LICEO N1 JAVIERA CARRERA 2012

MATEMATICA Benjamn Rojas F.

ECUACIONES DE PRIMER GRADO
Una ecuacin es una igualdad que tiene un trmino desconocido llamado incgnita y que generalmen-
se simboliza con la letra x. Resolver una ecuacin es encontrar el valor de esa nica incgnita !ara esto de-
bemos a!licar las !ro!iedades de una igualdad vistas anteriormente.
ecuaciones algebaicas" #e resuelven a!licando los conce!tos b$sicos del algebra.
%&em!lo" Resuelve las siguientes ecuaciones "
1'
( ) ( ) 1 x 2 ( 2 x ( + = +

2' ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( x 2 1 ( 1 x 2 1 1 x ) = + +
(' ( ) ( ) x * 1 x ( x
2 2
= +
+'
( ) ( ) 2 x + , 1 x ) x 2 + = +

)' ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
- x 2 x + x 2 =
,'
( )( ) ( )( ) ( x 2 , x 1 x 2 2 x + + = + +


( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
[ ] [ ]
.
10
x
10 .x
2 1 1 . ( x , x 2 x ) )
-
x
. x , ( 2 x 2 1 1 x ) , 2 ( x 2 (x
( x 2 1 ( 2 x 2 1 1 x ) 2 x 2 ( , (x
( x 2 1 ( 1 x 2 1 1 x ) 2' 1 x 2 ( 2 x ( 1'
=
=
+ + = + =
+ = + + =
+ = + + + = +
= + + + = +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 x
( (x - x
) - , x + x ) x 2 *x 1 x 2 x . x , x
- x + , ) x ) x 2 x * 1 x 2 x . x , x
2 x + , 1 x ) x 2 +' x * 1 x ( x ' (
2 2
2 2
2 2
=
= =
+ = + = + + +
+ = + = + + +
+ = + = +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
)
-
x . x
1, 10x (, +x
1 /0 1, x 10 + (2 ,+ 1,x +x x 1,
1- 2 1)x )x + , x 1, x + x + x (2 x 1, 2x
1- x 1) 2x 2 x ) 2x ,+ x 1, x + x + x 1, x - x 2
( x 2 , x 1 x 2 2 x ,' - x 2 x + x 2 ' )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2

= =
= =
= + = + +
+ = + = + +
+ + = + + + = + +
+ + = + + =
ecuaciones con coe!icien"es !accionaios" #e resuelven calculando el 121 entre todos los denominado-
res y multi!licando este valor !or todos los trminos de la ecua-
cin de tal 3orma de eliminar los denominadores de la ecuacin.
4uego se resuelve la ecuacin que se obtiene como cualquier o-
tra ecuacin con coe3icientes enteros.
%&em!lo" Resuelve las siguientes ecuaciones"
1'
x 2
(
x
=
2'
, x
(
1
,
x

= +
('
.
( x )
,
1 x 2
-
( x +
=

+'
+
10 x
)
-
( x 2
,
1 x +
=

)'
( ) ( ) 1 ( x 2
(
1
1 x 2 = +
,'
( )
12
1
x
(
1 x +
,
1)
+
( x 2
1 x ( + +

= +

( ) ( ) ( )
. x ( x
,( *x , 2x
1 /0 ( , x *
*
(+
x 1 /0 , x 2
12 2* 2+ x +0 x 2+ .x (+ *x , x ( x
2+ x +0 12 x 2+ 2* .x 2 (, x , x x ( , x
( x ) - 1 x 2 12 ( x . (, x , 2 x x ( 2 (
(
x
(
/0*2
.
( x )
,
1 x 2
-
( x
(' /0, , x
(
1
,
x
2' x /0( 2
(
x
' 1

= =
= =
= = =
+ + = + = =
+ = + + = + =
+ = + = + =
+
=

= + =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
-
1*)
x
2
(
x 1*) -x
, +x 1 /0 1*) x -
, ( ( x 2 ,x 120 . + ,0 x , x , +x
( ( x 2 , ,x ,0 x , 120 . x , + +x
( ( x 2 1 1 x , 10 x , 120 ( x 2 ( 1 x +
/0( 1 ( x 2
(
1
1 x 2 )' /02+
+
10 x
)
-
( x 2
,
1 x
' +

=
= =
= =
= + + =
= + + + = +
= + + =
= +
+
=

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( x
, 2x
(0 . (, 1 + x 12 x 1, x , (,x
1 x 12 + x 1, (0 . x , (, (,x
1 x 12 1 x + + 1) 2 ( x 2 ( 1 x (,
/012
12
1
x
(
1 x +
,
1)
+
( x 2
1 x ( ' ,

=
=
+ + =
+ + = + +
+ + = +
+ +

= +

ecuaciones con inc#gni"a en el $eno%ina$o" #e utiliza el mismo mtodo usado !ara resolver una ecua-
cin 3raccionaria es decir encontrar el 121 entre todos los
denominadores y multi!licar cada trmino de la ecuacin
!or este valor.
%&em!lo" Resuelve las siguientes ecuaciones"
1'
( x 2
*
( x
)
+
=
+
2'
1 x
(
1 x
2
1 x
1
2

('
( ) 2 x 2
+
2 x 2
+
1 x
1
2

=
+
+

+' 1
12 x * x
1
( x
1 x ,
+ x
) x *
2
=
+

+
)'
12 x x ,
** x () x 2
+ x (
) x -
( x 2
* x ,
2
2
+
+
=

+
+
,'
2
) x )
1 x +
+ x +
2 x (
( x (
( x 2
2 x 2
x )
=

+
+

2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
+
x 2 x
+ (x , (x
1 /0 + (x 1 /0 , (x
1 2 ( x 2 x 1) 21 x * x 10
( 2 x 2 1 x 21 x * 1) x 10
( 1 x 2 1 x 1 ( x * ( x 2 )
1 x 1 x /0
1 x 1 x
(
1 x
2
1 x
1

( x 2
*
( x 2 ( x
( x
)
( x 2 ( x
1 x
(
1 x
2
1 x
1
2' ( x 2 ( x /0
( x 2
*
( x
)
' 1
2

= =
= =
= =
+ = =
= + + = +
= + + = +
+
+
=

+ +
+ + =
+
+ +

+
+ +
+
=
+
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 x
(2 1,x
1 + 1) 12 x * x 2) x 1,
12 x * x 1 + x 2) x , 1) x 1, x *
12 x * x 1 + x 2) x , 1) x 1, x *
( x + x 1 1 x , + x ) x * ( x
( x + x /0 1
( x + x
1
( x
1 x ,
+ x
) x *

1
12 x * x
1
( x
1 x ,
+ x
) x *
+'
(
)
x
) (x
1 /0 ) x (
2 1 2 x + x
2 x 2 2 x + x 2 1 x
1 x 2 1 x 2 x 2 1 x
1 x 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 x
1 x 1 x /0
1 x 2
+
1 x 2
+
1 x
1


2 x 2
+
2 x 2
+
1 x
1
('
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
+ + + = + +
+ = +
+ = +
= +
=

+
=
+

+
=
=
=
=
= + + +
= + + +
+ = + +
+

=
+
+

=
+
+

( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )

) x
.0 -x 1
1) 2- ** x () x 1+ x (
** x () x 2 1) x 1+ x 1, 2- x ( x 1-
** x () x 2 1) x 1+ x 1, 2- x ( x 1-
** x () x 2 ) x - ( x 2 * x , + x (
+ x ( ( x 2 /0
+ x ( ( x 2
** x () x 2
+ x (
) x -
( x 2
* x ,

12 x x ,
** x () x 2
+ x (
) x -
( x 2
* x ,
' )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +
+ = + +
+
+
+
=

+
+
+
+
=

+
+

(
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1(
102
x
102 1(x
1 /0 102 1(x
12 (0 ,0 120 x 120 x +- x +) x +0 1)0x
120 x 120 12 x +- (0 x +) ,0 x +0 1)0x
1 x 120 1 x + 12 2 x ( 1) ( x 2 20 x ) (0
1 x /0,0 2
1 x )
1 x +
1 x +
2 x (
1 x (
( x 2
1 x 2
x )

2
) x )
1 x +
+ x +
2 x (
( x (
( x 2
2 x 2
x )
' ,
=
=
=
+ = +
= + + +
= + + +
=

+
+

+
+

ecuaciones li"eales" #on ecuaciones en las que algunos o todos los coe3icientes numricos son letras se re-
suelven como cualquier ecuacin vista anteriormente.

%&em!lo" Resuelve las siguientes ecuaciones"
1' a 2 x a = +
2' + x b 2 x a =
('
a 2
1
a
x 1
a 2
x
2
=

+' ( ) ( ) a x b b a b x a
2 2
+ + = +
)'
(
2
(
b a 2
x +
= +
+
,'
( )
a
a
b
b
x b a
a
b x a
2 2
= +

*' x ( m . x m
2
= +
-' ( ) ( ) x a 12 x 2 a x a x
( ( ( (
+ = + +
.'
a
+ x
+
a x
=

10'
2 2 2
b x a
b a
b x a
x a
b x a
b x a

( )
( )
( )
1 x

2 a
2 a
x
2 a 2 a x
2 a x 2 x a
b a
2
x
a x 2 2 x a 2 b a x
a
2 a
x
a x 1 2 x a + 2 x b x a 2 a x a
/02a
a 2
1
a
x 1
a 2
x
(' + x b 2 x a 2' a 2 x a 1'
2
2
=
+
+
=
+ = +
+ = +

=
= + =

=
= = =
=

= = +

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

-
b a 2 (
x b a x
-
b ( a ,
x
b a
b a
x
b ( a , b , a 2 1 x - b a b a x
b , a 12 (b a , x - b a b a b a x b x a
b a 2 , b a 2 ( x - b a x b b a b a x a
b a 2 /02 (
2
(
b a 2
x +
)' a x b b a b x a +'
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
+
= =
+
=

=
+ = =
+ = + + + =
+ = + + + + = +
+ = +
+
+ + = +
+
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
b a
2ab
x
b a a
b a 2
x
( m x b a 2 b a x a

( m
( m ( m
x b b a b b a x a x ab
( m ( m ( m x b a b x a b a b x ab
. m x ( x m b a b x b a b x a b
x ( m . x m *' /0ab a
a
b
b
x b a
a
b x a
' ,
2
2
( 2 ( 2 2
2 ( 2 2 (
2 2 ( 2 2
2
2 2
+
=
+
=
= = +
+
+
= + + = +
+ + = + = + +
= + = +
= + = +

( ) ( )
( )
0 x

a 12 a ( a (
0
x
0 a 12 a ( a ( x
a a x a 12 x a ( x a (
x a 12 x 2 a x a ( x a ( x a x a ( x a ( x
x a 12 x 2 a x a x ' -
( 2 2
( 2 2
( ( ( 2 2
( ( ( 2 2 ( ( 2 2 (
( ( ( (
=
+
=
= +
+ = +
+ = + + + + +
+ = + +

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
+ a x

+ a
+ a + a
x
1, a + a x
1, a x + x a
1, x + a x a
+ x + a x a
/0+a
a
+ x
+
a x
' .
2
2
2
+ =

+
=
=
=
=
=

( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )

(a
a b
x

(ab
a b b
x
ab b (abx
1 /0 b ab (abx
b ab abx abx 2
ab abx x a b abx 2 x a
ab b x a x a b x a
b x a b x a /0
b x a b x a
b a
b x a
x a
b x a
b x a

b x a
b a
b x a
x a
b x a
b x a
' 10
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2

=
=
=
=
= +
= +
+
+
=

ecuaciones co%&ues"as" #e resuelven am!li3icando un lado de la igualdad o ambos lados !or el 121 cal-
culado entre los denominadores de las 3racciones com!uestas con el !ro!sito de
trans3ormar la ecuacin en una ecuacin m$s sim!le.
%&em!lo" Resuelve las siguientes ecuaciones"
)
( )
( ) ( )


1)
)2
x
)2 1)x
1 /0 )2 x 1)
-- (, *2 (0x 1)x
*2 x (0 -- (, 1)x
12 x ) , -- 12 x ) (
12 x ) /0-
+
(
12 x )
11
-
(

1). es y 1) y ) ( res denominado los entre culado
+
(
/01)
)
+
x
(
1
/01)
1)
11
-
(

- cal 121 el !or
)
+
x
(
1
1)
11
3raccin la am!li3ica se *) 0
)
+
x
(
1
1)
11
-
(
' 1

=
=
=
+ + =
=
=
=

( )
( ) ( )
,
(.
x
(. ,x
+- . x 2 -x
x 2 . -x +-
x 2 . 1 x , -
2. es y + y 2 res denominado los x 2 . /0-
-
1
x 2 .
x ,

entre calculado 121 el !or
+
2
1
3raccin la am!li3ica se
-
1
x 2 .
x ,

(. es y ( y 1 res denominado los entre
/02 +
/02
2
1
/0(
(
x 2
(
/0(
(
x
2

calculado 121 el !or
(
x 2
(
(
x
2
3raccin la am!li3ica se
+
2
1
(
x 2
(
(
x
2
' 2

=
=
=
= +
= +
=

+
=

+
=

+
=

+
,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 /0 (0) x 2)0
22) -0 x 1,0 x .0
-0 x 1,0 22) x .0
- x 1, 10 *) x (0 (
- x 1, /0(
(
10
- x 1,
*) x (0

(
10
- x 1,
*) x (0

(
10
x 2+ +- +0 +0x
1() x .0 ,0 ,0x


(
10
x 2 2+ 1 x +0
( x 2 +) 1 x ,0

(,0. es y 1) y . - entre, culado
(
10
/0(,0
1)
x 2
.
1 x
/0(,0
-
( x 2
,
1 x

- cal 121 el !or
1)
x 2
.
1 x
-
( x 2
,
1 x
3raccin la am!li3ica se
(
1
(
1)
x 2
.
1 x
-
( x 2
,
1 x
' (

=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
+

=
+

=
+
+
=
+
+ +
=

+
=

+

2)0
(0)
x
(0) 2)0x

=
=
( )
( )
2 x
2
1
x

2
x 1 x
x

x. es y res denominado los entre 2
x 1 x
x

calculado 121 el !or
x
x 1
1
1
3raccin la am!li3ica se 2
/0x
x
x 1
1
/0x 1

2
x
x 1
1
1

x 1 es y res denominado los entre 2
1 x 1
x 1
1
1

calculado 121 el !or
x 1
1
1
1
3raccin la amli3ica se 2
x 1 /0
x 1
1
1
x 1 /0 1
1
1

2
x 1
1
1
1
1
1
' +

=
=
=

=
+
+

=
+

=
+

+ =
+
+

=
+
+

=
+

*
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
x
1
x 1 x
1 x
1
1
1 x
x

. 1 x es y res denominado los entre
x
1
1 x /0
1 x
x
1
1 x /0 1
1
1
1 x
x

calculado 121 el !or
1 x
x
1
1
3raccin la amli3ica se
x
1
1 x
x
1
1
1
1
1 x
x
' )

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )


(
2
x
2 (x
2 x ( x x
2 x ( x 1 x
2 x ( x /0x
x
1
2 x ( x
1


x
1
2 x ( x
1 x x

. 1 x es y res denominado los entre
x
1
x 2 1 x
1 x 1 x

calculado 121 el !or
x 2
1
1 x
x
3raccin la am!li3ica se
x
1
1 x x /0 2
1 x /0 1
1 x
x


x
1
x 2
1
1 x
x

x
1
1 x 1
1
1 x
x

x
1
1 x 1
1
1 x
x

x
1
1
1 x
1
1
1 x
x

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+
=
+
+
=

=
+

-

.