PHYSICS

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1
s-4iiai i z4iaai (ELASTICITY&VISCOSITY)
v-4iiai v-4iiai
l+=i -- + <ii +i t n i l=+ +ii t ~-i n n l-i= l+ = vi-- + n -i t (~ii - ~i+ l- ~i+i)
i l+ n ti lni i-i t . -i t n i vi-i-i +tni-i t l+=i -- + <ii +i t n i l=+ +ii
-- ~-i n n l-i= l+ = vi-- -ti +-i i n ti lni i-i t t n i = i -i (~vi-i-i) +tni-i
t
f=s+ n : (+ i n i l+=i -- ~ii l- +- :=+i ~i+i i ~i|l- i <i -i ll- - + < -i t
l+ n +tni-i t
si v-4ii a : l+ n ti lni i-i t -i l< -- ~-i n n ~i|l- +i i -i l+ = vi-- + n -i
t -i t i vi-i +tni-i t - l+ +i : ii -- ~-i n n ~i|l- l+ = i -i -ti vi-- + =+-i :=ln( i
vi-i -- +i l-i +n +i-l-+ l-i t +i +i:. i vi-i -- + l-+-n t
si uia4 (v-4ii a) : (+ -- i ~vi-i +tni-i t . l< t ~-i n n ~i+ l- ii i =i ii vi-- -ti +-i
ti -it l+ n ti lni i - l+ v + <ii l+ n ti- ~i lzi+ = ~-i n n ~i+ l- vi-- +-i
t :=ln i =i (~vi-i) -- +i l-i ii (+ +i-l-+ l-i t il+- +=. nini lni i =i
(~vi-i) -- + l-+-n t
v-4iiai +i +ii : (+ ai = n nii ~i := v+i l-i- ti - t l+ v + ~i i =i ~i ~i + +ii
n nn-i t n ~--iil+ n +tni- t -- +i : l+ n ~ii l- -ti ti -i - ai = (~ii - -- )
+i v + ~i :=+i =i-i-ii l-il- n ti -i t ~i ai = + ~i ~i + n ~--iil+ n - --n ti -i t
-- l+ n ~ii l- +- ~i i -i (+ < = + i= ~i- t i (+ < = = < i- t :=+ liin-
~i --+i =i-i-ii = l-iil- ti i- t < = zi<i n ~--iil+ n ll- - ti i- t ~i ~i vi--
n --- ti- t l+ n ti lni i-i t. -i vi-- n ai= + ~i ~i +i --+i ~-i =i-i-ii
l-il-i n ni- t ~i := v+i ai = (i -- ) ~-i n n ~i+l- l+ = vi-- +-i t
vfan
-- l+ n ~ii l- l+i i-i t -i -- + ~-< =ni- vi-- n li- l<zii n --- ti -i t
-- + vl- :+i: -izi+n vi-- n vl-n +tni-i t
vl-n =
R; ku; u cy
oLr qd k {ks=kQy
=
A
F
vl-n +i :+i: N/m
2
t vl-n -i- v+i +i ti-i t
1. a<r4 4i fin vfan
-- (+ lni t -i vl- :+i: -izi+n n. ~- < vl-n +tni-i t
t <i v+i +i ti-i t : (a) =-i- vl-n (b) --- vl-n
r uu fr cy
F/A F/A F/A F/A
l Ei hM+u fr cy
a<iri :
(i) l-zi n <zii (+ ai = n + l-i + ni-i F -= +n+ ~ii l- l+i i-i t . l=+i -izi+n At F

+i <i i+i n lil- +- :

F
n
= F sin u ~lin- n -ii F
t
= F cos u -zi ii n +tni-i t
~lin- (---) vl-n =
A
F
n
=
A
sin F u
2. szi it4 4i s=si vfan
t. -- + a + -zi ii vl- :+i: -i zi+n +i - vi-- n + n liili- l+i i-i t -i +-
v<lzi - l-zi + = <i n
PHYSICS
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2
szi it4 (s=si) vfan =
A
F
t
=
A
cos F u
vl-n +i vii li --- +-i i ~i+i. ~i-- ~i ~i+ l- n l- - +-i t
(~ii - -- +i ~lil-i=)
3. i4aa vfan : -- +i =- i =-t . =-t + n-- n +i - ti -i t . -i vl- :+i:
-i zi+n +i - n <i +tni-i t <i +i vii ~i-- l- - +-i t -- +i =ni n-i
l-i +- t ( -- +i ~i+ l- <n ii =+-i t ~i -ti ii
Example 1.
(+ l-i n + ~- < vl-n ~i -zi ii vl-n ai- +i
Sol. ~-< i ~lin- vl-n o
l
=
2 5
30 sin 100

= 5 N/m
2
-zi ii vl-n o
t
=
2 5
30 cos 100

=
2
m / N 3 5
Example 2.
t
10
=nic lzii +i nini+i -- ~i-- vl-n ai- +i l<
l-- +i -izi+n <ni- +nzi 50 cm
2
50 kg t t n= =
i (+ n- n t
Sol. p
gas
=
a
p
A
mg
+ =
4
10 50
10 50

+ 1 10
5
= 2 10
5
N/m
2
~i-- vl-n = p
gas
= 2 10
5
N/m
2
ffa
-- + l-i= (~ii- ~i|l-. n-i: i ~i--) n l-- -ii :=+ nn l-i= +i ~-i- l+ l- +tni-i
t
~ii - l|l- e =
kl foU; ewy
ifjorZu kl esa foU;
t : +i: ti- t
ffa + v+i
ffa ata v+i +t riat r
(i) a<r4 f+fa : := v+i +i l+l- - --- ti-i t l+ n -- +i n-i: n l-- +-i t
t -- +i n-i: n l- - nn n-i: + ~- i- + n liili- l+i i-i t
L n-i: + -i l-i + : -i +i n F + ,ii ii-i i-i t. -i ni-i -i +i n-i: n l- - AL
t .
~- < l+ l- , e

=
yEckbZ ewy
ifjorZu esa yEckbZ
i ~- < l+ l- =
L
L A
(ii) i4aa f+ fa : := v+i +i l+l- - --- ti -i t l+ n l-zi n
v<lzi - -- + ~i-- n l- - +-i t t -- + ~i-- n l- - -=+
nn ~i-- + ~- i- + i ti -i t
PHYSICS
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3
l < AV = ~i-- n l- - V = n n ~i--
e
v
= ~i-- l+ l- =
V
V A
(iii) s=si f+fa : := v+i +i l+l- - --- ti-i t l+ n -- +i ~i+l- n l-- +-i
t t -= +i i (|) + n liili- t l== l-i +n+ + n-- +n+ l-zii- =i i n i-i t
f
f
f
f
F
fLFkj Qy d
tan | i | =

x
r+ +i fa4 v-4iiai nii+
:= l-n + ~-=i. vi-i =ini + ~-< vl-n. l+ l- + =ni- i-i ti -i t
~ii - vl-n l+l-
i vl-n = l--i + l+ l- i
fod`fr
frcy
= vi-i-i n ii +
4r fa4ai+ v-4iiai nii+ +rniai r+
:= v+i vi-i-i nii+ vl-n l+l- + ~- i- + n liili- l+i i-i t
vi-i-i nii + -- + <ii +i v+l- l-i +-i t ~i :=+i lni~i (~ii - n-i:. ~i-- ~il<) l-i
-ti +-i
ii+ : vi-i-i nii+ +i Sl nizi+ Nm
2
i i-+n (Pa) t
v-4iiai n ii+ + v+i
l+l- + =n- -i- v+i + vi-i-i nii + ti - t
1. n +i vi-i-i n ii + (Y) 2. ~i-- vi-i-i n ii + (K)
3. < c -i n ii + (q)
1. 4n +i v-4iiai nii+
t ~lin- vl-n ~-< l+l- +i ~-i- ti-i t
~ii - n nii+ (Y) =
fod`fr Z vuqnS/;
frcy Z vuqnS/;
~lin- vl-n = F/A,
~- < l+ l- = AL/L
Y =
L A
FL
L / L
A / F
A
=
A
Example 3.
l-< B, C D n l-ii- ai- +i
PHYSICS
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4
Sol. AL
B
= AL
AB
=
AY
MgL
AY
FL
= =
10 7
10 5 . 2 10
1 . 0 10 10

= 4 10
3
m = 4mm
AL
C
= AL
B
+ AL
BC
= 4 10
3
+
10 7
10 4 10
2 . 0 100

= 4 10
3
+ 5 10
3
= 9mm
AL
D
= AL
C
+ AL
CD
= 9 10
3
+
10 7
10 1 10
15 . 0 100

= 9 10
3
+ 15 10
3
= 24 mm
+ ii + +ii ru+i fai
ni-i z +i - +i ii W, ~-v-i +i -izi+n A n-i: L' t < = x <i (+ ~-izi l-i
+- t -i
x
L
W
T =
~-i zi dx n l--i =
AY
dx . T
+ n l--i
} }
= =
L
0
L
0
LAY
y d x W
AY
x Td
s =
AY 2
WL
ai a : :=+i + n ii < ni- +-< . viii n-i: /2 ni-+ l+i i =+-i t
Example 4.
l<i t Y = 2 10
11
N/m
2
= 10
4
kg/m
3
z n l--i ai- +i
Sol. ziil+- iin +i <ni-
) x (
m
m = '

[ti m = + n < ni- = A l ]

T = (

e ' x
2
x
m
2

m
T =
(l x) e
2
|
.
|

\
| +
2
x
T =
2
m
2
e
(
2
x
2
)
A --i ~li+-n
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
2
m
2

B ---n (zi-), tini dx -i i: + ~-izi +i n-i: n l--i =

AY
Tdx
t
+ n l--i
o =
dx
AY 2
) x ( m
AY
Tdx
0
2 2 2
} }
e
=

o
=

0
3
2
2
3
x
x
AY 2
m
(
(

e
=
AY 3
A
AY 3
m
3 AY 2
2 m
2 2 2 2 3 2

e
=
e
=

e
o =
11
3 4 3 2
10 2 3
) 5 . 1 ( ) 400 ( 10
Y 3


=
e
= 9 10
3
m = 9mm
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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Example 5. n + n l--i ai- +i l< n+ + <ni-. ~-v-i +i -i zi+n n nii + +nzi m, A y t
L
F
fpd uk
Sol.
i a =
m
F
-i T = m'a ti m' =

m
x
T =

m
x
m
F
=

x F
~-i zi dx n l--i =
AY
Tdx
+ n l--i , o =
}

o
AY
Tdx
d =
}

o
Y A
Fxdx
=
AY 2
F
ai a : - := vz- +i +- +i +i lzizi + . l< n + =-t + i- ii i l<i ni t ( = ii i n ii+)
fifa : (I) F < mg (II) F > mg
Ans. <i -i l-il-i n --i ti ni
AY 2
F
2. i4aa v-4iiai nii+ :
t ~lin- vl-n ~i-- l+ l- + ~- i- + n liili- l+i i-i t
~ii - B =
fod`fr ru vk;
nkc
vl-n. vl- :+i: -i zi+n ~lin- n t ( t ~ii l- <i (p) + i t
B =
V
pV
V
V
p
A
=
A
+i l--t <zii-i t l+ <i (p) n lz ~i-- n +ni (AV) +i +ii t
ust 4ai : ~i-- vi-i-i n ii + +i +n =-i -i +tni-i t =-i -i +i :+i: Sl n N
-1
m
2
i
i-+n
-1
(Pa
-1
) t
ai =i +i ~i-- vi-i-i n ii +. < i + ~i-- vi-i-i n ii + +i -i= n -i t ( n =i + ln( t ai =i +i - n-i
n 10
8
n-i t
B
ai =
> B
<
> B
n =
n= +i =n-ii vi-i-i nii + B= P (n= +i <i)
n = +i ,i n vi-i-i n ii + B = P ti =
v
p
C
C
t
Example 6.
nin +i t nti: ai- +i l= n +i i- =-t = 1%~li+ t <i n: =-i-i k = 50 10
6
/atm
t
Sol. B =
V
V
p
A

A
V
V A
=
B
p A
tn i-- t p = p
atm
+ hg
i m = V = l--i +
d. v + dv. = 0
PHYSICS
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6
d V + dV . = 0

d
=
V
dV
~ii -

A
=
B
p A

A
=
100
1
100
1
=
B
g h
[ = l--i + ni-- t ( ]
h g =
100
B
=
k 100
1
h g =
6
5
10 50 100
10 1 1

h =
10 1000 10 5000
10
6
5


=
50
10 100
3

= 2km Ans.
3. <cai nii+ :
t -zi ii vl-n ~i l+l- + ~-i- + n liili- l+i i-i
t tn (+ i- l-i +- t l=+i l--ni +n+ l-i t -i +n+ l=+i
-izi+n At . -zi ii n F ~iil- t
-zi ii vl-n = F/A.
ni-i l+ i- +i -i i i i( +i i | = l-iil- ti -i t i ~i l+ l- +tni-i t
F
fLFkj Qy d
|
|
|
|
< c -i n ii + q =
fod`fr i.k : vi
frcy js[kh; kZ Li'
i q =
|
A / F
=
| A
F
Example 7.
5 cm ii + + i- +i (+ ii l-i t l+ (+ -zi ii n 1800 N+i li- +n+ ~iil-
l+i i-i t ~i l+ l- ( l+ - +n+ +i iz l-ii- ai- +il( + ln( < c -i n ii +
2.4 10
6
N/m
2
t
Sol. L = 5 10
2
m
L
x
A
F
q =
l+ l- u =
q A
F
=
6 4
10 4 . 2 10 25
1800


=
10
3
24 25
180
=

= 0.3 radian
L
x
= 0.3 x = 0.3 5 10
2
= 1.5 10
2
m = 1.5 cm Ans.
vfan + uii f+fa sfaa
(+ -i (+ ii ,ii ii-i i-i t. t <ii i-i t l+ ii + ~- ni- + ln( -i n --- l--i ii
+ =ni- i-i t ii ti- -i :=+i n n n-i: -+ i= ~i i-i t -i :=+i n n lni~i -+ i= + n
- ni-i t . ~iil- ii (+ l-lz-- =ini = +n i i ti t =ini vi-i-i =ini +tni-i t :=
v+i vi-i-i =ini. t ~li+-n vl-n t. l=+ ti- --( --+i nn lni( l+ = vi-- + n-i t
v<lzi- l-zi n := v+i +i ti ni+ + OBiin = l-l- l+i i-i t ~ = ti tn vl-n +i ~i
c i- t (+ l-< B vi-- ti-i t ti l+l- n lz vl-n + =ni-i-i t l-< B t-- tn vl-n
+i ti- t -i -i :=+i nn lni~i n i= -ti ~i-i t
PHYSICS
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7
fod `fr

f
r
c
y
O
A
B
C
D
E
OB
OA

R; kLFkr k l hek
C
CD
D
DE
l ekuqi kr h
i j kl EHko fcUnq
l q?kV~; O; ogkj
foHkat d fcUnq
Hkat u [ k. Mu

(Elastic limit)
(Limit of Proportionality)
(Yield Point)
(Plastic behaviour)
(Ultimate point)
(Fracture)
l hek
= ti tn l-< B+ i i- t -i vl-n n t - ~- lz + ln( ii --- l+ l- t - ~li+ ti -i t := v+i
+i ti l-< C+ ~i=i= v l-i- ti -i t ( := l-il- -i zi- < +i -t t- nn-i t l-< Ci=-i
l-< +tni-i t l< vl-n ~i cii i. -i -i li+ l-< D i-i t := l-< + =n- vl-n
i - vl-n i <ii +i --- =in +ti i-i t l= <ii + ln( = i i= CD~i l-i+ = ~li+ ti -i
t -- <ii +tni-i t <ii - = tn -iii = l+- ti i- t l- <iii + ln( =i =ini
~il-i+ = +n ti-i t in <ii +tni- t <ii vi-i-i =ini i ti- ti i- t
r-si f-<
1. i- vl-n = i- n /~-v-i +i -i zi+n
2. <ii + ln( i - vl-n l-- t
3. (+ l< n <ii +i i+ n -i + ~-v-i +i -izi+n l-i +-i t
4. +i+ii vl-n =< i + vl-n = +n ii i-i t -il+ =-ii nii + = i + vl-n /+i+ii
vl-n +i ni- ~li+ ti =+
5. i+ l+l- = l--i i =-i - /nn lni
6. <ii + ln( i- l+l- l-- ti-i t
v-4ii a-i vii
tn i-- t l+ +z <iii +i --( --+i nn l-i= i-- +- n +z =n n-i t. l+ n tii
i-i t l+ n ti- --~i ,ii nn l-i= i-- +- n nni =n vi-i --i vii +tni-i t
+i +i: +i -+ i - (+i=i) + ln( vi-i --i vii -n = ~- t := +ii = +i
+i -+ i - = - =- -zi-. n - -i ni :n + i ni n -i n l+ i- t
ni= +i: + ln( vi-i --i vii t- i<i t +i: +i :=+i nn ~-ii n i= ~i- n ii nn
i- t
v-4ii ifa
<ii ii l+l- + +ii <ii +i =in n til- vi-i il- (n-+ +i i+i-) +tni-i t :=ln(
n- =n -+ -in n ~i- + i< n ~= l-i- ii li- + l< i- t
+i fvn + =s fznii
Y =
fod`fr
frcy
Y =

A A
F
i F =

AY
A

AY
= l-- , z + <ii + v+i iln-i l-i +-i t
F = kA
ti k =

AY
= - - l-v n l--i +
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
l-zi (a) n v<lzi- zi + l-+i + ln( vl--iil- l-vn l-+i l-zi (b) n v<lzi- t (<i l-vn ii+n n) l-zi
(c) - - l-v n l-+i +i v<lzi - +-i t
l-zi (d) z i + < = = i - --+ vl--iil- l-v n l-+i +i v<lzi - +-i t
Example 8.
(+ m <ni- l-zii-=i z i = i t t <ni- iii=i ii-i i-i t zii i-i t. +i <ni- +i
nl- =.~i.n. t l< ti -i ~i-+in ai- +i
Sol. k
eq
=
2 1
2 1
k k
k k
+
T = 2t
eq
k
m
= 2t
2 1
2 1
k k
) k k ( m +
ti k
1
=
1
1 1
Y A

-ii k
2
=
2
2 2
Y A

y+ aa ry ai 4i ufa v-4ii fifa ai

- - l-v n n = l-- l+ l- -i
U =
2
1
kx
2
ti x =
AY
F
, k =

AY
U =
2
1

AY
2 2
2 2
Y A
F
=
2
1
AY
F
2

.
=ni+i - l-i- +i i =+-i t
U =
2
1
2
2
A
F

Y
A
[A = z +i ~i--, F/A = vl-n]
U =
2
1
Y
) (
2
frcy
~i--
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
- U =
2
1
A
F

AY
F
AA [ l+l- =
AY
F
]
U =
2
1
vl-n l+ l- ~i--
- U =
2
1
2 2
2
Y A
F
AAY
U =
2
1
Y (l+ l-)
2
~i--
l+ l- -i i- =
ru vk;
kZ fod`fr t
=
2
2
) ( Y
2
1
Y
) (
2
1
fod`fr
frcy
=
=
2
1
vl-n l+ l-
Example 9.
m < ni- +i (+ n < h --i : = ln-i t i +i- + i< < ni-lt- t n
= l-+ i-i t t in-i -ti t z n ~li+-n l--i ai- +i t ni-- t(
l+ z < ni-lt- t
Sol. -i = -ii nni-
mg (h + x ) =
2
1 2
2 1
2 1
x
k k
k k
+
ti k
1
=
1
1 1
Y A

k
2
=
2
2 2
Y A

-ii
1 2 2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
eq
Y A Y A
Y Y A A
K
+
=
k
eq
x
2
2mgx 2mgh = 0
x =
eq
eq
2 2
k 2
mghk 8 g m 4 mg 2 +
x
max
=
eq
2
eq
2 2
eq
k
mgh 2
k
g m
k
mg
+ +
un ia nfa zii {-4 ffri) :
m
k
eq
= e v = e
2 2
y a
gh 2 =
2 2 eq
y a
m
k
2
eq
2 2
eq
k
g m
k
mgh 2
+
= a
k
eq
gh 2
a
l kE; koLFkk fLFkfr
y =
mg
k
eq
~li+-n l--i = a + y =
eq
k
mg
+
eq eq
2 2
k
mgh 2
k
g m
+
aist4 vfan :
l< z +i -i AT = c ii i -i n-i: n l- -
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
A = o AT
l+ l- =
T A o =
A

-- <c ~iii + +ii +i : l+l- -ti t ~iii z +i n-i: =ni- i- + ln( n v<i- +- t
Y =
fod`fr
frcy
l< AT = (+) i-in+
-ii vl-n = Y l+ l- = Y o AT l< AT = () +iin+
l< AT = () +iin+
T Y
A
F
A o = F = AY o AT
Example 10.
= +- z -- zi t -i = +- n-i: , -i 20C= 120C-+ ci-
2.002 m -+ c-i t =+- z =ti + i- n l-i- t -i n-i: n +i:
l- -
-ti t -in + ln( Y o ai- +i l<
2m
LVhy r kack
0.5m
Y
cu
= 1.5 10
13
N/m
2
, o
cu
= 1.6 10
5
/C.
Sol. A =
s
o
s
AT +
c
o
c
AT
.002 = [1.5 o
s
+ 0.5 1.6 10
5
] 100
o
s
=
5 . 1
10 2 . 1
5

= 8 10
6
/C
i+i +i n-i: n +i : l-- -ti t
-in + ln(
x =
s
o
s
AT
0
AY
F
s
s
=

T
AY
F
s
s
A o =
......... (A)
-i + ln(
x =
c
c
AY
F

c
o
c
AT = 0
c
AY
F
= oAT ........ (B)
(B) / (A)
c
s
Y
Y
=
s
c
o
o
Y
s
=
Y
c
s
c
o
o
=
6
5 13
10 8
10 16 10 5 . 1

Y
s
= 310
13
N/m
2
v-4iiai + av4in
<iii +i vi-i-i + + z n -i n -i- l< n t
1. ni n +- l+ n <ii --+i vi-i =in =n + =ii +n +- t ~- n- -i n + i< n
~= l-i- iili- + l< i- t
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
2. y+ sa +t fri+a air aia +a :
- + ~iii <i = hg = vl-n (+ =iiii -i- +i vi-i-i =ini = 3 10
8
Nm
2
vl-n vi-i-i =ini = +n ti -i -ilt(. ~-ii -i- li i ni
h <
g
10 3
8

< 10
4
m ( = 3 10
3
kg m
3
; g = 10 ms
2
) i h = 10 km
t i- t l+ ni- ( - +i --i : nnin 9 km t
y+ ai +i yaa fa4ai+
C=
2
r
4
tq
ti q <c -i n ii +. r +nzi -i +i lzii n-i: t
(a) +ii u = ( a- (ni - ) + ln( ~iz+ niii t = Cu.
(b) +i i u = ( a- n l+i ni +i W =
2
1
Cu
2
.
z4iaai
(+ ai = -- . < =i ai = -- l+=n-i t -i --+ n (+ ii i n +i +- nn-i t t n -- ~i +
n =i -i nl- +i li i +-i t :=i v+i (+ < +i (+ - -=i < +i < =i - l+=n-i t -i --+
n (+ ii i n +i +-i t i -i + n =i -i nl- +i li i +-i t t n ~i--l+ ii i n +tni-i
t
ni-i (+ < (+ l-i -i l- =-t AB(l-zi) iii ii nl- n t ti t < +i t - i =-t + =-+ n
t . lin l-i- t l+ < =i -i +i n l-i =-t = < i + =ii c -i t l-zi n -ii +i n-i: -i + c -
n +i l-l- +-i t := v+i < +i =ni-i -i + n ~i l-i+ nl- t -i- =ni-- -i a, b c l-i
+- t --+ n c- +n n t - a, - b, +i nl-<- +- +i +ilzizi +-i t - b, - c +i nl-<- +-
+i +i lzizi +-i t := v+i v + - :=+ - +i - + n +i +n +- +i +i lzizi +-i t :=i v+i v +
- :=+ -i- +i - + n +i ci- +i +ilzizi +-i t :=+i ~livi t l+ < +i +i: ii <i -i + +
n -zi ii n +i +- t i -i + n =i -i nl- +i =ni-- +- +i +i lzizi +- t n zi- n +tni-
t l< < +i vit -i i-i t -i (+ i n zi- ni +i =-- ln- +- + ln( ~ii l- l+i i-i -ilt(
i n +i ~- l-il- n zi- n < +i -<i ti lin ni < - t < +i t n i l=+ +ii t :=+i =ni-i
-i + n =i -i nl- +i li i +-i t. zi--i +tni-i t
zi--i +i ni l--- -<itii n <ii i =+-i t :
c
b
a
A
' kwU; osx
{kSfr t r y
v f/kdr e osx
B
(i) (+ ltn-i t ~i < zi l<i i-i t -i zi--i + +ii lin ~i i-i t nic < = zit<. +i n-i.
ln=i- ~il< +i zi--i. -n < = i-i = ~li+ ti -i t l< tn (+ n +i n-i n +i in
-i +in-i -<i at i(ni l+ i-i ii i ~li+ <i -+ t ni
(ii) l< tn n zit< +i ~nn~nn +-n n in -i n +-n + lz< = -<i l-+n i-i t l+ zit<
:=+ ln( i -- =n n -i t +i l+ zit< n +i - n-i n t - ~li+ zi- t zit< n + vii
n -i- t- +i +i lzizi +-i t -i :=+i -i + n =i -i nl- . vn-i = ~i li- ti -i t
(iii) tn i n -i = -n =+- t -- n n -ti +ii t zi--i i i + ln( t- +n -- n
+ ln( -n-in+ = t - ~li+ t
(iv) i +i zi--i + +ii i<ni + +i t - ii -i- ln- t ~i := v+i ~i+izi n - - t ( v-i- ti - t
zi--i + n - vii n ~i-i t (+ ti <ii +i -i + n =i -i nl- ti
y+ ant < +i vir : +ifa+ n
(+ < (+ -ni n t-i t -i zi- n < + vit +i li i +- t := v+i (+ <ii-- -ni + l=i +
n ~ii l- l+i i-i t i < + vit +i -i i-i t l< (+ lzi i l-< = n t < + =ii +i =ni-
i + ~- l<zi nl- +- t -i < +i vit iii ii vit +tni-i t t + n - ti -i t < + vit +i n
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
(+ l-lz-- =ini-- ni- = +n ti i +i l-+ n +tni-i t vit +i n +i l-+ n = ~li+ ti-i t vit
iii ii -ti t-i l-+ l-i i ti i-i t := v+i + vit n < +i nl- < -z ti i-i t -ii :=n i iii(
--- ti i-i t
-i - - l=z l+i l+ (+ -ni n vilt- < + ln( +i l-+ n v
c
= kq/rti -i t ti < +i i- q zi--i
t . r -ni +i lzii k ' -i - = i ' (l=+i ni- -ni -ni n + ln( 1000 + nnin t ) t < +
vit +i n +i l-+ n = +n t -i < +i vit zi--i ,ii l- lzi- l+i i-i t i- +i := +i : vii -ti
ti -i -- vit +i n +i l-+ n = ~li+ t -i vit n = i- ,ii l- lzi- l+i i-i t . zi--i +i
vii +n nt- i ti i-i t :=+ +ii inin ii +-i t -i nii t - nic i (~li+ zi--i +i) ti - + i <
-i = it l-+n-i t
n viai z4iaai nii+
< +i n i l=+ +ii (+ li ii n(~i--l+ ii i) +i +- nn-i t ( < +i lli-- -i + n =i -i nl-
ti ). zi--i +tni-i t l-zi n v<lzi - -il- ai= =-t < + vit l-i +- t <i - AB-ii CD
l-i +- t l-+ n +nzi v

-ii
v

+ v d

t -ii l-i ai= =-t = +nzi x -ii (x + dx) <i t.

-- + ~-=i :- -i + n ii-- ini i iz +i ~i zi- n l--- l-i +-i t
(i) - + -i zi+n (A) + =ii =ni- i-i -ii (ii) -i + n n vi-i
|
.
|

\
|
dx
dv
+ =ii =ni- i-i
~ii - F A
dx
dv
i F = qA
dx
dv
...(1)
q zi--i n ii+ +tni-i t +iin+ l--t v<lzi- +-i t l+ zi- n (F) +i l<zii < +i nl- + li- t
z4iaai aii aiu iii + r4 uiaaiy aii ffi-aaiy
zi--i -ii ai= iii l--- v+i = =ni- t
1. <i -i =i -i nl- +i li i +- t ti zi--i < +i <i =ni-i -i + n =i -i nl- +i li i +-i t . ai =
ii i <i ai = -i + n =i -i nl- +i li i +-i t
2. < +i -i i ai = =-ti + n =i-i nl- ti-i t -i l-il- + ~-=i <i -i nn- t
3. <i -i ~iil+ ~i+ii + +ii ti - t
muds e/; vUrj

z4iaai aiu iii

(i) < +i -i + n zi--i (zi- n) < +i -i (i) <i ai =i + n ii i ai = +i =-+ =-ti + -i zi+n
+ -i zi+n + =ii =ni- i-i t = -- zi t
(ii) zi- n < +i <i -i + n =i -i n + (ii) ii i <i =-ti + n =i -i n = -- zi t
=ni-i-i t
(iii) zi- n < +i <i -i + n ~lin- vl-l+i (iii) ii i <i =-+ =-ti + n ~lin- vl-l+i +
= -- zi t =ii =ni-i-i t

PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
z4iaai + + av4in
lli-- <i -ii n=i +i zi--i +i i-+ii <l-+ i- n -ini t :=+i i-+ii + +z ~-vin -i- l<
n t
1. +i l+ < i +i zi--i -i + =ii ll-- ti-i t. -- t+ <ii ni =n + ~- =i --i i-i t
2. --- zi--i + < - -zi-i zii+ (i + n -in l+ i- t
3. i < +i zi--i +i ni +z -+ii +i nl- ~n l<- +- n -in l+i i-i t
4. +i l-+ < i + zi--i n ii + +i i-+ii +i l-+ ~i ~i + ~i ii ~i+ l- +i -i nni- n +- +i i-i t
5. ni- zii +i lzii~i inl-i n +- l= -i n :=+i n -i n t
z4iaai nii+ +t r+ir4i
-i+- =zi = tn i-- t
) z / v ( A
F
x
A A
= q

q
+i lni( =
] T ML [
] T L [
] MLT [
] L / LT ][ L [
] MLT [
1 1
1 2
2
1 2
2

= =
:=+i :+i: t kg/(meter-second)*
C.G.S. ,l- n zi--i nii+ +i :+i: dyne s cm
2
( t i: +tni-i t SI n zi--i nii+ +i :+i:
N sm
2
t -ii +ii: +tni-i t
1 +ii: = 1 N sm
2
= (10
5
dyne) s (10
2
cm)
2
= 10 dyne s cm
2
= 10 i:
Example 12.
(+ l+- (+ -<i n (+ -i +i v
0
l-- n = -ni ti t . -i +i =-+ -i zi+n A t zi--i n ii + qt -<i
+i nti: D t -i i- (-ni-) + ln( ~iz+ n ai- +i
Sol. F F
T
= m a
res
+i l+ -i l-- n = -n-i t a
res
= 0
F = F
T
-- F
T
= q A
dz
dv
, --
dz
dv
=
D
0 v
0

=
D
v
0
- F = F
T
=
D
Av
0
q
Example 13.
20 kg <ni- +i (+ i-i+i n+i (i i 2m), q = 10
1
i: zi--i + - n = -- lt-
---n l-- n 10 m/sec. = l+=n-i t (g = 10 m/sec
2
) < +i - +i nii:
ai- +i
Sol. F = q A
dz
dv
= mg sin u
dz
dv
=
h
v
20 10 sin 30 = q 4
h
10
h =
100
10 40
2

[q = 10
1
poise = 10
2
N-sec-m
2
]
= 4 10
3
m = 4 mm
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
Example 14.
v<lzi - l-zii- =i + -< i ai = n- vil-i+ +i ii n e
0
= -n-i vi-i +-i t t =n ai- +i l=+ i< +i ii
n ~iii ti i-i t

nzO; eku, m
w
0
w
0 R
1
R
2
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
nzo, h
Sol. F = q A
dz
dv
, ti
dz
dv
=
1 2
1
R R
0 R

e
F = q
1 2
1 1
R R
R R 2

e t
-ii t = FR
1
=
1 2
3
1
R R
R 2

e q t
I o =
1 2
3
1
R R
R 2

e q t

2
mR
2
1
|
.
|

\
| e

dt
d
=
1 2
3
1
R R
R 2

e q t
i
}
e
e
e
e
2
0
0
d
=
) R R ( m
R 4
1 2
1

tq
}
t
0
dt
t =
1
1 2
R 4
2 n ) R R ( m

q t

z4iaai s ais +i vii
<i +i zi--i -i lz + =ii i-i t ~i -i i- + =ii c-i t ~ii -, q
T
1
<=i ~i n =i +i zi--i
+i ni- -i lz + =ii c-i t ~i :=+i li- ii ~ii - , q
T
.
ai+ +i fa4
-i+ - l=z l+i l+ q zi--i + < n v n = nl-ziin , r lzii +i (+ nini+i -- zi- n (F)
F = 6 t q r v = l<i i-i t t -i+ +i l-n +tni-i t
uti-a n
(+ -- (+ zi- < n lni: i-i t . t tn l- ti -i t ( l+ :=+i i zi - ti i-i t ~i t l--
n vi-- + n -i t i =ini-- n +tni-i t
uti-a n +t niai
(+ zi i n < l-i +- t l=+i lzii r ( i- t (+ < (i n =) n n +- = ln ti t . l=+i i-
o t ( zi--i nii + q t t =ini-- n v vi-- + n-i t := <i n +i +- t
(i) -i- +i ~i +i - viii n
v
4/3 r ( ) g t o
3
6 rv tq
= V (o) g =
3
4
tr
3
( o)g,
(ii) - +i ~i +i- zi- n
= 6 t q rv..
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
- l+ n < l-- n v = nl- + ti t ~ii - :=n +i : i -ti t . := +i - + n n zi - ti -i -ilt( ~ii -
6t
q
rv =
3
4
tr
3
( o) g
i v =
9
2
q
o g ) ( r
2
:= v+i, n < +i =ini-- n :=+i lzii + n + =ii =ni-i-i t
4 f-<
i +i n ni n n =< - ~i-i t +i l+ i +i i- () n + i- (o) = +n t :=ln( i + n n
+i =ini-- n +iin+ t ~ii- i +i n ni - i-i t i-in+ =ini-- n ~ii - -- -i- lnni
Example 15.
(+ ni ni+i n < (+ < + ~-< =ini-- n = nl- + ti t n < +i lzii + =ii -ni til- +i < n =--i
ai- +i
Sol. -ni til- +i < = zil+- = F v = 6 t q r v v = 6 t q r v
2
= 6p q r
2
0
2
) ( gr
9
2
(
(

q


-ni til- +i < o r
5
Example 16.
lzii 0.0015 mm+i n +i < i n ln ti t l< i +i zi--i n ii + 1.8 10
5
kg /(m-s) t -i < +i
=ini-- n +i ti ni ` (n +i i- = 1.0 10
3
kg/m
2
-ii g = 9.8 N/kg) i +i i- -n t
Sol. -i+ + l-n =, r lzii +i (+ n +i < +i =ini-- n l<i i-i t
v =
9
2
q
o g ) ( r
2
ti n +i i- , o i +i i- ( q i +i zi--i n ii+ t ti o -n t ~i r = 0.0015 mm
= 1.5 10
3
mm = 1.5 10
6
m ni- i- :
v =
9
2

5
3 2 6
10 8 . 1
8 . 9 ) 10 0 . 1 ( ) 10 5 . 1 (

= 2.72 10
4
m/s
Example 17.
lzii 1.0 10
3
m-ii i- 1.0 10
4
kg/m
3
+i (+ iil+ ni ni i + n i -i zi n h < i -+ n +- =
ln- + i< n +i +i n v zi +-i t l< n n v zi +- + i< :=+i n ~ll- - t-i t -i h +i ni-
ai- +i l<i t : n +i zi--i n ii + = 1.0 10
3
N-s/m
2
, g = 10 m/s
2
-ii n +i i- = 1.0 10
3
kg/m
3
.
Sol. h --i: = n+- = ln- n ni n ,ii vi-- n t
v = h g 2 ....(i)
t n n nin +i =ini-- n t := v+i -i+ + l-n =
v =
9
2
q
o g ) ( r
2
ti r ni n +i lzii t , ni n + <ii +i i- t
o (= 1.0 10
3
kg/m
3
) n +i i- t ~i q n +i zi--i nii+ t
v =
3
3 4 2 3
10 0 . 1 9
10 ) 10 0 . 1 10 0 . 1 ( ) 10 0 . 1 ( 2

= 20 m/s
PHYSICS
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
=ni+i (i) =
h =
10 2
20 20
g 2
2

=
v
= 20 m
ai+ + ui + av4in
(i) fnt+a + v4in zii rnaifa+ izi aia +a : -i + +i = zi lnni+- lli ,ii :n + i l-+ ~i zi
+i -i nni- n -i n l+i i-i t := lli n i n zi izii -n +i <i +i =ini-- n +i ni-
++ --+i lzii ai- +- n =zi +i -in l+i i-i t
(ii) ii +t <i +i n: ii < , i n + +ii ni + = i-- + ,ii --i t n + vii n
ln-i t . --+i nl- i n zi- n + ,ii ~i li- ti -i t = ti --+ ln- +i n c -i t zi- n
ii c-i t -ii ~-- n n + viii n + i ti i-i t < - l-- =ini-- n vi-- + n -i t
i <i +i lzii + n + =ni- i-i t vi-i n ii +i < ~i+i n t - zi i t ~i :=ln( ( = ~-
n = ln-i t -il+ ~i+izi n i<n + n - -i t : v-i- ti -i t ~i = i-- + ,ii ~i+i
n c-i t -i i -- n = i -+ t --i t
(iii) sizia : +i : = l-+ -- t ( i i- = izi + =ii + <-i t -i t i n t - ii ii -i- ~i-i
t
l e;
l hekUr pky
p
k
y
vi-i n = l-+ n i i g = ln-i t . -- -< ti i - i = +n ti - nn-i t izi i -t i n
i-i t :=ln( vi-i n ln- t ( = l-+ +i -in - i = c -i t l+ ii ii c -i t i +i zi--i + +ii = l-+
+i i ~-- n zi - ti i-i t ( - = l-+ l-- =ini-- -in = ln-i t l-zi n ln- t ( = l-+ +i -in =n
+ n n i+ v<lzi - t