Modeling and experimental study of hydrodynamic and drying characteristics of an industrial rotary dryer

N. J. Fernandes; C. H. Atade; M. A. S. arro!o

"

Universidade Federal de Uberlndia, Faculdade de Engenharia Qumica, Av. Joo Naves de vila 22, !loco
", #am$us %an&a '(nica, #E)* +,-.,/.., Uberlndia / '0, !ra1il. E/mail* masbarro1o2u3u.br

AS#$AC#
4he $ur$ose o3 &his 5or6 5as &o anal71e &he h7drod7namic and dr7ing as$ec&s o3 a ro&ar7 dr7er used in a
3er&ili1er indus&r7. A se& o3 e8ua&ions &o $redic& &he solids holdu$ in &he 3ligh&s, &he leng&h o3 3all, &he residence
&ime o3 $ar&icles and &he dr7ing variables 5as evalua&ed b7 com$arison &o e9$erimen&al measuremen&s
$er3ormed in an indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7er o3 &he #o$ebras Fer&ili1er #om$an7, loca&ed in #a&alo, s&a&e o3 0oias,
#en&er/5es& o3 !ra1il. !ecause o3 $recise es&ima&ions, &hese e8ua&ions ma7 be used &o design and $redic& &he
solids cascading behavior in indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7ers. :es$i&e larger devia&ions, reaching 2.;, &he dr7ing model
can also be used 3or design calcula&ions and $rocess simula&ions.
%ey&ords' <ndus&rial ro&ar7 dr7er= >7drod7namic= :r7ing.

(N#$)*+C#()N
4he 5orld5ide $o$ula&ion increased 3rom + billion $eo$le in ?@. &o @ billion $eo$le in 2.... <n order &o &a6e
in&o considera&ion &he demand 3or 3ood, &he o$&imi1a&ion o3 agricul&ural $roduc&ivi&7 is 8ui&e im$or&an&.
Fer&ili1ers are $roduc&s com$ounded 5i&h nu&rien&s &ha& increase &he gro5&h and &he $roduc&ivi&7 o3 $lan&s,
im$roving &he na&ural soil 3er&ili&7 or giving bac6 &he elemen&s &a6en a5a7 3rom &he soil due &o erosion or &o
$revious cul&ures.
<n &he $roduc&ion o3 granula&ed 3er&ili1ers, &he ra5 ma&erial A5a&er, ammonia, sul$huric acid and s&eam among
o&hersB are dosed in &he e8ui$men& called granula&or and i&s goal is &o ade8ua&e &he $roduc& &o &he chemical
s$eci3ica&ions and increase &he si1e o3 &he $ar&icles un&il &he7 reach &he desired s&andard Abe&5een 2 and -
mmB. A3&er &his $rocess, &here is &he dr7ing o$era&ion, 5hich is res$onsible 3or removing &he vola&ile subs&ances
used in &he granula&ion.
:r7ing, being one o3 &he mos& energ7/in&ensive o$era&ions, is o3 grea& im$or&ance in &he 3er&ili1er indus&r7.
:es$i&e i&s im$or&ance, in man7 cases &he design and o$era&ion o3 dr7ers is done according &o em$iricism,
based on &he Ce9$erienceC o3 engineers.
Do&ar7 drums are o3&en used 3or dr7ing in &he 3er&ili1er indus&r7. 4he dr7er consis&s basicall7 o3 a c7lindrical shell
inclined a& a small angle &o &he hori1on&al. Ee& 3eed is in&roduced in&o &he u$$er end o3 &he dr7er and &he
dried $roduc& 5i&hdra5n a& &he lo5er end. 4he inside o3 &he shell is e8ui$$ed 5i&h li3&ing 3ligh&s.
As &he dr7er ro&a&es, &he solids are $ic6ed u$ b7 &he 3ligh&s and are conve7ed 3or a cer&ain dis&ance around
&he $eri$her7 be3ore dislodging and 3alling bac6 as a rain o3 $ar&icula&e ma&erial &hrough a ho& air s&ream. 4he
maFori&7 o3 &he dr7ing occurs during &his $eriod, 5hen &he solids are in in&ima&e con&ac& 5i&h &he air. 4here3ore,
a good 3ligh& design is essen&ial &o $romo&e &he gas/solid con&ac& &ha& is re8uired 3or ra$id and homogeneous
dr7ing A!a6er, ?,,B.
4he movemen& o3 $ar&icles in ro&a&ing drums de$ends on o3 3ligh&s and shell design as 5ell as on &he o$era&ing
condi&ions. 4hus, ro&ar7 dr7ers re$resen& one o3 &he grea&es& challenges in &heore&ical modeling o3 dr7ers
A%herri& e& al., ??+B. 4he com$le9 combina&ion o3 $ar&icles being li3&ed b7 &he 3ligh&s, sliding and rolling, &hen
3alling in s$reading cascades &hrough an air s&ream and re/en&ering &he bed a& &he bo&&om, $ossibl7 5i&h
bouncing and rolling, is ver7 di33icul& &o anal71e A"em$, 2..-B. Figure sho5s a ro&ar7 dr7er and Figure 2 sho5s
a scheme o3 &he movemen& o3 solids inside &his dr7er.






"no5ledge o3 &he 8uan&i&7 o3 solids held u$ in &he 3ligh&s is essen&ial &o ensure &ha& &he drum loading is close &o
o$&imum. <3 &he 3ligh&s are under3illed, &he dr7er 5ill be o$era&ing belo5 ca$aci&7 and &here3ore ine33icien&l7.
Gn &he o&her hand, e9cessive overloading o3 &he drum 5ill resul& in a $ro$or&ion o3 &he ma&erial being
&rans$or&ed b7 6iln ac&ion. 4his 5ill reduce &he average solids residence &ime and ma7 be de&rimen&al &o
$roduc& 8uali&7 A!a6er, ?,,B.
4he modeling o3 dr7ing is ano&her challenge in &his $rocess. 4his modeling needs mass and energ7 balance
e8ua&ions a$$lied &o bo&h 3luid and solid $hases and re8uires cons&i&u&ive e8ua&ions 3or &he hea& &rans3er
coe33icien&, &he dr7ing 6ine&ics and &he e8uilibrium mois&ure con&en& o3 &he solid ma&erial.
4he $ur$ose o3 &his 5or6 5as &o anal71e some e9is&ing models &o 3orecas& &he h7drod7namic and dr7ing
variables o3 an indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7er 3or granula&ed 3er&ili1ers A04%)B. 4he indus&rial dr7er o3 &he $resen& 5or6 is
se& u$ in #o$ebras Fer&ili1er #om$an7 loca&ed in #a&alo, s&a&e o3 0oias, #en&er/5es& o3 !ra1il.
H,*$)*,NAM(C AN* *$,(N- ./+A#()NS
Solids Holdup in the Flights
A cer&ain dr7er ma7 incor$ora&e one or more di33eren& &7$es o3 3ligh&s AHisboa e& al., 2..IB. A su33icien& number
o3 3ligh&s mus& be dis&ribu&ed across &he drum, such &ha& &he volume o3 ma&erial &rans$or&ed b7 &he 3ligh&s is
be&5een . and J; o3 &he &o&al ma&erial volume 5i&hin &he dr7er A!a6er, ?,+B. 4he number and sha$e o3 &he
3ligh&s in3luence &he amoun& o3 ma&erial $resen& in &he ro&ar7 dr7er. !a6er A?,+B also sugges&s &ha& &he volume
occu$ied b7 &he load o3 solids in &he ro&ar7 dr7er should also be be&5een . and J; o3 &he &o&al dr7er
volume.
For &he design o3 &he 3ligh&s, several researches have develo$ed $rocedures based on charac&eris&ics o3 &he
$ar&icula&e ma&erial and &he o$era&ing condi&ions. %cho3ield and 0li6in A?@2B derived an e8ua&ion &o
evalua&e &he d7namic angle o3 re$ose o3 a $o5der as a 3unc&ion o3 i&s d7namic 3ric&ion coe33icien& AKB. <3 a
$o5der is $oured on a 3la& sur3ace, i& 5ill 3orm a $ile 5hose angle 5i&h &he hori1on&al $lane is called &he s&a&ic
angle o3 re$ose. 4his angle o3 re$ose is a33ec&ed b7 &he $o5der cohesivi&7. )ar&icles 5i&hin a 3ligh& 5ill also
dis$la7 an angle o3 re$ose, 5i&h a hori1on&al $lane, 5hich 5ill de$end on &he angular $osi&ion o3 &he 3ligh&.
%ince &he angle o3 re$ose is a33ec&ed b7 &he drum ro&a&ion s$eed, i& is called &he d7namic angle o3 re$ose.
"ell7 and GL:onnel A?IIB have develo$ed a measuring $rocedure 3or &he d7namic 3ric&ion coe33icien& AKB.
4he7 have also revie5ed &he e8ua&ions &ha& rela&e &he drum and 3ligh& loading. !a6er A?,+B sho5ed ho5 &he
d7namic angle o3 re$ose could be used &o calcula&e &he solids holdu$ o3 a 3ligh& a& an7 angular $osi&ion.
Figure + $resen&s a scheme o3 &he 3ligh&s 5i&h &hree segmen&s, indica&ing &he main dimensions and variables
&ha& 5ill be used in &he e8ua&ions develo$ed in &his 5or6.



4he correla&ion o3 %cho3ield and 0li6in A?@2B &ha& rela&es &he d7namic angle o3 re$ose &o &he d7namic
coe33icien& o3 3ric&ion AKB o3 &he $o5der, &he angular $osi&ion AMB o3 &he &i$, &he radial $osi&ion AD.B o3 3ligh& &i$,
and &he ro&a&ion s$eed o3 &he drum is sho5n here as E8ua&ion AB. 4his e8ua&ion 5as de&ermined 3rom an
e8uilibrium balance o3 &he 3orces ac&ing on a $ar&icle, 5hich is abou& &o 3all 3rom a 3ligh&.
2
KND
O
Acos M/K sin MB

4he 3ligh&s o3 &he indus&rial dr7er used in &he $resen& 5or6 are o3 &he &hree/segmen& &7$e. 4he e8ua&ions &o
$redic& &he solids holdu$ in a dr7er 5i&h &hree/segmen& 3ligh& 5as based in &he 5or6 o3 Devol e& al. A2..B.
Hisboa e& al., 2..I used &his me&hodolog7 3or 3ligh&s 5i&h &5o segmen&s and ob&ained good $redic&ions o3
h7drod7namic behavior o3 a $ilo& scale ro&ar7 dr7er.
<n Figure +, &he 3ligh& can be charac&eri1ed b7 &he segmen& leng&hs H, HL and HC, &heir angles PA and P! and &he
radius Do o3 &he circle described b7 &he 3ligh& &i$ G as &he drum ro&a&es. 4he &5o se&s o3 #ar&esian coordina&es
are considered. 4he origin o3 &he A9,7B se& is a& &he 3ligh& &i$, 5i&h &he a9is along &he 3irs& segmen&, &his se& o3
coordina&es moves as &he 3ligh& ro&a&es. 4he origin o3 &he s&a&ionar7 AQ,RB se& is a& &he drum a9is, 5i&h Q/a9is
loca&ed in &he hori1on&al, as sho5n in Figure +.
4o calcula&e &he volume o3 $o5der in &he &hree/segmen& 3ligh&, &he coordina&es o3 $oin&s A, ! and # are 3irs&
calcula&ed and so &he angle S be&5een &he &5o se&s o3 coordina&es is evalua&ed and &he volume o3 $o5der is
ob&ained b7 considering various degrees o3 3illing o3 &he 3ligh& 5i&h &he $o5der ADevol e& al., 2..B.
4he E8ua&ions A2B &o A,B loca&e &he &hree segmen&s in &he se& o3 coordina&es, 5here &he subscri$& , 2 and +
re3ers &o res$ec&ive segmen&s.


5i&h



5here


#oordina&es o3 $oin&s A, ! and #*






4he $oin& # in &he s&a&ionar7 se& o3 coordina&es mus& sa&is37 &he 3ollo5ing e8ua&ion*

4he A9,7B coordina&es are rela&ed 5i&h AQ,RB b7 &he 3ollo5ing e8ua&ions*


Ei&h* Q. T D. cosAMB and R. T D. sinAMB.
%ubs&i&u&ing E8ua&ions A@B and AIB in&o E8ua&ion AJB 7ields an e8ua&ion 5hich can be solved 3or S, 3or an7
angular $osi&ion M.
4he E8ua&ion A,B gives a rela&ion &o &he $o5der line.

<&s in&ersec&ion 5i&h &he line &racing &he second segmen& has &he 3ollo5ing coordina&es*


<&s in&ersec&ion 5i&h &he line &racing &he &hird segmen& has &he 3ollo5ing coordina&es*


4he in&ersec&ion o3 &he solid level line 5i&h &he drum 5all is given b7*





<n &his me&hodolog7, 3our degrees o3 3illing &he 3ligh&s b7 &he $o5der can occur*
. 4he $o5der reaches &he 5all. 4his 5ill occur i3*

<n &his case, &he cross/sec&ional area occu$ied b7$o5der can be es&ima&ed b7 E8ua&ions A2?B and A+.B.


2. 4he $o5der does no& reach &he 5all bu& reaches &he &hird segmen&. 4his 5ill occur i3*

and

4he cross/sec&ional area occu$ied b7 &he $o5der in &he 3ligh& is*

+. 4he $o5der does no& reach &he &hird segmen&, bu& reaches &he second segmen&. 4his 5ill occur i3*

5i&h

and

4hen &he cross/sec&ional area occu$ied b7 &he $o5der in &he 3ligh& is*

-. 4he 3ligh& is em$&7. 4his 5ill occur i3*

<n &his 5or6, &hese e8ua&ions 5ere used 3or &he es&ima&ion o3 load varia&ion in &he 3ligh&s 5i&h &heir angular
$osi&ion AMB. 4he $redic&ions b7 using &hese e8ua&ions have been com$ared 5i&h &he e9$erimen&al da&a
ob&ained in &he indus&rial dr7er.
0ength of Fall
4he leng&h o3 $ar&icle 3all AR8B is de3ined b7 &he leng&h 3rom &he 3ligh& &i$ &o &he bo&&om o3 &he drum.As $ar&icles
leave &he 3ligh&s a& di33eren& angular $osi&ions, a range o3 leng&hs o3 3all 5ill be e9$erienced. 4his in3orma&ion is
signi3ican& because &he dr7ing occurs mainl7 5hen &he $ar&icles are in con&ac& 5i&h ho& air during &he 3all. 4hus,
a longer 3all 3avors a be&&er dr7ing ra&e. 0li6in A?I,B $ro$osed E8ua&ion A+?B &o es&ima&e &he leng&h o3 $ar&icle
3all*

4he average leng&h o3 3all is e9$ressed b7 E8ua&ion A-.B*

$esidence #ime
<n &he $resen& 5or6, &he e8ua&ion o3 Friedman and 'arshall A?-?B 5i&h $arame&ers 3i&&ed b7 Arruda A2..IB 5as
used &o $redic& &he residence &ime.

5here* 0s is &he mass 3lo5ra&e o3 &he solid A6gUminB, 03 is &he gas 3lo5ra&e A6gUminB, d$ is &he $ar&icle diame&er
AmB, : is &he diame&er o3 &he dr7er AmB, and H& is i&s leng&h AmB, P is given in radians and ND is given in r$m.
4he second &erm o3 &he Friedman and 'arshall e8ua&ion is nega&ive 3or concurren& 3lo5 and $osi&ive 3or
coun&ercurren& 3lo5 and &hus re$resen&s &he air3lo5 drag &erm. 4he indus&rial dr7er used in &he $resen& 5or6 is o3
&he concurren& 3lo5 &7$e.
*rying Model
4he dr7ing model used in &he $resen& 5or6 5as develo$ed b7 Arruda A2..IB. 4he modeling o3 hea& and mass
&rans3er be&5een air and 3er&ili1er grains inro&ar7 dr7ers 5as based on &he a$$lica&ion o3 mass and energ7
balance e8ua&ions 3or bo&h solid and 3luid $hases. 4he 3ollo5ing e8ua&ions 3orm &he dr7ing model 3or
concurren& 3lo5 A1 direc&ionsB*
aB Varia&ion o3 air humidi&7 5i&h &he leng&h o3 &he dr7er

bB Varia&ion o3 mois&ure in solids 5i&h &he leng&h o3 &he dr7er

cB Varia&ion o3 &em$era&ure 5i&h &he leng&h o3 &he dr7er

dB Varia&ion o3 &he solid &em$era&ure 5i&h &he leng&h o3 &he dr7er

4he inle& air humidi&7, solid mois&ure con&en&, and air and solid &em$era&ures are assumed &o be cons&an& and
6no5n, resul&ing in &he model boundar7 condi&ions.
Constituti1e .2uations
4he e8uilibrium mois&ure, dr7ing ra&e and hea& &rans3er e8ua&ions 5ere ado$&ed 3rom &he s&ud7 b7 Arruda
A2..IB. 4he $ro$er&ies o3 &he 3er&ili1ers used in Arruda A2..IB and in &he $resen& s&ud7 5ere &he same.
.2uili3rium Moisture
Arruda A2..IB ob&ained e9$erimen&al da&a 3or e8uilibrium mois&ure A'WB o3 &he granula&ed 3er&ili1er A04%)B 3rom
&he s&a&ic me&hod, b7 using sa&ura&ed sal& solu&ions. From a s&a&is&ic me&hodolog7 o3 rival model discrimina&ion,
Arruda A2..IB concluded &ha& &he bes& e8ua&ion &o re$resen& &he e8uilibrium da&a 3or 04%) 5as &he modi3ied
>alse7 e8ua&ion AGsborn, ?,?B. 4his e8ua&ion, 5i&h &he $arame&ers 3i&&ed b7 Arruda A2..IB, is*

5i&h 'W on a dr7 basis, D> Arela&ive humidi&7B in decimal and 4s in X#.
*rying $ate
!ased on e9$erimen&al da&a ob&ained in a &hin la7er dr7er, Arruda A2..IB concluded &ha& &he bes& e8ua&ion &o
re$resen& &he dr7ing 6ine&ics da&a o3 04%) 5as &he )age e8ua&ion A)age, ?-?B. 4his e8ua&ion, 5i&h &he
$arame&ers 3i&&ed b7 Arruda A2..IB, is*

5here

)1erall Coefficient of Heat #ransfer
4he e8ua&ion used 3or &he overall coe33icien&s o3 hea& &rans3er 5as &he one $ro$osed b7 'iller e& al., A?-2B*

5here* UVA is given in EUm
+
"= : is in me&ers, and &he mass veloci&7 o3 air A0L3B is given in 6gUm
2
h.
.45.$(M.N#A0 M.#H)*)0)-,
Material
0ranula&ed &ri$le su$er$hos$ha&e A04%)B 3rom #o$ebras Fer&ili1er #om$an7 used in &he e9$erimen&s had a
%au&er mean diame&er o3 +. mm, densi&7 o3 ..J gUcm
+
, and s$eci3ic hea& o3 ..2? 6calU6gX#.
(ndustrial $otary *ryer
4he e9$erimen&al da&a o3 &his 5or6 5ere ob&ained in an indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7er o3 &he #o$ebras Fer&ili1er
#om$an7, loca&ed in #a&alo, s&a&e o3 0oias, #en&er/5es& o3 !ra1il. 4his dr7er is +. m long, 5i&h an in&ernal
diame&er o3 + m 5i&h a ca$aci&7 o3 2. &ons $er hour. 4he inclina&ion angle is 2.JX. 4he 3ligh&s are o3 &he +/
segmen& &7$e 5i&h &he dimensions o3 22. 9 ?. 9 J. mm. 4he angles be&5een &he segmen&s o3 &he 3ligh&s are*
?.X be&5een &he side and &he &hird segmen&, -JX be&5een &he &hird and &he second segmen&, and 2JX
be&5een &he second and &he 3irs& segmen&. 4he ho& air en&ers &he dr7er in concurren& 3lo5 5i&h &he solids. 4he
3ligh&s in &he dr7er are sho5n inFigure -.



4he measuremen&s o3 &em$era&ure Adr7 and 5e& bulbB 5ere carried ou& 5i&h &hermocou$les. 4he solid mois&ure
con&en& 5as de&ermined b7 an oven me&hod a& ..X# over 2-h.
Measurements of the *ynamic Friction Coefficient
<n order &o measure &he charac&eris&ic angle, 5hich is used &o calcula&e &he 3ric&ion coe33icien& in E8ua&ion AB,
$ic&ures Asee Figure JB 5ere &a6en o3 &he in&ernal $ar& o3 &he e8ui$men&. For each image ob&ained, &he
angular $osi&ion o3 &he 3ligh& AMB and &he d7namic angle o3 re$ose 5ere measured &hrough &he 0lobal Hab
<mage 2 so3&5are.

$.S+0#S AN* *(SC+SS()NS
*ynamic Coefficient of Friction
Figure @ sho5s &he resul&s o3 &he d7namic 3ric&ion coe33icien& AKB o3 04%) $ar&icles as a 3unc&ion o3 &he 3ligh&
angular $osi&ion, ob&ained 3rom &he e9$erimen&al measuremen&s and &hose &ha& 5ere calcula&ed 3rom
E8ua&ion AB.



<& is clear &ha& &he d7namic coe33icien& o3 3ric&ion 5as inde$enden& o3 &he 3ligh& angular $osi&ion and
&his resul& is in agreemen& 5i&h da&a re$or&ed in &he li&era&ure A!ri&&on e& al., 2..@= Devol e& al., 2..B. 4he ?J;
s&a&is&ical con3idence in&erval 3or &he 04%) d7namic 3ric&ion coe33icien& is A..I+= ..I@B, 5i&h an average value
o3 ..I-@.
4his value 5as used &o calcula&e &he d7namic angle o3 re$ose and &hen evalua&e &he 3ligh& holdu$ 3or an7
angular $osi&ion, using &he $reviousl7 sho5n e8ua&ions
Material Holdup on the Flight and 0ength of Fall of 5articles
Figure I sho5s &he com$arison be&5een &he holdu$ measured in &he indus&rial dr7er 3or each 3ligh& angular
$osi&ion and &he resul& ob&ained b7 &he e8ua&ions $reviousl7 sho5n AE8. 2 &o E8. +,B. Figure , sho5s &he
e9$erimen&al da&a o3 &he leng&h o3 $ar&icle 3all and &he $redic&ions 3rom E8. A+?B.





<& is in&eres&ing &o observe in Figure I &ha& &he 3ligh& used in &his dr7er A&hree/segmen&B carries &he solids &o an
angular $osi&ion o3 2JX, &hereb7 $romo&ing a good dis&ribu&ion o3 &he ma&erial in &he sec&ional area o3 &he
drum.
4he resul&s o3 &he leng&h o3 3all AFigure ,B 5ere em$lo7ed &o calcula&e &he average leng&h o3 $ar&icle 3all,
AE8. -.B, and &he average 3all angle A M B. 4he ob&ained values 5ere, res$ec&ivel7, T 2..@ m and M T J+.IX.
4he resul&s $resen&ed in Figures I and , sho5 &ha& &he e8ua&ions ob&ained 3or &he load $redic&ion in &he 3ligh&s
b7 Devol e& al. A2..B and 3or &he $ar&icleLs leng&h o3 3all b7 0li6in A?I,B allo5 $recise es&ima&ions. 4his 3ac&
con3irms &heir $o&en&ial use 3or &he $redic&ion o3 solids cascading in indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7ers.
$esidence #ime
4he residence &ime 5as measured in &he indus&rial dr7er using &racers Acolored 04%) $ar&iclesB. 4able sho5s
&he com$arison be&5een &he residence &ime ob&ained e9$erimen&all7 and &ha& calcula&ed 3rom E8ua&ion -.
4hese resul&s 5ere ob&ained a& &5o di33eren& drum ro&a&ion s$eeds A+.J r$m and -.2 r$mB. 4he average
devia&ion be&5een e9$erimen&al and calcula&ed values 5as o3 @;.
4he resul&s sho5n in 4able indica&e &ha& &he Friedman and 'arshall A?-?B e8ua&ion 5i&h $arame&ers 3i&&ed b7
Arruda A2..IB can $redic& sa&is3ac&oril7 &he e9$erimen&al da&a on residence &ime in indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7ers.
*rying $esults
4able 2 com$ares &he resul&s o3 simula&ion using &he dr7ing model AE8. -2 /-?B &o e9$erimen&al da&a 3or &he 3our
ou&le& variables Asolid mois&ure con&en&, gas humidi&7, gas &em$era&ure and solid &em$era&ureB ob&ained 3rom
&5o e9$erimen&s carried ou& a& &5o di33eren& ro&a&ion s$eeds A+.J r$m and -.2 r$mB. Follo5ing &he same
variable order, &he average devia&ions be&5een &hese e9$erimen&al and simula&ed da&a 5ere* 2?.- ;, 2.- ;,
++.2 ; and 2..? ;.
<& can be observed &ha& &he devia&ions o3 &he values $redic&ed b7 &he dr7ing model 5ere larger &han &he
h7drod7namic models AE8s. /-.B. 4hese larger devia&ions ma7 be a&&ribu&ed &o &he 3ac& &ha& &he $arame&ers o3
&he Arruda A2..IB model 5ere 3i&&ed under bench condi&ions, 5i&h &em$era&ure and 3lo5 ra&e values much
smaller &han &hose encoun&ered in indus&r7. >o5ever, indus&rial 3orecas&s 5i&h devia&ions o3 2.; can be
ob&ained b7 &his dr7ing model.
C)NC0+S()NS
4he resul&s ob&ained in &his 5or6 allo5 us &o conclude &ha&*
Y 4he me&hodolog7 used 3or &he $redic&ion o3 &he load in &hree/segmen& 3ligh&s ADevol e& al., 2..B, as 5ell as
3or &he average $ar&icle leng&h o3 3all A0li6in, ?I,B, gives es&ima&ions &ha& com$are 5ell 5i&h &he e9$erimen&al
da&a. 4here3ore, &hese e8ua&ions ma7 be used in dr7er design and 3or $redic&ion o3 &he solids cascading
behavior in indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7ers.
Y 4he Friedman and 'arshall A?-?B e8ua&ion 5i&h $arame&ers 3i&&ed b7 Arruda A2..IB can $redic& sa&is3ac&oril7
Adevia&ions around @;B &he residence &ime in indus&rial ro&ar7 dr7ers.
Y 4he devia&ions o3 &he 6e7 dr7ing variables A$roduc& mois&ure con&en&, solids &em$era&ure, gas &em$era&ure
and humidi&7B $redic&ed 3rom &he dr7ing model 5ere o3 &he order o3 2.;, bu& s&ill acce$&able b7 &he indus&r7.
N)M.NC0A#+$.
a in&erce$& o3 &he line &raced b7 &he 3irs& 3ligh& segmen& AG m
a2 in&erce$& o3 &he line &raced b7 &he second 3ligh& segmen& A! m
a+ in&erce$& o3 &he line &raced b7 &he second 3ligh& segmen& !# m
AE coe33icien& de3ined in E8ua&ion A2-B
b slo$e o3 &he line &raced b7 &he 3irs& 3ligh& segmen& AG m
b2 slo$e o3 &he line &raced b7 &he second 3ligh& segmen& A! m
b+ slo$e o3 &he line &raced b7 &he &hird 3ligh& segmen& !# m
!E coe33icien& de3ined in E8ua&ion A2-B
c3 s$eci3ic hea& ca$aci&7 o3 dr7 gas m
/2
"
/
s
/2

cl s$eci3ic hea& ca$aci&7 o3 5a&er li8uid m
/2
"
/
s
/2

cs s$eci3ic hea& ca$aci&7 o3 dr7 solid m
/2
"
/
s
/2

cv s$eci3ic hea& ca$aci&7 o3 5a&er va$or m
/2
"
/
s
/2

#E coe33icien& de3ined in E8ua&ion A2-B
d$ average $ar&icles diame&er m
: dr7er diame&er m
:o :iame&er o3 &he circum3erence described b7 &he 3ligh& &i$
g gravi&7 cons&an& mUs
2

03 gas 3lo5 ra&e 6gUmin
0Z3 mass veloci&7 o3 gas 6gUm
2
h
0s solid 3lo5 ra&e 6gUmin
hW ma&erial holdu$ on &he 3ligh& 6g
hWA.B

ma&erial holdu$ 5hen &he 3ligh&s are a& &he beginning o3 a revolu&ion
in&ersec&ion

6g
> dr7er holdu$ 6g
" cons&an& 6ine&ic o3 dr7ing s
/..-2-

HLL leng&h o3 &he &hird segmen& m
HL leng&h o3 &he second segmen& m
H leng&h o3 &he 3irs& segmen& m
H& dr7er leng&h, m
'

solids mois&ure con&en&

6g o3 5a&erU6g
o3 dr7 solid
'o

ini&ial mois&ure o3 solids

6g o3 5a&erU6g
o3 dr7 solid
'W

e8uilibrium mois&ure o3 &he
solids

6g o3 5a&erU6g
o3 dr7 solid
'D dimensionless mois&ure o3 solids /
N number o3 3ligh&s /
ND number o3 ro&a&ions $er minu&e, r$m
D dr7er radius m
D. dis&ance 3rom &he 3ligh& edge &o &he dr7er cen&er m
D5 dr7ing ra&e s
/

D> rela&ive humidi&7 /
% &ransversal sec&ion area, occu$ied b7 &he 3ligh& solids m
2

4amb ambien& &em$era&ure X#
43 gas &em$era&ure X#
4s solid &em$era&ure X#
& 4ime s
UVA overall volume&ric hea& &rans3er coe33icien& 6Em
/+
X#
/

U$ hea& loss coe33icien& 6Em
/2
X#
/

V volume o3 dr7er m
+

E

absolu&e air humidi&7

6g o3 5a&er
va$orU6g o3 dr7 air
Q abscissa in &he coordina&e se& cen&ered on &he 3ligh& &i$ m
9A, !,
#
abscissa o3 &he $oin&s A, ! and #, res$ec&ivel7 m
9E abscissa o3 $oin& E, a& &he in&ersec&ion o3 &he $o5der level 5i&h &he 5all m
Q abscissa in &he coordina&e se& cen&ered on &he drum a9is m
Q. abscissa o3 &he 3ligh& &i$ in &he in &he coordina&e se& m
7 ordina&e in &he coordina&e se& cen&ered on &he 3ligh& &i$ m
7A, !,
#
ordina&e o3 &he $oin&s A, ! and #, res$ec&ivel7 m
7E ordina&e o3 $oin& E, a& &he in&ersec&ion o3 &he $o5der level 5i&h &he 5all m
R ordina&e in &he coordina&e se& cen&ered on &he drum a9is m
R. ordina&e o3 &he 3ligh& &i$ in &he coordina&e se& cen&ered on &he drum a9is m


average leng&h o3 3all

m
P slo$e o3 dr7er rad.
PA angle be&5een 3irs& and second segmen&s in 3ligh&s o3 &hree segmen&s radians
P! angle be&5een second and &hird segmen&s in 3ligh&s o3 &hree segmen&s radians
[ angle de3ined b7 E8ua&ion A2?B

S

angle o3 &he coordina&e se& cen&ered on &he 3ligh& &i$ 5i&h &he
coordina&e se& cen&ered on &he drum a9is A&he angle sho5n in Figure 2 is
nega&iveB

radians
\ angle o3 &he $o5der level 5i&h &he 3irs& 3ligh& segmen& GA radian
]s $ar&icle densi&7 6gUm
+


d7namic angle o3 re$ose radians
O angular ro&a&ion s$eed o3 &he drum radiansUs
average residence &ime min
M angular $osi&ion o3 &he 3ligh& &i$ radians
K d7namic coe33icien& o3 3ric&ion /
$.F.$.NC.S
Arruda, E. !., #om$ara^o do :esem$enho do %ecador Do&o/Fluidi1ado com o %ecador Do&a&_rio #onvencional*
%ecagem de Fer&ili1an&es. 4ese de :ou&orado, )rograma de )_s/0radua^o em Engenharia Qumica, Universidade
Federal de Uberlndia A2..IB.
!a6er, #. 0. J., #ascading Do&ar7 :r7ers, in Advances in :r7ing, vol.* 'uFumdar, A. %. AedB A>emis$here, Ne5 Ror6, U%AB, $
/J A?,+B.
!a6er, #. 0. J., 4he :esign o3 Fligh&s in #ascading Do&ar7 :r7ers. :r7ing 4echnolog7, @, @+/@J+ A?,,B.
!ri&&on, ). F., %heehan, '. E. and %chneider, ). A., A )h7sical :escri$&ion o3 %olids 4rans$or& in Fligh&ed Do&ar7 :r7ers. )o5der
4echnolog7, @J, J+/@. A2..@B.
Friedman, %. J. and 'arshal, E. D., %&udies in ro&ar7 dr7ing, #hemical Engineering )rogress, -J, -,2/JI+ A?-?B.
0li6in, ). 0., 4rans$or& o3 %olids 4hrough Fligh&ed Do&a&ion :rums, 4rans <#hemE, J@, 2./2@ A?I,B.
"ell7, J. J. and GL:onnell J. )., ?II, Desidence 4ime 'odel 3or Do&ar7 :rums. 4rans <#hemE, JJ, 2-+/2J2 A?IIB.
"em$, <. #., #om$arison o3 )ar&icles 'o&ion #orrela&ions For #ascading Do&ar7 :r7ers, )roceedings o3 &he -
&h
<n&erna&ional
:r7ing %7m$osium A<:%B, %o )aulo, !ra1il, !, I?./I?I A2..-B.
Hisboa, '. >., Vi&orino, :. %., :elaiba, E. !., Fin1er, J. D. :. and !arro1o, '. A. %., A %&ud7 o3 )ar&icle 'o&ion in Do&ar7 :r7er,
!ra1ilian Journal o3 #hemical Engineering, 2-, +, +@J/+I- A2..IB.
'iller, #. G., %mi&h, !. A., %chue&&e, Fac&or <n3luencing &he G$era&ion o3 Do&ar7 :r7ers. 4rans A<#hE, +,, ,- A?-2
Devol, :., !riens, #. H. E and #habagno, J. '., 4he :esign o3 Fligh&s in Do&ar7 :r7ers, )o5der 4echnolog7, 2, 2+./2+,
A2..B.
%cho3ield. F. D. and 0li6in ). 0., Do&ar7 #oolers 3or 0ranular Fer&ili1er, #hemical and )rocess Eng. Desources, -., ,+ A?@2
%herri&, D. 0., #a$le, D., !ehie, H. A. and 'ehro&ra, A. "., 'ovemen& o3 %olids 4hrough Fligh&ed Do&a&ing :rums, Journal o3
#hemical Engineering, I, ++I/+-@ A??+B.
A%ubmi&&ed* Jul7 ?, 2.., = Devised* %e$&ember 2, 2.., = Acce$&ed* %e$&ember 2@, 2..,B
W4o 5hom corres$ondence should be addressed