1

March 29, 2013

6
th
Annual PWO Industrial
Wastewater Treatment
Seminar
2
Chris Hutchings
Account Manager
Nalco An Ecolab Company
3
The water was not fit drink, to
make it palatable, we had to
add whiskey. By diligent effort,
I learned to like it
-Winston Churchill

Agenda
Introduction to Nalco and Ecolab
Chemistry of waste water treatment
Coagulation
Flocculation
Nalmet
Dissolved Air Flotation
Membranes
More than 85 years of experience
Nalco Formed in 1928
National Aluminate Corporation
A Network of Experts to Support Your Plant Operations
Industry Expertise
Everywhere Around the World
Increased Reach
8
Wastewater is the result of lost product and
cleaning practices in the manufacturing
process. These make their way into the plant
drainage systems.

It is far more cost effective to prevent them
mixing with the water in the first place.
Prevention is better than the cure!
9
Coagulation
on
Settling Characteristics of Suspended
Particles in a Static Environment
10
1

0.1
0.01

0.001
0.0001

0.00001
0.000001
0.487 sq. in. (314.2 mm
2
)
4.87 sq. in. (31.42 cm
2
)

48.7 sq. in. (314.2 cm
2
)
3.38 sq. ft. (0.314 m
2
)

33.8 sq. ft. (3.14 m
2
)
37.5 sq yd. (31.4 m
2
)

0.7 acre (0.283 ha)
7.0 acres (2.83 ha)
Gravel
Coarse Sand

Fine Sand
Silt

Bacteria
Colloidal Particles

Colloidal Particles
Colloidal Particles
0.3 sec.
3 sec.

38 sec.
33 min.

55 hr.
230 days

6.3 yr.
63 years. min.
Diameter of
Particle, mm Order of Size Total Surface Area*
Time Required
to Settle **
* Area for particles of indicated size produced from a particle 10 mm in diameter with a
specific gravity of 2.65
** Calculations based on a sphere with specific gravity of 2.65 to settle one foot (30.48 cm)

POLYMER
CHARACTERIZATION
Type
Coagulant
Flocculant
Chemistry
Inorganic
Organic
Molecular Weight
Coagulants - Examples
Inorganic Coagulants
Aluminum Sulfate (Alum)
Polyaluminum Chloride
Aluminum Chloride
Sodium Aluminate
Ferric Sulfate
Ferric Chloride

Organic Coagulants
DADMAC
Epi/DMA

Inorganic/Organic Blends

What Is It?
Coagulation is the destabilization of charged
colloidal particles by neutralizing forces that
keep them apart.

Think of trying to join two magnets
Same poles / charges is a fight (++)
Different poles / charges attract (+-)
Coagulation
Coagulation is generally accomplished by the
addition of the coagulant which neutralizes the
charges and collapses the cloud surrounding
the colloids so that the particles can
agglomerate.
How Does It Work?
Most organic products that
are naturally occurring have
an excess of negative
charge

Most coagulants you will
use have a positive charge
to neutralize these clouds

Careful! You can add
excess coagulant and
reverse the effect
How Does This Affect My Plant?
Poor coagulation will result in poor plant performance.
Particles will not be easily separated from the water.
Discharge will have:
High TSS
High Turbidity
Failure to meet discharge requirements.
What Do I Need To Know To Use It?
Coagulants can be added at 100% strength (neat).
Initial rapid mixing of coagulants.
Neutralization of particle surface charges.
Collisions between neutralized particles.
18
Flocculation
What Is It?
Flocculation is the agglomeration or building up
of smaller particles into a form that may be
easily removed from the water phase.

Flocculation
The flocculant creates a bridge
between the destabilized particles
to form larger more easily
separated flocs. It also aids with
bubble attachment allowing for
greater buoyancy within a DAF.
Flocculation
Flocculants are added to a
DAF to enhance
suspended solids removal
and provide better bubble
attachment to the solids.
Flocculation
Three Types of Flocculants:

Cationic (Positively Charged)
Anionic (Negatively Charged)
Non-Ionic (Neutral No Charge)

Dry, Latex and Emulsion


How Does This Affect My Plant?
Proper addition of flocculant will:
Provide better water clarity.
Increase pollutant removal.
Increased throughput.

What Do I Need To Know To Use It?
Factors That Affect the Performance
of a Flocculant:
Energy Input Intensity
Energy Input Time
Amount of Solids
Velocity Gradation
Temperature
What chemistry should we use?
Flocculation
Safety Tips:
Avoid Contact with Skin, Eyes and Clothing
Do Not Take Internally
Clean Up Spills Immediately to Avoid
Slippery Floors
Refer to MSDS for Details
28
Nalmet
Metals Removal
Mn
H
1.00794
1
Li
6.941
3
Be
9.01218
4
Na
22.98977
11
Mg
24.305
12
K
39.0983
19
Ca
40.078
20
Rb
85.4678
37
Sr
87.62
38
Cs
132.9054
55
Ba
137.33
56
Fr
(223)
87
Ra
226.0254
88
Sc
44.95591
21
Ti
47.88
22
Y
88.9059
39
Zr
91.224
40
La
138.9055
57
Hf
178.49
72
Ac
227.0278
89
V
50.9415
23
Cr
51.9961
24
Nb
92.9064
41
Mo
95.94
42
Ta
180.9479
73
W
183.85
74
54.9380
25
Fe
55.847
26
Tc
(98)
43
Ru
101.07
44
Re
186.207
75
Os
190.2
76
Co
58.9332
Ni
58.69
28
Rh
102.9055
45
Pd
106.42
46
Ir
192..22
77
Pt
195.08
78
Cu
63.546
29
Zn
65.39
30
Ag
107.8682
47
Cd
112.41
48
Au
196.9665
79
Hg
200.59
80
Ga
69.723
31
Ge
72.59
32
In
114.82
49
Sn
118.710
50
Tl
204.383
81
Pb
207.2
82
As
74.9216
33
Se
78.96
34
Sb
121.75
51
Te
127.60
52
Bi
208.9804
83
Po
(209)
84
Br
79.904
35
Kr
83.80
36
I
126.9045
53
Xe
131.29
54
At
(210)
85
Rn
(222)
86
H
1.00794
1
He
4.002602
2
F
18.9984
9
Ne
20.179
10
Cl
35.453
17
Ar
39.948
18
B
5
C
12.011
6
Al
13
Si
28.0855
14
N
14.0067
7
O
15.9994
8
P
30.97376
15
S
32.066
16
10.811
26.9815
27
0 VII-A
VI-A V-A IV-A III-A
II-B I-B VIII VI-B V-B IV-B III-B VII-B
II-A
I-A
Periodic Table of the Elements
Target Metals - NALMET
Metals in Solution - Water Bound



Chelants/Complexing Agents Bind and
Solubilize Metals over broad pH range
Soluble Metals
M
H
2
O OH
2
H
2
O
OH
2
OH
2
OH
2
Printed Circuit Board Cu-EDTA
Semiconductor Cu-CMP Cu-citrate, EDTA
Photoprocessing Waste Ag thiosulfate
Electroless Ni plating: Ni-citrate, gluconate
Brass Plating waste Cu, Zn ammonia
Metal Finishing Zn-polyphosphate
Chelated Metals:
Heavy Metal Removal
Precipitate Metals from
Solution
Neutralization Precipitation Coagulation
Flocculation
Clarifier
Filtration
Sludge
Processing
Solid/Liquid Separation
Influent
Metals
Effluent
Sludge Disposal
The Mixed Metals Dilemma!
(5.0)
(4.0)
(3.0)
(2.0)
(1.0)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
L
o
g

M
e
t
a
l

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

p
p
m

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
pH
Solubility of Various Metal Hydroxides with pH
Cu Zn Pb
Cd
Ag
The Mixed Metals Dilemma!
Ni


Hydroxide Precipitation
Use lime or caustic to adjust pH
Advantages:
Less expensive
Controlled by pH
Well known
Disadvantage:
Ineffective on mixed metals
Ineffective to ppb
High sludge volume
Nalmet
Nalcos Polymeric Precipitants
Consistent, effective results.
Low Capital for Implementation.
Reduced toxicity.
Ease of use
Polymeric Precipitant
CS
2
Modified Polymer Backbone*

C
S
S
C
S
S
C
S
S
C
S S
C
S S
C
S S
37
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
What is it?
Is a unit process (piece of equipment) used to
separate solid or liquid particles from a liquid
phase.
The flotation process consists of attaching fine
gas bubbles (10-100 microns) to suspended or
oily material causing a reduction of specific
gravity.
Dissolved Air Flotation
The Attachment of Gas Bubbles to Suspended
Solids or Oily Particles By:

Introduction of dissolved air into liquid medium.
Trapping of gas bubbles to particles, enhanced
with use of coagulants/flocculants.

Dissolved Air Flotation
Dissolved Air Flotation
Used for the treatment of effluents that are typically
difficult to settle. Applications:
Reduce BOD/COD
Suspended Solids
Grease Concentrations
To achieve a level acceptable for sewer discharge
chemical conditioning using coagulants and
flocculants is commonly practiced.

Dissolved Air Flotation
Basic Components of the dissolved air system

Air Saturation/Retention Tank
Air Compressor or Source of High Pressure Air
Backpressure Valve
Typical Controls
How Does It Work?
You must have
Pressurized water normally 25 to 50% of effluent flow
Air at a higher pressure than the water
Control of the pressure of water
Control of air flow
If you are missing any one of these components, then you do
not have a DAF
Typical DAF plant
Typical DAF plant
Krofta
PROVEN SOLUTIONS IN LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION
47
KROFTA

Krofta DAF systems combine innovation with
time-tested separation technology
Advanced technological features
Up to 12,000 GPM flow in a single unit
Automated data logging and trending
Innovative PLC technology and auto chemical
flow pacing
Krofta air dissolving tube (ADT )

GLOBAL EXPERTS IN DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION
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Krofta Dissolved Air Flotation Devices
Krofta Supracell
Effective for varying influent
characteristics
Higher clarification, thicker sludge
and low retention time
Circular design is optimum for small
foot prints
Krofta Multifloat
Modular, rectangular configuration
with vertical or horizontal design
Small footprint with a large output
Krofta Sandfloat
Flocculation, flotation and filtration
in one efficient solution
Combining three applications into a
single solution saves on costs and
provides for operating efficiencies

49
KROFTA

Avoid shutdowns and experience
cost savings
Make informed decisions before
making a purchase
Solve temporary challenges

DAF RENTAL PROGRAM
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Air Dissolving Tube (ADT)

Faster Air Dissolution, Lower
Retention Time
Select bubble size for optimum
performance
Improve collection efficiency




MAXIMUM CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE FOR DAFs
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Membranes
Crossbow Water Technologies
Crossbow Water
Profile
Competitive advantage:
State-of-the-art resin regeneration
plant
Unique portable exchange fleet
Asset-ready temporary systems
Logistic based distribution and
service centers
State-of-the-art equipment
design/build capability
GPS dispatched service fleet
Nalco Company acquired
Crossbow Water in 2009 as a
leading Midwest supplier of
membrane and ion exchange
equipment and services.

Crossbow Water serves as
Nalcos pretreatment services
arm, servicing over 4,000
customers in the greater Midwest
area.


Crossbow Water
Capabilities
Portable Exchange Services
Deionization - DI EXPRESS

Condensate polishing - Cycle Guard
TM
Back up water - Flow Guard
TM
Softening systems
Temporary/construction water
RO Services
Reverse osmosis - RO2GO
TM
RO pretreatment - Trans Guard
TM
Membrane cleaning services
Membrane optimization services
Remote monitoring -- QuickLink
TM
Pretreatment Equipment &
Services
Emergency services 24/7
rapid deployment
Maintenance contracts
Resin reconditioning and
regeneration services
Resin system rebeds
Media disposal - USEPA
Engineering Services
Water process upgrades
Water system modernization
Pilot study services
RO pretreatment upgrades
54
The water was not fit drink, to
make it palatable, we had to
add whiskey. By diligent effort,
I learned to like it
-Winston Churchill
Questions?

Chris Hutchings
cwhutchings@nalco.com
720-448-4055