enac''en2# s$e $o&e"er cand!dl,
!n(or'ed $e cour Lucres!o &as +us sand!n. b, and s$e
could no re''enber as o &$o acuall, $ac4ed $e "!c!'.
Fro' $er "ers!on# $e par!c!pa!on o( Lucrec!o !s a one
en"eloped !nser!ous doub. I !s &orse !n $e case o(
Pan.aun.an. 3$!le $e saed $a 2Lucrec!o abeed !n
$ac4!n. as !( $e, &!ll co'e one a(er $e o$er !n $ac4!n.
$!s '!nd /s!c1 and $e nec42# $e ne"er elaboraed as o &$a
2abeed !n $ac4!n. 2 'eans. 8e could no e"en spec!(, $e
par o( $e bod, o( Ma'ero &$!c$ &as $! b, Lucrec!o.
T$ere !s e"!denl, !nsu((!c!en e"!dence o s$o& $e
acual par!c!pa!on o( Lucres!o !n e$ cr!'e. T$ere be!n. no
e"!dence o( consp!rac,# $e canno be $eld (or $e acs o( $!s
co- appellan.

0. S!rt 't$tio$ #l%!s, solit%r), i$!o..+$i!%'o %$'
othr for.s of 't$tio$ %$' th +s of s+&st%$'%r' or
i$%',+%t #$%l f%!ilitis


I'., S!. "4. CCC
5;7 Th .#lo).$t of #h)si!%l, #s)!hologi!%l, or
'gr%'i$g #+$ish.$t %g%i$st %$) #riso$r or 't%i$
or th +s of s+&st%$'%r' or i$%',+%t #$%l f%!ilitis
+$'r s+&h+.%$ !o$'itio$s sh%ll & '%lt *ith &) l%*.

3. I$'fi$it I.#riso$.$ts

People ". Dacu,cu,# 9<> S%RA AE /9ABA1# supra.

C. Th #rot!tio$ %g%i$st 'o+&l :o#%r')

Art. III, S!. ;". No #rso$ sh%ll & t*i! #+t i$
:o#%r') of #+$ish.$t for th s%. off$s. If %$ %!t is
#+$ish' &) % l%* %$' %$ or'i$%$!, !o$(i!tio$ or
%!,+itt%l +$'r ithr sh%ll !o$stit+t % &%r to %$othr
#ros!+tio$ for th s%. %!t.

Ele'ens o( double +eopard,# /Rule 99<# Sec <D People ".
Obsan!a# 7> S%RA 7?A /9A6B1*

/91 %our o( co'peen +ur!sd!c!onD
/71 A %o'pla!n or In(or'a!on su((!c!en !n (or'
and subsance o susa!n a con"!c!onD
/>1 Arra!.n'en and plea b, $e AccusedD
/?1 %on"!c!on# ac0u!al# or d!s'!ssal o( $e case
&!$ou $e e;press consen# o( $e accused.

Subse0uen prosecu!on !s barred (or $e (ollo&!n.*

/91 Sa'e o((ense
/71 Ae'p o( $e sa'e o((ense
/>1 Frusra!on o( $e sa'e o((ense
/?1 O((ense necessar!l, !ncluded !n $e 9s o((ense
/All $e ele'ens o( $e 7nd cons!ue so'e o( $e
ele'ens o( $e 9s o((ense1
/F1 O((ense $a necessar!l, !ncludes $e 9s o((ense
/All $e ele'ens o( $e 9s cons!ue so'e o( $e
ele'ens o( $e 7nd o((ense1

E;cep!ons o no. F*

/91 T$e .ra"er o((ense de"eloped d!e o
2super"en!n. (acs2 ar!s!n. (ro' $e sa'e ac or o'!ss!on
cons!u!n. $e (or'er c$ar.ed.

T$us# !n Melo ". People# BF P$!ls. <66 /9AFE1# $e
S% allo&ed $e a'ned'en o( $e !n(or'a!on (ro' !s
or!.!nal ca$r.e o( (rusraed $o'!c!de# because a(er $e
(!l!n. o( $e !n(or'a!on# $e "!c!' d!ed.

/71 T$e (acs cons!u!n. $e .ra"er c$ar.e beca'e
4no&n or &ere d!sco"ered onl, a(er $e (!l!n. o( $e (or'er
co'pla!n or !n(or'a!on.

T$!s o"errules People ". Yorac# &$ere $e S%
d!sallo&ed $e a'end'en o( $e !n(or'a!on (ro' sl!.$
p$,s!cal !n+ur!es o (rusraed 'urder a(er $e prosecu!on
sub+eced $e "!c!' o ano$er 'ed!cal e;a'!na!on and
(ound a &ound# $a ! &as $e (aul o( $e prosecu!on !(
$e, $ad an !nco'peen 'ed!cal e;a'!na!on.

/>1 T$e plea o( .u!l, o $e lesser o((ense &as 'ade
&!$ou $e consen o( $e (!scal and $e o((ended par,.

Iden!, o( o((enses and !den!, o( ac

3$en an ac .!"es r!se o &o or 'ore o((ense &$!c$
are pun!s$ed b, $e sa'e au$or!,# and an !nd!"!dual !s
con"!ced# ac0u!ed# or $e case d!s'!ssed &!$ou $!s
consen# o( one o( $ese o((ense /%r!'e A1# $ere !s no
double +eopard, !( $e !s c$ar.ed o( ano$er o(((ense /%r!'e
)1 (lo&!n. (ro' $e sa'e ac. Double +eopard, ar!ses onl,
&$en $e !s a.a!n c$ar.ed o( $a sa'e o((ense /%r!'e A1.
T$us# $!s !s called double +eopard, b, 2!den!, o(
o((enses2.

)u &$en an ac &$!c$ .!"e r!se o &o or 'ore
o((enses !s pun!s$ed b, &o d!((eren au$or!!es /a la& and
an ord!nance1# $en !( an !nd!"!dual !s con"!ced# ac0u!ed#
or $e case d!s'!ssed &!$ou $!s consen# o( an, o( $ese
o((enses pun!s$ed b, one au$or!, /%r!'e A b, la&1# e"en
!( $e !s c$ar.ed o( ano$er o((ense &$!c$ !s pun!s$ed b, $e
o$er au$or!, /%r!'e ) b, ord!nance1# $ere !s double
+eopard,# because bo$ o((enses# one pun!s$ed b, a la& and
$e o$er pun!s$ed b, an ord!nance# (lo&ed (ro' $e sa'e
ac. T$us# $!s !s called double +eopard, b, 2!den!, o( ac.2

Su'* I( onl, a la& !n !n"ol"ed# $ere !s double
+eopard, onl, &$en $ere !s an !den!, o( o((enses. )u !s a
la& and an ord!nance are !n"ol"ed# $ere !s double +eopard,
&$en $ere !s an !den!, o( ac.

Iden!, o( O((enses*

I( a 'arr!ed 'an 'a!na!ns as concub!ne a 'arr!ed
&o'an no $!s &!(e# $e 'an !s .u!l, o( bo$ concub!na.e
and aduler,. Fro' $e sa'e ac /co$ab!!n. &!$ $e
'arr!ed &o'an1# &o o((enses ar!se. And ,e $e can be
prosecued (or bo$ because# $e &o o((enses co'!n. (ro'
$e sa'e au$or!,# $ere !s no !den!, o( o((enses.

Iden!, o( Ac*

People ". Relo"a# ?B S%RA 7A7 /9AB<1# Relo"a &as
prosecued under an ord!nance o( )aan.as %!, (or $e use
o( &!r!n. o ap elecr!c!, &!$ou per'!ss!on (ro' $e local
au$or!!es# bu $e case &as d!s'!ssed because $e cr!'e
$as prescr!bed. So $e (!scal (!led a case (or $e( o(
elecr!c!, under $e RP%. T$e S% ruled $ere &as double
+eopard, alread,# and so $e second case could no lon.er be
(!led. For al$ou.$ $e o((enses &ere d!((eren# bo$ (lo&ed
(ro' $e sa'e ac. And !n $!s case# $e ac &as pun!s$ed b,
a la& and an ord!nance.

Loss o( -ur!sd!c!on* No double +eopard,

I( $e cour $as no +ur!sd!c!on# or &as oused o( !s
+ur!sd!c!on beccause ! "!olaed $e r!.$ o due process o(
$e par!es# $e dec!s!on !s null and "o!d# $e accused 'a,
a.a!n be c$ar.ed.

In People ". )ocar# 9>B S%RA 966 /9ABF1# $e S%#
$eld $a $e 'o"e b, $e r!al cour o( su''ar!l,
d!s'!ss!n. a cr!'!nal case (or $e( on $e .round $a !
'erel, !n"ol"ed a 0ues!on o( o&ners$!p depr!"ed $e
prosecu!on o( due process b, den,!n. ! $e c$ance o
!nroduce !s e"!dence. T$!s oused $e cour o( !s
+ur!ds!c!on.

In Gal'an ". Sand!.anba,an# 9?? S%RA ?> /9AB61#
$e S% declared $e cr!'!nal prosecu!on o( $e 76 accused
!n $e A0u!no-Gal'an double 'urder case a 2'!sr!al2 a(er
$e S% co''!ss!on (ound $a $e Sand!.anba,an +us!ces
and $e Tanodba,an prosecuors $ad been su''oned b, $e
Pres!den and !nsruced on $o& o conduc $e r!al. Due
process !s a r!.$ no onl, o( $e accused bu also o( $e
Sae. Once $e cour depr!"es e!$er par,# &$!c$ !n $!s
case !s $e Sae# o( a (!.$!n. c$ance# $en ! !s oused (ro'
!s +ur!sd!c!on# and double +eopard, &ould no appl,. T$us#
$e accused &ere ordered rer!ed.

". T*o sit+%tio$s !o$t.#l%t'

People ". Relo"a 9?B S%RA 7A7 /9AB<1

F* Manuel Opulenc!a &as c$ar.ed &!$ "!ola!on o(
Ord!nance No. 9 ser!es o( 9A<? o( )aan.as %!, pro$!b!!n.
$e !nsalla!on o( elecr!c &!r!n. de"!ces &!$ou au$or!,
(ro' $e c!, .o"ern'en. 8e ad'!ed !nsall!n. $e elecr!c
&!r!n. de"!ces (ound b, $e pol!ce !n order o decrease $e
read!n.s o( elecr!c curren. T$e case &as $o&e"er
d!s'!ssed on $e .round $a $e o((ense $ad prescr!bed.
Foureen da,s laer# $e %!, F!scal (!led ano$er case (or
$e( a.a!ns $!'. T$e cour also d!s'!ssed $!s case on $e
.round o( double +eopard,. T$e prosecu!on appealed
conend!n. $e o((ense &as d!((eren.

8ELD* T$e conen!on $as no 'er!. T$e (!rs senence o(
Ar. III# sec. 79 saes $e .eneral rule* $e cons!u!onal
proec!on a.a!ns double +eopard, !s no a"a!lable &$ere $e
second prosecu!on !s (or an o((ense $a !s d!((eren (ro'
$e o((ense c$ar.ed !n $e (!rs or pr!or prosecu!on# al$ou.$
bo$ 'a, be based (ro' $e sa'e (acs. T$e second senence
pro"!des an e;cep!on* $a $e proec!on a.a!ns double
+eopard, !s a"a!lable al$ou.$ $e pr!or o((ense c$ar.ed
under an ord!nance be d!((eren (ro' $e o((ense c$ar.ed
subse0uenl, under $e na!onal saue suc$ as $e RP%
pro"!ded $a bo$ o((enses spr!n. (ro' $e sa'e ac or se
o( acs. 88.

People ". %!, %our o( Man!la# )ranc$ VI# 9F? S%RA 9<F
/9AB<1

F* A.ap!o Gon@ales# o.e$er &!$ Robero Pan.!l!nan#
&as accused o( "!ola!n. Sec.<# !n rela!on o Sec. 99 RA
>E6E and Ar. 7E9/>1 o( $e RP%# !n &o separae
!n(or'a!ons (!led &!$ $e %!, %our o( Man!la. :pon
arra!.n'en# accused Gon@ales pleaded no .u!l, o bo$
c$ar.es. T$e o$er accused# Pan.!l!nan# &as no arra!.ned
as $e !s s!ll a lar.e. Gon@ales (!led a 'o!on o 0uas$ $e
!n(or'a!ons !n $e 7 cases on $e .round $a sa!d
!n(or'a!ons d!d no c$ar.e an o((ense. Mo!on den!ed.
Laer# $e a.a!n 'o"ed o 0uas$ $e !n(or'a!on !n one o( $e
%r!'!nal case on $e .round o( duble +eopard,# as $ere &as
accord!n. o $!'# also pend!n. a.!ns $!' ano$er cr!'!nal
case# &$ere $e !n(or'a!n alle.edl, cona!n $e sa'e
alle.a!ons as $e !n(or'a!on !n $e (!rs cr!'!nal case.
%our .raned $e 'o!on.

ISS:E* 3=N $ere !s double +eopard,.

8ELD* NO
I !s a seled rule $a o ra!se $e de(ense o( double
+eopard,# > re0u!s!es 'us be presen* /91 a (!rs +eopard,
'us $a"e aac$ed pr!or o $e secondD /71 $e (!rs +eopard,
'us $a"e been "al!dl, er'!naedD and />1 $e second
+eopard, 'us be (or e$ sa'e o((ense# or $e second o((ense
!ncludes or !s necessar!l, !ncluded !n $e o((ense c$ar.ed !n
$e (!rs !n(or'a!on# or !s an ae'p o co''! $e sa'e or
a (rusra!on $ereo(. All $ese re0u!s!es do no e;!s !n $!s
case#
T$e 7 !n(or'a!ons &!$ &$!c$ $e accused &as
c$ar.ed # do no 'a4e onl, one o((ense# conrar, o pr!"ae
reponden5s alle.a!on. In o$er &ords# $e o((ense de(!ned
!n Sec. < o( $e RA >E6E pun!s$!n. $e e;$!b!!on o(
'o!on p!cures no dul, passed b, $e )oard o( %ensors (or
Mo!on P!cures does no !nclude or !s no !ncluded !n$e
o((ense de(!ned !n Ar 7E9 />1 o( $e RP% pun!s$!n. $e
e;$!b!!on o( !ndecen and !''oral 'o!n p!cures.
T$e ele'ens o( $e 7 o((enses are d!((eren. T$e
.ra"a'en o( $e o((ense de(!ned !n RA >E6E !s $e publ!c
e;$!b!!on o( an, 'o!on p!cures &$!c$ $as no been
pre"!ousl, passed b, $e )oard o( %ensors (or Mo!on
P!cures. T$e 'o!on p!cure 'a, be !ndecen or !''oral
bu !( ! $as no been pre"!ousl, appro"ed b, $e )oard# !s
publ!c s$o&!n. cons!ues a cr!'nal o((ense. On $e o$er
$and# $e o((ense pun!s$ed !n Ar 7E9/>1 o( $e RP% !s $e
publ!c s$o&!n. os !ndecen or !''oral pla,s# scenes# acs#
or s$o&s# no +us 'o!on p!cures.
T$e naure o( bo$ o((enses also d!((ers. T$e cr!'e
pun!s$ed !n RA >E6E !s 'alu' pro$!b!u' !n &$!c$
cr!'!nal !nen need no be pro"ed because ! !s presu'ed#
&$!le $e o((ense pun!s$ed !n Ar. 7E9/>1 o( $e RP% !s
'alu' !n se# &$!c$ cr!'!nal !nen !s an !nd!spensable
!n.red!en. S+Att.

7. Rules o( %our pro"!s!ons

R+l ""6, S!. 6. *or%er "on'i"tion o# a"!ittal1
do!ble ?eopardy-.. Wh$ %$ %!!+s' h%s &$ !o$(i!t'
or %!,+itt', or th !%s %g%i$st hi. 'is.iss' or
othr*is tr.i$%t' *itho+t his C#rss !o$s$t &) %
!o+rt of !o.#t$t :+ris'i!tio$, +#o$ % (%li' !o.#l%i$t
or i$for.%tio$ or othr for.%l !h%rg s+ffi!i$t i$ for.
%$' s+&st%$! to s+st%i$ % !o$(i!tio$ %$' %ftr th
%!!+s' h%' #l%'' to th !h%rg, th !o$(i!tio$ or
%!,+itt%l of th %!!+s' or th 'is.iss%l of th !%s sh%ll
& % &%r to %$othr #ros!+tio$ for th off$s !h%rg',
or for %$) %tt.#t to !o..it th s%. or fr+str%tio$
throf, or for %$) off$s *hi!h $!ss%ril) i$!l+'s or
is $!ss%ril) i$!l+'' i$ th off$s i$ th for.r
!o.#l%i$t of i$for.%tio$.
Ho*(r, th !o$(i!tio$ of th %!!+s' sh%ll $ot
& % &%r to %$othr #ros!+tio$ for %$ off$s *hi!h
$!ss%ril) i$!l+'s th off$s !h%rg' i$ th for.r
!o.#l%i$t or i$for.%tio$ +$'r %$) of th follo*i$g
i$st%$!sF
5%7 th gr%(r off$s '(lo#' '+ to
s+#r($i$g f%!ts %risi$g fro. th s%. %!t or o.issio$
!o$sit+ti$g th for.r !h%rgH
5&7 th f%!ts !o$stit+ti$g th gr%(r !h%rg
&!%. 9$o*$ or *r 'is!o(r' o$l) %ftr th fili$g of
th for.r !o.#l%i$t or i$for.%tio$H or
5!7 th #l% of g+ilt) to th lssr off$s *%s
.%' *itho+t th !o$s$t of th fis!%l %$' of th
off$'' #%rt).
I$ %$) of th forgoi$g !%ss, *hr th %!!+s'
s%tisfi' or sr(s i$ *hol or i$ #%rt th :+'g.$t, h
sh%ll & !r'it' *ith th s%. i$ th ($t of !o$(i!tio$
for th gr%(r off$s.

Melo ". People# BF P <<6 /9AFE1

F* %onrado Melo &as c$ar.ed !n $e %FI# R!@al &!$
(rusraed $o'!c!de # (or $a"!n. alle.edl, !n(l!ced upon
Ob!llo# &!$ a 4!c$en 4n!(e and &!$ !nen o 4!ll# se"eral
ser!ous &ounds on d!((eren pars o( $e bod,# re0u!r!n.
'ed!cal aendance (or a per!od o( 'ore $an >E da,s# and
!ncapac!a!n. $!' (ro' per(or'!n. $!s $ab!ual labor (or
$e sa'e per!od o( !'e. On Dec. 7A# 9A?A# a B a'#
accused pleaded no .u!l, o $e o((ense c$ar.de. A 9E*9F
a' o( $e sa'e da,# Ob!llo d!ed (ro' $!s &ounds. An
a'ended !n(or'a!on &as (!led c$ar.!n. accused &!$
consu''aed $o'!c!de. Accused (!led a 'o!on o 0uas$
$e a'ended !n(or'a!on alle.!n. double +eopard,. Mo!on
den!ed.

ISS:E* 3=N $ere !s double +eopard,.

8ELD* NO
Double +eopard, 'eans $a &$en a person !s
c$ar.ed &!$ an o((ense and $e case !s er'!naed e!$er b,
ac0u!al or con"!c!on or !n an, o$er 'anner &!$ou $e
consen o( $e accused# $e laer canno a.a!n be c$ar.ed
&!$ $e sa'e or !den!cal o((ense. T$e p$rase 2$e sa'e
o((ense2 $as al&a,s been consrued o 'ean no onl, $a
$e second o((ense c$ar.ed !s e;acl, $e sa'e as $e one
alle.ed !n $e (!rs !n(or'a!on# bu also $a $e &o
o((enses are !den!cal. T$ere !s !den!, be&een $e &o
o((enses &$en $e e"!dence o suppor a con"!c!on (or one
o((ense &ould be su((!c!en o &arran a con"!c!on (or $e
o$er.
T$!s rule o( !den!, $o&e"er does no appl,#
$o&e"er# &$en $e second o((ense &as no !n e;!sence a
$e !'e o( $e (!rs prosecu!on# (or $e s!'ple reason $a
!n suc$ case $ere !s no poss!b!l!, (or $e accused# dur!n.
$e (!rs prosecu!on# o be con"!ced (or an o((ense $a &as
$en !ns!sen. T$us# &$ere $e accused &as c$ar.ed &!$
p$,s!cal !n+ur!es and a(er con"!c!on $e accused d!es#
$e c$ar.e (or $o'!c!de a.a!ns $e sa'e accused does no
pu $!' &!ce !n +eopard,.
Accord!n.l,# an o((ense 'a, be sa!d o necessar!l,
!nclude or o be necessar!l, !ncluded !n ano$er o((ense# (or
$e purpose o( deer'!n!n. $e e;!sence o( double +eopard,#
&$en bo$ o((enses &ere !n e;!sence dur!n. $e pendenc,
o( $e (!rs prosecu!on# (or o$er&!se# !( $e second o((ense
&as $en !ne;!sen# no +eopard, could aac$ $ere(or dur!n.
$e (!rs prosecu!on# and conse0uenl, a subse0uen c$ar.e
(or $e sa'e canno cons!ue a second +eopard,. S+Att.

People ". %!, %our o( Man!la# )ranc$ JI# 979 S%RA 6><
/9AB>1

F* T$!s !s a pe!!on o re"!e& $e order o( $e %!,
%our o( Man!la )ranc$ JI# d!s'!ss!n. $e !n(or'a!on (or
$o'!c!de $ru rec4less !'prudence (!led a.a!ns Gapa,# !n a
cr!'!nal case on $e .round o( double +eopard,. Responden
cour $eld $a $e accused $a"!n. been pre"!ousl, r!ed and
con"!ced o( ser!ous p$,s!cal !n+ur!es $ru rec4less
!'prudence (or $e resul!n. dea$ o( $e "!c!' &ould place
$e accused !n double +eopard,.

ISS:E* 3=N a person &$o $as been prosecued (or ser!ous
p$,s!cal !n+ur!es $ru rec4less !'prudence and con"!ced
$ereo( 'a, be prosecued subse0uenl, (or $o'!c!de $ru
rec4less !'prudence !( $e o((ended par, d!es as a resul o(
$e sa'e !n+ur!es.

8ELD* YES
3ell seled !s $e rule $a one &$o $as been
c$ar.ed &!$ an o((ense canno be c$ar.ed a.a!n &!$ $e
sa'e or !den!cal o((ense $ou.$ $e laer be lesser or
.reaer $an $e (or'er. 8o&e"er as $eld !n $e MELO
case# $e rule o( !den!, does no appl, &$en $e second
o((ense &as no !n e;!sence a $e !'e o( e$ (!rs
prosecu!on # (or $e reason $a !n suc$ case $ere !s no
poss!b!l!, (or $e accused dur!n. $e (!rs prosecu!on# o be
con"!ced (or an o((ense $a &as !ne;!sen.
T$e "!c!' D!ol!o de la %ru@ d!ed on $e da, $e
!n(or'a!on &as (!led # and $e accused &as arra!.ned 7 da,s
a(er or on Ocober 7E# 9A<7 . 3$en $e !n(or'a!on (or
$o'!c!de $ru rec4less !'prudence &as# $ere(ore# (!led on
Ocober 7?# 9A<7# $e accused &as alread, !n doubl,
+eopard,. S+Att.

People ". Yorac# ?7 S%RA 7>E /9A<91

F* Accused Yorac &as c$ar.ed &!$ sl!.$ p$,s!cal
!n+ur!es be(ore $e %!, %our o( )acolod# $e o((ended par,
be!n. La' 8oc4 &$o# accord!n. o $e 'ed!cal cer!(!cae
!ssued b, Dr. Ro.el!o Iuluea# &as con(!ned s!nce Apr!l B
9A6B up o $e presen !'e (or $ead !n+ur, !n Occ!denal
Ne.ros Pro"!nc!al 8osp!al. Accused pleaded .u!l, on
Apr!l 96# 9A6B resul!n. !n $!s be!n. penal!@ed o su((er 9E
da,s (or arreso 'enor. On Apr!l 9B# 9A6B# $e pro"!nc!al
(!scal (!led an !n(or'a!on c$ar.!n. $e sa'e de(endan
&!$ (rusraed 'urder ar!s!n. (ro' $e sa'e ac a.a!ns
$e a(oresa!d "!c!' La' 8oc4 (or upon (ur$er d!a.nos!s#
$e $eal!n. per!od (or $e !n+ur!es caused o accused &as
(ound o be lon.er. A 'o!on o 0uas$ &as (!led b, $e
accused on $e .round o( double +eopard,.

ISS:E* 3=N $e de(endan# &$o $ad alread, been
con"!ced o( sl!.$ p$,s!cal !n+ur!es (or !n+ur!es !n(l!ced on
La' 8oc4 # and $ad ser"ed senence $ere(or# 'a, be
prosecued ane& (or (rusraed 'urder (or $e sa'e ac
co''!ed a.a!ns $e sa'e person

8ELD* NO.
In order no o "!olae $e cons!u!onal pro$!b!!on
on double +eopard,# $ere !s $e !nd!spensable re0u!re'en
o( $e e;!sence o( a ne& (ac &$!c$ super"enes (or &$!c$
$e de(endan !s respons!ble c$an.!n. $e c$aracer o( $e
cr!'e !'pued o $!' and o.e$er &!$ $e (acs e;!s!n.
pre"!ousl, cons!u!n. a ne& and d!s!nc o((ense.
In $!s case# $ere !s no super"en!n. (ac &$!c$
occurred o +us!(, $e non-e;!sence o( double +eopard,.
T$e &ound caus!n. $e dela, !n $e $eal!n. o( $e !n+ur!es
caused o $e "!c!' &as alread, !n e;!sence a $e !'e o(
$e (!rs e;a'!na!on o( $e docor. Sa!d dela, &as caused
b, $e "er, super(!c!al and !nconclus!"e e;a'!na!on $en
'ade resul!n. o a laer (!nd!n. o( (racure. S+Att.

)arlon.a,* Wh$ 'f$s of 'o+&l :o#%r')
%(%il%&l.BB /91 D!s'!ssal based on !su((!c!enc, o(
e"!denceD /71 d!s'!ssal bec. o( den!al o( accused5s r!.$ o
speed, r!alD />1 accused !s d!sc$ar.ed o be a sae &!ness.

Wh$ 'f$s of 'o+&l :o#%r') $ot %(%il%&l.BB 3$en
$e case !s d!s'!ssed o$er $an on $e 'er!s upon 'o!on
o( $e accused personall,# or $rou.$ counsel# suc$
d!s'!ssal !s re.arded as &= e;press consen o( $e accused#
&$o !s $ere(ore dee'ed o $a"e &a!"ed $e r!.$ o plea
double +eopard,.

Yap ". Luero# Apr!l >E# 9AFA

F* Yap &as c$ar.ed &!$ rec4less dr!"!n. !n "!ola!on
o( a c!, ord!nance. Laer $e &as c$ar.ed a.a!n !n ano$er
cr!'!nal case !n $e sa'e cour &!$ ser!ous p$,s!cal !n+ur!es
$rou.$ rec4less !'prudence. Yap 'o"ed o 0uas$ $e laer
!n(or'a!on. Mean&$!le# pe!!oner &as ac0u!ed !n $e (!rs
case.

ISS:E* 3=N $ere &as double +eopard,.

R:LING* YES. Fro' $e "!e&po!n o( %r!'!nal La&# as
d!s!n.u!s$ed (ro' %ons!u!onal or Pol!!cal La& - $e
o((enses &!$ &$!c$ pe!!oner &as c$ar.ed cons!ue#
sr!cl, d!((eren o((enses# al$ou.$# under cera!n
cond!!ons# one o((ense 'a, !nclude $e o$er# and
accord!n.l,# once placed !n +eopard, (or one# $e plea o(
double +eopard, 'a, be !n order as re.ards $e o$er.
T$us# !( $e !n+ur!es 'en!oned !n $e second
!n(or'a!on &ere no esabl!s$ed b, $e e"!dence# pe!!oner
could be con"!ced !n $e (!rs case o( $e "er, sa'e
"!ola!on o( 'un!c!pal ord!nance c$ar.ed !n $e (!rs case#
unless $e pleaded double +eopard,. Ch%ro.

Gal'an ". Sand!.anba,an# 9?? S%RA ?>

F* T$e pe!!oners (!led an ac!on o null!(, $e
proceed!n.s on $e r!al o( $e A0u!no-Gal'an duble 'urder
case alle.!n. $a respondens Tanodba,an and
Sand!.anba,an co''!ed ser!ous !rre.ular!!es cons!u!n.
'!sr!al and resul!n. !n '!scarr!a.e o( +us!ce and .ross
"!ola!on o( $e cons!u!onal r!.$s o( $e pe!!oners and
$e so"ere!.n people o( $e P$!l!pp!nes o due process o(
la&. T$e S% d!s'!ssed. Mean&$!le# $e Sand!.anba,an
rendered !s dec!s!on ac0u!!n. all $e accused o( $e cr!'e
c$ar.ed. Respondens sub'!ed $a !n "!e& o( $e S)
dec!s!on# $e case $as beco'e 'oo and acade'!c.
Pe!!oners (!led a 'o!on (or recons!dera!on o( $e S%
rul!n.. T$e S% creaed $e Vas0ue@ %o''!sss!on o loo4
!no pe!!oners5 alle.a!ons.

R:LING* T$e repor o( $e %o''!ss!on re"ealed $a Pres.
Marcos used $e o"er&$el'!n. resources o( $e
Go"ern'en and $!s au$or!ar!an po&ers o corrup and
'a4e a 'oc4er, o( $e +ud!c!al process !n $!s case. T$e
un&$oll, scenar!o (or $e ac0u!al o( $e accused a(er $e
r!..ed r!al &ould acco'pl!s$ $e &o pr!nc!pal ob+ec!"es
o( sa!s(,!n. $e publ!c cla'or (or $e suspeced 4!llers o be
c$ar.ed !n cour and o( .!"!!n. $e'# $rou.$ $e!r ac0u!al#
$e le.al s$!eld o( double +epard,.
8o&e"er# double +eopard, does no aac$ &$ere a
cr!'!nal r!al &as a s$a'. A d!caed# coerced and scr!ped
"erd!c o( ac0u!al suc$ as !n $!s case !s a "o!d +ud.'en.
In le.al cone'pla!on# ! !s no +ud.'en. I ne!$er b!nds
nor bars an,one. T$e cr!'!nal collus!on as o $e $andl!n.
and rea'en o( $e cases b, publ!c respondens co'pleel,
d!s0ual!(!ed $e' and "o!ded ab initio $e S) "erd!c. D-
canno be !n"o4ed &$ere $e prosecu!on# &$!c$ represens
$e so"ere!.n people !n cr!'nal cases !s den!ed due process.

People ". Obsan!a# 7> S%RA 7?A

F* T$e !n(or'a!on (!led b, $e (!scal alle.ed $a
$rou.$ "!olence and !n!'!da!on# Obsan!a $ad carnal
4no&led.e o( one Erl!nda Dollene a.a!ns $e laer5s &!ll.
Laer# $e (!scal a'ended $e co'pla!n o alle.e $ere!n $a
$e o((ense &as co''!ed &!$ le&d des!.ns. T$e accused
a(er plead!n. no .u!l, 'o"ed (or $e d!s'!ssal o( $e case
on $e .round $a $e (!rs !n(or'a!on &as (aall, de(ec!"e
(or (a!l!n. o alle.e 2le&d des!!.ns#2 and $a $e a'ended
!n(or'a!on d!d no cure $e +ur!sd!c!onal !n(!r'!,. T$e
'o!on o( $e de(ense &as susa!ned b, $e +ud.e. 8ence
$!s appeal b, $e (!scal.

R:LING* T$e (a!lure o( $e prosecu!on o alle.e 2le&d
des!.ns2 !n $e (!rs !n(or'a!on does no a((ec $e
su((!c!enc, !n subsance o( $e !n(or'a!on# (or unc$ase
'o!"es are dee'ed !n$eren !n $e "er, ac o( rape !sel(. In
an, case# $e lo&er cour erred !n d!s'!ss!n. $e case b,
(a!l!n. o d!s!n.u!s$ be&een $e concep o( +ur!sd!c!on and
!nsu((!c!enc, !n subsance o( an !nd!c'en.
As o $e 0ues!on o( double +eopard,# $e (ollo&!n.
re0u!s!es 'us $a"e been oba!ned o !n"o4e $e
cons!u!onal proec!on a.a!ns !*
/91 a "al!d co'pla!n or !n(or'a!onD
/71 a cour o( co'peen +ur!sd!c!onD
/>1 $e de(endan $ad pleaded o $e c$ar.eD and
/?1 $e de(endan &as ac0u!ed# or con"!ced# or $e
case a.a!ns $!' &as d!s'!ssed or o$er&!se er'!naed
&!$ou $!s e;press consen.

T$e onl, re'a!n!n. and dec!s!"e !ssue !n $!s case
see's o be as o &$e$er or no $e case &as d!s'!ssed
&!$ou $e pr!or consen o( $e accused.
T$e S% ruled $a as a .eneral rule# &$en $e case !s
d!s'!ssed# o$er $an on $e 'er!s# upon 'o!on o( $e
accused# suc$ d!s'!ssal !s o be ra.arded as &!$ $e e;press
consen o( $e accused and conse0uenl, $e !s dee'ed o
$a"e &a!"ed $!s r!.$ o plead double +eopard, and=or $e !s
esopped (ro' cla!'!n. suc$ de(ense on appeal b, $e
Go"ern'en or !n ano$er !nd!c'en (or $e sa'e o((ense.
T$e e;cep!on o $!s !s &$ere $e d!s'!ssal !s sou.$
b, $e accused on $e .round $a $e, &ere den!ed $e!r
r!.$ o a speed, r!al and $a $e .o"ern'en (a!led o
prosecueD !n &$!c$ case double +eopard, &!ll se !n. T$e
case o( $ere!n accused (alls under $e .eneral rule.

D. Th #ri(ilg of th *rit of habeas "orp!s

Art. III, S!. "3. Th #ri(ilg of th *rit of
habeas "orp!s sh%ll $ot & s+s#$'' C!#t i$ !%ss of
i$(%sio$ or r&llio$, *h$ th #+&li! s%ft) r,+irs it.

In case o( !n"as!on or rebell!on# &$en $e publ!c
sa(e, re0u!res !# $e Pres!den 'a,# (or a per!od no
e;ceed!n. 6E da,s# suspend $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! o(
$abeas corpus...

T$e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! s$all
appl, onl, o persons +ud!c!all, c$ar.ed (or rebell!on or
o((enses !n$eren !n or d!recl, conneced &!$ !n"as!on.

Dur!n. $e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r!#
an, person $us arresed or dea!ned s$all be +ud!c!all,
c$ar.ed &!$!n > da,s# o$er&!se $e s$all be released. /Ar.
VII# Sec. 9B.1

A 2&r! o( heabeas corpus2 !s a &r! d!reced o $e
person dea!n!n. ano$er# co''and!n. $!' o produce $e
bod, o( $e dea!nee a a des!.naed !'e and place# and o
s$o& cause &$, $e s$ould con!nue o be dea!ned.

T$e 2pr!"!le.e o( $e &r!2 !s $e r!.$ o $a"e $e
!''ed!ae deer'!na!on o( $e le.al!, o( $e depr!"a!on o(
p$,s!cal l!ber,.

3$a !s suspended !s $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r!# and
no $e &r! !sel(. T$e &r! &!ll al&a,s !ssue as a 'aer o(
course. )u &$en $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! !s suspended# all
$e dea!n!n. o((!ce needs o do &$en $e rece!"es $e &r! o(
habeas corpus !s o s$o& o $e cour $a $e dea!nee !s
be!n. dea!ned (or an o((ense co"ered b, $e suspens!on#
and $e cour canno !n0u!re an, (ur$er o (!nd ou !( $e
deen!on !s le.al. :nder $e %on's!u!on# $!s !s so onl,
(or > da,s. A(er > da,s# $e %our can no& re0u!re $e
dea!n!n. o((!cer o produce $e bod, o( $e dea!nees and
s$o& cause &$, $e s$ould no be released.

T$e suspens!on o( $e pr!"!le.e o( $e &r! appl!ed
onl, o cr!'es relaed o !n"as!on or rebell!on. An e;ens!"e
d!scuss!on &as 'ade under $e %o''ander-!n- %$!e( clause
o( $e Pres!den# supra. T$!s res o( $e sec!on &!ll be
con(!ned o habeas corpus as a re'ed, !n all o$er o((enses.

In .eneral as alread, noed abo"e# $e pr!"!le.e o(
$e &r! !s an e;raord!nar, re'ed, o 0ues!on $e !lle.al!,
o( $e arres or deen!on# or an, o$er resra!n o l!ber,.
3$en all else !s los# ! !s $e las recourse o .e so'eone
ou o( $!s !lle.al deen!on.
". D+$!tio$s of th *rit

V!lla"!cenc!o ". Lu4ban# >A P <<B /9A9A1
'abeas corpus !s a"a!lable no onl, (or $ose &$o
are !n acual deen!on bu e"en (or $ose &$ose l!ber, !s
'erel, resra!ned. T$us# !n Moncupa ". Enr!le# 9?9 S%RA
7>> /9AB61# $e S% .raned $abeas corpus o pe!!oner &$o#
$ou.$ e'porar!l, released# could no ra"el ous!de Mero
Man!la# could no c$an.e $!s res!dence# could no be
!ner"!e&ed b, 'ed!a# and $ad o repor o $e '!l!ar,.

;. Th *rit of h%&%s !or#+s %s % #ostB!o$(i!tio$
r.')

In %$a"e@ ". %our o( Appeals# supra# habeas corpus
&as $e re'ed, o( one &$ose con(!ne'en &as $e resul o(
a "o!d +ud.n'en o( con"!c!on arr!"ed a a(er $e +ud.e
"!olaed due process b, co'pell!n. $!' o a4e $e sand
and es!(, a.a!ns $!'sel(.

%$a"e@ ". %our o( Appeals# 7? S%RA 6>> /9AB61, supra.

In Gu'abon ". D!recor o( Pr!son# >< S%RA ?7E
/9A<91# so'e persons &$o &ere c$ar.ed &!$ $e co'ple;
cr!'e o( rebell!on &!$ $o'!c!de# rape# or o$er co''on
cr!'es# d!d no appeal $e!r con"!c!on and so &ere
senenced accord!n.l,. T$e o$er accused# $o&e"er#
appealed $e!r con"!c!on# resul!n. !n a ne& rul!n. !n
People ". 8ernande@ o $e e((ec $a $ere can be no
co'ple; cr!' o( rebell!on &!$ $o'!c!de# rape# ec.# (or
$ese co''on cr!'es are absorbed b, rebell!on. As a resul#
&$!le $ose &$o appealed &ere no& (ree# $ose &$o d!d no
re'a!ned !n +a!l. T$e S% ruled $a $ose &$o conr!nued o
lan.u!s$ !n +a!l could a"a!l o( $abeas corpus o 0ues!on $e
le.al!, o( $e!r con!nued deen!on pursuan o $e rul!n. !n
People ". 8ernande@.

>. S+s#$sio$ of th #ri(ilg

Art. 8II, S!. "1.
Lansan. ". Garc!a# ?7 S%RA ?BB /9A<91

E. Affir.%ti( rights

9. Free access o $e cours


7. Proec!on and en(orce'en o( cons!u!onal r!.$s

s%$!tio$sfor (iol%tio$s of this s!tio$ %s *ll %s

>. %o'pensa!on o# and re$ab!l!a!on o(# "!c!'s o(
orures

s%$!tio$s for (iol%tio$s of this s!tio$ %s *ll %s

I8. DREEDOM OD EXPRESSION

Art. III, S!. 0. No l%* sh%ll & #%ss' %&ri'gi$g
th fr'o. of s#!h, of C#rssio$, or of th #rss, or
th right of th #o#l #%!%&l) to %ss.&l %$'
#titio$ th @o(r$.$t for r'rss of gri(%$!.

I'., S!. "1. 5"7 No #rso$ sh%ll & 't%i$'
CCC

A. Philoso#hi!%l B%sis of @+%r%$ts

Free Mar4e Place o( Ideas

9. For $e d!sco"er, o( pol!!cal ru$

3$en 'en $a"e real!@ed $a !'e $as upse 'an,
(!.$!n. (a!$s# $e, 'a, co'e o bel!e"e e"en 'ore $an
$e, bel!e"e $e "er, (ounda!ons o( $e!r o&n conduc $a
$e ul!'ae .ood des!red !s beer reac$ed b, (ree rade !n
!deas-- $a $e bes es o( ru$ !s $e po&er o( $e $ou.$
o .e !sel( acceped !n $e co'pe!!on o( $e 'ar4e# and
$e ru$ !s $e onl, .round upon &$!c$ $e!r &!s$es sa(el,
can be carr!ed ou. /-us!ce 8ol'es# Abra's ". :n!ed
Saes# 7FE :.S. 696. /9A9A1

T$e $eor, be$!nd (reedo' o( e;press!on !s $e
pr!nc!ple $a ours !s a de'ocra!c soc!e,# and so $e onl,
&a, o rule ul!'ael, !s b,# 'eans o( publ!c op!n!on# &$!c$
!s poss!ble onl, &$en e"er,one can spea4 $e!r '!nds ou
and co'pee !n $e (ree 'ar4e place o( !deas.

7. For sel( .o"ern'en

:n!ed Saes ". )usos# >< P <>9 /9A9B1

)ur.os ". %$!e( o( Sa((# 9>> S%RA BEE /9AB?1#
supra

8ELD* As a conse0uence o( $e searc$ and se!@ure# $e
pre'!ses o( $e 2Meropol!an Ma!l2 and 23e Foru'2 &ere
padloc4ed and sealed# &!$ $e (ur$er resul $a $e
pr!n!n. and publ!ca!on o( sa!d ne&spapers &ere
d!scon!nued. Suc$ closure !s !n $e naure o( pre"!ous
resra!n or censors$!p ab$orren o $e (reedo' o( $e press
.uaraneed under $e (unda'enal la& and cons!ues a
"!rual den!al o( pe!!oner5s (reedo' o e;press $e'sel"es
!n pr!n. T$!s sae o( be!n. !s paenl, ana$e'a!c o a
de'ocra!c (ra'e&or4 &$ere a (ree# aler and e"en '!l!an
press !s essen!al (or $e pol!!cal enl!.$en'en and .ro&$
o( $e c!!@enr,.

Ne& Yor4 T!'es ". Sull!"an# >BE :S F9 /9A6?1

>. For !nd!"!dual proec!on

B. Prior Rstr%i$ts

T$us an, s,se' o( pr!or resra!ns o( e;press!on
co'es o $e %our bear!n. a $ea", presu'p!on a.a!ns !s
cons!u!onal!,# .!"!n. $e .o"ern'en a $ea", burden o
s$o& +us!(!ca!on (or $e !'pos!!on o( suc$ resra!n. /Ne&
Yor4 ". :n!ed Saes /9A<91D also !n Ne& Yor4 T!'es ".
Pena.on and )ana' )oo4s ". Publ!ca!on o( Pena.on
Papers1.

San!dad ". %OMELE%# 9B9 S%RA F7A /9AAE1

Subse0uen Pun!s$'en

And e"en subse0uen pun!s$'en !s e'pered b, $e
.reaer !neres o( pro'o!n. (ree publ!c op!n!on. T$e 'os
s!.n!(!can e;press!on !s $e la& on l!bel.

3e cons!der $!s case a.a!ns $e bac4.round o( a
pro(ound na!onal co''!'en o debae on publ!c !ssues
be!n. un!n$!b!ed# robus and &!de-open# and $a ! 'a,
&ell !nclude "e$e'en# caus!c# and so'e!'es unpleasanl,
s$arp aac4s on .o"ern'en and publ!c o((!c!als. T$e
(als!, o( so'e o( $e (acual sae'ens and alle.ed
de(a'a!ons do no 0ual!(, $e role. And +us as (acual
error a((orded no &arran (or repress!n. speec$ $a &ould
o$er&!se be (ree# $e sa'e !s rue o( !n+ur, o o((!c!al
repua!on. /Ne& Yor4 T!'es ". Sull!"an# >BE :.S. F9
/9A6?1

T$e !neres o( soc!e, and .ood .o"ern'en
de'ands a (ull d!scuss!on o( publ!c a((a!rs. 3$e$er $e la&
!s &!sel, or badl, en(orced !s a (! sub+ec (or proper
co''en. Publ!c pol!c,# &el(are o( soc!e,# and $e orderl,
ad'!n!sra!on o( .o"ern'en $a"e de'anded proec!on (or
publ!c op!n!on. T$e !ne"!able and !nconesable resul $as
been $e de"elop'en and adop!on o( $e docr!ne o(
pr!"!le.e. Q-us!ce Malco'# :n!ed Saes ". )usos# <>9
/9A9B1.R

3$!le# uncer $e Re"!sed Penal %ode# an,
de(a'aor, sae'en !s presu'ed o be 'al!c!ous /'al!ce-
!n-la&1# &$en $e de(ense pro"es $a $e co''un!ca!on !s
pr!"!le.ed# suc$ a presu'p!on o( 'al!ce does no ar!se
because o( $e .reaer publ!c !neres !n"ol"ed.

I( $e co''un!ca!on !s absoluel, pr!"!le.ed /as !n
parl!a'enar, (reedo' o( speec$1# $e prosecu!on canno
e"en pro"e 'al!ce-!n-(ac.

I( $e co''un!ca!on !s onl, 0ual!(!edl, pr!"!le.ed
/Ar. >F? enu'eraes $e 7 !nsances* (a!r and rue repor!n.
o( an o((!c!al proceed!n.D le.al 'oral or soc!al du,1# $e
burden !s s$!(ed on $e prosecu!on o pro"e 'al!ce-!n-(ac#
&$!c$ $e de(ense can o"erco'e b, pro"!n. $e ru$ o( $e
de(a'aor, sae'en /&$!c$ !n $e case o( publ!c o((!c!als
'a, or 'a, no cons!ue a cr!'e# so lon. as relaed o $e
conduc o( $!s o((!ce1 and .ood 'o!"e.

C. Co$t$tBB%s' Rstri!tio$s

9. Tes o( "al!d!, o( conen-based resr!c!ons

T$e :.S. Supre'e %our and# b, $ap$a@ard
!'!a!on# $e P$!l!pp!ne Supre'e %our# $a"e e"ol"ed
cera!n ess o re.ulae $e conens o( speec$.

2angerous Tendency Test* 3$en $e le.!sla!"e
bod, $as deer'!ned .enerall,# !n $e e;erc!se o( !s
d!scre!on# $a uerances o( a cera!n 4!nd !n"ol"e suc$
dan.er o( a subsan!"e e"!l $a $e, 'a, be pun!s$ed# $e
0ues!on &$e$er an, spec!(!c uerance co'!n. &!$!n $e
pro$!b!ed class !s l!4el,# !n and !sel(# o br!n. $e
subsan!"e e"!ls# !s no open o cons!dera!on. In suc$
cases# $e .eneral pro"!s!on o( $e saue 'a, be
cons!u!onall, appl!ed o $e spec!(!c uerance !( !s naural
and probable e((ec &as o br!n. abou $e subsan!"e e"!l
&$!c$ $e le.!sla!"e bod, '!.$ pro$!b!. QG!lo& ". Ne&
Yor4# 76B :S 6F7 /9A7F1.R

E;a'ple* Ar. 9?7. Inc!!n. o sed!!on. 3$en $e
le.!slaure $as dec!ded $a one &$o ad"ocaes a cera!n
conduc !s .u!l, o( a cr!'e# $e cour canno !nrude. As !
e"ol"ed# $!s es &as supposed o appl, &$en $ere !s a
saue# !n conras o $e clear and presen dan.er rule &$!c$
appl!es &$en $e speec$ !s no pro$!b!ed b, saue.

Clear and *resent 2anger Test* T$e 0ues!on !n
e"er, case !s &$e$er $e &ords used are used !n suc$
c!rcu'sances and are o( suc$ a naure as o creae a clear
and presen dan.er $a $e, &!ll br!n. abou $e subsan!"e
e"!ls $a %on.ress $as a r!.$ o pre"en. I !s a 0ues!on o(
pro;!'!, and de.ree. QSc$enc4 ". :n!ed Saes# 7?A :S ?<
/9A9A1.R

T$e e'p$as!s o( $e es !s $e naure o( $e
c!rcu'sances under &$!c$ ! !s uered. T$e speec$ !sel(
'a, no be dan.erous. As 8ol'es sa!d* 2Man, $!n.s $a
'!.$ be sa!d !n !'e o( peace are suc$ a $!ndrance o !s
e((or $a $e!r uerance &!ll no be endured so lon. as 'en
(!.$.2 Or sa,!n. 2F!re2 !n a cro&ded 'o"!e $ouse.

=ravebutimprobable danger? 3$e$er $e .ra"!,
o( $e e"!l# d!scouned b, !s !'probab!l!,# +us!(!es suc$ an
!n"as!on o( (ree speec$ as !s necessar, o a"o!d $e dan.er.
QDenn!s ". :n!ed Saes# >?9 :S ?A? /9AF91# 0uo!n. -ud.e
Learned 8and.R

T$!s es &as 'ean o supplan $e clear and presen
dan.er. T$e, bo$ e'p$as!@e $e c!rcu'sances o( $e
speec$# bu $!s laer es cons!der $e &e!.$!n. o( "alues.

2irect Incitement Test* T$e cons!u!onal .uaranees
o( (ree speec$ and press do no per'! a Sae o (orb!d or
proscr!be ad"ocac, o( $e use o( (orce or o( la& "!ola!on#
e;cep &$ere suc$ ad"ocac, or peec$ !s d!reced o !nc!!n.
or produc!n. !''!nen la&less ac!on# and !s l!4el, o !nc!e
or produce suc$ ac!on. Q)randenbur. ". O$!o# >AF :.S. ???
/9A6A1# c!ed !n Salon.a ". %ru@ Pano# 9>? S%RA ?>B
/9ABF1.R

T$e es e'p$as!@es $e "er, &ords uered* /a1
3$a &ords d!d $e uerH /b1 3$a !s $e l!4el, resul o(
suc$ ueranceH I cr!!c!@es $e clear and presen dan.er es
(or be!n. op dependen on $e c!rcu'sances. Spea4er 'a,#
&$en esed s$o& no !nc!e'en bu ,ou 4no& $e spea4er !s
!nc!!n. o sed!!on.

Balancing of Interest Test* T$e cour 'us undera4e
$e del!cae and d!((!cul as4 o( &e!.$!n. $e c!rcu'sances
and appra!s!n. $e subsan!al!, o( $e reasons ad"anced !n
suppor o( $e re.ula!on o( $e (ree en+o,'en o( r!.$s.
QA'er!can %o''un!ca!on Ass5n ". Douds# >>A :S >B>
c!ed !n Gon@ales ". %OMELE%# 7< S%RA B>F /9A6AA1R

T$e es appl!ed &$en &o le.!!'ae "alues no
!n"ol"!n. na!onal secu!r, cr!'es co'pee. In"ol"es an
appo!n o( $e co'pe!n. !neres. /Gon@ales ". %o'elec1

In A"er ". %apulon. and Enr!le# (or !nsance# ! !s a
0ues!on o( balanc!n. $e (reedo' o( e;press!on o( $e
producer and $e r!.$ o pr!"ac, o( Enr!le.

/no !n VV5s re"!sed oul!ne1
Balancing of /actors Test? T$e ru$ !s $ea $e
clear-and-presen dan.er es !s o"er- s!'pl!(!ed +ud.e'en
unless ! a4es !no accoun also a nu'ber o( o$er (acors*
/91 $e rela!"e ser!ousness o( $e dan.er !n co'par!son
&!$ $e "alue o( $e occas!on (or speec$ or pol!!cal
ac!"!,# /71 $e a"a!lab!l!, o( 'ore 'oderae conrols $an
$ose $e Sae $as !'posed# and per$aps />1 $e spec!(!c
!nen &!$ &$!c$ $e speec$ !s launc$ed. /Freund# 0uoed
!n Denn!s ". :n!ed Saes !n $e concurr!n. op!n!on o(
-us!ce Fran4(urer1.

;. A##li!%tio$s of tsts i$ (%rio+s !o$tCts

a. Freedo' o( e;press!on and na!onal secur!,

)abs ". Na!onal Inell!.ence )oard 9>7 S%RA >96
/9AB?1

F* Pe!!oners are +ournal!ss and colu'n!ss. On
d!((eren daes !n -ul, 9ABE# $e, &ere su''oned b,
'!l!ar, au$or!!es (or !nerro.a!on re.ard!n. $e!r &or4#
(eel!n.s# sen!'ens# bel!e(s# assoc!a!ons and e"en pr!"ae
l!"es. In add!!on# one o( $e' &as c$ar.ed &!$ l!bel b, a
General &$o sou.$ o reco"er P9E '!ll!on !n da'a.es.
T$e, brou.$ an ac!on (or pro$!b!!on o sop $e NI) (ro'
0ues!on!n. $e' and (ro' (!l!n. l!bel su!s on 'aers $a
$ad been $e sub+ec o( !n0u!r, b, $e NI).

8ELD* T$e pe!!on $as beco'e 'oo and acade'!c. )e
$a as ! 'a,# ! !s no !dle o noe $a# &$!le ord!nar!l,# an
!n"!a!on o aend a $ear!n. and ans&er so'e 0ues!ons !s
no !lle.al or cons!u!onall, ob+ec!onable# under cera!n
c!rcu'sances# $o&e"er# suc$ an !n"!a!on can eas!l,
assu'e a d!((eren appearance as &$en ! co'es (ro' a
po&er(ul .roup co'posed predo'!nanl, o( ran4!n.
'!l!ar, o((!cers and $e des!.nae !nerro.a!on s!e !s a
'!l!ar, ca'p.

b. Freedo' o( e;press!on and cr!!c!s' o( o((!c!al conduc*
T$e Tes o( 2Acual Mal!ce2

Read Re"!sed Penal %ode# Ar!cles >F>->F? and >69-
>67

Dr'o. of C#rssio$ %$' li&l

Freedo' o( speec$ "ersus r!.$ o repua!on. L!bel
!s $e 'os co''on (or' o( subse0uen pun!s$'en.
Al$ou.$ one canno be pre"ened (ro' sa,!n. so'e$!n.
be(ore $e acuall, sa,s !# one can be $eld l!able (or &$a
one $as sa!d !( ! causes da'a.e o $e r!.$s o( o$ers.

Sol!"en ". Ma4as!arD )elran ". Ma4as!ar# 96< S%RA >A>
/9ABB1

F* T$e Pres!den o( $e P$!l!pp!nes (!led a co'pla!n (or
l!bel a.a!ns $e pe!!oners# &$o &ere $e publ!s$er and
colu'n!s o( $e P$!l!pp!ne Sar# based on $e (ollo&!n.
sae'en !n )elran5s colu'n o( Oc. 97# 9AB< ole 2T$e
Ner"ous O((!c!als o( $e A0u!no Ad'!n!sra!on2* 2I( ,ou
recall# dur!n. $e Au.us 7A coup ae'p# $e Pres!den $!d
under $er bed &$!le $e (!r!n. &as .o!n. on - per$aps $e
(!rs %o''ander-!n-%$!e( o do so.2 )elran d!d no sub'!
a couner a((!da"! and !nsead# 'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e
co'pla!n. T$e (!scal den!ed $!s 'o!on. T$us# $!s pe!!on
(or cer!orar!.

8ELD* ;;;
/>1 As re.ards $e conen!on o( pe!!oner )elran
$a $e could no be $eld l!able (or l!bel bec. o( $e
pr!"!le.ed c$aracer o( $e publ!ca!on# $e %our re!eraes
$a ! !s no a r!er o( (acs and $a suc$ a de(ense !s bes
le( o $e r!al cour o apprec!ae a(er rece!"!n. $e
e"!dence o( $e par!es. As o pe!!oner )elran5s cla!' $a
o allo& $e l!bel case o proceed &ould produce a 2c$!ll!n.
e((ec2 on $e press (reedo'# $e %our (!nds no bas!s a $!s
sa.e o rule on $e po!n. 88.

Manuel ". %ru@-Pano# 9<7 S%RA 77F /9ABA1

8ibel suits based on official criticisms should be dismissed
outright unless made in bad faith

F* Pe!!oner &roe $e %$a!r'an o( $e An!-
S'u..l!n. Ac!on %ener denounc!n. abuses alle.edl,
co''!ed b, ASA% a.ens a.a!ns pe!!oner5s cl!ens.
Pe!!oner sa!d $e a.ens sub+eced N. 3oo 8a, o
!nd!.n!!es and oo4 $er nec4lace and bracele and $er son5s
&r!s&ac$ plus 8CS <E. )u $e a.ens &ere e;oneraed so
pe!!oner (!led cr!'!nal c$ar.es o( robber,. Pe!!oner (ound
prosecuors uns,'pa$e!c so $e (!led a c!"!l ac!on (or
da'a.es a.a!ns $e a.ens. Laer# $e )ulle!n Toda,
publ!s$ed a ne&s !e' based on pe!!oner5s leer o ASA%.
T$!s beca'e $e bas!s o( an ac!on (or l!bel brou.$ a.a!ns
pe!!oner and $!s cl!ens. Pe!!oner 'o"ed o 0uas$ $e case
bu $!s 'o!on &as den!ed.

8ELD* Fro' $e "!e&po!n o( procedural and subsan!"e
la&# $e c$ar.e !s de(ec!"e. T$e leer cons!ues pr!"!le.ed
co''un!ca!on. I &as sen b, pe!!oner !n $!s capac!, as
la&,er !n $e d!sc$ar.e o( $!s le.al du, o $!s cl!ens. 8e
could also !n"4e $!s c!"!c du, as a pr!"ae !nd!"!dual o
e;pose ano'al!es !n $e publ!c ser"!ce. T$e co'pla!n &as
addressed o $e o((!c!al &$o $ad au$or!, o"er $e' and
could !'pose proper d!sc!pl!nar, sanc!ons. As an !nde; o(
.ood (a!$# $e leer &as sen pr!"ael,# d!recl, o $e
addressee &!$ou an, (un(are nor publ!c!,. As (or $e ne&s
repor# ! !s d!((!cul o bel!e"e $a $e pe!!oner# an ord!nar,
c!!@en &!$ou 4no&n !es o ne&spaper# could $a"e b,
$!'sel( caused $e publ!ca!on. I does no appear e!$er $a
$e repor &as pa!d (or l!4e an ad"er!se'en. A an, rae#
$e ne&s !e' !s a rue and (a!r repor o( a +ud!c!al
proceed!n.# 'ade !n .ood (a!$ and &!$ou co''ens or
re'ar4s. 88.

Ne&s&ee4 Inc. ". IA% 9?7 S%RA 9<9 /9AB61

F* Pe!!oner &as sued (or l!bel !n connec!on &!$ $e
publ!ca!on !n $e Feb. 7># 9AB9 !ssue o( Ne&s&ee4 o( $e
ar!cle 2An Island o( Fear.2 T$e pla!n!((s# su.ar planers o(
)acolod# co'pla!ned $a $e ar!cle porra,ed $e' as
e;plo!ers o( su.ar &or4ers. Pe!!oner 'o"ed o d!s'!ss $e
co'pla!n on $e .round $a $e ar!cle &as no l!belous
s!nce ! d!d no s!n.le an, par!cular !nd!"!dual. T$e r!al
cour den!ed $e 'o!on and pe!!oner (!led a pe!!on (or
certiorari !n $e IA% &$!c$ &as d!s'!ssed. T$us# $!s appeal
o $e S%.

8ELD* 3$ere $e de(a'a!on !s alle.ed o $a"e been
d!reced a a .roup or class# ! !s essen!al $a $e sae'en
'us be so s&eep!n. or all-e'brac!n. as o appl, o e"er,
!nd!"!dual !n $a .roup or class# or su((!c!enl, spec!(!c so
$a eac$ !nd!"!dual !n $e class or .roup can pro"e $a $e
de(a'aor, sae'en spec!(!call, po!ned o $!'# so $a $e
can br!n. $e ac!on separael, !( need be. T$e d!spued
por!on &$!c$ re(ers o pla!n!(( Sola ne"er s!n.led ou Sola.
T$e ne&s repor 'erel, saed $a $e "!c!' $ad been
arresed b, 'e'bers o( a spec!al pol!ce un! brou.$ !no $e
area b, Sola# $e 'a,or. 8ence# $e repor re(err!n. as !
does o an o((!c!al ac !s &!$!n $e real' o( pr!"!le.ed and !s
proeced b, $e cons!u!onal .uaranees o( (ree speec$ and
press. 88.

Noes* S!nce $e Ne&s&ee4 arc!les 2Island o( (ear
!n $e V!sa,as2 d!d no spec!(, an, !nd!"!dual# ! canno be
l!belous. An ar!cle 'us be su((!c!enl,# spec!(!c or a leas
s&eep!n. as o appl, o all 'e'bers o( a .roup# !n order o
be dee'ed l!belous.

Lope@ ". %our o( Appeals# >? S%RA 996 /9A<E1

T$e p!cures o( a (or'er 'a,or &as !nad"erenl,
publ!s$ed and '!sa4en (or ano$er 'an &$o &as a san!ar,
!nspecor and (ooled $e au$or!!es abou $e )abu,an
Islands# cla!'!n. o( 'urders $ere# so $e, could .o and $e
could be rescued. An errau' &as publ!s$ed b, $e T$!s
3ee4 'a.a@!ne. T$e S%# 0uo!n. Lu!su'b!n. ". Lope@#
$o&e"er# (ound (or pla!n!((# bu &!$ reduced da'a.es#
s!nce $e error !n !n $!s case could $a"e been c$ec4ed
cons!der!n.!n. $a $!s &as a &ee4l, 'a.a@!ne and no a
da!l,.

Lu!su'b!n. ". Fernando# A6 P$!l F9E /9AFF1

Ne&spapers s$ould be .!"en lee&a, and olerance o
enable $e' o coura.eousl, and e((ec!"el, per(or' $e!r
!'poran role !n our de'ocrac,. In $e prepara!on o(
sor!es# press reporers and ed!ors usuall, $a"e o race o
$e!r deadl!nesD and cons!senl, &!$ .ood (a!$ and
reasonable care# $e, s$ould no be $eld o accoun# o a
po!n o( suppress!on# (or $ones '!sa4es or !'per(ec!on !n
$e c$o!ce o( &ords.
.

Mercado ". %FI o( R!@al 996 S%RA A> /9AB71

F* Pe!!oner &as accused o( l!bel on $e bas!s o( a
ele.ra' &$!c$ $e sen o $e Secrear, o( Publ!c 3or4s
re0ues!n. !n"es!.a!on o( Mrs. V!r.!n!a Mercado o( $e
Publ!c Ser"!ce %o''!ss!on 2as &e $a"e reason o bel!e"e
$a s$e $as enr!c$ed $ersel( $ru corrup prac!ces ;;;.2 8e
(!led a 'o!on o d!s'!ss on $e .round $a $!s
co''un!ca!on &as pr!"!le.ed# bu $!s 'o!on &as den!ed.
8e (!led ano$er 'o!on &$!c$ &as also den!ed. T$us# $!s
pe!!on (or certiorari# mandamus and pro$!b!!on !n $e S%.

8ELD* :S ". )usos !s a land'ar4 dec!s!on aneda!n. b,
(or, ,ears a s!'!lar dec!s!on o( $e :S Supre'e %our o
$e e((ec $a a l!bel prosecu!on 'us sur"!"e $e es o(
&$e$er or no $e o((end!n. publ!ca!on !s &!$!n $e
.uaranees o( (ree speec$ and (ree press. 8o&e"er# -us!ce
Malcol' !n :S ". )usos &as care(ul o po!n ou $a
0ual!(!ed pr!"!le.e and $!s !s one !nsance 'a, be 2los b,
proo( o( 'al!ce.2 3$a cass doub on $e .ood (a!$ o(
pe!!oner !s $!s conduc# "!s-T-"!s pr!"ae responden. T$e
enac!, &!$ &$!c$ pe!!oner $ad pursued a course o(
conduc on !s (ace &ould see' o !nd!cae $a a doub
could reasonabl, be enera!ned as $e bona (!des o(
pe!!oner. T$e prosecu!on s$ould be .!"en a c$ance o
pro"e 'al!ce.

!. Dr'o. of C#rssio$ %$' th right to #ri(%!)

La.un@ad ". Gon@ales# A7 S%RA ?<6 /9A<A1

F* La.un@ad (!l'ed $e Mo!ses Pad!lla sor, based on
a boo4 &r!en b, Rodr!.ue@. ;;; Nell, A'ane &$o &as a
$al(-s!ser o( Pad!lla ob+eced o $e 'o"!e on $e .round
$a ! cona!ned a porra,al o( Pad!lla5s pr!"ae and (a'!l,
l!(e# !nclud!n. scenes abou $!s 'o$er# Mar!a Soo "da. de
Gon@ales# and a cera!n 2Aur!n.2 as Pad!lla5s .!rl (r!end.
Subse0uenl,# Nell, A'ane# o.e$er &= $er s!ser and
'o$er# a.reed o allo& pe!!oner o 2e;plo!# use and
de"elope $e l!(e sor, o( Mo!ses Pad!lla (or purposes o(
produc!n. $e p!cures#2 !n cons!dera!on o( P7E#EEE.
Pe!!oner pa!d PF#EEE bu as $e (a!led o pa, $e balance
a.reed upon# $e &as sued. -ud.e'en &as rendered a.a!ns
$!' b, $e r!al cour# &=c &as a((!r'ed b, $e %A.
Pe!!oner appealed o $e S% conend!n. $a $e &as (orced
o ener !no $e a.ree'en onl, o a"o!d (!nanc!al loss
caused b, dela, !n $e s$o&!n. o( $e 'o"!e and $e
rela!"es o( Pad!lla d!d no $a"e a proper, r!.$ !n $e l!(e o(
M. Pad!lla s!nce Pad!lla &as a publ!c (!.ure.

8ELD* Pe!!oner5s a"er'en !s no &ell a4en. )e!n. a
publ!c (!.ure does no auo'a!call, desro, in toto a
person5s r!.$ o pr!"ac,. T$e r!.$ o !n"ade a person5s
pr!"ac, o d!sse'!nae publ!c !n(or'a!on does no e;end o
(!c!onal or no"el!@ed represena!on o( a person# no 'aer
$o& a publ!c (!.ure $e or s$e 'a, be. In $e case a bar#
&$!le ! !s rue $a pe!!oner e;ered e((ors o presen $e
rue-o-l!(e sor, o( Mo!ses Pad!lla# pe!!oner ad'!s $a $e
!ncluded a l!le ro'ance !n $e (!l' bec. &=o !# ! &ould be
a drab sor, o( orure and brual!,.
Freedo' o( e;press!on# !ndeed# occup!es a pre(erred
pos!!on !n $e $!erarc$, o( c!"!l l!ber!es. I !s no#
$o&e"er# &=o l!'!a!ons. In $e par!cular c!rcu'sances
presened and cons!der!n. $e obl!.a!ons assu'ed b,
pe!!oner under $e a.ree'en# $e "al!d!, o( suc$
a.ree'en &!ll $a"e o be up$eld par!cular bec. $e l!'!s o(
(reedo' o( e;press!on are reac$ed &$en e;press!on ouc$es
upon 'aers o( pr!"ae concern. QIn $e a.ree'en s!.ned
b, $!'# pe!!oner ad'!ed $a !n $e p!cure produced# $e
$ad 2e;plo!ed $e l!(e sor, o( Mo!ses Pad!lla (or pecun!ar,
.a!n# and o$er pro(! 'o!"es# and /$ad1 encroac$ed upon
$e pr!"ac, o( Mo!ses Pad!lla5s !''ed!ae (a'!l,# and /$ad1
!n (ac !ncluded# !n $e PI%T:RE5s case# persons porra,!n.
so'e o( MOISES PADILLA5s 4!n...2R

A,er Produc!ons P,. Ld. ". %apulon. Apr!l 7A# 9ABB

F* P!"ae responden -uan Ponce Enr!le (!led an ac!on
!n $e RT% o( Ma4a! o en+o!n $e pe!!oners (ro'
produc!n. $e 'o"!e 2T$e Four Da, Re"olu!on#2 a
docu'enar, o( $e EDSA Re"olu!on !n 9AB6 on $e .round
$a ! "!olaed $!s r!.$ o pr!"ac,. Pe!!oners conended
$a $e 'o"!e &ould no !n"ol"e $!s pr!"ae l!(e no $a o(
$!s (a'!l,. )u $e r!al cour !ssued a &r! o( prel!'!nar,
!n+unc!on and ordered pe!!oners o des!s (ro' 'a4!n. $e
'o"!e 'a4!n. re(erence &$asoe"er o Ponce Enr!le. T$!s#
$!s ac!on (or cer!orar!.

8ELD* Freedo' o( speec$ and e;press!on !ncludes
(reedo' o produce 'o!on p!cures and o e;$!b! $e'.
3$a !s !n"ol"ed !s a pr!or resra!n b, $e -ud.e upon $e
e;erc!se o( speec$ and o( e;press!on b, pe!!oners. )ecause
o( $e pre(erred c$aracer o( speec$ and o( e;press!on# a
&e!.$, presu'p!on o( !n"al!d!, "!!aes 'easures o( pr!or
resra!n. T$e -ud.e s$ould $a"e sa,ed $!s $and cons!der!n.
$a $e 'o"!e &as ,e unco'pleed and $ere(ore $ere &as
no 2clear and presen dan.er.2 T$e sub+ec 'aer o( $e
'o"!e does no relae o $e pr!"ae l!(e o( Ponce Enr!le. T$e
!nrus!on !s no 'ore $an necessar, o 4eep $e (!l' a
ru$(ul $!sor!cal accoun. 8e !s# a(er all# a publ!c (!.ure.
T$e l!ne o( e0u!l!br!u' !n $e spec!(!c cone; o( $e !nsan
case be&een (reedo' o( speec$ and o( e;press!on and $e
r!.$ o( pr!"ac, 'a, be 'ar4ed ou !n er's o( a
re0u!re'en $a $e proposed 'o!on p!cure 'us be (a!rl,
ru$(ul and $!sor!cal !n !s presena!on o( (acs. T$ere 'us
be no s$o&!n. o( a rec4less d!sre.ard o( ru$.

Noes* A,er sou.$ o produce a 'o"!e on $e ?-da,
re"olu!on. Enr!le# &$o $ad pre"!ousl, been as4ed (or $e
use o( $!s c$aracer !n $e 'o"!e and $ad re(used $e o((er#
sued o en+o!n $e (!l'!n. because $e d!d no &an an,
'en!on o( $!s and $!s (a'!l,5s na'e. T$e S% l!(ed $e
!n+unc!on !ssued b, $e lo&er cour on $e .round $a !
a'ouned o pr!or resra!n# &$!c$ !s no beer !( !'posed b,
$e cours $an !( !'posed b, ad'!n!sra!"e bod!es or b,
eccles!a!cal o((!c!als.

In A,er# $e re(erence o Enr!le !s una"o!dable
because $!s na'e !s par o( $!sor, and $!s canno be
c$an.ed or aleredD $us $!s na'e can be used so lon. as
onl, $!s publ!c l!(e !s d&elled onl,. )u !n La.un@ad#
al$ou.$ Mo!ses Pad!lla &as also a publ!c (!.ure# $e 'o"!e
deal$ &!$ bo$ $e publ!c and pr!"ae l!"es o( Mo!ses
Pad!lla.

d. Freedo' o( e;press!on and ad'!n!sra!on o( +us!ce
/cone'p o( cour1

In re Ra'on Tul(o# AM NO. AE-?-9F?F-E# Apr!l 9<. 9AAE

Iald!"ar ". Sand!.anba,an# 9<E S%RA 9 /9ABA1

%abansa. ". Fernande@# 9E7 P$!l 9F7 /9AF<1

A cone'p !'posed b, $e cour on $e par, &$o
sen a leer o $e Pres!den!al Ac!on %o''!ee
co'pla!n!n. abou $e dela, !n $e d!spos!!on o( $e
a.rar!an case# &as l!(ed b, $e S%. I $eld $a al$ou.$
suc$ a leer s$ould $a"e been sen o $e S% and no $e
PA%# ! &as ne"er$eless a "al!d e;erc!se o( speec$ &$!c$
d!d no s!.n!(!canl, desro,# $e orderl, ad'!n!sra!on o(
+us!ce.

People ". Alarcon# 6E P$!l 76F /9A>A1

A person can be $eld l!able (or 'a4!n. co''ens on
a pend!n. case /sub ,udice1 &$!c$ $a"e $e endenc, o
!'pa!r or obsruc $e orderl, ad'!n!sra!on o( +us!s!ce.
)u !( $e case !s no pend!n.# suc$ co''en !s a "al!d
e;erc!se o( $e (reedo' o( e;press!on.

. S).&oli! EC#rssio$BB Th Dl%gB&+r$i$g !%s

*la( b!rnin( $hen done to e,press dissent is prote"ted
spee"h-

F* Responden -o$nson par!c!paed !n a pol!!cal
de'onsra!on &$ere $e burned an A'er!can (la. &$!le
proesers c$aned. No one &as p$,s!call, !n+ured or
$reaened &!$ !n+ur,# al$ou.$ se"eral &!nesses &ere
ser!ousl, o((ended b, $e (la. burn!n.. -o$nson &as
con"!ced o( desecra!on o( a "eneraed ob+ec !n "!ola!on o(
a Te;as saue &$!c$ /91 pro$!b!ed $e desecra!on o(#
a'on. o$er $!n.s# a sae or na!onal (la.# and /71 de(!ned
desecra!on as $e p$,s!cal '!srea'en o( suc$ ob+ecs !n a
&a, &$!c$ $e acor 4no&s &!ll ser!ousl, o((end one or
'ore persons l!4el, o obser"e or d!sco"er $e ac. A sae
cour o( appeals a((!r'ed. T$e %our o( %r!'!nal Appeals o(
Te;as re"ersed# $old!n. $a $e desecra!on saue as
appl!ed "!olaed $e de(endan5s r!.$ o (reedo' o( speec$
under $e Federal %ons!u!on5s F!rs A'end'en# because
$e saue /91 &as oo broad (or F!rs A'end'en purposes
as ! relaed o breac$es o( $e peace# and /71 &as no
ade0uael, suppored b, $e sae5s purpored !neres !n
preser"!n. a s,'bol o( un!,.

ISS:E* 3$e$er $e (la. desecra!on saue !s
uncons!u!onal

8ELD* YES. Dec!s!on A((!r'ed.
-o$nson5s con"!c!on &as !ncons!sen &!$ $e F!rs
A'end'en under $e par!cular c!rcu'sances because /91
-o$nson5s conduc &as su((!c!enl, !'bued &!$ ele'ens o(
co''un!ca!on o !'pl!cae $e F!rs A'end'en# .!"en
$a $!s (la. burn!n. &as $e cul'!na!on o( a pol!!cal
de'onsra!on and $a $e sae conceded $a $e
proeser5s conduc &as e;press!"eD /71 $e sae5s !neres !n
pre"en!n. breac$es o( $e peace &as no !'pl!caed on $e
record !n $!s case# s!nce /a1 no d!surbance o( $e peace
acuall, occurred or $reaened o occur because o( $e (la.
burn!n.# /b1 ! canno be presu'ed $a an aud!ence &$!c$
a4es ser!ous o((ense a a par!cular e;press!on !s necessar!l,
l!4el, o d!surb $e peace# and /c1 $e (la. burn!n. does no
(all &!$!n $e s'all class o( 2(!.$!n. &ords2 $a are l!4el,
o pro"o4e $e a"era.e person o real!a!on and $ereb,
cause a breac$ o( $e peaceD and />1 $e sae5s assered
!neres !n preser"!n. $e (la. as a s,'bol o( na!on$ood and
na!onal un!, does no +us!(, $e con"!c!on# s!nce /a1 $e
ae'ped resr!c!on on e;press!on !s conen-based# and
$us sub+ec o $e 'os e;ac!n. scru!n,# .!"en $a $e (la.
desecra!on saue !s a!'ed no a proec!n. $e p$,s!cal
!ne.r!, o( $e (la. !n all c!rcu'sances# bu onl, a.a!ns
!'pa!r'ens $a &ould cause ser!ous o((enses o o$ers and
!s a!'ed a proec!n. onloo4ers (ro' be!n. o((ended b, $e
!deas e;pressed b, $e pro$!b!ed ac!"!,# and /b1 al$ou.$
$e sae $as a le.!!'ae !neres !n encoura.!n. proper
rea'en o( $e (la.# ! 'a, no (oser !s o&n "!e& o( $e
(la. b, pro$!b!!n. e;press!"e conduc rela!n. o ! and b,
cr!'!nall, pun!s$!n. a person (or burn!n. $e (la. as a
'eans o( pol!!cal proes.

f. Mo(is C$sorshi#

3$!le pr!or resra!n !s $e .eneral rule# censors$!p !n
$e 'o"!es !s oleraed because b, $e naure o( $e 'ed!u'#
! $as a .reaer !'pac on $e aud!ence and produces !nsan
reac!on (or $e !deas ! presens# unl!4e ne&spapers &$!c$
are read b, people separaed b, &alls.

Gon@ales ". Ca!.ba4# 9>< S%RA >F6 /9ABF1

F* Pe!!oner &as $e producer o( $e 'o"!e Cap! sa
Paal!' &$!c$ $e )oard o( Re"!e& (or Mo!on P!cures and
Tele"!s!ons allo&ed on cond!!on $a cera!n dele!ons &ere
'ade and $a ! &as s$o&n on aduls onl,. T$e pe!!oner
brou.$ an ac!on# cla!'!n. "!ola!on o( $e!r (reedo' o(
e;press!on.

8ELD* Mo!on p!cures are !'poran bo$ as a 'e$od (or
$e co''un!ca!on o( !deas and $e e;press!on o( $e ar!s!c
!'pulse. T$e po&er o( $e )oard !s l!'!ed o $e
class!(!ca!on o( (!l's. For (reedo' o( e;press!on !s $e rule
and resr!c!ons $e e;cep!on. T$e po&er o !'pose pr!or
resra!n !s no o be presu'ed# ra$er $e presu'p!on !s
a.a!ns !s "al!d!,. %ensors$!p !s allo&able onl, under $e
cleares proo( o( a clear and presen dan.er o( a subsan!"e
e"!l o publ!c sa(e,# publ!c 'orals# publ!c $eal$ or an,
o$er le.!!'ae publ!c !neres. T$e )oard co''!ed an
abuse o( d!scre!on !n sub+ec!n. pe!!oner o d!((!cul, and
ra"a!l be(ore $e 'o"!e &as class!(!ed as 2For aduls onl,2
&!$ou dele!on. 8o&e"er $ere !s no enou.$ "oes o
cons!der $e abuse o( d!scre!on .ra"e as ! e;pla!ned $a
$ere &ere reasons (or !s ac!on because o( $e scenes
s$o&!n. &o'en ero!call, danc!n. na4ed and 4!ss!n. and
caress!n. eac$ o$er l!4e lesb!ans. 88.

Noes* T$e 'o"!e !n"ol"ed !n $!s case &as 2Cap!
sa Paal!'2 &$!c$ $e censors &aned o cu !n so'e par
and o label 2For Aduls2. T$e S% rules $a 'o"!es are
&!$!n $e cons!u!onal proec!on o( (reedo' o(
e;press!on# so $a censors$!p !s presu'ed o be "al!d as
cons!u!n. pr!or resra!n. T$e onl, case &$e $e )oard o(
%ensors can order a dele!on !s &$en $ere !s a clear and
presen dan.er o( a subsan!"e e"!l a.a!ns na!onal secur!,
or publ!c 'orals or o$er publ!c !neres. In all o$er cases#
$e )oard can onl, class!(,.

)u a d!((eren sandard 'us be (ollo&ed !n
ele"!s!on because o( $e per"as!"e and !nrus!"e !n(luence
o( $e 'ed!u' on people &$o &ac$ !s pro.ra's &!$ou
$a"!n. o pa, an,$!n..

On $e !ssue o( obscen!,# $e S% $eld $a se; alon.
!s no necessar!l, obscen!,# $e es be!n. &$e$er# us!n.
cone'porar, co''un!, sandards# $e do'!nan appeal us
o $e prur!en !neres. /M!ller ". %al!(orn!a1. T$us on $!s
score# ! (ound abuse o( d!scre!on o( $e par o( $e )oard
(or sub+ec!n. $e producer o d!((!cul, and (or enera!n!n.
a narro& "!e& o( obscen!,# bu ! lac4ed $e "oes o rules
$a $e abuse &as .ra"e.

Tsts of o&s!$it)F
/91 3$e$er $e a"era.e person# appl,!n.
cone'porar, co''un!, sandards# &ould (!nd $a $e
&or4# a4en as a &$ole# appeals o $e prur!en !neres.
/71 3$e$er $e &or4 dep!cs or descr!bes# !n a
paenl, o((ens!"e &a,# se;ual conduc spec!(!call, de(!ned
b, $e appl!cable la&.
/>1 3$e$er $e &or4# a4en as a &$ole# lac4s
ser!ous l!erar,# ar!s!c# pol!!cal or sc!en!(!c "alue. /M!ller
". %al!(orn!a# >< L. Ed. 7d ?9A.1

g. R%'io Bro%'!%st

In Easern )roadcas!n. %orp. ". Dans# 9>< S%RA 6?<# $e
S% $eld $a rad!o broadcas also en+o,s $e proec!on o(
$e (reedo' o( e;press!on. I( closed do&n# $e o&ners
en+o, $e r!.$s o due process accord!n. o $e sandards se
!n An. T!ba, ". %IR.

)u rad!o deser"es .reaer re.ula!on $an
ne&spapers because ! could !n"ade $e pr!"ac, o( e"er,one
(or no (ee# and ! !s suc$ $a one !s l!4el, o l!sen o &$a !s
be!n. sa!d.

Easern )roadcas!n. %orp. /DYRE1 V. Dans# 9>< S%RA
6?< /9ABF1

F* T$e pe!!oners (!led $!s ac!on o co'pel
responden .o"ern'en o((!c!als o allo& $e reopen!n. o(
Rad!o Sa!on DYRE a(er ! $ad been closed (or alle.edl,
$a"!n. been used o !nc!e $e people o sed!!on. T$e
pe!!oner conended $a ! &as den!ed due process because
no $ear!n. &as $eld and no proo( &as sub'!ed o esabl!s$
a (acual bas!s (or $e closure. 8o&e"er# be(ore $e %our
could pro'ul.ae !s dec!s!on $e pe!!oner (!led a 'o!on o
&!$dra& !s ac!on on $e .round $a ! $ad sold $e rad!o
sa!on o Manuel Pasrana and $a $e Na!onal
Teleco''un!ca!ons %o''!ss!on $ad e;pressed !s
&!ll!n.ness o .ran $e re0u!s!e l!cense.

8ELD* T$e case $as been 'oo and acade'!c. 8o&e"er#
(or $e .u!dance o( $e !n(er!or cours and ad'!n!sra!"e
bod!es# $e (ollo&!n. .u!del!nes 'us be obser"ed* 91 T$e
card!nal pr!'ar, re0u!re'ens !n ad'!n!sra!"e proceed!n.s
as la!d do&n !n An. T!ba, ". %IR s$ould be (ollo&ed be(ore
a broadcas sa!on 'a, be closedD 71 All (or's o(
co''un!ca!on are en!led o $e broad proec!on o( $e
(reedo' o( e;press!on clause. Necessar!l,# $e (reedo' o(
ele"!s!on and rad!o broadcas!n. !s so'e&$a lesser !n
scope $an $e (reedo' accorded o ne&spapers and pr!n
'ed!a. T$!s l!'!a!on der!"es (ro' $e (ac $e broadcas
'ed!a $a"e a un!0uel, per"as!"e presence !n $e l!"es o( all
F!l!p!nosD >1 T$e .o"ern'en $as a r!.$ o be proeced
a.a!ns broadcass &$!c$ !nc!e l!seners o "!olenl,
o"er$ro& !D and ?1 )roadcas sa!ons deser"e $e spec!al
proec!on .!"en o all (or's o( 'ed!a b, $e due process
and (reedo' o( e;press!on clauses o( $e %ons!u!on.

h. Dr'o. of I$for.%tio$

Art. III, S!. 6. Th right of th #o#l to
i$for.%tio$ o$ .%ttrs of #+&li! !o$!r$ sh%ll &
r!og$iA'. A!!ss to offi!i%l r!or's, %$' to 'o!+.$ts
%$' #%#rs #rt%i$i$g to, offi!i%l %!ts, tr%$s%!tio$s, or
'!isio$s, %s *ll %s to go(r$.$t rs%r!h '%t% +s' %s
&%sis for #oli!) '(lo#.$t, sh%ll & %ffor'' th
!itiA$, s+&:!t to s+!h li.it%tio$s %s .%) & #ro(i'' &)
l%*.

)aldo@a ". D!'aano# <9 S%RA 9? /9A<61

Access o( o((!c!al records /$e doc4e boo41 (or an,
la&(ul purpose /o loo4 !no $e cr!'!nal cases (or a repor
on $e peace and order s!ua!on o( $e 'un!c!pal!,1 !s
.uaraneed. )u ! !s sub+ec o reasonable cond!!ons b, $e
cusod!an o( $e records.

Garc!a ". )OI# 9<< S%RA ><? /9ABA1

D. %onen-Neural Resr!c!ons

#7brien test? A .o"ern'en re.ula!on !s su((!c!enl,
+us!(!ed !( ! !s &!$!n $e cons!u!onal po&er o( $e
.o"ern'enD !( ! (ur$ers an !'poran or subsan!al
.o"ern'enal !neresD !( $e .o"ern'enal !neres !s
unrelaed o $e suppress!on o( (ree e;press!onD and !( $e
!nc!denal resr!c!on on alle.ed (reedo' o( e;press!on !s no
.reaer $an !s essen!al o $e (ur$erance o( $a !neres.
Q:S ". O5br!en# >A9 :S >6< /9A6B1# adoped !n Ad!on. ".
%OMELE%# 7E< S%RA <97 /9AA71R

". Rg+l%tio$ of #oliti!%l !%.#%ig$

Na!onal Press %lub ". %OMELE%# 7E< S%RA 9 /9AA71

F* Pe!!oners $ere!n &ere represena!"es o( 'ass
'ed!a &$!c$ &ere pre"ened (ro' sell!n. and dona!n.
space or a!r !'e (or pol!!cal ad"er!se'ens under RA
66?6.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no RA 66?6 cons!ues a "!ola!on o(
$e cons!u!onal r!.$ o (reedo' o( e;press!on.

R:LING* NO. T$e %o'elec $as been e;pressl, au$or!@ed
b, $e %ons!u!on o super"!se or re.ulae $e en+o,'en or
u!l!@a!on o( $e (ranc$!ses or per'!s (or $e opera!on (
'ed!a o( co''un!ca!on and !n(or'a!on. T$e (unda'enal
purposes o( suc$ po&er are o ensure 2e0ual opporun!,#
!'e# and space# and $e r!.$ o repl,#2 as &ell as un!(or'
and reasonable raes o( c$ar.es (or $e use o( suc$ 'ed!a
(ac!l!!es# !n connec!on &!$ 2publ!c !n(or'a!on ca'pa!.ns
and (oru's a'on. cand!daes.2
O( course# $e la& l!'!s $e r!.$ o( (ree speec$ and
o( access o 'ass 'ed!a o( $e cand!daes $e'sel"es. T$e
l!'!a!on $o&e"er# bears a clear and reasonable connec!on
&!$ $e ob+ec!"e se ou !n $e %ons!u!on. For ! !s
prec!sel, !n $e unl!'!ed purc$ase o( pr!n space and rad!o
and ele"!s!on !'e $a $e resources o( $e (!nanc!all,
a((luen cand!daes are l!4el, o 'a4e a cruc!al d!((erence.

Ad!on. ". %OMELE%# 7E< S%RA <97 /9AA71

F* Pe!oner# Ad!on.# a 9AA7 senaor!al cand!dae#
assa!ls %o'elec Resolu!on No. 7>?< !nso(ar as ! pro$!b!s
$e pos!n. o( decals and s!c4ers on 'ob!le places# publ!c or
pr!"ae# and l!'!s $e!r loca!on or publ!ca!on o au$or!@ed
pos!n. areas.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no $e resolu!on !s cons!u!onal.

R:LING* NO. T$e pro$!b!!on undul, !n(r!n.es on $e
c!!@en5s (unda'enal r!.$ o( (ree speec$. T$ere !s no publ!c
!neres subsan!al enou.$ o &arran $e 4!nd o( resr!c!on
!n"ol"ed !n $!s case. T$e pos!n. o( decals a'd s!c4ers !n
'ob!le places does no endan.er an, subsan!al .o"ern'en
or publ!c !neres. :nder $e clear and presen dan.er rule#
no onl, 'us $e dan.er be paenl, clear and press!n.l,
presen bu $e e"!l sou.$ o be a"o!ded# 'us be so
subsan!"e as o +us!(, a cla'p o"er one5s 'ou$ or a
&r!!n. !nsru'en o be s!lled.
S!.n!(!canl,# $e (reedo' o( e;press!on cura!led b,
$e pro$!b!!on !s no so 'uc$ $a o( $e cand!dae or $e
pol!!cal par,. T$e re.ula!on sr!4es a $e (reedoo' o( an
!nd!"!dual o e;press $!s pre(erence and# b, d!spla,!n. ! on
$!s car# o con"!nce o$ers o a.ree &!$ $!'. A s!c4er 'a,
be (urn!s$ed b, a cand!dae bu once $e car o&ner a.rees o
$a"e ! placed on $!s pr!"ae "e$!c$le# $e e;press!on
beco'es a sae'en b, $e o&ner# pr!'ar!l, $!s o&n and
no o( an,bod, else.
More"er# T$e resr!c!on !s so broad $a !
enco'passes e"en $e c!!@en5s pr!"ae proper,# &$!c$ !n
$!s case !s a pr!"ael, o&ned "e$!cle. In conse0uence o( $!s
pro$!b!!on# ano$er card!nal r!.$ .uaraneed under $e
%ons!u!on !s "!olaed &$!c$ !s $a no person s$all be
depr!"ed o( $!s proper, &!$ou due proocess o( la&.

;. Dr'o. of Ass.&l)

Publ!c Asse'bl, Ac o( 9ABF /)aas )l.. FBE1

A per'! o $old a rall, 'us be (!led &!$ $e O((!ce
o( $e Ma,or a leas# (!"e &or4!n. da,s be(ore $e da, o(
$e rall,.

)u no per'! (ro' $e 'a,or !s re0u!red !n case $e
rall, !s .o!n. o be $eld !n /!1 (reedo' par4s# /!!1 !ns!de a
pr!"ae proper, /pro"!de &!$ consen o( $e o&ner1# and
/!!!1 ca'puses o( sae un!"ers!!es /&$!c$ are le( o
un!"ers!, au$or!!es1

T$e appl!ca!on 'us be !n &r!!n. and 'us !nclude*
/91 na'es o( $e or.an!@ers and leaders# /71 dae and !'e#
place and sree# />1 s!@e /?1'anner o( $e use o( $e sree#
/F1 sound s,se' o be used /61purpose. I 'us also $a"e a
sae'en o( $e du!es o( $e rall,!ss.

T$e &r!en appl!ca!on !s (!led &!$ $e O((!ce o( $e
Ma,or. Ac4no&led.e'e !s .!"en o( !s rece!p. I( $e
Ma,or re(uses o accep $e appl!ca!on# $en ! !s enou.$ (or
(!l!n. purposes !( a cop, !s posed !n $e pre'!ses.

T$e Ma,or $as 7 &or4!n. da,s o ac on $e
appl!ca!on. I( $e does no ac# ! !s dee'ed .raned.

)u !( $e $!n4s $a $e rall, creaes a 2clear and
presen dan.er2 o publ!c peace# order# $eal$# ec.# and $e
$as proo( o( $!s# $e s$ould no den, $e appl!ca!on r!.$
a&a,. 8e s$ould $old a $ear!n. dur!n. &$!c$ $e appl!can
can be $eard. I( a(er $ear!n. $e !s s!ll no sa!s(!ed $a no
dan.er e;!ss# $en $e can den, $e appl!ca!on.

T$e appl!can can $en .o o an, cour o$er $an $e
Supre'e %our (or $e re"!e& o( $e dec!s!on o( den!al o(
$e 'a,or. T$e cours $a"e 7? $ours o ac on $e pe!!on.
I( $e +ud.'en !s a re"ersal o( $e den!al# or !n an, case !(
$e appl!can !s sa!s(!ed &!$ $e dec!s!on# $e +ud.'en
beco'es (!nal and e;ecuor, !''ed!ael,# and no appeal can
be a4en b, $e local au$or!!es an,'ore.

)u !( $e dec!s!on !s no sa!s(acor, o $e
appl!can# $en $e $as ?B $ours (ro' rece!p o appeal o $e
S%.

Dur!n. $e rall,# $e pol!ce 'us be l!'!ed o
'a!na!n!n. peace and order and so 'us sa, a&a, b, 9EE
'eers (ro' $e rall,!ss. T$e, 'us be !n (ull un!(or'# &!$
$e!r na'es "!s!bl, &r!en. T$e, can carr, no (!rear'
e;cep a n!.$s!c4# bu $e, are allo&ed proec!"e de"!ces.

I( $e, an!c!pae rouble# $e pol!ce 'us call $e
aen!on o( $e leader o( $e rall,!ss. 3$en rouble acuall,
erups# $e pol!ce 'us no d!sperse $e cro&d r!.$ a&a, bu
(!rs .!"e a &arn!n.. I( "!olence pers!ss# $e, 'us .!"e a
second &arn!n.. I( s!ll "!olence con!nues# onl, $en can
$e, (!.$ bac4.

I( a rall, does no $a"e a per'!# $e pol!ce can
d!sperse $e cro&d# bu $e, canno use "!olence. Penal, !s
!'posed onl, on $e leaders and or.an!@ers.

A'on. $e du!es o( $e rall,!ss are* /a1 o !n(or'
$e 'e'bers o( $e!r du, under $e la&# /b1 o pol!ce $e!r
o&n ran4# and /c1 o cooperae &!$ local au$or!!es !n
'a!na!n!n. peace and order.

Noes* T$e (reedo' o use publ!c places o
peaceabl, asse'ble !s bes e;pressed $us* 23$ere"er $e
!le or sees and par4s 'a, res# $e, $a"e !''e'or!all,
been $eld !n rus (or $e use o( $e publ!c and# !'e ou o(
!'e $a"e been used (or purposes o( asse'bl,#
co''un!ca!n. $ou.$ be&een c!!@ens# and d!scuss!n.
publ!c 0ues!ons.2 /-us!ce Robers. 8a.ue ". %IO1

Al$ou.$ under a 2per'! s,se'2# be(ore one can
use a publ!c place# one 'us (!rs oba!n pr!or per'! (ro'
$e proper au$or!!es# $e pr!nc!ple $as al&a,s been $a one
$as $e r!.$ o a per'!# sub+ec onl, o reasonable
re.ula!on. T$e "al!d!, o( $e per'! s,se' $as been
up$eld b, $e %our# pro"!ded# /a1 ! !s concered onl, &!$
$e !'e# place and 'anner o( asse'bl, ad /b1 ! does no
"es on $e l!cens!n. au$or!, un(eered d!scre!on !n
c$oos!n. $e .roups &$!c$ could use $e publ!c place and
d!scr!'!nae o$ers.

As $eld b, $e S% !n Pr!'!c!as "s Fu.oso# BE P$!l.
<9# $e %!, Ord!nance o( Man!la .!"!n. au$or!, o $e
Ma,or o !ssue per'!s (or parades s$ould be consrued o
be l!'!ed o $e !'e# place# and 'anner o( $e parades
soc!all, o secure publ!c order# con"en!ence and &el(are.
T$us# den,!n. $e Nac!onal!sa Par, a per'! o $old a rall,
a $e Pla@a M!randa on $e .round $a pass!ons ra!sed b,
$e recen na!onal elec!on &ere s!ll $!.$ and a rall, o
proes elec!on ano'al!es could onl, e;acerbae $e 'aer#
&as o"erurned b, $e cour.

Pr!'!c!as "s Fu.oso# BE P$!l. <9

F* T$!s !s an ac!on (or 'anda'us !ns!ued b,
pe!!oner Pr!'!c!as# ca'pa!.n 'ana.er o( $e %oalesced
M!nor!, Par!es# o co'pel Ma,or Fu.oso o( $e %!, o(
Man!la o !ssue a per'! (or $e $old!n. o( a peace(ul publ!c
'ee!n. a Pla@a M!randa (or $e purpose o( pe!!on!n. $e
.o"ern'en (or redress o( .r!e"ances. T$e Ma,or den!ed $e
appl!ca!on on $e .round $a pass!ons s!ll run $!.$ due o
$e recen elec!on# and a rall, o proes elec!on ano'al!es
'!.$ $reaen breac$es o( $e peace and d!srup!on o(
publ!c order.

ISS:E* 3=n $e Ma,or can re(use o .ran $e per'!.

R:LING* NO. T$e pol!ce po&er .raned o $e Ma,or
under $e Ord!nance enaced b, $e Mun!c!pal )oard
pursuan o !s au$or!, under $e Re"!sed Ad'!n!sra!"e
%ode &$!c$ pera!ns o $e use o( srees and publ!c places#
can be consrued onl, o 'ean $e po&er o re.ulae# &$!c$
'eans and !ncludes $e po&er o conrol# .o"ern# and o
resra!n bu canno be consrued as s,non,'ous &!$
2suppress2 or 2pro$!b!.2
T$e %our 0uoed &!$ appro"al $e dec!s!on !n $e
A'er!can case %o; ". Sae o( Ne& 8a'ps$!re# 2 a saue
re0u!r!n. persons us!n. publ!c srees (or a parade or
process!on o procure a spec!al l!cense $ere(or (ro' $e
local au$or!!es !s no an uncons!u!onal abr!d.e'en o(
$e r!.$s o( asse'bl, or o( (reedo' o( speec$ and press#
&$ere# as $e saue !s consrued b, $e sae cours# $e
l!cens!n. au$or!!es are sr!cl, l!'!ed# !n $e !ssuance o(
l!censes# o a cons!dera!on o( $e !'e# place# and 'anner o(
$e parade or process!on# &!$ a "!e& o conser"!n. $e
publ!c con"en!ence and o( a((ord!n. an opporun!, o
pro"!de proper pol!c!n.# and are no !n"esed &!$ arb!rar,
d!scre!on o !ssue or re(use l!cense...2

)u under $e sa'e ord!nance# $e S%# !n Na"arro ".
V!lle.as# >9 S%RA <>E /9A<E1# up$eld $e 'a,or5s re(usal o
.ran per'! o a .roup dur!n. &ee4da,s# on a (!nd!n. $a
e"er,!'e $ere &as an announced rall,# sores closed and
bus!ness &as .ra"el, a((eced because o( "!olen !nc!dens.
I (ound $e pol!c, o( $e 'a,or o allo& rall!es onl, dur!n.
&ee4ends o be reasonable.

Na"arro ". V!lle.as# >9 S%RA <>E /9A<E1

F* T$e pe!!oner# ac!n. !n be$al( o( $e Mo"e'en (or
a De'ocra!c P$!l!pp!nes /MDP1# an assoc!a!on o( sudens#
&or4ers and peasans# appl!ed (or a per'! (ro' $e Ma,or
o( Man!la o $old a rall, a Pla@a M!randa. Responden
Ma,or den!ed $e appl!ca!on o $old $e rall, on $e dae
and !'e spec!(!ed b, pe!!oners !n "!e& o( $e e"ens $a
ransp!red dur!n. $e las de'onsra!on $eld b, $e' &$!c$
ended !n $e desruc!on o( publ!c and pr!"ae proper,# loss
o( a (e& l!"es# !n+ur!es o a score o( o$er persons and $e
clos!n. do&n o( sc$ools# o((!ces and 'an, sores. T$e
Ma,or su..esed $a $e MDP u!l!@e $e Sun4en Gardens
near Inra'uros (or !s rall, and $a $e rall, be $eld dur!n.
&ee4ends and earl!er dur!n. $e da, so $a ! 'a, end
be(ore dar4.
Pe!!oner c$allen.ed $e ac!on o( $e Ma,or on
$e .round $a $e sa'e cons!ues a "!ola!on o( $e!r r!.$
o (reedo' o( asse'bl,. Pe!!oner conended $a $e r!.$
o( $e people o peace(ul asse'bl, and o pe!!on $e
.o"ern'en (or redress o( .r!e"ances 'a, be e;erc!sed
&!$ou $e pr!or necess!, o( secur!n. a per'! (ro' $e
.o"ern'en and $a suc$ r!.$ canno be (ull, en+o,ed
&!$ou $e correspond!n. r!.$ o use publ!c places (or $a
purpose.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no $e Ma,orUs den!al o !ssue a per'!
a'ouned o a "!ola!on o( pe!!onerUs r!.$ o (reedo' o(
asse'bl,.

8ELD* NO.
T$e responden Ma,or $as no den!ed nor absoluel,
re(used $e per'! sou.$ b, pe!!oner. 8e $as e;pressed
&!ll!n.ness o .ran $e per'! (or $e peace(ul asse'bl,
dur!n. cera!n da,s and !'e# and a a place &$en $e,
&ould no d!srup $e nor'al ac!"!!es o( $e co''un!,.
T$e responden 'a,or possesses reasonable
d!scre!on o deer'!ne or spec!(, $e srees or publ!c places
o be used (or $e asse'bl, !n order o secure con"en!en use
$ereo( b, o$ers and pro"!de ade0uae and proper pol!c!n.
o '!n!'!@e $e r!s4s o( d!sorder and 'a!na!n publ!c sa(e,
and order.
Pe!!oner $as (a!led o s$o& a clear spec!(!c le.al
du, on $e par o( responden Ma,or o .ran $e!r
appl!ca!on (or a per'! uncond!!onall,. E;per!ence !n
connec!on &!$ presen asse'bl!es and de'onsra!ons $a"e
s$o&n $a $e, pose a clear and !''!nen dan.er o( publ!c
d!sorders# breac$es o( $e peace# cr!'!nal acs# and e"en
bloods$ed as an a(er'a$ o( suc$ asse'bl!es# &$!c$#
pe!!oner $as 'an!(esed# ! $as no 'eans o( pre"en!n..
Ch%ro.

In I.nac!o ". Ela# AA P$!l. >?6 /9AF61# $e 'a+or!,
up$eld $e 'a,or5s den!al o( per'! o 'e'bers o( $e
-e$o"a$5s 3!nesses sec (or $e use o( a 4los4 &!$!n $e
o&n pla@a !n order o a"o!d an, uno&ard !nc!den &!$
'e'bers o( $e Ro'an %a$ol!c %$urc$# &$ose enes are
opposed o $ose o( $e pe!!oners# and &$ose c$urc$ !s
"er, near $e 4los4.

I.nac!o ". Ela# AA P$!l. >?6 /9AF61

F* T$e Ma,or den!ed a per'! o $e 'e'bers o( $e
-e$o"a$5s 3!nesses o use $e 4!os4 !n $e o&n pla@a (or
$e purpose o( $old!n. a publ!c lecure on $e .round $a
$e per'!# !( .raned# 'a, .!"e r!se o d!surbance o( $e
rel!.!ous cere'on!es be!n. per(or'ed b, $e %a$ol!c
%$urc$ &$!c$ &as sa!d o be &!$!n $ear!n. d!sance (ro'
$e 4!os4 and &$!c$ '!.$ lead o an, uno&ard !nc!den
&!$ 'e'bers o( $e r!"al deno'!na!on.

ISS:E* 3=N $e den!al !s "al!d.
In -.).L. Re,es ". )a.as!n.# 97F S%RA FF> /9AB>1#
$e S% (ound no bas!s (or $e den!al o( per'! o $e An!-
)ases %oal!!on o $old a 'arc$ (ro' Lunea o $e sree
(ron!n. $e :.S. E'bass,. I a((!r'ed $e .eneral rule $a
$e use o( srees !s (ree o all. I (ound $e (ear enera!ned
b, c!, au$or!!es $a $e rall,!ss '!.$ be a.!raed b,
pro"ocaeurs o be un(ounded# .!"en $e repor o( $e NPD
$a ade0uae secur!, 'easures &ere pro"!ded b, $e pol!ce.

T$e %our d!d no rule on $e "al!d!, o( $e
ord!nance o( Man!la pro$!b!!n. an, rall, &!$!n 7EE 'eers
(ro' an, (ore!.n e'bass, as a 'eans o( co'pl,!n. &!$ $e
Gene"a %on"en!on $a re0u!res $e $os counr, o proec
$e pre'!ses and personnel o( $e e'bass,.

T$en ! .a"e .u!del!nes (or $e !ssuance o( per'!s
/no& !n )P ABE9 /!1 an, .roup &$!c$ appl!es 'us do so
&!$!n a su((!c!en !'e so $e au$or!, can $a"e !'e o ac*
/!!1 !( a d!sa.ree'en ar!ses o"er a den!al o( a per'!# $e
appl!can can 0ues!on $e den!al !n $e lo&er cour# &$!c$
can r, 0ues!ons o( (ac and la&# and /!!!1 appeal can be
'ade o $e S% on an e;ped!ed procedure.

-.).L. Re,es ". )a.as!n.# 97F S%RA FF> /9AB>1

F* Re!red -us!ce -)L Re,es# on be$al( o( $e An!-
)ases %oal!!on# sou.$ a per'! (ro' $e %!, o( Man!la o
$old a peace(ul 'arc$ and rall, on Oc. 76# 9AB> sar!n. 7
p.'. (ro' Lunea o $e .aes o( $e :S E'bass,. 8e (!led
$!s pe!!on because as o( Oc. 7E# $ere &as ,e no ac!on
on $!s re0ues o $old a rall,.

8ELD* Free speec$# l!4e (ree press# 'a, be !den!(!ed &!$
$e l!ber, o d!scuss publ!cl, and ru$(ull, an, 'aer o(
publ!c concern &!$ou censors$!p or pun!s$'en. T$ere !s
o be no pre"!ous rera!n &$e$er !n $e (or' o( l!bel su!s#
prosecu!on (or da'a.es# or cone'p proceed!n.s unless
$ere !s a 2clear and presen dan.er o( a subsan!"e e"!l $a
$e Sae $as a r!.$ o pre"en.2 T$ere can be no le.al
ob+ec!on# absen $e e;!sence o( a clear and presen dan.er
o( a subsan!"e e"!l o $e $old!n. o( a peace(ul rall, a
Lunea. Ne!$er can $ere be ob+ec!on o $e use o( $e
srees up o .aes o( $e :S E'bass,. A saue re0u!r!n.
persons o secure a spec!al l!cense o use publ!c srees (or a
process!on !s no uncons!u!onal. T$e l!cens!n. o(
au$or!!es are sr!cl, l!'!ed o $e cons!dera!on o( $e
!'e# place and 'anner and $e au$or!!es are no !n"esed
&!$ arb!rar, d!scre!on o !ssue or re(use a per'!.
In Ger'an ". )aran.an# 9>F S%RA F9? /9ABF1# $e
S% up$eld $e po&er o( $e c!, au$or!!es o close -P
Laurel Sree (ron!n. Malacanan. (ro' all rall!es as a (or'
o( 2area resr!c!on2# !n order o proec $e Pres!den and $!s
(a'!l,# based on $e !nc!den !n $e earl, <Es &$en $e .aes
o( $e palace &ere al'os sor'ed. T$e rall,!ss !n $!s case
purpored o 'erel, &ors$!p a S. -ude5s.

In case a rall, !s $eld !n a pr!"ae place# no per'!
(ro' $e 'a,or !s re0u!red. 8o&e"er# $e consen o( $e
o&ner o( $e place 'us be ac0u!red.

Ger'an ". )aran.an >F S%RA F9? /9ABF1

F* On Oc. 7# 9AB? $e pe!!oners &$o &ere
bus!ness'en# sudens and e'plo,ees# 'e on -P Laurel
Sree !n Man!la (or $e osens!ble purpose o( $ear!n. 'ass
a $e S. -ude %$apel &$!c$ ad+o!ns $e MalacaMan.
.rounds. T$e, &ore ,ello& T-s$!rs and# &!$ clenc$ed (!ss#
'arc$ed on $e sree and s$oued an!-.o"ern'en
!n"ec!"es. T$e, &ere sopped (ro' proceed!n. o $e
c$apel b, $e Pres!den!al Secur!, %o''and. T$e, brou.$
an ac!on (or mandamus.

8ELD* T$e ,ello& T-s$!rs &orn b, so'e o( $e 'arc$ers#
$e!r (!ss clenc$ed and c$ans o( an!-.o"ern'en !n"es!"es
suppor $e .o"ern'en5s cla!' $a $e pe!!oners purpose
&as no reall, o &ors$!p a $e c$apel bu o $old an an!-
.o"ern'en de'onsra!on close o $e res!dence o( $e
Pres!den. T$e resr!ced use o( -P Laurel Sree !s +us!(!ed.
T$e need o secure $e sa(e, o( $eads o( saes canno be
o"ere'p$as!@ed. T$e $rea o $e!r l!"es !s consan and (el
$rou.$ou $e &orld. T$e pe!!oners &ere no resra!ned !n
$e!r (reedo' o( rel!.!on bu onl, !n $e 'anner b, &$!c$
$e, $ad ae'ped o ranslae $e sa'e !no ac!on.
In Malabanan ". Ra'eno# 97A S%RA >FA /9AB?1
and Arre@a ". GA:P# 9> S%RA A? /9ABF1# $e S% up$eld
$e r!.$ o e;press!on o( sudens &$o $eld a rall, !n a
pr!"ae un!"ers!,. )u s!nce $e, $eld ! be,ond $e !'e
.raned !n a place o$er $an $e one allo&ed b, $e
ad'!n!sra!on# $e!r suspens!on &as condoned.
Malabanan ". Ra'eno# 97A S%RA >FA /9AB?1

F* Pe!!oners &ere o((!cers o( $e Supre'e Suden
%ounc!l o( $e Gre.or!o Aranea :n!"ers!, Founda!on.
T$e, &ere .raned a per'! o $old a 'ee!n. o proes $e
'er.er o( &o un!s o( $e un!"ers!,. On $e sc$eduled dae#
$e sudens con!nued $e!r 'ee!n. be,ond $e sc$eduled
!'e and $eld ! !n a d!((eren place (ro' $a !nd!caed !n $e
per'!. T$e, e;pressed !n a "e$e'en lan.ua.e $e!r
oppos!!on o $e 'er.er and as a resul# classes and o((!ce
&or4 &as d!surbed. Pe!!oners &ere placed under
pre"en!"e suspens!on. On appeal# $e, &ere (ound .u!l o(
$old!n. an !lle.al asse'bl, and oral de(a'a!on. T$e, &ere
suspended (or one acade'!c ,ear. T$e, (!led a pe!!on (or
certiorari !n $e S%.

8ELD* T$e pe!!on 'a, be cons!dered 'oo and acade'!c
cons!der!n. $a $e TRO !ssued b, $e S% allo&ed $e
sudens o enroll. )u $ere !s a need o pass s0uarel, on $e
cons!u!onal 0ues!on. Respec (or $e cons!u!onal r!.$s
o( peaceable asse'bl, and (ree speec$ calls (or $e se!n.
as!de o( $e order o( suspens!on. Suspend!n. $e' (or one
,ear !s ou o( propor!on cons!der!n. $a $e "!.orous
presena!on o( "!e&s &as e;peced. T$e e;c!e'en o( $e
occas!on# $e propens!, o( spea4ers o e;a..erae and $e
e;uberance o( $e ,ou$ s$ould be a4en !no cons!dera!on.

Arre@a ". GA:P# 9> S%RA A? /9ABF1

F* Pe!!oners &ere o((!cers and 'e'bers o( $e Suden
%ounc!l o( $e Gre.or!o Aranea :n!"ers!, Founda!on.
T$e, &ere re(used enroll'en (or $a"!n. led a rall, on Sep.
7B# 9AB7.

8ELD* As $eld !n Malabanan ". Ra'eno* 2I( !n $e course
o( suc$ de'onsra!on# &!$ an en$us!as!c aud!ence
.oad!n. $e' on# uerances# e;re'el, cr!!cal# a !'es
e"en "!r!ol!c# &ere le loose# $a !s 0u!e undersandable.
T$e, &ould be !ne((ec!"e !( dur!n. $e rall, $e, spea4 !n
$e .uarded and +ud!c!ous lan.ua.e o( $e acade'e. A an,
rae# e"en a s,'pa$e!c aud!ence !s no d!sposed o accord
(ull credence o $e!r (!er, e;$ora!ons. T$e, a4e !no
accoun $e e;c!e'en o( $e occas!on# $e propens!, o(
spea4ers o e;a..erae# $e e;uberance o( ,ou$. ;;;2 T$e
re(usal o( $e un!"ers!, o enroll $e sudens !s a $!.$l,
d!spropor!onae penal,.
Noes* Noe $a &$!le $e per'! s,se' !s no
allo&ed !n $e case o( publ!ca!on# ! !s allo&ed !n $e case
o( asse'bl,. In publ!ca!on# censors$!p !s presu'p!"el,
uncons!u!onal. T$ere !s "er, l!le poss!b!l!, or
+us!(!ca!on (or $e re.ula!on o( ne&s. T$e re'ed, !n $!s
case !s prosecu!on or subse0uen pun!s$'en.
)u !n asse'bl, re.ula!on !s allo&ed because ! !s
needed b, $e "er, naure o( $e e;press!on# &$en people
use srees# $e, 'a, depr!"e o$er .roups &$!c$ &an o use
$e srees oo. So as lon. as onl, $e !nc!dens o( speec$
are re.ulaed# $e 'easure !s cons!u!onall, accepable.

Nesle P$!ls. Inc. ". Sanc$e@ 9F? S%RA F?9 /9AB<1

F* 3$!le $ese cases &ere pend!n. !n $e S%# $e labor
un!ons !n"ol"ed !nens!(!ed $e p!c4es $e, $ad been
conduc!n. !n (ron o( $e Padre Faura .ae o( $e %our and
se up p!c4e 0uarers# a !'es obsruc!n. access o and
e.ress (ro' $e %our5s pre'!ses. 3$en re0u!red o s$o&
cause &$, $e, s$ould no be $eld !n cone'p o( cour#
$e!r la&,er apolo.!@ed and assured $a $e abo"e !nc!den
&ould no be repeaed.

8ELD* T$e %our &!ll no $es!ae !n (uure s!'!lar
s!ua!ons o appl, $e (ull (orce o( $e la& and pun!s$ (or
cone'p $ose &$o ae'p o pressure $e %our !no
ac!n. one &a, or $e o$er !n an, case pend!n. be(ore !.
Gr!e"ances 'us be "en!laed !n $e proper c$annels# !.e.
$rou.$ appropr!ae pe!!ons or plead!n.s !n 4eep!n. &!$
$e respec due $e cours as !'par!al ad'!n!sraors o(
+us!ce. Moreo"er# 2par!es $a"e a cons!u!onal r!.$ o
$a"e $e causes r!ed (a!rl, !n cour b, an !'par!al r!bunal#
un!n(luenced b, publ!ca!on or publ!c cla'or ;;;2 T$e acs
o( respondens are no onl, an a((ron o $e d!.n!, o( $!s
%our bu e0uall, a "!ola!on o( $e abo"e-saed r!.$ o( $e
ad"erse par!es and $e c!!@enr, a lar.e.
>. Freedo' o( Assoc!a!on and $e r!.$ o sr!4e !n $e
publ!c secor

Art. III, S!. 1. Th right of th #o#l, i$!l+'i$g
thos .#lo)' i$ th #+&li! %$' #ri(%t s!tors, to for.
+$io$s, %sso!i%tio$s, or so!itis for #+r#oss $ot
!o$tr%r) to l%* sh%ll $ot & %&ri'g'.

T$e !nclus!on o( $e r!.$ o un!on!@e !n $!s ar!cle !s
!ll-ad"!sed because &$!le $e r!.$ o un!on!@e !s an
econo'!c and labor r!.$# $e r!.$ o assoc!a!on !n .eneral
!s a c!"!l- pol!!cal r!.$.
D!scussed else&$ere !s $e ar.u'en &$, publ!c
e'plo,ees canno en.a.e !n collec!"e bar.a!n!n. and sr!4e.

SSS E'plo,ees Assn "s %A# 9<F S%RA 6B6 /9ABA1

F* SSS (!led &= $e RT%-L% a co'pla!n (or da'a.es &= a
pra,er (or a &r! o( prel !n+. a.a!ns pe!!oners SSSEA#
alle.!n. $a $e o((!cers and 'e'bers o( $e laer sa.ed an
!lle.al sr!4e and barr!caded $e enrances o $e SSS
bu!ld!n. pre"en!n. non-sr!4!n. e'plo,ees (ro' repor!n.
o &or4 and SSS 'e'bers (ro' ransac!n. bus!ness &=
SSS. T$e Publ!c Secor Labor-Mana.e'en %ounc!l
ordered $e sr!4ers o reurn o &or4 bu $e sr!4ers re(used
o do so. T$e SSSEA &en on sr!4e bec. SSS (a!led o ac
on $e un!on5s de'ands.
Pe!!oners (!led a 'o!on o d!s'!ss $e co'pla!n
(or lac4 o( +ur!sd!c!on# &=c 'o!on &as den!ed. T$e
resra!n!n. order &=c &as pre"!ousl, !ssued &as con"ered
!no an !n+unc!on a(er (!nd!n. $e sr!4e !lle.al. Pe!!oners
appealed $e case o $e %A. T$e laer $eld $a s!nce $e
e'plo,ees o( SSS are .o" e'plo,ees# $e, are no allo&ed
o sr!4e.

8ELD* E'plo,ees !n $e %!"!l Ser"!ce 'a, no resor o
sr!4es# &al4ous and o$er e'porar, &or4 soppa.es# l!4e
&or4ers !n $e pr!"ae secor# !n order o pressure $e Go".
o accede o $e!r de'ands. As no& pro"!ded under Sec. ?#
Rule III o( $e Rules and Re.ula!ons o Go"ern $e
E;erc!se o( $e R!.$ o( Go". EEs o Sel(-Or.an!@a!on
&$!c$ oo4 e((ec a(er $e !n!!al d!spue arose# $e er's
and cond!!ons o( e'plo,'en !n $e Go"# !nclud!n. an,
pol!!cal subd!"!s!on or !nsru'enal!, $ereo( and .o".
o&ned and conrolled corpora!ons &!$ or!.!nal c$arers#
are .o"erned b, la& and e'plo,ees $ere!n s$all no sr!4e
(or $e purpose o( secur!n. c$an.es $ereo(.
T$e sae'en o( $e cour !n All!ance o( Go"
3or4ers ". M!n!ser o( Labor and E'plo,'en /97? S%RA
91 !s rele"an as ! (urn!s$es $e ra!onale (or d!s!n.u!s$!n.
be. &or4ers !n $e pr!"ae secor and .o" e'plo,ees &=
re.ard o $e r!.$ o sr!4eH

!ince the terms and conditions of govt.
employment are fixed by law, govt.
wor%ers cannot use the same weapons
employed by wor%ers in the private sector
to secure concessions from their
employers. T$e pr!nc!ple be$!nd labor
un!on!s' !n pr!"ae !ndusr, !s $a
!ndusr!al peace canno be secured $rou.$
co'puls!on o( la&. Rela!ons be. pr!"ae
e'plo,ers and $e!r e'plo,ees res on an
essen!all, "olunar, bas!s. Sub+ec o $e
'!n!'u' re0u!re'ens o( &a.e la&s and
o$er labor and &el(are le.!sla!on# $e
er's and cond!!ons o( e'plo,'en !n $e
un!on!@ed pr!"ae secor are seled
$rou.$ $e process o( collec!"e
bar.a!n!n.. In .o" e'plo,'en#
$o&e"er# ! !s $e le.!slaure and# &$ere
properl, .!"en dele.aed po&er# $e
ad'!n!sra!"e $eads o( .o" &=c (!; $e
er's and cond!!ons o( e'plo,'en. And
$!s !s e((eced $rou.$ saues or
ad'!n!sra!"e c!rculars# rules# and
re.ula!ons# no $rou.$ %)A5s

E. A!%'.i! Dr'o.

Garc!a ". Facul, o( Ad'!ss!on# 6B S%RA 7<< /9A<F1

F* T$e FA% o( $e Lo,ola Sc$ool o( T$eolo., re(used
o read'! pe!!oner# Garc!a# !n !s M.A. pro.ra' because
$e, (el $a 2$er (re0uen 0ues!ons and d!((!cul!es &ere
no al&a,s per!nen and $ad $e e((ec o( slo&!n. do&n $e
pro.ress o( $e classD2 $a ! &ould be 2o $e bes !neres
/o( $e pe!!oner1 o &or4 &!$ a (acul, $a !s 'ore
co'pa!ble &!$ $er or!ena!on. Garc!a assa!lled $er
e;puls!on (or be!n. unreasonableD $a $e reasons .!"en
$ere(or &ere !n"al!d (or no&$ere d!d ! appear $a $er
conduc cons!ued a "!ola!on o( $e sc$ool5s re.ula!ons
and .ra"e '!sconduc.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no $e FA% can be co'pelled b,
mandamus o read'! pe!!oner.

R:LING* NO. T$e %ons!u!on reco.n!@es $e en+o,'en
b, !ns!u!ons o( $!.$er learn!n. o( $e r!.$ o acade'!c
(reedo'. T$e sc$ool dec!des (or !sel( !s a!'s and
ob+ec!"es and $o& bes o aa!n $e'. I !s (ree (ro'
ous!de coerc!on or !ner(erence sa"e poss!bl, &$en $e
o"err!d!n. publ!c &el(are calls (or so'e resra!n. I $as a
&!de sp$ere o( auono', cera!nl, e;end!n. o $e c$o!ce
o( $e sudens.
T$e collec!"e l!ber, o( an or.an!@a!on !s b, no
'eans $e sa'e $!n. as $e (reedo' o( $e !nd!"!dual
'e'bers &!$!n !. In cons!der!n. $e proble's o( acade'!c
(reedo'# one 'us d!s!n.u!s$ be&een auono', o( $e
un!"ers!,# as a corporae bod,# and $e (reedo' o( $e
!nd!"!dual un!"ers!, eac$er.
T$e personal aspec o( $e (reedo' cons!ss o( $e
r!.$ o( eac$ un!"ers!, eac$er o see4 and e;press $e ru$
as $e personall, sees !# bo$ !n $!s acade'!c &or4 and !n $!s
capac!, as a pr!"ae c!!@en. T$!s saus o( $e !nd!"!dual
eac$er !s as !'poran as $e saus o( $e !ns!u!on o
&$!c$ $e belon.s and $rou.$ &$!c$ $e d!sse'!naes
learn!n..
On o$er $and# $e !nernal cond!!ons (or acade'!c
(reedo' !n a un!"ers!, are $a $e acade'!c sa(( s$ould
$a"e de facto conrol o( $e (ollo&!n. (unc!ons* /a1
ad'!ss!on and e;a'!na!on o( sudensD /b1 curr!cula (or
courses o( sud,D /c1 appo!n'en and enure o( o((!ce o(
acade'!c sa((D and /d1 alloca!on o( !nco'e a'on. $e
d!((eren cae.or!es o( e;pend!ure. I !s $e bus!ness o( a
un!"ers!, o pro"!!de $a a'osp$ere &$!c$ !s 'os
conduc!"e o specula!on# e;per!'en and crea!on. I !s an
a'osp$ere !n &$!c$ $e (our essen!al (reedo's o( a
un!"ers!, pre"a!l - o deer'!ne (or !sel( &$o 'a, eac$#
&$a 'a, be au.$# $o& ! s$all be au.$# and &$o 'a, be
ad'!ed o sud,.
For $e abo"e reason# mandamus !s no a"a!lable (or
$e pe!!oner. T$ere !s no du, on $e par o( $e Sc$ool o
ad'! $er o sud, s!nce $e Sc$ool clearl, $as $e d!scre!on
o urn do&n e"en 0ual!(!ed appl!cans due o l!'!a!ons o(
space# (ac!l!!es# pro(essors and op!'u' classroo' s!@e and
co'ponen cons!dera!ons. T$ere are sandards o 'ee and
pol!c!es o pursue. 3$a a suden possesses !s a pr!"!le.e
ra$er $an a r!.$.
:P ". A,son# 9<6 S%RA 6?< /9ABA1

F* In 9A<7# $e :P )OR appro"ed $e esabl!s$'en o(
$e :P%) 8!.$s$ool o ser"e# a'on. o$ers# 2as a
laboraor, and de'onsra!on sc$ool (or prospec!"e
eac$ers - pro"!ded $a :P%)8S 'us be sel(-suppor!n..2
8o&e"er# $e Dep o( Pro(ess!onal Educa!on !n )a.u!o &as
ne"er or.an!@ed. So# $e )OR dec!ded o p$ase ou
:P%)8S (or (a!l!n. o aa!n $e cond!!ons (or !s crea!on.
T$e :P%)8S Founda!on Inc. sou.$ o resra!n $e
:n!"ers!, (ro' p$as!n. ou $e :P%)8S.

ISS:E* Is secondar, publ!c educa!on de'andable !n an
!ns!u!on o( $!.$er learn!n. suc$ as $e :PH

R:LING* NO. :P !n"o4es !s e;erc!se o( acade'!c
(reedo'. Pr!"ae responden !n"o4es $e r!.$ o 0ual!,
educa!on and o (ree secondar, educa!on.
T$e r!.$s !n"o4ed b, pr!"ae responden 'a, be
assered onl, as a.a!ns $e Go"ern'en $rou.$ $e DE%S.
:P &as creaed under !s c$arer o pro"!de ad"anced
er!ar, educa!on. An !ns!ue o( $!.$er learn!n. canno be
co'pelled o pro"!de (or secondar, educa!on.
I !s be,ond ca"!l $a :P as an !ns!u!on o( $!.$er
learn!n. en+o,s acade'!c (reedo'. :P%)8S &as
esabl!s$ed sub+ec o a nu'ber o( cond!!onal!!es. Fa!l!n.
on suc$ cond!!ons# :P can order !s abol!!on on acade'!c
.rounds. Ch%ro.

:P ". %A# Feb. A# 9AA>

F* For'er PANAMIN M!n!ser Manuel El!@alde and
$e Tasada, represena!"e (!led a co'pla!n (or da'a.es
and declaraor, rel!e( a.a!ns :P Pro(essors -ero'e )a!len
and Ieus Sala@ar &$o d!spued $e au$en!c!, o( $e
Tasada, (!nd and 'ade a propos!!on !n "ar!ous con(erences
aended b, $e' $a El!@alde 'erel, (abr!caed $e
d!sco"er, o( $e Tasada,s.
:P !ner"ened# aaser!n. !s du, o proec $e
respondens as (acul, 'e'bers (or acs and uerances
'ade !n $e e;erc!se o( acade'!c (reedo'. T$e lo&er cour
den!ed :P5s 'o!on o d!s'!ss (or (a!lure o sae a cause o(
ac!on. 8ence $!s pe!!on.

R:LING* 3!$ respec o $e pra,er o( $e co'pla!n (or
2+ud.'en declar!n. $e Tasada,s o be a d!s!nc e$n!c
co''un!,# $e lo&er cour !s cau!oned $a $e sa'e !s
a4!n o a pra,er (or a +ud!c!al declara!on o( P$!l!pp!ne
c!!@ens$!p &$!c$ 'a, no be .raned !n a pe!!on (or
declaraor, rel!e(. T$e co'pla!n &as (!led 'a!nl, o
"!nd!cae pla!n!((5s d!.n!, and $onor.
Indeed# ! !s be,ond $e pro"!nce o( $e cour o
'a4e pronounce'ens on 'aers be,ond !s 4en and
e;per!se. To be sure# !n resol"!n. $e co'pla!n (or
da'a.es# $e cour 'a, (!nd con.ruence !n &$a !s
+us!c!able and &$a (alls &!$!n $e (!eld o( $e sc!ences.
S!ll# ! !s bes o 4eep !n '!nd $a !s proper role and
(unc!on !s $e deer'!na!on o( le.al !ssues.
8. DREEDOM OD RELI@ION

Art. III, S!. 3. No l%* sh%ll & .%' rs#!ti$g
%$ st%&lish.$t of rligio$H or #rohi&iti$g th fr
Cr!is throf. Th fr Cr!is %$' $:o).$t of
rligio+s #rofssio$ %$' *orshi#, *itho+t 'is!ri.i$%tio$
or #rfr$!, sh%ll for(r & %llo*'. No rligio+s tst
sh%ll & r,+ir' for th Cr!is of !i(il or #oliti!%l
rights.

A. Non-Esabl!s$'en %lause

T$e clause pro$!b!s e;cess!"e .o"ern'en
enan.le'en &!$# endorse'en or d!sappro"al o( rel!.!on
QV!cor!ano ". El!@alde Rope 3or4ers :n!on# FA S%RA F?
/9A<?1D L,nc$ ". Donnell,# ?6F :S 66B /9AB?1 /O5%onnor#
-.# concurr!n.1D Alle.$en, %oun, ". Greaer P!sbur.
A%L:# ?A7 :S F<? /9ABA1.R

T$e clause pro$!b!s $e Sae (ro' esabl!s$!n. a
rel!.!on. In assess!n. $e "al!d!, o( $e la&# $e 0ues!ons
o be as4ed are*
a. Is $e purpose o( $e la& rel!.!ous# or !s !
secularH
b. Does ! or does ! no !n$!b! or ad"ance rel!.!onH
c. Is !s e((ec o pro'oe or o a"o!d an e;cess!"e
ena.le'en be&een $e Sae and rel!.!ous 'aers !n
rel!.!onH

T$e Non-Esabl!s$'en clause !s "!olaed &$en $e
Sae .!"es an, 'an!(es suppor o an, one rel!.!on# e"en !(
no$!n. !s done a.a!ns $e !nd!"!dual.

I !s l!4e&!se "!olaed !( $e Sae (a"ors all rel!.!ons#
(or $ere 'a, be a$e!ss &$o are no so (a"ored.
9. Opera!on o( secar!an sc$ools

3$!le $e o&ners$!p# crea!on and 'ana.e'en o(
educa!onal !ns!u!ons 'us be !n $e $ands o( F!l!p!nos or
6EG F!l!p!no-o&ned corpora!ons# secar!an sc$ools and
$ose run b, rel!.!ous .roups and '!ss!ons board are
e;e'ped (ro' $ese re0u!re'ens# pro"!ded $e
ad'!n!sra!on !s !n $e $ands o( F!l!p!nos# &$o could be
secar!an. QAr. JIV# Sec. ?/71.R

7. Rel!.!ous !nsruc!on !n publ!c sc$ools

Pro"!ded ! !s upon $e &r!en pe!!on o( $e parens
and ! !s a no cos o $e Sae /al$ou.$ $!s !s no en!rel,
poss!ble# because $e use o( classroo's and elecr!c!, are
coss !n $e Sae1# rel!.!ous !nsruc!on !n publ!c ele'enar,
and secondar, sc$ools dur!n. class $ours# b, one appro"ed
b, $e au$or!!es o( $e rel!.!on o( $e c$!ld or &ard !s
allo&ed. QAr. JIV# Sec. >/>1.R Rel!.!on can e"en be
!ne.raed !n $e sc$ool curr!culu'. Q%!". %ode# >FA /91.R

>. An!-e"olu!on la&s

In Epperson ". Ar4ansas# >A> :.S. A< /9A6B1# $e S%
$eld $a $e eac$!n. o( $e Dar&!n!an $eor, o( e"olu!on
canno be pro$!b!ed (ro' publ!c s$ools b, parens &$ose
rel!.!ons (!nds $e $eor, o((ens!"e.

?. Pra,er and )!ble-read!n. !n publ!c sc$ools

In En.el ". V!ale# ><E :.S. ?79 /9A6<1# $e S%
d!sallo&ed $e conduc!n. o( an !nerdeno'!na!onal pra,er
be(ore $e sar o( classes !n publ!c sc$ools as# "!ola!"e o(
$e Non- Esabl!s$'en clause.

En.el ". V!ale# ><E :.S. ?79 /9A6<1

F* T$e responden )oard o( Educa!on upon $e
reco''enda!on o( $e Sae )oard o( Re.ens# d!reced $e
Sc$ool5s D!sr!c pr!nc!pal o cause $e rec!a!on !n publ!c
sc$ools o( a br!e(# deno'!na!onall, neural pra,er. Is
obser"ance on $e par o( $e sudens &as "olunar,.

R:LING* T$e %our ruled $a $e Sae o( Ne& Yor4# b,
us!n. !s publ!c sc$ool s,se' o encoura.e $e rec!a!on o(
$e Re.en5s pra,er $as adoped a prac!ce &$oll,
!ncons!sen &!$ $e Esabl!s$'en %lause. T$e pra,er &as
co'posed b, .o" o((!c!als as par o( a .o"ern'enal
pro.ra' o (ur$er rel!.!ous bel!e(s. T$e cons!u!onal
pro$!b!!on a.a!ns la&s respec!n. an esabl!s$'en o(
rel!.!on 'eans a leas $a ! !s no par o( $e bus!ness o(
$e .o"ern'en o co'pose o((!c!al pra,ers (or an, .roup o
rec!e as par o( a rel!.!ous pro.ra' carr!ed on b, $e .o".
T$e clauses o( $e 9s A'end'en &$!c$ pro$!b!
la&s respec!n. an esabl!s$'en o( rel!.!on and abr!d.!n.
$e (ree e;erc!se $ereo(# al$ou.$ o"erlapp!n. !n cera!n
!nsances# (orb!ds &o d!(( 4!nds o( .o"ern'enal
encroac$'en upon rel!.!ous (reedo'. T$e sabl!s$'en
clause# unl!4e $e (ree e;erc!se clause# does no depend upon
an, s$o&!n. o( d!rec .o"ern'enal co'puls!on and !s
"!olaed b, $e enac'en o( la&s &$!c$ esabl!s$ an o((!c!al
rel!.!on# &$e$er or no $ose la&s operae d!recl, o coerce
non-obser"!n. !nd!"!duals. I ress on $e bel!e( $a a un!on
o( .o" and rel!.!on ends o desro, .o" and o de.rade
rel!.!on# and upon an a&areness o( $e $!sor!cal (ac $a
.o"ern'enall, esabl!s$ed rel!.!on and rel!.!ous
persecu!ons .o $and !n $and.

In Ab!n.on Sc$ool D!sr!c ". Sc$e'p# ><? :.S. 7E>
/9A6>1# ! l!4e&!se d!sallo&ed $e read!n. o( a passa.e (ro'
$e b!ble &!$ou co''en !n publ!c sc$ools as conrar, o
$e Non- Esabl!s$'en clause.

Ab!n.on Sc$ool D!sr!c ". Sc$e'p# ><? :.S. 7E> /9A6>1

T$e !ssue &as &$e$er $e esabl!s$'en clause &as "!olaed
b, a Penns,l"an!a Saue or a rule o( $e )oard o(
%o''!ss!oners o( )al!'ore adoped pursuan o sauor,
au$or!, re0u!r!n. $e read!n. &!$ou co''en# a $e
open!n. o( eac$ sc$ool da,# o( "erses (ro' $e )!ble and $e
rec!a!on o( $e Lord5s pra,er b, $e sudens !n un!son. T$e
sudens and parens 'a, re(use o par!c!pae !n $e sc$ool
e;erc!ses. T$ese e;erc!ses &ere prescr!bed as par o( $e
curr!cular ac!"!!es o( sudens &$o are re0u!red b, la& o
aend sc$ool and $eld !n sc$ool bu!ld!n.s under $e
super"!s!on and par!c!pa!on o( eac$ers e'plo,ed !n $ose
sc$ools.

R:LING* YES# $e esabl!s$'en clause &as "!olaed.
T$e esabl!s$'en clause pro$!b!s a sae (ro'
plac!n. o((!c!al suppor be$!nd $e enes o( one or all
or$odo;!es and $e (ree e;erc!se clause .uaranees $e r!.$
o( e"er, person o (reel, c$oose $!s o&n course &!$
re(erence o rel!.!ous ra!n!n.# eac$!n. and obser"ance# (ree
(ro' an, co'puls!on (ro' $e Sae.
T$e es !n deer'!n!n. &$e$er a le.!sla!"e
enac'en "!olaes $e Esabl!s$'en clause &$!c$
&!$dra&s all le.!sla!"e po&er respec!n. rel!.!ous bel!e( or
$e e;press!on $ereo(# !s $e P:RPOSE and $e PRIMARY
EFFE%T o( $e enac'en. I( e!$er !s $e ad"ance'en or
!n$!b!!on o( rel!.!on# $en $e enac'en e;ceeds $e scope
o( le.!sla!"e po&er as c!rcu'scr!bed b, $e F!rs
A'end'en. To &!$sand $e sr!cures o( $e esabl!s$'en
clause# $ere 'us be a secular le.!sla!"e purpose and a
pr!'ar, e((ec $a ne!$er ad"ances nor !n$!b!s rel!.!on.
T$e place o( $e )!ble as an !nsru'en o( rel!.!on
canno be .a!nsa!d. T$!s !s par!cularl, so &$ere $e Sae5s
reco.n!!on o( $e per"ad!n. rel!.!ous c$aracer o( $e
e;erc!se !s e"!den (ro' $e rule5s spec!(!c per'!ss!on o( $e
alerna!"e use o( $e %a$ol!c Doua, "ers!on o( $e )!ble as
&ell as (ro' a recen a'end'en per'!!n. non-aendance
a $e e;erc!ses# none o( $ose (acors be!n. cons!sen &!$
$e conen!on $a $e )!ble !s used e!$er as an !nsru'en
(or non-rel!.!ous 'oral !nsp!ra!on or as a re(erence (or $e
eac$!n. o( secular sub+ecs.

F. Ta; e;e'p!on

Art. 8I, S!. ;1. CCC
5>7 Ch%rit%&l i$stit+tio$s, !h+r!hs, #%rso$%gs
or !o$($ts %##+rt$%$t thrto, .os,+s, $o$B#rofit
!.tris, %$' %ll l%$'s, &+il'i$gs %$' i.#ro(.$ts,
%!t+%ll), 'ir!tl), %$' C!l+si(l) +s' for rligio+s,
!h%rit%&l or '+!%tio$%l #+r#oss sh%ll & C.#t fro.
t%C%tio$.

T$e rul!n. !n )!s$op o( Nue"a Se.o"!a ". Pro"!nc!al
)oard# F9 P$!l. >F7 /9A7<1 !s 'od!(!ed o $e e;en no&
$a $e proper, 'us be 2acuall,# d!recl, and e;clus!"el,2
used (or rel!.!ous purposes o be e;e'p.
I( no (or rel!.!ous purposes# educa!onal purposes.

)!s$op o( Nue"a Se.o"!a ". Pro"!nc!al )oard# F9 P$!l. >F7
/9A7<1

F* T$e pla!n!((# $e Ro'an %a$ol!c Aposol!c %$urc$#
represened b, $e )!s$op o( Nue"a Se.o"!a# !s $e o&ner
and occupan o( a parcel o( land !n San N!colas# Ilocos
Nore. On $e sou$ s!de !s a par o( $e c$urc$ ,ard# $e
con"en and an ad+acen lo used as "e.eable .arden. In $e
cener !s $e re'a!nder o( $e c$urc$,ard and $e c$urc$. On
$e nor$ s!de !s an old ce'eer, and $e base o( &$a &as
once a o&er. T$e Pro". )oard !'posed a a; on $e &$ole
land.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no $e a;a!on !s le.al.

R:LING* NO. T$e e;e'p!on !n $e pa,'en o( $e land
a; 'andaed !n $e %ons!u!on !n (a"or o( $e rel!.!ous
en!!es re(ers o $e $o'e o( $e pr!es &$o pres!des o"er
$e c$urc$ and &$o $as o a4e care o( $!'sel( !n order o
d!sc$ar.e $!s du!es. I $ere(ore 'us !nclude no onl, $e
land acuall, occup!ed b, $e c$urc$ bu also $e ad+acen
.round des!ned (or $e ord!nar, !nc!denal uses o( 'an.
E;cep !n lar.e c!!es &$ere $e dens!, o( $e
popula!on and $e de"elop'en o( co''erce re0u!re $e
use o( lar.e racs o( land (or bu!ld!n.s# a "e.eable .arden
belon.s o a $ouse and# !n $e case o( a con"en# !s use !s
l!'!ed o $e necess!!es o( $e pr!es. T$ere(ore# &$!c$
co'es under $e a; e;e'p!on.
As o $e lo &$!c$ &as (or'erl, $e ce'eer,# &$!le
! !s no lon.er used as suc$# ne!$er !s ! used (or co''erc!al
purposes and# accd. o $e e"!dence# !s no& be!n. used as a
lod.!n. $ouse b, $e people &$o par!c!pae !n rel!.!ous
(es!"!!es. T$e sa'e cons!ues an !nc!denal use !n
rel!.!ous (unc!ons. I also co'es &!$!n $e e;e'p!on.

6. Publ!c a!d o rel!.!on

T$e pa,'en or use o( publ!c 'one, or proper, (or
an, rel!.!ous !ns!u!on or cler., !s no allo&edD e;cep !n
$ose cases pro"!ded !n $e %ons!u!on* pr!ess ass!.ned !n
$e AFP# penal !ns!u!on# .o"ern'en orp$ana.e# or
leprosar!u'. QAr. VI# Sec. 7A /71R

)u !n A.l!pa, ". Ru!@# 6? P$!l. 7E9 /9A><1# $e S%
$eld $a $e sa'p pr!ned b, $e .o"ern'en s$o&!n. $e
'ap o( $e P$!l!pp!nes &!$ a rosar, o co''e'orae $e
>>rd Inerna!onal Euc$ar!s!c %on.ress o be $eld !n Man!la
d!d no "!olae $e Non-Esabl!s$'en clause because !s
'a!n purpose# &as o call $e &orld5s aen!on o Man!la as
$e s!e o( an !nerna!onal con.ress# and &$ae"er bene(! !
.a"e $e %a$ol!c %$urc$ &as onl, !nc!denal.
A.l!pa, ". Ru!@# 6? P$!l. 7E9 /9A><1

F* T$e pe!!oner# Mons. A.l!pa,# 8ead o( $e P$!l. Ind.
%$urc$# sou.$ o resra!n responden D!recor o( Poss (ro'
!ssu!n. and sell!n. posa.e sa'ps co''e'ora!"e o( $e
>>rd Inerna!onal Euc$ar!s!c %on.ress. T$e D!recor !ssued
$e sa'ps under $e pro"!s!ons o( Ac ?EF7 &$!c$
appropr!aes publ!c (unds (or $e cos o( $e plaes and
pr!n!n. o( $e sa'ps. Pe!!oner alle.ed $a $e !ssuance o(
$e sa'ps &as done !n "!ola!on o( $e %ons!u!onal
pro"!s!on $a no publ!c 'one, or proper, s$all be
appropr!aed (or $e use# bene(! or suppor o( an, sec or
rel!.!on.

ISS:E* 3=N pe!!oner5s conen!on !s enable.

R:LING* NO. Ac ?EF7 cone'plaed no rel!.!ous purpose
!n "!e&. 3$a ! .a"e $e D!recor o( Poss &as $e
d!scre!onar, po&er o deer'!ne &$en $e !ssuance o(
spec!al posa.e sa'ps &ould be ad"ana.eous o $e
.o"ern'en.
T$e purpose !n !ssu!n. $e sa'ps &as o ad"er!se
$e P$!l!pp!nes and arac 'ore our!ss o $!s counr,. T$e
o((!c!als concerned 'erel, oo4 ad"ana.e o( an e"en
cons!dered o( !nerna!onal !'porance o .!"e publ!c!, o
$e counr, and !s people. T$e sa'p cona!ned a 'ap o(
$e P$!l!pp!nes and $e loca!on o( Man!la# and an
!nscr!p!on as (ollo&s* 2Sea JJJIII Inerna!onal
Euc$ar!s!c %rusade.2 3$a &as e'p$as!@ed &as no $e
e"en bu Man!la.
I &as ob"!ous $a &$!le $e sa'ps 'a, be sa!d o
be !nseparabl, l!n4ed &!$ an e"en o( a rel!.!ous c$aracer#
$e resul!n. propa.anda rece!"ed b, $e Ro'an %a$ol!c
%$urc$ &as 'erel, !nc!denal and &as no $e a!' and
purpose o( $e .o"ern'en.
In I.nac!o ". Ela# supra# $e d!ssen!n. op!n!on o(
-us!ce %oncepc!on po!ned ou $a $e 'a,or d!sappro"ed
$e appl!ca!on (or a per'! no so 'uc$ because $e &as
a(ra!d $a breac$ o( peace &ould ensue bu because $e
&ron.l, $ou.$ $e 4!os4 s$ould be used (or publ!c
purposes onl, and no (or rel!.!ous purposes. 3$en $e
-e$o"a$5s 3!ness 'e'bers use $e publ!c s0uares# $e, are
no d!((eren (ro' ord!nar, pedesr!ans or pro'enaders &$o
use $e sree* $a $e, are per(or'!n. rel!.!ous acs !s onl,
!nc!denal. So lon. as $e use o( publ!c proper, !s onl,
!nc!denalall, and e'porar!ll, (or rel!.!ous purposes and so
lon. as $e use !s suc$ as o be reasonabl, co'pa!ble &!$
$e use o &$!c$ o$er 'e'bers o( $e co''un!, are
s!'!larl, en!led# $en $e non-esabl!s$'en clause !s no
"!olaed. T$e ess $en are /91 Is $e use o( $e publ!c
(ac!l!, co'pa!ble &!$ .eneral useH /71 Is $e resul!n.
bene(! o $e rel!.!ous .roup onl, !nc!denal.

B. Dr ECr!is Cl%+s

9. Fla. Salue

Ebran!la. ". D!"!s!on Super!ndenen o( Sc$ools o( %ebu#
79A S%RA 7F6 /9AA>1

Conscientious #b,ectors cannot be compelled to salute the
flag.

F* All $e pe!!oners !n $ese cases &ere e;pelled
(ro' $e!r classes b, $e publ!c sc$ool au$or!!es !n %ebu
(or re(us!n. o salue $e (la.# s!nce $e na!onal an$e' and
rec!e $e par!o!c pled.e as re0u!red b, RA 976F and b,
Dep. Order No. B daed -ul, 79# 9AFF o( $e DE%S 'a4!n.
$e (la. cere'on, co'pulsor, !n all educa!onal
!ns!u!ons.

ISS:E* 3=N sc$ool c$!ldren &$o are 'e'bers o( a
rel!.!ous sec 4no&n as -e$o"a$5s 3!nesses 'a, be
e;pelled (ro' sc$ool /bo$ pr!"ae and publ!c1# (or re(us!n.#
on accoun o( $e!r rel!.!ous bel!e(s# o a4e par !n $e (la.
cere'on, &$!c$ !ncludes pla,!n. /b, a band1 or s!n.!n. $e
P$!l. Na!onal An$e'# salu!n. $e P$!l. (la. and rec!!n.
$e par!o!c pled.e.

8ELD* NO.
T$e !dea $a one 'a, be co'pelled o salue $e
(la.# s!n. $e na!onal an$e'# and rec!e $e par!o!ce
pled.e# dur!n. a (la. cere'on, on pa!n o( be!n. d!s'!ssed
(ro' one5s +ob or o( be!n. e;pelled (ro' sc$ool# !s al!en o
$e consc!ence o( $e presen .enera!on o( F!l!p!nos &$o cu
$e!r ee$ on $e )!ll o( R!.$s &=c .uaranees $e!r r!.$s o
(ree speec$ and $e (ree e;erc!se o( rel!.!ous pro(ess!on and
&ors$!p.
;;;
;;; Forc!n. a s'all rel!.!ous .roup# $rou.$ $e
!ron $and o( $e la&# o par!c!pae !n a cere'on, $a
"!olaes $e!r rel!.!ous bel!e(s# &!ll $ardl, be conduc!"e o
lo"e o( counr, or respec (or dul, cons!ued au$or!!es.
;;;
T$e sole +us!(!ca!on (or a pr!or resra!n or
l!'!a!on on $e e;erc!se o( rel!.!ous (reedo' !s $e
e;!sence o( a .ra"e and presen dan.er o( a c$aracer bo$
.ra"e and !''!nen# o( a ser!ous e"!l o publ!c sa(e,# 'oral#
$eal$ or an, o$er le.!!'ae publ!c !neres# $a $e sae
$as a r!.$ and du, o pre"en. Absen suc$ a $rea o
publ!c sa(e,# $e e;puls!on o( $e pes. (ro' $e sc$ools !s
no +us!(!ed.
;;;
Al$ou.$ pe!!oners do no par!c!pae !n $e
co'pulsor, (la. cere'on,# $e, do no en.a.e !n e;ernal
acs or be$a"!or $a &ould o((end $e!r counr,'en &$o
bel!e"e !n e;erc!s!n. $e!r lo"e o( counr, $rou.$ $e
obser"ance o( $e (la. cere'on,. T$e, 0u!el, sand a
aen!on dur!n. $e cere'on, o s$o& $e!r respec (or $e
r!.$ o( $ose &$o c$oose o par!c!pae !n $e sole'n
proceed!n.s. As $ere !s no d!srup!on# e;puls!on !s
un&arraned.
8o&e"er# !( $e, s$ould co''! breac$es o( peace
b, ac!on $a o((end $e sens!b!l!!es# bo$ rel!.!ous and
par!o!c# o( o$er persons# $e sc$ool au$or!!es $a"e $e
po&er o d!sc!pl!ne $e'.

%o'pare 3es V. )oard o( Educa!on ". )arnee# >9A :S
67? /9A?>1

F* T$e Sae )oard re0u!red publ!c sc$ool pup!ls o
salue $e (la. o( $e :n!ed Saes &$!le rec!!n. a pled.e o(
alle.!ance under penal, o( e;puls!on ena!l!n. l!ab!l!, o(
bo$ pup!l and parens o be proceeded a.a!ns (or unla&(ul
absence. Appellees# 'e'bers o( $e -e$o"a$5s 3!nesses#
cons!der $e (la. as a .ra"en !'a.e &$!c$ $e, are
(orb!dden o salue under $e!r rel!.!ous bel!e(s. T$e Sae
assers $e po&er o cond!!on access o publ!c educa!on.

ISS:E* 3=N $e co'pulsor, (la. salue !s "al!d.

R:LING* NO.
In connec!on &!$ pled.es# $e (la. salue !s a (or'
o( uerance. I re0u!res an a((!r'a!on o( a bel!e( and an
a!ude o( '!nd. I !s no& a co''onplace $a censors$!p or
suppress!on o( e;press!on o( op!n!on !s oleraed b, $e
%ons!u!on onl, &$en $e e;press!on presens a clear and
presen dan.er o( ac!on o( a 4!nd $e Sae !s e'po&ered o
pre"en and pun!s$. 8ere $e po&er o( co'puls!on !s
!n"o4ed &!$ou an, alle.a!on $a re'a!n!n. pass!"e
dur!n. a (la. salue r!ual creaes a clear and presen dan.er
$a &ould +us!(, an e((or e"en o 'u((le e;press!on.
To susa!n $e co'pulsor, (la. salue# &e are
re0u!red o sa, $a a )!ll o( R!.$s &$!c$ .uards $e
!nd!"!dual5s r!.$ o spea4 $!s '!nd le( ! open o publ!c
au$or!!es o co'pel $!' o uer &$a !s no !n $!s '!nd.
T$e %our appl!es $e l!'!a!ons o( $e %ons!u!on
&!$ no (ear $a (reedo' o be !nellecuall, and sp!r!uall,
d!"erse or e"en conrar, &!ll d!s!ne.rae $e soc!al
or.an!@a!on. To bel!e"e $a par!o!s' &!ll no (lour!s$ !(
par!o!c cere'on!es are "olunar, and sponaneous !nsead
o( a co'pulsor, rou!ne !s o 'a4e an un(laer!n. es!'ae
o( $e appeal o( our !ns!u!ons o (ree '!nds.

7. Freedo' o propa.ae rel!.!ous docr!nes

A'er!can )!ble Soc!e, ". %!, o( Man!la# 9E9 P >B6 /9AF<1

F* Pla!n!(( !s en.a.ed !n $e d!sr!bu!on and sale o(
b!bles and rel!.!ous ar!cles. T$e %!, Treasurer o( Man!la
!n(or'ed $e pla!n!(( $a ! &as conduc!n. $e bus!ness o(
.eneral 'erc$and!se &!$ou secur!n. $e necessar, l!cense
and pa,!n. $e re0u!s!e (ee !n "!ola!on o( $e %!,
ord!nance. Pla!n!(( proesed a.a!ns $!s re0u!re'en as
cons!u!n. a resra!n upon $e e;erc!se o( rel!.!on. I
cla!'ed $a ! !s no en.a.ed !n bus!ness &$!c$ necess!aes
$e secur!n. o( a l!cense as ! ne"er 'ade an, pro(! (ro' $e
sale o( !s b!bles.

ISS:E* 3$e$er or no $e ord!nance as appl!ed o
pe!!oner !s unconsu!onal (or be!n. !n resra!n o(
pe!!oner5s r!.$ o (ree e;erc!se o( rel!.!on.

8ELD* YES. T$e po&er o a; $e e;erc!se o( $e pr!"!le.e
!s $e po&er o conrol or suppress !s en+o,'en. T$ose &$o
can a; $e e;erc!se o( rel!.!ous prac!ce can 'a4e !s
e;erc!se so cosl, as o depr!"e ! o( $e resources necessar,
(or !s 'a!nenance. I !s rue $a $e pr!ce as4ed (or $e
rel!.!ous ar!cles &as !n so'e !nsances a l!le b! $!.$er
$an $e acual cos o( $e sa'e# bu $!s canno 'ean $a
pla!n!(( &as en.a.ed !n $e bus!ness or occupa!on o(
sell!n. sa!d 2'erc$and!se2 (or pro(!. T$e 'ar4 up can onl,
be reaed as conr!bu!ons b, $e (a!$(uls o $e rel!.!ous
cause. T$e Ord!nance %ANNOT be appl!ed o pla!n!((
soc!e,# (or !n so do!n.# ! &ould !'pa!r !s (ree e;erc!se and
en+o,'en o( !s rel!.!ous pro(ess!on and &ors$!p# as &ell as
!s r!.$ o d!sse'!nae rel!.!ous bel!e(s.

>. E;e'!on (ro' un!on s$op

V!cor!ano ". El!@alde Rope 3or4ers :n!on# FA S%RA F?
/9A<?1

F* )en+a'!n V!cor!ano !s an e'plo,ee o( $e El!@alde
Rope Facor,. In 9A67# $e res!.ned (ro' $e responden
labor un!on on $e .round $a $e I.les!a n! Cr!so o( &$!c$
$e !s a 'e'ber pro$!b!s un!on 'e'bers$!p. As $e un!on
de'anded $!s d!s'!ssal (ro' e'plo,'en pursuan o a
closed s$op a.ree'en# V!cor!ano brou.$ $!s ac!on (or
!n+unc!on. T$e %FI ruled !n $!s (a"or e;e'p!n. (ro' $e
closed-s$op conracs 'e'bers o( rel!.!ous secs &$!c$
pro$!b! a((!l!a!on o( $e!r 'e'bers !n an, labor
or.an!@a!on. T$e un!on appealed.

8ELD* T$e saue does no "!olae $e r!.$s o(
assoc!a!on. I does no !'pa!r $e obl!.a!on o( conracs (or
no onl, are e;!s!n. la&s read !no conracs !n order o (!;
$e obl!.a!on o( $e par!es bu $e reser"a!on o( essen!al
ar!bues o( so"ere!.n po&er !s also read !no suc$
conracs. Ne!$er does $e la& cons!ue an esabl!s$'en
o( rel!.!on. I $as been $eld $a !n order o &!$sand
ob+ec!ons based on $!s .round# $e saue 'usr $a"e a
secular purpose and $a purpose 'us no d!recl, ad"ance
or d!'!n!s$ $e !neres o( an, rel!.!on. %on.ress aced
'erel, o rel!e"e persons o( $e burden !'posed b, un!on
secur!, a.ree'ens.

?. D!s0ual!(!ca!on (ro' local .o"ern'en o((!ce

Pa'!l ". Teleron B6 S%RA ?9> /9A<B1

F* In 9A<9# Fr. Mar.ar!o Gon@a.a &as eleced 'a,or
o( Albu0uer0ue# )o$ol. A pe!!on &as (!led a.a!ns $!' on
$e bas!s o( sec!on 79<F o( $e Re"!sed Ad'!n!sra!"e
%ode pro"!d!n. $a 2!n nocase s$all $ere be eleced or
appo!ned o a 'un!c!pal o((!ce eccles!as!cs# sold!ers !n
ac!"e ser"!ce# persons rece!"!n. salar!es (ro' pro"!nc!al
(unds# or conracors (or publ!c &or4s.2 T$e %FI d!s'!ssed
$e pe!!on on $e .round $a $e !nel!.!b!l!, $as been
!'pl!edl, repealed b, sec!on 7> o( $e 9A<9 Elec!on %ode.

8ELD* T$e "o!n. o( $e S% &as !nconclus!"e. Se"en
+us!ces $eld $a sec!on 79<F !s no lon.er opera!"e. -us!ce
Fernando $eld $a sec!on 79<F !'posed a rel!.!ous es on
$e e;erc!se o( $e r!.$ o run (or publ!c o((!ce conrar, o
Ar. III o( $e 9A>F %ons!u!on. -us!ce Tee$an4ee $eld $a
sec!on 79<F $ad been repealed b, $e Elec!on %ode. F!"e
+us!ces $eld $a sec!on 79<F !s cons!u!onal.

8I. LIBERT/ OD ABODE AND OD TRA8EL

Art. III, S!. 2. Th li&rt) of %&o' %$' of
!h%$gi$g th s%. *ithi$ th li.its #rs!ri&' &) l%*
sh%ll $ot & i.#%ir' C!#t +#o$ l%*f+l or'r of th
!o+rt. Nithr sh%ll th right to tr%(l & i.#%ir'
C!#t i$ th i$trst of $%tio$%l s!+rit), #+&li! s%ft),
or #+&li! h%lth, %s .%) & #ro(i'' &) l%*.

Salon.a ". 8er'oso A< S%RA 979 /9ABE1

Right to travel

T$!s !s no $e (!rs !'e pe!!oner -o"!o Salon.a
ca'e o $e S% b, &a, o( a mandamus proceed!n. o
co'pel $e !ssuance o $!' o( a cer!(!cae o( el!.!b!l!, o
ra"el. In $e (!rs case# Salon.a ". Madella# $e case beca'e
'oo and acade'!c. T$e presen pe!!on !s l!4e&!se 'oo
and acade'!c. In $e 'o!on o d!s'!ss (!led b, $e Sol!c!or
General# ! &as saed $a $e cer!(!cae o( el!.!b!l!, o
ra"el $ad been .raned pe!!oner.
None$eless# !n "!e& o( $e l!4el!$ood $a $!s %our
'a, be (aced a.a!n &!$ $e sa'e s!ua!on# ! !s des!rable
$a responden Tra"el Process!n. %ener s$ould e;erc!se $e
u'os care o a"o!d $e !'press!on $a cera!n c!!@ens
des!rous o( e;erc!s!n. $e!r cons!u!onal r!.$ o ra"el
could be sub+eced o !ncon"en!ence or anno,ance. T$e
(reedo' o ra"el !s one o( $e 'os c$er!s$ed. ;;;

Marcos ". Man.lapus# 9<< S%RA 66B K 9<B S%RA <6E
/9ABA1

F* T$!s pe!!on (or mandamus and pro$!b!!on as4s $e
%our o order $e respondens o !ssue ra"el docu'ens o
Mr. Marcos and $e !''ed!ae 'e'bers o( $!s (a'!l, and o
en+o!n $e !'ple'ena!on o( $e Pres!den5s dec!s!on o bar
$e!r reurn o $e P$!l!pp!nes. T$e case (or pe!!oners !s
(ounded on $e asser!on $a $e r!.$ o( $e Marcoses o
reurn o $e P$!l!pp!nes !s .uaraneed under $e pro"!s!ons
o( $e %ons!u!on respec!n. one5s l!ber, o( abode and
r!.$ o ra"el. Respondens ar.ue $e pr!'ac, o( $e r!.$ o(
$e Sae o na!onal secur!, o"er !nd!"!dual r!.$s.

R:LING* T$e r!.$ !n"ol"ed !n $!s case !s no $e r!.$ o
ra"el (ro' $e P$!l!pp!nes o o$er counr!es or &!$!n $e
P$!l!pp!nes. Essen!all,# $e r!.$ !n"ol"ed !s $e r!.$ o
reurn o one5s counr,# a oall, d!s!nc r!.$ under
!nerna!onal la&# !ndependen (ro' al$ou.$ relaed o $e
r!.$ o ra"el.
T$e r!.$ o reurn o one5s counr, !s no a'on. $e
r!.$s spec!(!call, .uaraneed !n $e )!ll o( R!.$s# &$!c$
reas onl, o( $e l!ber, o( abode and $e r!.$ o ra"el# bu
! !s $e %our5s &ell cons!dered "!e& $a $e r!.$ o reurn
'a, be cons!dered as a .enerall, acceped pr!nc!ple o(
!nerna!onal la&# and under our %ons!u!on# !s par o( $e
la& o( $e land. 8o&e"er# ! !s d!s!nc and separae (ro' $e
r!.$ o ra"el and en+o,s a d!((eren proec!on under $e
Inl. %o"enan o( %!"!l and Pol!!cal R!.$s# !.e. a.a!ns
be!n. arb!rar!l, depr!"ed $ereo(.
T$e re0ues or de'and o( $e Marcoses o be
allo&ed o reurn o $e P$!l!pp!nes canno be cons!dered !n
$e l!.$ solel, o( $e cons!u!onal pro"!s!ons .uaranee!n.
l!ber, o( abode and $e r!.$ o ra"el. I 'us be reaed as
a 'aer $a !s appropr!ael, addressed o $ose res!dual
unsaed po&ers o( $e Pres!den &$!c$ are !'pl!c! !n and
correla!"e o $e para'oun du, res!d!n. !n $a o((!ce o
sa(e.uard and proec .eneral &el(are. In $a cone;# suc$
re0ues or de'and s$ould sub'! o $e e;erc!se o( a
broader d!scre!on on $e par o( $e Pres!den o deer'!ne
&$e$er ! 'us be .raned or no.

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