Problem Books in Mathematics

Edited by P. Winkler
For other titles in this series, go to
http://www.springer.com/series/714
Asuman G. Aksoy
Mohamed A. Khamsi
A Problem Book in Real Analysis
1 3
Asuman G. Aksoy
Department of Mathematics
Claremont McKenna College
Claremont, CA 91711
USA
aaksoy@cmc.edu
Mohamed A. Khamsi
Department of Mathematical Sciences
University of Texas at El Paso
El Paso, TX 79968
USA
mohamed@utep.edu
Series Editor:
Peter Winkler
Department of Mathematics
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH 03755
USA
peter.winkler@dartmouth.edu
ISSN 0941-3502
ISBN 978-1-4419-1295-4 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1296-1
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1296-1
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939759
Mathematics Subject Classication (2000): 00A07
c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the
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Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Dedicated to Erc ument G. Aksoy and Anny Morrobel-Sosa
Contents
Preface ix
1 Elementary Logic and Set Theory 1
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Real Numbers 21
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Sequences 41
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Limits of Functions 63
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5 Continuity 77
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6 Dierentiability 97
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7 Integration 127
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8 Series 159
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
9 Metric Spaces 181
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10 Fundamentals of Topology 197
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
11 Sequences and Series of Functions 223
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
vii
Bibliography 249
Index 251
Preface
Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to
time that nothing worth knowing can be taught.
Oscar Wilde, The Critic as Artist, 1890.
Analysis is a profound subject; it is neither easy to understand nor summarize. However, Real
Analysis can be discovered by solving problems. This book aims to give independent students the
opportunity to discover Real Analysis by themselves through problem solving.
The depth and complexity of the theory of Analysis can be appreciated by taking a glimpse at its
developmental history. Although Analysis was conceived in the 17th century during the Scientic
Revolution, it has taken nearly two hundred years to establish its theoretical basis. Kepler, Galileo,
Descartes, Fermat, Newton and Leibniz were among those who contributed to its genesis. Deep
conceptual changes in Analysis were brought about in the 19th century by Cauchy and Weierstrass.
Furthermore, modern concepts such as open and closed sets were introduced in the 1900s.
Today nearly every undergraduate mathematics program requires at least one semester of Real
Analysis. Often, students consider this course to be the most challenging or even intimidating of all
their mathematics major requirements. The primary goal of this book is to alleviate those concerns
by systematically solving the problems related to the core concepts of most analysis courses. In
doing so, we hope that learning analysis becomes less taxing and thereby more satisfying.
The wide variety of exercises presented in this book range from the computational to the more
conceptual and vary in diculty. They cover the following subjects: Set Theory, Real Numbers,
Sequences, Limits of Functions, Continuity, Dierentiability, Integration, Series, Metric Spaces,
Sequences and Series of Functions and Fundamentals of Topology. Prerequisites for accessing this
book are a robust understanding of Calculus and Linear Algebra. While we dene the concepts
and cite theorems used in each chapter, it is best to use this book alongside standard analysis
books such as: Principles of Mathematical Analysis by W. Rudin, Understanding Analysis by S.
Abbott, Elementary Classical Analysis by J. E. Marsden and M. J. Homan, and Elements of
Real Analysis by D. A. Sprecher. A list of analysis texts is provided at the end of the book.
Although A Problem Book in Real Analysis is intended mainly for undergraduate mathematics
students, it can also be used by teachers to enhance their lectures or as an aid in preparing exams.
The proper way to use this book is for students to rst attempt to solve its problems without
looking at solutions. Furthermore, students should try to produce solutions which are dierent
from those presented in this book. It is through the search for a solution that one learns most
mathematics.
Knowledge accumulated from many analysis books we have studied in the past has surely
inuenced the solutions we have given here. Giving proper credit to all the contributors is a dicult
ix
x PREFACE
task that we have not undertaken; however, they are all appreciated. We also thank Claremont
students Aaron J. Arvey, Vincent E. Selhorst-Jones and Martijn van Schaardenburg for their help
with LaTeX. The source for the photographs and quotes given at the beginning of each chapter in
this book are from the archive at http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/
Perhaps Oscar Wilde is correct in saying nothing worth knowing can be taught. Regardless,
teachers can show that there are paths to knowledge. This book is intended to reveal such a path
to understanding Real Analysis. A Problem Book in Real Analysis is not simply a collection of
problems; it intends to stimulate its readers to independent thought in discovering Analysis.
Asuman G uven Aksoy
Mohamed Amine Khamsi
May 2009