CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The phenomenon of corruption is nothing new, probably has been there since the
beginning of human history except during the very primitive (Alatas, 1983), which is the concept
of behavioral symptoms is not known although it could have been there. Corruption is a concept
historically and legally deviant behavior, while socially polotik there has been a separation
between private interests with the public interest, but in the reign associated with heredity and
delegation of authority from the almighty (supernatural powers) and or because of heroism
(knight) followed by feeling entitled to privileges (with the tacit support of the people) then there
is a tendency to see that the utilization of financial resources and non-financially for the benefit
of the ruler or the Knight as a natural thing though at the expense of the people, because of the
awesomeness of the historical and power that is not derived from the people.
Onghokham (1983) have tried to assess the problem of corruption in the context of
Indonesia, which according to him the phenomenon of corruption has existed since the days of
empire-empire in Indonesia through the venality of power, where the position diperjualkan to the
person or group who are able to pay for then they are given the position were entitled to taxation
law so that no control deviations (abuse of power) beyond repair due to lack of control by the
government / kingdom as well as the standing by the people,. Even VOC also do this in areas
under their control through the village headman and or regent / regional authorities. This
situation clearly shows that both universal and keindonesiaan, corruption memppunyai strong
historical roots in people's lives, and growing as a massive development effort that use the funds
in the form of loans of State as an inherent part of almost all developing countries to improve
quality of life through developmentalist regime.
B. Problem Formulation
1. Knowing the definition of corruption
2. Knowing the causes of corruption
3. Knowing corrupt countries
4. Knowing corruption in Indonesia
5. Knowing the prevention of corruption
C. Destination
In making this paper aims to find out more about corruption in Indonesia starting from
the cause, and how to overcome them




























CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition
The word corrupt (Middle English, from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpere, to
destroy: com-, intensive pref. And rumpere, to break) when used as an adjective literally means
"utterly broken" Corruption (Latin: corruptio of words kerjacorrumpere meaningful rotten,
corrupt, destabilizing, twisting, bribing). Literally, corruption is the behavior of public officials,
both politicians / politicians maupunpegawai country, which unfairly and illegally enrich
themselves or those close to enrich, the misuse of public power entrusted to them (Wikipedia)
In terms Many experts are trying to formulate corruption, which jka seen from struktrur
languages and different ways of delivery, but in fact have the same meaning. Brasz (1963.
Within Lubis, 1985) states that corruption is a corrupt use of power or the use of derived secretly
routed power inherent authority based on the power or ability based on formal, at the expense of
the original objectives of power and with favorable outsiders on the pretext of using the power of
the Shah.
Wertheim (in Lubis, 1970) states that an official is said to commit acts of corruption
when he received a gift from someone who aims to influence it so that he takes a decision
favorable to the interests of the gift giver. Sometimes people are offering a reward in the form of
fringe benefits are also included in the graft. Furthermore, Wertheim adds that the remuneration
received from third parties or requested by an officer to be forwarded to the family or party /
group or people who have a personal relationship with him, also can be considered as corruption.
In such circumstances, it is clear that the most prominent feature of corruption is in the official
conduct which violates the principle of separation between personal interests and the interests of
the public, private finances pemisaham community.
Meanwhile Alatas (1983) stated that corruption in general is that if a civil servant accept
gifts offered by a private with the intent to influence in order to give special attention to the
interests of the giver. Alatas further mentions three phenomena are included in the corruption
that is bribery, extortion and nepotism. Thus corruption is a symptom of wrong use and
mismanagement of power for personal gain, mismanagement and abuse of the sources of wealth
of the country by using the authority / power and the power of formal powers (eg denagan legal
reasons and force of arms) to enrich themselves. Corruption occurs due to abuses of power and
position / of powers held by officials or employees for personal gain in the name of personal and
or family, relatives and friends.

B. Causes
Corruption is a crime that harms many. Actual cause of corruption varied and diverse.
However, in general it can be formulated, in accordance with the above definition of corruption
that is intended to benefit a personal or other unauthorized persons.
Citing the theory proposed by Jack Bologne or often called GONE Theory, that the
factors that lead to corruption include:
Greeds : associated with greedy behavior that potentially lies within each person.
Opportunities : relating to the state or public organizations or agencies in such a way, so
that it opens the opportunity for someone to commit fraud.
Needs : related to yamg factors required by individuals to support a reasonable life.
Exposures : relating to the actions or the consequences faced by perpetrators of fraud if
the offender is found to commit fraud.
Greeds Factors and Needs related to individual actors corruption, ie individuals or groups
both within the organization and outside the organization that corruption is detrimental to the
victim. While danExposures Opportunities factors related to acts of corruption victim that
organizations, institutions, communities whose interests are harmed.
According to Arya Maheka, Factors that cause corruption are:
1. Inconsistent law enforcement: enforcement huku meke-up just as political, temporary and
sellalu change every change of government.
2. Abuse of power and authority for fear deemed foolish to not use the opportunity.
3. Scarcity antikorup environment: system and anti-corruption guidelines only done a mere
formality.
4. Pndapatan low state organization. Pedapatan obtained must be able to meet the needs of
state officials, could encourage state officials to excel and provide the best service for the
community.
5. Poverty, greed: people are less able to engage in corruption because of economic
difficulties. While they are well off because the corrupt greedy, never satisfied and
justifies any means to gain an advantage.
6. Culture tributes members, fee and prizes.
7. Consequences if caught is lower than the profits of corruption: when caught bribing law
enforcement can thus freed or at least commuted. Formulas: Advantages corruption> loss
when caught.
8. Cultural permissive / permissive; tidakmau know: assume usual when there is corruption,
as often happens. Others do not care, as long as their own interests are protected.
9. Failure of religious education and ethics: some truth Franz Magnis Suseno opinion that
religion has failed to become a hedge moral nation in preventing corruption because of
the behavior of people who embraced the religion itself. Religious faiths regard only to
dwell on the issue of how to worship alone. So religion plays almost no role in social
functioning. According to Franz, in fact religion can play a big role compared to other
insttusi. Because of the emotional bond between religion and the followers of the religion
so religion can bring his people that corruption can be a very bad impact for themselves
and others.

C. Corruption As A Culture
Is corruption has become a culture?, The answer will certainly vary depending on what is
meant by culture as well as its binding force in determining the patterns and norms of social life.
Mohammad Hatta had stated that corruption in Indonesia has become a cultural phenomenon
happens, but if the culture is passed on whether our ancestors teach corruption or an act that later
in modern times is called corruption?, The problem clearly so complicated hence the mention of
the need to done carefully or should the cultural meaning of specific reference to always pay
attention to continuity and change.
In the early period in each region / nation, including Indonesia, generally through the
phases of social life (August Comte) of the start phase of the theological, metaphysical and
positive. Cultural values in the sense that generally run in phase animism (theological,
metaphysical) in order to control adverse events / destroy people's lives, giving offerings to be
one important instrument to soothe and strengthen the position of human life, the supernatural
ruler offerings are expected to protect their lives . Well if so whether humans behave bribe
(bribery) to the power of super power?, The answer could be yes and could not from the
standpoint of the individual depends on the intention, but from a social angle it was meant as an
effort to maintain the balance of life with supernatural rulers considered large effect on human
life.
Thus the conquest or control the behavior of those who controlled through a variety of
efforts to provide / offerings have become part of life in the animismen value, and if so then the
forms of corruption that happened today could have been in reference to the culture, so that the
problem appears to be complex in context of the development of the modern world today.
Nevertheless, it is clear that corruption in any level is to destroy the values of ethics and
social norms and religious values, so it can be a corrupting cultural behavior, and when gradually
or all at once accepted by society as something that reasonable, then there has been corruption
culture that then shape the culture of corruption. Thus if it is true there is a culture of corruption,
then it is really due to the culture of corruption due to the increasing lack of social control /
neglect of personal mementingkat efforts above the public interest when they have position /
positions over the public mandate, either directly or indirectly.

D. Countries With Corruption

More than half the world's population believes corruption in various public sector is a
very serious problem. Liberia and Mongolia are two of the most corrupt countries in the world,
according to a study conducted recently. In both countries, almost 90% of the population
believes that corruption in the public sector has become a very complex problem.
And from a survey conducted by transparency.org, an independent body of 146 countries,
10 countries recorded the data are expressed as a corrupt country, which country are they.? Here
are ten of the country :
1. Azerbaijan
2. Bangladesh
3. Bolivia
4. Kamerun
5. Indonesia
6. Irak
7. Kenya
8. Nigeria
9. Pakistan
10. Rusia.
from the list above, our country is ranked 5th most corrupt country in the world, but at
the Asia Pacific, we are the most corrupt country. Here are 5 of the most corrupt countries in the
Asia-Pacific:
1. Indonesia
2. Kamboja
3. Vietnam
4. Filipina
5. India

E. Cases Of Corruption In Indonesia
The legal process large corruption cases have not been completed up to the roots.
Commission, the Attorney General and the police do not have to fight those cases that are still
hanging.
In welcoming the report in 2011, the Center for the Study of Anti-Corruption (PUKAT)
Gadjah Mada University (UGM) noted, there are five cases nationwide legal process rolling in
2010, but still a big question mark as unresolved until changed. Case it is a matter of legal entity
administration system (Sisminbakum), MOSA case, election bribery Deputy Governor of Bank
Indonesia (DGSBI) Miran da Goeltom, Gayus case and the case of Bank Century.
First, the case dragged Sisminbakum former Minister of Justice and Human Rights
Yusril Ihza Mahendra, according PUKAT, a big question mark after the Supreme Court (MA)
granted the appeal permohan former Director General of General Law Administration (AHU)
At-masasmita succeeds. Succeeds declared free from all charges and can breathe free air.
Second, the case of procurement of gloves, sewing machines and cows for social
assistance in the Ministry of Social Affairs. The case has dragged former Social Affairs Minister
Bachtiar Chamsyah as a defendant in the Corruption Court, Jakarta. "Even if already entered the
trial, but we have to examine them before the sentencing judge," said Alim Hifdzil PUKAT
activists.
The third, which is still a big question mark is the selection of DGS BI bribery case
Miranda. You see, despite the new suspects as many as 26 people, but the Corruption Eradication
Commission (KPK) has not set parties alleged briber becomes suspect. So far, 26 suspects
convicted and four were from parties by the Commission bribed.
Fourth, the case of Gayus Tambunan. According PUKAT, such dibonsai Gayus case.
You see, in that case involved only petty officials without the big fish in the trial of Gaius spoken
in South Jakarta District Court. "Speech Gaius was supposed to be traced all the law enforcement
agencies, because it is a fact the trial," said Hifdzil.
Fifth, the Bank Century case. According PUKAT, since skyrocketed to the forefront of
the case, law enforcement agencies are not working optimally handle the case. Commission until
now could not find the alleged corrupt practices. In fact, it superbodi agency has conducted an
examination of a number of people. "The Commission is not maximized it works in this Century
scandal, when in state losses estimated at Rp 6.7 trillion," said Hifdzil.
F. Tackling
If corruption is left continuously without efforts to overcome, it will get used and become
fertile and will lead to the mental attitude of officials who are always looking for easy shortcuts
and justifies any means (the end justifies the means). Despite numerous attempts to eliminate
corruption is not necessarily, but at least it can reduce it. To that end, corruption needs to be
addressed thoroughly and responsibly and massive simultaneous approach. There are some
attempts at corruption penggulangan experts who each look from different angles and views.
Caiden (in Soerjono, 1980) provide measures for tackling corruption as follows:
1. Justifying the transaction which was formerly prohibited by determining the amount of
certain payments.
2. Creating new structures are basing how decisions are made.
3. Conduct organizational changes that would facilitate the supervision and prevention of
centralized power, rotational assignments, overlapping authority of the same
organization, competing bureaucracies, and the appointment of supervisory agencies are
the suggestions that were clearly found to reduce opportunities for corruption.
How impetus for corruption can be reduced? by increasing the threat. Corruption is a
question of value. It seems unlikely the overall corruption is limited, but it should be kept at a
minimum, so that the burden of organizational corruption and corruption sestimik not too big in
case there is something structural reform, it may be possible to reduce the chance and
encouragement to corruption in the presence of organizational change. Caiden was introduced by
way of the above justifies the (legalized) the action was originally filed under corruption became
legal action in the presence of formal charges. On the other hand, the cracks are open to
opportunities for corruption should be closed, as well as the organizational structure should help
towards the prevention of corruption, such as leadership responsibilities inherent in the
implementation of supervision, by not forgetting increase the threat of punishment to the
perpetrators. Furthermore, Myrdal (in Lubis, 1987) advises that combating corruption is the
setting and procedures for administrative decisions concerning individuals and companies are
more simplified and reinforced, pengadakan tougher supervision, personal discretion in the
exercise of power should be reduced as far as possible, low salaries must be raised social and
economic position improved, more secure, security units including the police should be
strengthened, criminal law and the law of that corrupt officials can be quickly taken. People who
bribe officials to be dealt with anyway. The issue of corruption diverse ways to see it, because it
means the study raised also vary as well. Corruption is not enough in terms of deductive only,
but need ditinaju inductive terms are beginning to see practical problems (practical problems),
also to be seen what led to the corruption. Kartono (1983) suggest prevention of corruption as
follows:
1. Existence of consciousness of the people to take responsibility for doing political
participation and social control, to be indifferent.
2. Instilling positive national aspirations, which prioritizes national interest.
3. Leaders and officials set an example, combat and action against corruption.
4. Existence of sanctions and the power to crack down, combat and punish acts of
corruption.
5. Reorganization and rationalization of government organizations, by streamlining the
number of departments, along with the office below.
6. Existence recruitment system that is based on "achievement" and not based system
"ascription".
7. Existence needs of civil servants for smooth non-political administration.
8. Creating an honest government officer
9. Budget system is managed by officials who have high ethical responsibilities,
accompanied by an efficient control system.
10. Re-registration (re-recording) of the individual wealth of striking with high taxation.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING

CONCLUSION
Corruption, whether it be cultural or not, is the abuse of authority that existed at officials
or employees for personal gain, or a group of family and friends, either in the form of Bribery,
extortion, and nepotism. Corruption hinders development, because it harms the country and
damage the joints together and betray the ideals of national struggle. How to combating
corruption is both preventive and repressive. Prevention (preventive) that needs to be done is to
grow and build a work ethic officials and employees on a clear separation between state-owned
or privately-owned company with, seek redress income (salary), foster pride-pride and self-
respect of each attribute and job positions, exemplary leader or supervisor and the offender is
more effective in delivering the views, assessment and policy, open to the controls, the presence
of social control and social sanctions, and education can be an important instrument if done
properly for the growth and development of the prevention of corruption. Meanwhile, for the
repressive action of law enforcement and heavy penalties should be implemented and if it is
related to the implementation of individual aspects of law enforcement becomes dominant, in the
perspective of education will also play an important role in it.