P-T Diagram for a Single Compound

P-T Diagram for a Multicomponent

System
Classification of Petroleum Reservoirs
According to P-T Diagram
Oil Reservoirs: (T < T
c
)
Undersaturated oil reservoir p
i
> p
b
Saturated oil reservoir p
i
= p
b
Gas-cap reservoir p
i
< p
b
Gas-cap reservoir p
i
< p
b
Gas Reservoirs: (T > T
c
)
Retrograde gas-condensate
Near-critical gas-condensate
Wet gas
Dry gas
Crude Oil Classification
In general, crude oils are commonly classified into
the following types:
Ordinary black oil
Low-shrinkage crude oil Low-shrinkage crude oil
High-shrinkage (volatile) crude oil
Near-critical crude oil
Ordinary Black Oil
Low Shrinkage Oil
Volatile Crude Oil
Near Critical Crude Oil
Liquid Shrinkage Curve for the
Different Crude Oil Types
Gas Reservoirs
Retrograde gas-condensate
Near-critical gas-condensate
Wet gas
Dry gas Dry gas
Retrograde Gas Condensate Reservoir
Retrograde Gas Condensate Reservoir
Near-Critical Gas-Condensate
Reservoir
Wet Gas Reservoir
Dry Gas Reservoir
The crude oil gravity is defined as the mass of a
unit volume of the crude oil at a specified pressure
and temperature.
Oil Gravity
and temperature.
Specific Gravity:
It is defined as the ratio of the density of the oil to that of
water.
Oil Gravity
water.
Both densities are measured at 60
o
F and atmospheric
pressure.
It is the ratio of the volume oil at the reservoir
conditions to that at the surface condition.
Oil Formation Volume Factor
Crude oil viscosity is an important physical property
that controls and influences the flow of oil through
porous media and pipes.
Oil Viscosity
The viscosity, in general, is defined as the internal
resistance of the fluid to flow.
Rock Properties
Porosity:
The porosity of a rock is a measure of the storage
capacity (pore volume) that is capable of holding
fluids. fluids.
Rock Properties
Porosity:
Quantitatively, the porosity is the ratio of the pore
volume to the total volume (bulk volume).
V
b
p
V
V
=
Absolute Porosity
volume bulk
volume pore total
=
volume bulk
volume pore cted interconne
=
Effective Porosity
Rock Properties
Saturation:
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent,
of the pore volume occupied by a particular fluid
(oil, gas, or water). (oil, gas, or water).
volume pore
fluid the of volume total
n Saturatio Fluid =
Critical Saturation
Critical water saturation
Critical oil saturation
Critical gas saturation
Rock Properties
Permeability:
The permeability of a formation is a measure of
the rock's ability to transmit fluids.
Rock Properties
Permeability:
Absolute Permeability:
Fully saturated rock
Effective Permeability: Effective Permeability:
Water/Oil/Gas Mixture (immiscible fluids)
Relative Permeability:
Ratio Effective/Absolute
Rock Properties
Wettability:
Wettability is defined as the tendency of one
fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in
the presence of other immiscible fluids. the presence of other immiscible fluids.
Rock Properties
Wettability:
Water wet
Oil wet
Water
Oil
Rock Properties
0.8
1
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Water
Oil
Water Wet Oil Wet
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
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Water Saturation
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k
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rw
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water Saturation
R
e
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P
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k
rw
Primary Recovery Mechanisms
There are basically six driving mechanisms:
Rock and liquid expansion drive
Depletion drive
Gas cap drive Gas cap drive
Water drive
Gravity drainage drive
Combination drive
Rock and Liquid Expansion Drive
Undersaturated oil reservoir (P
res
> P
b
)
As the reservoir pressure declines, the rock and
fluids expand due to their individual
compressibilities compressibilities
Rapid pressure decline
Constant gas-oil ratio
The least efficient driving force
The recovery is only a small percentage of the
total oil in place
Depletion Drive
Also called:
Solution gas drive
Dissolved gas drive
Internal gas drive Internal gas drive
The principal source of energy is a result of gas
liberation from the crude oil
Oil-producing wells
Depletion Drive
Oil
A. Original Conditions
B. 50% Depleted
Oil-producing wells
Depletion Drive
Characteristics Trend
Reservoir pressure Declines rapidly and continuously
Gas-oil ratio Increases to maximum and then declines
Water production None
Well behavior Requires pumping at early stage
Oil recovery 5 to 30%
Depletion Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Source of Energy:
Expansion of the gas-cap gas
Expansion of the solution gas as it is liberated
Oil-producing
well
Oil
zone
Oil
zone
Gas cap
Gas Cap Drive
Characteristics Trend
Reservoir pressure Falls slowly and continuously
Gas-oil ratio Rises continuously in up-structure wells
Water production Absent or negligible water production
Well behavior Flow longer than depletion-drive reservoirs
Oil recovery 20% to 40%
Gas Cap Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Important Parameters Affecting the Ultimate Oil
Recovery:
Size of the original gas cap
Vertical permeability Vertical permeability
Oil viscosity
Degree of conservation of the gas
Oil production rate
Dip angle
Water Drive
Oil-producing well
Water Water
Oil Zone
Edgewater Drive
Water Drive
Oil-producing well
Oil Zone
Water
Bottom water Drive
Water Drive
Characteristics Trend
Reservoir pressure Remains high
Gas-oil ratio Remains low
Water production Starts early and increase to appreciable amounts
Well behavior Flow until water production gets excessive
Oil recovery 35 to 75%
Water Drive
Gravity Drainage Drive
The mechanism of gravity drainage occurs in
petroleum reservoirs as a result of differences in
densities of the reservoir fluids.
Characteristics Trend Characteristics Trend
Reservoir pressure Depends principally upon the amount of gas
conservation.
Gas-oil ratio Low gas-oil ratio from structurally low wells
Water production Little or no water production
Oil recovery Vary widely due to the extent of depletion by
gravity drainage
Gravity Drainage Drive
Factors that affect ultimate recovery from gravity
drainage reservoirs are:
Permeability in the direction of dip
Dip of the reservoir Dip of the reservoir
Reservoir producing rates
Oil viscosity
Relative permeability characteristics
Combination drive
Oil zone
Gas cap
Water
Oil zone