Application of RS and GIS in Flood Management - India

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 1 - of 9

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL,
INDIA: Bera, et. al (2012), www.ijsrp.org
APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT
A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

Kartic Bera
1
, Moumita Pal
2
& Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay
3

Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University

ABSTRACT: Flood is a natural hazard
resulting from extreme geophysical events to
create an unexpected threat to human life and
property. Flood risk steams from the likelihood
that a major hazards event will occur
unexpectedly and that it will impact negatively on
the people and their welfare. Flood management
planning is a very important which helps to
rescue the flood affected people to mitigate the
problem of flood and to take necessary preventive
measures .It is a planned and integrated
management approach with the help of Remote
sensing and Geographic Information System and
data on socio economic characteristics to render
right suggestions to the people. The study
describes an efficient & scientific approach with
suitable illustrations of map and real time flood
inundations. The areas, which are highly flood
affected, are delineated. So that, the flood
affected people can be rescued from inundation
and can be evacuated to different safe places.

KEYWORDS: GIS, Remote Sensing, Flood
management, Flood variation, Flood level, &
Channelization.
INTRODUCTION: Floods are one of the
most common natural calamities that
Mongalkote block has to face almost every year
in varying degrees. There is now greater
emphasis on non-structural measures of flood
management and control, rather than on
structural measures. These measures include
flood forecasting, flood-inundation mapping
and flood plain zoning. Remote sensing has
emerged as an indispensable tool in the study of
floods, particularly with its capacity to provide
near real-time data, enabling preparation of
maps of inundated areas and assessment of
damages. Several studies connected with floods
(areal extent, zonation, damages) have been
undertaken on the basis of Remote Sensing
Techniques (J ain and Sinha, 2003; Sankhua, et
al. 2005; J ain et al. 2005; Prasad, et al. 2006).
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is also
now being used in several studies to delineate
the flood-hazard areas by incorporating
meteorological, geomorphological,
topographical, land use and demographical
data, with an aim to achieve a reduction in the
loss of life, disruption and damages caused by
floods (Sanyal and Lu, 2003; Bapalu and Sinha,
2005). Remote sensing technologies are
excellent tools in the mapping of the spatial
distribution of disaster related data within a
relatively short period of time. Applications of
using data from satellites to predict weather-
related disastrous phenomena, such as extreme
rainfall is widely known and frequently utilized.
Satellite data can be used before, during and
after a disaster, for prevention, monitoring,
mitigation and relief operations, respectively.
Areas affected by flooding are typically large in
size. It has been demonstrated that using
satellite data for flood mapping becomes
economically advantageous with respect to
ground survey for a large area. Though floods
are disruptive events and the occurrences of
floods cannot be prevented they are actually
natural features of a river system and their role
in replenishing, the floodplain cannot be
ignored. In recent times, the sole focus has been
on how floods can be checked, not how
societies can live with floods. (Chakrabarty,
A.). The negative consequences can be lessened
by an integrated approach to disaster
management. Disaster management includes 4
elements such as: mitigation, preparedness,
response and recovery (Quarantelli, E.1991).
Different type of physical and climatic
condition of the study area must be analyzed to
build a good proposal of reducing flood (Al-
Sabhan et.al 2003).

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ON
FLOOD: Mongalkote block has been
suffering from floods since time immemorial.
The evidence of flood in the form of yellowish
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 2 - of 9
and whitish sandy silt layer has been traced
even in the river astride archeological sites that
dates back to more than two millennium B. C.
Ajoy river was navigable for those years and
had great commercial significance some
thousand years back. Many villages along the
river were once important trading centers. But
these settlements have lost their significance
due to the changing of the river regime. During
18
th
and 19
th
century normal flood had occurred
which resulted the formation of floodplain as
there was no embankment in those days. A
huge volume of water was flowing through the
river of sufficient depth. During British period
in 19
th
century recorded major floods were in
1867, 1877, 1885 & 1896. After that unusual
high flood occurred in 1913, 1914 causing
serious loss of life and property, damage to
standing crops, seeds and houses. The major
recorded flood years are 1956, 1959, 1970,
1971, 1973, 1978, 1984, 1995, 1999, 2000 and
2007(Mukhopadhyay, 2010).

AIM: Analysis and management of the flood.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: This study
contains the following objectives:
1. To identify the flood zone and to find
the flood intensity, periodicity,
seasonality and its spatio-temporal
variations.
2. To delineate the major flood risk prone
areas through vulnerability analysis.
3. Flood damage assessment to find an
overview on the scale of effect of the
flood.
4. To propose a suitable real time action
plan to mitigate and control the disaster.
5. The objective of flood hazard analysis
and its management is to highlight the
past and present scenario.
6. The preparedness condition, flood loss
prevention & determine current status of
evacuation routes.

ABOUT STUDY AREA:
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
Mongalkote block is the severe flood
affected area of Burdwan district of West
Bengal in Eastern India. Mongalkote block
lies between 233051N to 234037N
latitude & 875328E to 8 88 8 4 49 9 1 12 2 E
longitude. It extends over 364.90 sq km
area and has a population, according to the
census of 2001; of 233,944 persons with the
density of 641/sq km.The entire block has
been divided in 15 gram panchayets under
which there are 164 villages. The block
office situated at Nutanhat, mouza-
Nutanhat, and J .L. No.-59. The study area
has mainly affected by two rivers Ajoy &
Kunur River.

ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 3 - of 9
Month Wise Average Temperature In 2006-2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
J
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N
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D
e
c
e
m
b
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r
----------Month----------
T
e
m
p
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r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

D
e
g
r
e
e

C
e
n
t
i
g
r
a
d
e
Average
Temperature
in 2006
Average
Temperature
in 2007
Average
Temperature
in 2008
Average
Temperature
in 2009
Average
Temperature
in 2010
2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS:

A. GEOLOGICAL
CONDITION: Mongalkote block has
situated at lower Ajoy basin. Below this
figure (Fig. 2) showing the general geology
of litho-logical structure of the Mongalkote
block. The whole study area is based on
Older Alluvium type geology.

B. SLOPE: Mongalkote block have
situated in the lower Ajoy & Kunur river
basin. The study area is highly flood plain
and low elevation region. The figure (Fig: 2)
showing the study areas slope condition. The
increasingly
high values
indicate the
increasing
high slope and
low value
indicate low
slope
condition of
the study area.

C. SOIL CONDITION: Different types
of soil are encountered in different
topographical biological and hydrological as
well as geological condition within the
block. This block can be divided by 3 soil
groups (Fig: 3) at the South-West portion of
this block here Lateritic Ultisols formed. The
middle region is formed of Alfisols Older
Alluvium & the East portion of this block is
formed of
Entisols
Younger
Alluvium soil.
Alluvial soil
attains an
enormous
thickness in
the low level
plains to the
East. This
Alluvial soil is formed of Alluvium brought
down by the Ajoy River.

D. DRAINAGE: The figure (Fig: 4)
showing the Mongalkote block has a good
network of drainage system. The Ajoy river
situated in
this study
area at the
north
most
portions,
it is also
the border
of
Mongalko
te block
and Burdwan district also. And the Kunur
river is coming from south-west direction
and go to north direction to join with Ajoy
river. In the upper catchment region of the
W.B. Hinglo river join with Ajoy river from
the left side with huge amount of water in
the monsoon time. In this study area it has
very low gentle slope, so in this region more
deposition of sand, silt etc are gathering day
to day, due to the fact that this portion of
Ajoy river has very low runoff at the
monsoon time. That is why Ajoy River
characterized of heavy flood discharge
within a very short span of time particularly
in the monsoon period. There are many
Damodar Branch Canals are fulfill of water
in monsoon time and occurring flood
discharge a very short span of time. These
rivers and canals are most important for
agriculture purpose.

E. CLIMATE CONDITION: The
block experiences a climate which is
Fig: 2
Fig: 5
Fig: 3
Fig: 4
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 4 - of 9
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

I
n

m
m
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
2002(Rainfall
in mm.)
2004(Rainfall
in mm.)
2006(Rainfall
in mm.)
2008(Rainfall
in mm.)
2010(Rainfall
in mm.)
----------YEAR----------
Month Wise Total Rainfall Of Mongalkote Block In 2002-2011
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
transitional between CWg3 and AW1 types,
where C stands for warm temperate rainy
climate with mild winter, W stands for
dry winter not compensated for by total rain
in the rest of the year, g3 stands for
eastern Ganges type of temperature trend
and AW1 for tropical savanna climates.
As the Tropic of Cancer has just passed
through below this block the climate
condition is hot & humid. Generally, the
summer continues during April, May and
J une and sees frequent thunder storm with
rain at afternoon due to locally created low
pressure on the Bay of Bengal. Average
temperature in summer season is 33C. The
monsoon enters this block at the end of J une.
About 90% of total rainfall occurs during
J une to October. The average annual rainfall
of Mongalkote block is 1300mm. The winter
is short starting from end of November to
mid February. The average temperature in
winter season is 15C. Usually, there is no
rain during winter.
The figure 05 shows the average temperature
of the study area in different year (2006,
2007, 2008, 2009 & 2010). It shows the
variation of temperature in different month
of the year.

F. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
Road communication system of Mongalkote
block is well distributed in all direction.
Through Nutanhat (block office) different
direction route is connected, such as Katwa-
Nutanhat-Gushkara, Bolpur-Nutanhat-
Burdwan, Asansol-Nutanhat-Katwa,
Berhampore-Nutanhat-Burdwan-Arambag,
etc. Beside the figure (Fig: 7) showing in this
block middle portion are situated of state
highway (North to South), which comming
from north then crossed through Nutanhat
and connected with Burdwan. Gushkara-
Nutanhat-Katwa metaled road join the East
to West part of this block. Also a PWD road
is also present here to connect the East-West
region. In this block there are several other
roads are also present such as unmetalled
roads, tracks, Pradhan Mantri Gram sadak
Yojana roads etc. which are well distributed
in overall block. A railway line (Katwa-
Burdwan) is crossed through the Eastern
region of this block. The major
communication system of Mongalkote block
is affected by several floods in monsoon
time.

DATA USED & SOURCE:

DATA USED DATA SOURCE
Satellite image (Landsat
ETM+, TM, LISS-III),
SRTM image.
www.glcf.umaic.edu.

Geology, Climate,
Groundwater, Soil map.
Deferent GOVT. office.
Rainfall data, Population
data, Flood time
photographs & other
information at the flood
time.
Mongalkote block office,
and local people.

Google earth image. Geo Eye

SOFTWARE USED

1. ERDAS IMAGINE
9.2, 2. ARC GIS 9.2,
3. PCI Geomatica-9.1
Fig: 7
Fig: 6
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 5 - of 9
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Mongalkote block is a severe flood
prone area. In J uly to October monsoon time
every year flood affected major portion in
this area.
This study
area have 15
gram
panchayat,
132 mouzas
and 164
villages. In
this area 9
gram
panchayats and near about 57 mouzas are
highly flood affected. Due to flooding in the
area by Ajoy and Kunur river water spills
over and the other causes are narrow river
channel, over sedimentation of channel, low
run-off, heavy rainfall and very low
elevation of this area. The flood intensity
map of Mongalkote block shows in figure 8.

VULNERABLE AREAS:
G.P Name of Village
Paligram
Majhikhara, Paligram, Paschim
Nabagram, Taldanga, Bargram,
Kanthalbagan, Narayanpur.
Chanak Mollickpur, Sarulia, Sarangapur,
Chakparag, Ujirpur, Baruipara,
Mahisgoria, Jalpara
Gothistha Nowpara, Radhanagar,
Sukhpukur, Aougram, Chandra
Paschim, Gopalpur, Vinvina,
Pilsoa, Gothistha, Kasemnagar,
Dirghasoa, Bamunara
Lakhuria J hilera, Kotalghosh, Atghara,
Sagira, Kurgram, Kogram,
Lakhuria, Refugee Colony,
Sitahati, Mollickpur,
Monoharpur, Khatiar.
Mongalkote Puratanhat, Aral, Deulia,
J aharpur, Kamalpur, Nutanhat,
Mongalkote
J hiloo-I Padimpur, Baragar, J hiloo
Simulia-II Ichhabatagram, Palishgram
Majhigram Keotsa, Maliara, Chakulia,
Kowarpur, Bonpara,
J oykrishnapur,
Ichhapur,
Sanri, Majhigram, Kankora,
Bakulia, Madpur, Aymapara
Bhallugram Kherua, Dhanyarukhi, Atkula,
Brahmapur.

Data Source: Irrigation and Waterways
Directorate, Mayurakshi South Canal
Division, Govt. of West Bengal.

The correlation graph (Fig: 9) have shown a
positive relation between the flood height of
the gauge station and the flood affected
areas. The R2 value is 0.496 at Nutanhat,
which indicates moderately significant
relationship.

Monthly Flood Variation: As a rain
fed river the discharges of the Ajoy increases
from the month of J une due to huge
Monsoonal rain and it generally lasts up to
the month of September and then falls down.
All the highest flood level of each flood year
is recorded in the month September. The
flood flow from J une to September has been
Fig: 8
Fig: 9
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 6 - of 9
increased steadily but the sharp rising trend
is noticed from the month of August to
September in the noted flood year i.e. 1970,
1978, 1995, 1999, 2000, and 2007.

Extreme Danger Level: 20.19mt. Danger
Level: 19.19mt.

The figure 11 shows the flood affected and
non flood affected mouza of the study area in the
year of 2000, which was one of the most
vulnerable floods in this block. This block was
very much suffered by this flood, thousands of
people was loss their house, cattle, crops etc, and
was suffered from lack of drinking water,
economic imbalance, transport problem etc.

The figure 12 is prepared in GIS field to
determine the flood hazard region just using by
Arc GIS-3.2 software. From this software 2 km.
buffer zone is created for both Ajoy & Kunur
river, to show the flood inundated area without
any ground knowledge. And in compare with the
actual flood affected area some places will be
plus or minus. So flood inundated area mapping
using GIS is so much appropriate
(Mukhopadhyay and Mukherjee, 2005).

The figure 13 shows the flood preparedness
facilities of this block. It shows the various road
communication, rescue centers, hospitals, and
helipad sites of this block. This flood
preparedness map will help the flood inundated
people to go to the rescue centers & safe
themselves. There are showing the hospitals for
flood injured people, & helipad sites where
helicopters may land for food, Tripal (Plastic
paper), medicine etc to distribute.

18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
w
a
t
e
r

l
e
v
e
l

i
n

m
t
.
1
----------------year----------------
Flood Water Level Of Different Year At Nutanhat Gauge Station
year 1956 year 1959 year 1970 year 1971 year 1973 year 1978 year 1984 year 1995 year 1999 year 2000
year 2006 year2007
Fig: 10
Fig: 11
Fig: 13
Fig: 12
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 7 - of 9
The figure (Fig: 14) showing the flood inundated
areas road (when flood height is near about
23mt. at Nutanhat gauge station), which are
affected. So, communication system is most
affected and detaches from one place to another
place, and creates a problem to rescue people in
flood inundated area of Mongalkote block.

The figure(Fig: 15) showing the evacuation
route at the time of flood (when flood level is
near about 20.5mt. at Nutanhat gauge station)
and directed of going to safe place(rescue
centers) from flood inundated area and this
route help to rescue, rehabilitee and food
supply for flood affected people by
government and non-government organization.
CAUSES OF FLOOD:
1. The short period massive rainfall.
2. Decrease of river width and the
synchronization of water between Ajoy river.
3. Massive downpour, sudden release of
water from upper catchment rivers barrage
(like Hinglo) became a cause of devastative
floods.
4. Upstream widths is more than the down
stream widths So such saucer shape river
course is predominantly convicted for the
slow water movement and inundation in the
study area.

PROCESS OF FLOOD LEVEL
REDUCTION:
1. Stream channelization: A close
network of canals mitigates flood problem to
a great extent as flood water flowing in the
river can be distributed to different canals.
Canal work as temporary reservoir & contains
the flood water which moves downward. In
this way it helps mitigating the effect of
flood.

2. Channel enhancement: One of
the main causes of floods in lower Ajoy &
Kunur river basin is gradually narrow river
channel. So, channel improvement will be the
most important processes to mitigate the
flood. It is done by deepening, widening and
cleaning out of vegetation and debris from the
river channel these change in the river
channel increase the flood conveyance
capacity of the river. Channel improvement is
supplemented by bank stabilization by
constructing ripraps, planting deep root trees
on embankment. Meandering Ajoy river
became obstacle for drainage & disposal of
flood water. The meanders of the river can be
straightened by artificially cutting individual
or a series of bends.

Fig: 15
Fig: 14
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 8 - of 9
CONCLUSION:
From the study the following conclusions
can be made:
Mongalkote block is affected by
flood almost every year. In this area nine
gram panchayets and near about fifty seven
mouza are highly flood affected.
Structural measures are very
expensive and time-consuming policies. So
new solutions may increasingly acknowledge
the indigenous, traditional and innovative
strategies to cope with floods, like flood
tolerant houses and crops.
Also, non-structural measures, such
as, a network of advance warning system,
co-ordinate post-flood activities are
absolutely necessary for minimizing the
losses due to floods. Side-by-side peoples
participation on regional co-operation basis
for mitigating flood hazards in Mongalkote
block will certainly minimize the problems.
Remote Sensing and GIS is ideally
suited for various floodplain analysis and
management. Extensive use of these
technologies have great prospect in creating
long-term database on flood proneness and
relief management.
This study shows a simple and cost
effective way to use remote sensing &
geographical information system for creating
flood management plan from the available
data base. It is acknowledged that accuracy
of the key information, past records of
flooding, depends upon the scale of the map
that represents them. Although flooding is a
natural phenomenon we cannot completely
stop it but we can minimize its adverse
effects by better planning & management
system.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Al-Sabhan et.al (2003). A real-time
hydrological model for flood prediction
using GIS and the www. Computers,
Environ. Urban Sys. 27: pp 9-32.
Bapalu, and Sinha, (2005), GIS in Flood
Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Kosi
River Basin, India, GIS Development,
available online
http://www.gisdevelopment.net.
Chakraborty. A Suffering with the River:
Floods, Social Transition and Local
communities in the Ajoy River Basin in
West Bengal, India. Ritsumeikan Asia
Pacific University available online
http://www.google.co.in.
J ain, et. al (2005), Delineation of Flood-
Prone areas Using Remote Sensing
Techniques: Water Resources
Management, v. 19, p. 333-347.
J ain and Sinha, (2003),
Geomorphological manifestations of the
flood hazard: A Remote Sensing based
approach: Geocarto International, V.18,
p. 51-60.
Mukhopadhyay and Mukherjee (2005),
Hydrological Characteristics of Flood: A
Study in the Lower Ajoy river. River
Floods: A Socio Technical Approach.
ACB Publication. PP 51-58.
Mukhopadhyay, S. (2010), A Geo-
Environmental Assessment of Flood
Dynamics in Lower Ajoy River Inducing
Sandsplay Problem in Eastern India.
Ethiopian J ournal of Environmental
Studies and Management Vol. 3 No. 2.
pp 96-110.
Prasad, et. al (2006). Potentiality of
Multi-Sensor Satellite data in mapping
Flood Hazard: Photonirvachack, v. 34, p.
219-231.
Quarantelli, E. (1991) Some aspects of
disaster planning in developing
countries, in disaster management and
regional development planning with
peoples participation, Vol. II, United
ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 9 - of 9
Nations Center for Regional
Development, Dhaka.
Sankhua, et.al (2005), Use of Remote
Sensing and ANN in assessment of
erosion activities in Majuli, the worlds
largest river island: International J ournal
of Remote Sensing, v. 26, p. 4445-4454.
Sanyal, and Lu (2003), Application of
GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: A case
study of Gangetic West Bengal, India:
Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
27(2006) p 207220.

First Author Kartic Bera, Department of
Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar
University& GIS, Vidyasagar University,
1kbrsgis@gmail.com.

Second Author Moumita Pal, Department
of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar
University& GIS, Vidyasagar University.

Third Author Dr. J atisankar
Bandyopadhyay, Department of Remote
Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University&
GIS, Vidyasagar University.

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012

ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 1 - of 9

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