MANISH

KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
QUADRILATERALS
INTRODUCTION
WE have studies in details about the properties of a triangle. We also know that the triangle is a figure
obtained by joining thee non collinear points in pair. In this chapter we shall discuss about four non-collinear
points such that no three on them are collinear.
1. QUADRILATERAL
We know that the figure obtained on joining three non-collinear points in pairs is a triangle. If we mark four
points and join them is some order, then there possibilities for the figure obtained:
(i) If all the points are collinear (in the same line), we obtain a line segment.
(ii) If three out of four points are collinear, we get a triangle.
(iii) If no three points out of four are collinear, we obtain a closed figure with four sides.
Each of the figure obtained by joining four points in order is called a quadrilateral. (quad means four and
lateral for sides).
2. CONSTITUENTS OF A QUADRILATERAL
A quadrilateral has four sides, four angles and four vertices.
In quadrilateral ABCD, BC, CD and DA are the four sides; A,B, C and D are the four vertices and
C , B , A Z Z Z and D Z are the four angles formed at the vertices.
3. QUADRILATERALS IN PRACTICAL LIFE
We find so many objects around us which are of the shape of quadrilateral - the floor, walls, ceiling,
windows of our classroom, the blackboard, each face of the duster, each page of our mathematics book,
the top of our study table, etc. Some of these are given below.

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MATHEMATICS
4. SOME RELATED TERMS TO QUADRILATERALS3
In a quadrilateral ABCD, we have
(i) VERTICES :- The points, A, B, C and D are called the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD.
(ii) SIDES :- The line segments AB, BC, CD and DA are called the sides of quadrilateral ABCD.
(iii) DIAGONALS:- The line segments AC and BD are called the diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD.
(iv) ADJACENT SIDES :-The sides of quadrilateral are said to be adjacent sides if they have la common end
point. Here, in the above figure, (AB, BC), (BC, CD), (CD, DA) and (DA, AB) are four pairs of adjacent sides
or consecutive sides of quadrilateral ABCD.
(v) OPPOSITE SIDES:- Two sides of a quadrilateral are said to be opposite sides if they have no common end
point. Here, in the above figure, (AB, DC) and (BC, AD) are two pairs of opposite sides of quadrilateral
ABCD.
(vi) CONSECUTIVE ANGLES:- Two angles of a quadrilateral are said to be consecutive angles if they have a
common arm. Here, in the above figure, ( )( )( ) D , C C , B B , A Z Z Z Z Z Z and A , D Z Z are four pairs of
consecutive angles.
(vii) OPPOSITE ANGLES :- Two angles of a quadrilateral are said to be opposite angles if they have no
common arm. Here in the given figure C , A Z Z and B , A Z Z are two pairs of opposite angles of
quadrilateral ABCD.
5. VARIOUS TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS
(i) PARALLELOGRAM :- A quadrilateral in which both pair of opposite sides are parallel is called a
parallelogram.
In figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB||DC, BC||AD.
quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
(ii) RHOMBUS :- A parallelogram whose all sides are equal is called rhombus.
In figure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which AB = BC = CD = D, AB||DC and BC||AD.
Parallelogram ABCD is a rhombus.
(iii) RECTANGLE: - A parallelogram, whose each angle is equal to 90
0
, is called a rectangle.
In figure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which
0
90 = Z = Z = Z = Z D C B A
AB||DC and BC||AD.
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MATHEMATICS
Parallelogram ABCD is a rectangle.
(iv) SQUARE :- A rectangle in which a pair of adjacent sides are equal is said to be a square.
In figure, ABCD is a rectangle in which
0
90 = Z = Z = Z = Z D C B A
AB = BC, BC = CD, CD = DA, DA = AB.
i.e., AB = BC = CD = DA.
rectangle ABCD is a square.
(v) TRAPEZIUM :- A quadrilateral in which exactly one pair of opposite sides is parallel, is called a trapezium.
In figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB||DC.
ABCD is trapezium.
(vi) ISOSCALES TRAPEZIUM :- A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are equal is called an isosceles
trapezium.
In figure ABCD is a trapezium in which AB||DC and BC = AD.
trapezium ABCD is isosceles trapezium.
(vi) KITE :- A quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal is called a kite.
In figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = AD and BC = CD.
quadrilateral ABCD is a kite.
6. ANGLE SUM PROPERTY OF A QUADRILATERAL.
THEOREM-I : The sumof the four angles of a quadrilateral is 36
0
.
Given : A quadrilateral ABCD.
To Probe :
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z D C B A
Construction : Join AC.
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. In ABC A
0
180 6 4 1 = Z + Z + Z
2. In ADC A
0
180 5 3 2 = Z + Z + Z
3.
0 0
180 180 6 5 4 3 2 1 + = Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z ) ( ) (
4.
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z B D C A
Sum of the all angles of triangles is equal to 180
0
Sum of the all angles of triangle is equal to 180
0
Adding
(1) & (2), we get
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MATHEMATICS
5.
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z D C B A
Hence, proved
Ex.1 There angles of a quadrilateral measure 56
0
, 100
0
and 88
0
. Find the measure of the fourth angle.
Sol. Let the measure of the fourth angle be x
0
.
56
0
+ 100
0
+ 88
0
+ x
0
= 360
0
[Sum of all the angles of quadrilateral is 360
0
]
244 + x = 360
x = 360 - 244 = 116
Hence, the measure of the fourth angle is 116
0
.
Ex.2 The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all the angles of the quadrilateral.
Sol. Let the four angles of the quadrilateral be 3x, 5x, 9x and 13x. [NCERT]
3x + 5x + 9x + 13x = 360
0
[Sum of all the angles of quadrilateral is 360
0
]
30x = 360
0
x = 12
0
Hence, the angles of the quadrilateral are 3 12
0
= 36
0
, 5 12
0
= 60
0
, 9 12
0
= 108
0
and 13 12
0
= 156
0
.
Ex.3 In the given figure, sides AB and CD of the quadrilateral ABCD are produced. Find the value of x.
Sol. Since, ADC ADE Z + Z = 180
0
[Linear pair]
100
0
+ ADC Z = 180
0
ADC Z = 180
0
- 100
0
= 80
0
In quadrilateral ABCD
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z C ABC A ADC [Sum of all the angles of quadrilateral is 360
0
]
80
0
+ 60
0
+ ABC Z = 120
0
= 360
0
ABC Z + 260
0
= 360
0
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MATHEMATICS
ABC Z = 100
0
But, ABC Z + x = 180
0
[Linear pair]
100
0
+ x = 180
0
Hence, x = 80
0
.
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MATHEMATICS
Ex.4 In the given figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AE and BE are the angle bisectors of
B. and A Z Z Prove that AEB. D C Z = Z + Z .
Sol. Given : ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AE and BE are the
angle bisectors of A Z and B Z
To Prove : AEB D A Z = Z + Z 2
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. In triangle ABE,
0
180 = Z + Z + Z AEB BAE ABE
(i) AEB BAE ABE Z = Z + Z
0
180
Now, in quadrilateral ABCD,
(ii)
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z D C B A
0
360
2
1
= Z + Z + Z + Z ) D C B A (
0
180
2
1
2
1
2
1
= Z + Z + Z + Z ) D C ( B A
0
180
2
1
= Z + Z + Z + Z ) D C ( ABE BAE
0 0
180
2
1
180 = Z + Z + Z ) D C ( AEB
AEB ) D C ( Z + Z + Z
2
1
AEB D C Z = Z + Z 2
Sum of the all angles of triangles is 180
0
Sum of the all angles of quadrilateral is 360
0
[ AE and BE are the angle bisector of A Z and B Z
repectively.]
[Form (i)]
Hence proves.
Ex.5 In figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = AD and BC = CD. Prove that
(i) AC bisects A Z and C Z (ii) BE = DE.
Sol. Given : ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = AD and BC = CD
To Prove : (i) AC bisects A Z and C Z (ii) BE = DE.
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. In , ADC and ABC A A ,
AB = DA
BC = CD
and AC = AC
ADC ABC A ~ A
DAC BAC Z = Z
and ACD ACB Z = Z
Therefore, AC bisect A Z and . C Z
[Given]
[Given]
[Common]
[By SSS congruence rule]
[CP.CT.]
[CP.CT]]
Hence proved
STATEMENT REASON
(ii) Now, in BCD A and , DCE A
BC = CD
DCE BCE Z = Z
and CE = CE
DCE BCE A ~ A
DE BE =
[Given]
[ ACD ACB Z = Z ]
[Common]
[By SAS congruence rule]
[CP.CT.]
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MATHEMATICS
Hence proved
Ex.6 In a quadrilateral ABCD, AO and BO are the bisectors of A Z and B Z respectively. Prove that
D) . C
2
1
AOB Z + Z = Z (
Sol. Given : In a quadrilateral ABCD, AO and BO are the bisectors of A Z and B Z
To Prove : (i) ) D C ( AOB Z + Z = Z
2
1
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
(i) In AOB A
0
180 2 1 = Z + Z + ZAOB
) ( AOB 2 1 180
0
Z + Z = Z
|
.
|

\
|
Z + Z = Z B A AOB
2
1
2
1
180
0
) B A ( AOB Z + Z = Z
2
1
180
0
) D C ( ( AOB Z + Z = Z
0 0
360
2
1
180
) D C ( AOB Z + Z + = Z
2
1
180 180
0 0
) D C ( AOB Z + Z = Z
2
1
sum of all the angles of triangle is 180
0
] B C and ] A [ Z = Z Z = Z
2
1
2
1
1
(

Z + Z = Z + Z
= Z + Z + Z + Z
) D C ( B A
D C B A
0
0
360
360
Hence proved
Ex.7 In fig. bisectors of B Z and D Z of quadrilateral ABCD meet CD and AB produces at P and Q
respectively. Prove that ADC) ABC
2
1
Q P Z + Z = Z + Z (
Sol. Given : bisectors of B Z and D Z of quadrilateral ABCD meet CD and
AB produced at P and Q
To Prove : ) ADC ABC ( Q P Z + Z = Z + Z
2
1
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
(1) In , PBC A
0
180 4 = Z + Z + Z C P
(i)
0
180
2
1
= Z + Z + Z C B P
(2) In , QAD A
0
180 1 = Z + Z + Z A Q
(ii)
0
180
2
1
= Z + Z + Z D A Q
(iii)
0 0
180 180
2
1
2
1
+ = Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z D B A A Q P
0
360
2
1
2
1
= Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z D B C A Q P
D C B A ) D B ( C A Q P Z + Z + Z + Z = Z + Z + Z + Z + Z + Z
2
1
) D B ( Q P Z + Z = Z + Z
2
1
sum of all the angles of
tiriangle is 180
0
Adding (i) and (ii),
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z D C B A
[Sum of the angles of a
quadrilateral equal is 360
0
]
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MATHEMATICS
) ADC ABC ( Q P Z + Z = Z + Z
2
1
Hence proved
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MATHEMATICS
Ex.8 In quadrilateral ABCD
0 0
60 D - C 90 B = Z Z = Z ,
and .
0
10 D - C - A = Z Z Z
Find C A, Z Z and D. Z
Sol.
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z D C B A (Sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is 360
0
)
B D C A Z = Z + Z + Z
0
360
0 0
90 360 = + Z + Z + Z D C A
0
270 = Z + Z + Z D C A .....(1)
It is given that
0
10 = Z Z Z D C A ......(2)
0
60 = Z Z D C .....(3)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
0 0
10 270 + = Z Z Z + Z + Z + Z ) D C A ( ) D C A (
0
280 = Z Z Z + Z + Z + Z D C A D C A
0
280 2 = ZA
2
280
0
= ZA
0
140 = Z A
From (1), 140
0
+ D A Z + Z = 270
0

0 0
140 270 = Z + Z D C

0
130 = Z + Z D C ..(4)
Adding (3) and (4), we get
0 0
130 60 + = Z + Z + Z Z D C ) D C (
0
190 = Z + Z + Z Z D C D C
0
190 2 = Z C
2
190
0
= ZC

0
95 = ZC
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
0 0
60 130 = Z Z Z + Z ) D C ( ) D C (
0
70 = Z + Z Z + Z D C D C
0
70 2 = Z D
2
70
0
= ZC
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MATHEMATICS

0
350 = ZD
Ex.9 In quadrilateral ABCD
6. : 5 D : B and 3 : C1 : A , 140 C A
0
= Z Z Z Z = Z + Z
Find the D. and C B, A, Z Z Z
Sol.
0
140 = Z + Z C A (Given)
3 1 : C A = Z + Z (Given)
sum of ratio = 1 + 3 = 4

0 0
35 140
4
1
= = ZA
and
0 0 0
105 3 35 140
4
3
= = = ZC
Sum of all the angles of quadrilateral is 360
0
We have
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z D C B A

0 0 0
360 105 35 = Z + + Z + D B

0 0
360 140 = + Z + Z D B

0 0
140 360 = Z + Z D B

0
220 = Z + Z D B
It is given that
6 5 : D : B = Z Z
sum of ratios = 5 + 6 = 11

0 0 0
110 6 20 220
11
5
= = = ZB
and
0 0 0
120 6 20 220
11
6
= = = ZD
Hence,
0 0 0
105 100 35 = Z = Z = Z C , B , A and
0
120 = ZD
7. PROPERTIES OF A PARALLELOGRAM
THEOREM-1 A diagonal of a parallelogram
divides it into two congruent triangles.
Given : ABCD is a parallelogram and AC is a diagonal which form two triangles CAB and ACD.
To Prove : CAB ACD A ~ A
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. AB || DC AND AD || BC
2. (i) AB || DC AND AC is a transversal
CAB ACD Z = Z
(ii) AD || BC and AC is a transversal
ACB CAD Z = Z
3. In , CAB and ACD A A
CAB ACD Z = Z
AC = AC
ABCD is a parallelogram
Alternate angles
[From (2)]
[Common]
[From (3)]
[By ASA congruence rule]
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ACB CAD Z = Z
Therefore, CAB ACD A ~ A
Hence, proved.
THEOREM-2 In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
Given : ABCD is a parallelogram
To Prove : AB = CD and BC = DA
Construction : Join AC.
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. AB || DC and AD || BC
2. In CDA and ABC A A
DCA BAC Z = Z
AC = AC
CAD ACB Z = Z
CDA ABC A ~ A
AB = CD and BC = DA
Since ABCD is a parallelogram
Alternage angles
Common
Alternate angles
By ASA congruence rule
C.P.C.T.
Hence, proved.
THEOREM-3 In a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal.
Given : ABCD is a parallelogram.
To Prove : C A Z = Z and D B Z = Z
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. AB || DC and AD || BC
2. AB || DC and AD is a transversal
0
180 = Z + Z D A
3. AD || BC and DC is transversal
0
180 = Z + Z C D
4. C D D A Z + Z = Z + Z
C A Z = Z
Since ABCD is a parallelogram
Sum of consectuve interior angles is 180
0
Sum of consectuve interior angles is 180
0
From (2) & (3)
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5. Similarly, D B Z = Z
C A Z + Z and D B Z = Z
Hence proved.
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MATHEMATICS
THEOREM-4 : The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Given : ABCD is a parallelogram, diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
To Prove: OA = OC and OB = OD
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. AB || DC and AD || BC
2. In AOB A and COD A
DCO BAO Z = Z
AB = CD
CDO ABO Z = Z
3. COD AOB ~ A
4. OD OB and OC OA = =
ABCD is a parallelogram
Alternate angles
Opposite sides of a parallelogram
Alternate angles
By ASA congruence rule
[C.P.C.T.]
Hence Proved.
CONDITION FOR A QUADRILATERAL TO BE PARALLELOGRAM :
THEOREM-5 : If each pair of opposite sides of a
quadrilateral is equal, then it is parallelogram.
Given : A quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = CD and CB = AD.
To Prove : ABCD is a parallelogram.
Contruction : Join AC.
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. In ABC A and CDA A
AB = CD
CB = AD
AC = AC
CDA ABC A ~ A
DCA BAC Z = Z
2. Similarly DAC BCA Z = Z
BC || AD
3. AB || DC and BC || AD
4. ABCD is parallelogram
[Given]
[Given]
[Common]
[By SSS congruence rule]
[C.P.C.T.]
Alternate interior angles
[C.P.C.T.]
alternate interior angles
[From (1) & (2)]
Hence Proved:
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MATHEMATICS
THEOREM-6 If in a quadrilateral, each pair of
opposite angles is equal, then it is a parallelogram :
Given : A quadrilateral ABCD in which c Z = Z and D B Z = Z
To Prove : ABCD is parallelogram
Construction : Join AC & BD
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. C A Z = Z
C A Z = Z
2
1
2
1
DCA BAC Z = Z
(i) DC || AB
D B Z = Z
D B Z = Z
2
1
2
1
ADB DBC Z = Z
(ii) AB || BC
2. AB || DC, AB || BC
3. ABCD is a paallelogam
Given
Halves of equal are equal
Alternage angles
Given
Halves of equal are equal
Alternate angles
From (i) & (ii)
Hence proved
THEOREM-7: If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect
each other, then it is a parallelogram.
Given : ABCD is a quadrilateral whose diagonals AC and BD
intersect at point O such that OA = OC and OB = OD.
To prove : ABCD is a parallelogram.
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. In AOB A and , COD A
OA = OC
COD AOB Z = Z
OB = OD
COD AOB A ~ A
DCO BAO Z = Z
AB || DC
2. Similarly, AD || BC
3. ABCD is a parallelogram.
[Given]
[Vertically opposite angles]
[Given]
[By SAS congruence rule]
CPCT
Alternate interior angles
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Hence proved.
THEOREM-8 : - A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair
of opposite sides is equal and parallel.
Given : ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB - CD and AB||DC
To Prove : ABCD is a parallelogram.
Construction : Join AC.
Proof :
STATEMENT REASON
1. In ABC A and CDA A
AB = CD
AC = AC
DCA BAC Z = Z
CDA ABC A ~ A
DAC BCA Z = Z
BC || AD
2. CD || AB and AD||BC
3. ABCD is parallelogram.
[Given]
[Common]
Alternate interior angles [AB || DC] and AC intersects
them
[BY SAS]
CPCT
Alternate interior angles.
Hence, Proved.
Ex.10 In figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. Compute the values of x and y.
Sol. Since ABCD is a parallelogram. Therefore AB||DC and AD||BC.
Now, AB||DC and transversal BD intersect them
BDC ABD Z = Z [Alternate angles are equal]
12x = 60

12
60
= X
x = 5
and, AD || BC and transversal BD intersects them.
ADB DBC Z = Z
7y = 28
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y = 4
Hence, x = 5 and y = 4
Ex.11 Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a rhombus.
[NCERT]
Sol. Given : ABCD is a quadrilateral where diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at right angles at O.
To Prove: Quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus.
Proof : In AOB A and AOD A ,
AO = AO [Common]
OB = OD [Given]
AOD AOB Z = Z [Each = 90
0
AOD AOB A ~ A [SAS Rule]
AB = AD [C.P.C.T.]
Similarly, we can prove that
AB = BC ...... (i)
BC = CD ...... (ii)
CD = AD ......(iii)
(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we obtain
AB = BC = CD = DA
Ex.12 Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles. [NCERT]
Sol. Given : ABCD is a square.
To Prove: (i) AC = BD (ii) AC and BD bisect each other at right angles.
Proof : (i) In ABC A and BAD A
AB = BA [Common]
BC = AD [Opp. sides of square ABCD]
BAD ABC Z = Z [Each = 90
0
(ABCD is a square]
BAD ABC A ~ A [SAS Rule]
AC = BD [C.P.C.T.]
(ii) In OAD A and OCB A
AD = CD [Opp. sides of square ABCD]
OCB OAB Z = Z [ AD||BC and transversal AC intersect them]
OBA ODA Z = Z [ AD||BC and transversal BD intersects them]
OCB OAD A ~ A [ASA Rule]
OA = OC ......(i)
Similarly, we can prove that
OB = OD ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
AC and BD bisect each other.
Again in OBA A and ODA A
OB = OD [From (ii)]
BA = DA [Opp. sides of square ABCD
OA = OA [Common]
[SSS Rule]
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[C.P.C.T.]
But AOD AOB Z + Z = 180
0
[Linear pair]
AOD AOB Z = Z = 90
0
AC and BD bisect each other at right angles.
Ex.13 Show that if the diagonals of quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other at right angles. then it is
a square.
[NCERT]
Sol. Given : the diagonals AC and BD of a quadrilateral ABCD are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
To Prove : Quadrilateral ABCD is a square.
Proof : In OAD A and OCB A ,
OA - OC [Given]
OD = OB [Given]
COB AOD Z = Z [Vertically Opposite Angles]
OCB OAD A ~ A [SAS Rule]
AD = CB [C.P.C.T.]
OBC ODA Z = Z [C.P.C.T.]
AD||BD
Now, AD = CB and AD||CB
Quadrilateral ABCD is a || gm.
In AOB A and AOD A ,
AO = AO [Common]
OB = OD [Given]
AOD AOB Z = Z [Each = 90
0
(Given)]
AOD AOB A ~ A [SAS Rule]
AB = AD
Now, ABCD is a parallelogram and AB = AD
ABCD is a rhombus.
Again, in ABC A and BAD A ,
AC = BD [Given]
BC = AD [ ABCD is a Rhombus]
AB = BA [Common]
BAD ABC A = A [C.P.C.T.]
BAD ABC A = Z
AD||BC and transversal AB intersect them. [Opposite sides of || gm ABCD]
BAD ABC Z + Z =180
0
[Sum of consecutive interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180
0
\
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Similarly, ADC BCD Z = Z =90
0
ABCD is a square.
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MATHEMATICS
Ex.14 ABCD is a rhombus. Show that diagonal AC bisect A Z as well as C Z and diagonal BD bisect B Z
as well as D Z .
Sol. Given : ABCD is a rhombus.
To prove : (i) Diagonal AC bisects A Z as well as C Z .
(ii) Diagonal BD bisect B Z as well as D Z .
Proof : ABCD is a rhombus
AD = CD
DCA DAC Z = Z ....(1) [l Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.]
Also, CD||AB and transversal AC intersects them
BCA DAC Z = Z ...(2) Alt. Int. S Z
From (1) and (2)
BCA DCA Z = Z
AC bisect C Z
Similarly AC bisect A Z
(ii) Proceeding similarly as in (i) above, we can prove that BD bisect B Z as well as D Z .
Ex.15 ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal AC bisects A Z as well as C Z . Show that (i) ABCD is a
square (ii) diagonal BD bisect B Z as well as D Z .
Sol. Given : ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal AC bisect A Z as well as C Z .
To prove : (i) ABC is a square
(ii) diagonal BD bisects B Z as well as D Z .
Proof : (i) AB || DC and transversal AC intersects them.
CAB ACD Z = Z [Alt. Int. S Z ]
But CAD CAB Z = Z
CAD ACD Z = Z [Sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal]
AD = CD
ABCD is a square
(ii) In BDA A and DBA A
BD = DB [Common]
DA = BC [Sides of a square ABCD]
AB = DC [Sides of a square ABCD]
DBC BDA A ~ A [SSS Rule]
CBD ABD Z = Z [C.P.C.T.]
But CBD CBD Z = Z [ CB = CD (Sides of square ABCD)]
CBD ABD = Z
BD bisect B Z .
Now, CBD ABD Z = Z
ADB ABD Z = Z [ AB = AD]
CDB CBD Z = Z [ CB = CD]
CBD ADB Z = Z
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
BD Bisect D Z .
Ex.16 ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendicular
from vertices A and C on diagonal BD respectively.
Show that :
(i) CQD APB ~
(ii) AP = CQ
Sol. Given : ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars form vertices A and C on diagonal BD
respectively.
To prove : (i) CQD APB A ~ A
(ii0 AP = CQ
Proof : (i) APB A and CQD A
AB = CD [Opp. side of || gm ABCD]
CDQ ABP Z = Z [ AB || DC and transversal BD intersect them]
CQD APB Z = Z [Each = 90
0
]
CQD APB A ~ A [AAS Rule]
(ii) ACQD APB A ~ A [Proved above in (i)]
AP = CQ [C.P.C.T.]
Ex.17 ABCD is a trapezium in which AB||CD and AD = BC. Show that
(i) B A Z = Z
(ii) D C Z = Z
(iii) BAD ABC A ~ A
(iv) diagonal AC = diagonal BD.
Sol. Given : ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD and AD = BC.
To prove : (i) B A Z = Z
(ii) D C Z = Z
(iii) BAD ABC A ~ A
(iv) diagonal AC = diagonal BD.
Construction : Extend AB and draw a line through C parallel to DA intersecting AB produced at E.
Proof :
(i) AB || CD [Given]
and AD || EC [By construction]
AECD is a parallelogram [A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite
sides is parallel and is of equal length]
AD = EC [Opp. sides of a || gm are equal]
But AD = BC [Given]
EC = BC
CEB CBE Z = Z .... (1) [Angles of opposite to equal of a triangle are equal]
0
180 = Z + Z CBE B = 180
0
.....(2) [Linear Pair]
EC || AD Z and transversal AE intersect them [By construction]

0
180 = Z + Z CEB A .(3) [The sum of consecutive interior angles on the same]
side of the transversal is 180
0
]
From (2) and (3)
CEB A CBE B Z + Z = Z + Z
But CEB CBE Z = Z [From (1)]
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
A B Z = Z
or B A Z = Z
(ii) AB || CD

0
180 = Z + Z D A [The sum of consecutive interior angles of the same sides
and
0
180 = Z + Z C B of the transversal is 180
0
]
C B D A Z + Z = Z + Z
But B A Z = Z [Prove in (i)]
C D Z = Z
or D C Z = Z
(iii) In A ABC and BAD Z
AB = BA [Common]
BC = AD [Given]
BAD ABC Z = Z [From (i)]
BAD ABC A ~ A [SAS Rule]
(iv) BAD ABC A ~ A [From (iii) above]
AC = BD [C.P.C.T.]
Ex.18 In figure ABCD is a parallelogram in which D Z = 72
0
. Find B , A Z Z and C Z .
Sol. We have
0
72 = ZD
But D B Z = Z [Opposite angles of the parallelogram]

0
72 = ZB
Now, AB || CD and AD and BC are two transversals.
So,
0
180 = Z + Z D A [Interior angles on the same side of the transversal AD]
A Z + 72
0
= 180
0
A Z = 180
0
- 72
0
= 108
0
C Z [Opposite angles of the parallelogram]
Hence,
0 0
72 180 = Z = Z B , A and
0
180 = ZC
Ex.19. Prove that the sum of any two consecutive angles of a parallelogram is 180
0
.
Sol. Since ABCD is a parallelogram, therefore, AB||CD and AD||BC.
AB||CD and AD and BC are two transversal.

0
180 = Z + Z D A [Interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180
0
] ...(1)
and
0
180 = Z + Z C B ....(2)
Similarly AD || BC and AB and CD are two transversal.

0
180 = Z + Z B A ....(3)
and
0
180 = + Z + Z D C ....(4)
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Hence
0
180 = Z + Z = Z + Z = Z + Z = + Z + Z A D D C C B B A
[Using (1), (2), (3) and (4)]
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Ex.20 In figure ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are
bisectors of A Z and C Z . Prove that AP||CQ.
Sol. We have C A Z = Z [Opposite angles of a||
gm
]
C A Z = Z
2
1
2
1
PCQ PAQ Z = Z ...(1)
Now, AB||CD and CQ is a transversal, Therefore,
PCQ PCQ Z = Z
BQC PAQ Z = Z [From (1)]
But, these are corresponding angles formed when AP and CQ are intersected by transversal AB.
AP||CQ
Hence proved.
Ex.21 Show that each angles of rectangle is a right angle.
Sol. Let ABCD be a rectangle. WE know that a rectangle is a parallelogram in which one angle is right angle
In rectangle ABCD and
0
90 = ZA
We know that a rectangle is a particular type of parallelogram.
Also, the opposite angles in a parallelogram are equal.
Therefore, C A Z = Z
and D B Z = Z [By theorem]

0
90 = ZC
Now,
0
360 = Z + Z + Z + Z D C B A

0 0 0
360 90 90 = Z + + Z + D B
D B and D B Z = Z = Z + Z
0
180

0 0
90 180
2
1
= = Z = Z D B
Hence,
0
90 = Z = Z = Z = Z D C B A
Ex.22 Show that the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
Sol. In rectangle ABCD, AC and BD are diagonals.
We have
0
90 = Z = Z = Z = Z D C B A
In ABC A and DCB A , we have
AB = DC (Pair of opposite side of rectangle ABCD)
DCB ABC Z = Z (Each = 90
0
)
and BC = CB (Common side)
DCB ABC Z ~ A (SAS congruence criteria)
AC = BD (By CPCT)
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Hence Proved
Ex.23 Show that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
Sol. In a rhombus ABCD, Diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at O.
Then OA = OC
andOB = OD (Diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other)
Also AB = BC = CD = DA (All four sides of Rhombus are equal)
In AOB A and COB A
OA = OC, AB = BC
and OB = OB [Common side]
COB AOB A ~ A [By SSS congruence]
COB AOB Z = Z [By CPCT]
Also,
0
180 = Z + Z COB AOB [Sum of linear pair of angles]

0 0
90 180
2
1
= = Z = Z COB AOB
Similarly,
0
90 = Z = Z COD AOD
Therefore, diagonals AC and BD and perpendicular to each other.
Ex.24 AB and CD are two parallel lines and a transversal intersects AB at X and CD at Y. Prove that the
bisector of the interior angles form a rectangle.
Sol. Given : AB and CD are two parallel lines are transversal
intersect AB at X and CD at Y.
To Prove : The bisectors of the interior angles form a rectangle.
Proof : AB || CD and EF intersect them
CYX BXY Z = Z [Alternate S Z ]
CXY BXY Z = Z
2
1
2
1
[Halves of equal are equal]
3 1 Z = Z
But these angles from a pair of equal alternate angles of lines XQ and SY and transversal XY.
XQ || SY ...(1)
Similarly, we can prove that
SX || YQ ....(2)
From (1) & (2)
SYQX is a parallelogram
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both pairs of its opposite sides are parallel.
Now,
0
180 = Z + Z DYX BXY | consecutive interior s Z |
180
2
1
2
1
2
1
= Z + Z DYX BXY

0
90 2 1 = Z + Z

0
180 2 1 = Z + Z + Z XQY [Angles sum property of a A ]

0 0
180 90 = Z + XQY

0 0
90 180 = ZXQY

0
90 = ZXQY

0
90 = ZYSX [ Opposite s Z of a ||gm are equal]
and
0
90 = ZSXQ [ Consecutive interior angles are supplementary]
Now,
0
90 = ZSXQ

0
90 = ZSYQ [Opposite s Z of a a || gm are equal]
Thus each angle of the parallelogram SYQX is 90
0
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Hence proved.
Hence parallelogram SYXQ is a rectangle.
Ex.25 If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, them show that it is a rectangle. [NCERT]
Sol. Given : In parallelogram ABCD, AC = BD.
To Prove : || gm ABCD is a rectangle.
Proof : In ACB A and BDA A
AC = BD | Given
AB = BA | Common
BC = AD | Opposite sides of || gm ABCD
BDA ACB A ~ A | SSS Rule
BDA ABC Z = Z ....(1) c.p.c.t.
Again AD || BC | Opp. side of || gm ABCD and transversal AB intersect them.

0
180 = Z + Z ABC BAD .(2) Sum of consecutive interior angles on the
same side of the transversal is 180
0
From (1) and (2),
0
90 = Z = Z ABC BAD

0
90 = ZA
|| gm ABCD is a rectangle.
Ex.26 ABCD is a parallelogram and line segments AX, CY bisect the angles A and C respectively. Show
that AX || CY.
Sol. Given : ABCD is a parallelogram and line segments AX, CY bisect the angles A and C respectively.
To prove : AX | CY.
Proof : ABCD is a parallelogram.
C A Z = Z | Opposite s Z
A A Z = Z
2
1
2
1
| Halves of equals are equal
2 1 Z = Z ...(1)
| AX is the bisector of A Z and CY is the bisector of C Z
Now, AB || DC and CY intersect them
3 2 Z = Z ...(2) | Alternate interior s Z
From (1) and (2), we get
3 1 Z = Z
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
But these are corresponding angles
AX || CY.
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
MID - POINT THEOREM
THEOREM 1 : The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.
GIVEN : E and F are the mid-points of the sides AB and AC respectively of the ABC A .
TO PROVE : EF || BC.
CONSTRUCTION : Through the vertex C, CG is drawn parallel to AB and it meets EF (produced) in G.
PROOF :
STATEMENT REASON
In AEF A and CGF A
AF = CF
CFG AFE Z = Z
GCF EAF Z = Z
CGF AEF A ~ A .(i)
AE = CG ..(ii)
BE = CG
BE || CG
Therefore, BCGE is a parallelogram.
EG || BC EF || BC.
( F is mid-point of AC)
(Pair of vertically opposite angles)
(Pair of alternate angles)
(By SAS congruence rule)
( E is mid-point of AB)
From (i) and (ii)
by construction
Hence proved.
Converse of Theorem 1 : The line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle and parallel to
another side of the triangle.
GIVEN : ABC is a triangle in which D is mid-point of AB and DE || BC.
TO PROVE : E is mid-point of AC.
CONSTRUCTION :Let E is not the mid-point of AC.
If possible, let F is the mid-point of AC. Join DF.
PROOF :
STATEMENT REASON
D is the mid-point of AB and F is the mid-point of AC.
DF || BC
But, it is given that DE || BC
E and F concide.
Hence, E is the mid-point of AC.
[Given]
[By construction]
[By mid-point theorem]
This is not possible that two lines parallel to the same
line intersect each other.
So, our supposition is wrong.
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Hence proved.
THEOREM 2 : Length of the line segment joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is equal to half the
length of the third side.
GIVEN : In , ABC A , EF is the-line segment joining the mid-points of the sides AB and AC of ABC A
TO PROVE : EF
2
1
= BC.
CONSTRUCTION : Through C, draw CG||BA, CG meets EF (produced) at G.
PROOF :
STATEMENT REASON
In AEF A and CGF A , we have
AF = CF
2 1 Z = Z
and 4 3 Z = Z
cgf aef A ~ A
(i) AE = CG
and (ii) EF = FG
Also, (iii) AE = BE
we have BE = CG
BE || CG
BCGE is a parallelogram
BC = EG = EF + FG = EF + EF = 2 EF
2EF = BC
BC EF
2
1
=
( F is mid-point of AC)
(Vertically opposite angles)
(pair of interior alternate angles)
(By COCT)
(By CPCT)
( E is mid-pont of AB)
Then from (i) and (iii)
By construction, we have (CG || BA)
(By (ii)
Hence proved.
Ex.27 In the following figure, D, E, and F are respectively the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB of an
equilateral triangle ABC. Prove that DEF A is also an equilateral triangle.
Sol. Given : D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB of a equilateral triangle ABC.
To prove : DEF A is also an equilateral triangle.
Proof : since the segment joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is half of the third side.
Therefore D and E are the mid point of BC and AC respectively.
AB DE
2
1
= ...(i)
E and F are the mid point of AC and AB respectively.
BC EF
2
1
= ...(ii)
F and D are the mid point of AB and BC respectively
AC FD
2
1
= ....(iii)
is an equilateral triangle
AB = BC = CA
CA BC AB
2
1
2
1
2
1
= =
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
DE = EF = FD using (i), (ii) & (ii)
Hence, DEF A is an equilateral triangle.
Hence Proved
Ex.28 In figure, D and E are the mid-point of the sides AB and AC respectively of ABC A . If BC = 5.6 cm,
find DE.
Sol. D is mid-point of AB and E is mid-point of AC.
BC DE
2
1
=
. cm . cm . 8 2 6 5
2
1
= =
Ex.29 In figure, E and F mid-points of the sides AB and AC respectively of the ABC A , G and H are mid-
points of the sides AE and AF respectively of the AEF A . If GH = 1.8 cm, find BC.
Sol. BC EF
2
1
= ....(1) ( E and F are mid-points of sides AB and AC of ABC A )
EF GH
2
1
= ....(2) (G and H are mid-point of sides AE and AF of AEF A )
From (1) and (2), We have
BC BC GH
4
1
2
1
2
1
= =
BC = 4 GH = 4 1.8 cm = 7.2 cm
Hence, BC = 7.2 cm.
Ex.30 In , ABC A D,E and F are the mid- point of BC, BA and AC:
(i) Prove that EBD AEF A ~ A
(ii) Prove that CDEF is a parallelogram.
Sol. It is given that D, E and F are the mid-points of the sides
BC, BA and AC respectively, in ABC A .
AC DE , BC EF
2
1
2
1
= =
Now, BD = DC BC
2
1
=
and AF = CF = BC
2
1
BD = DC = EF ...(1)
and AF = CF = DE ...(2)
If E is the mid-point of AB.
Therefore , AE = BE (3)
(i) In AEF A and EBD A
EF = BD (By 1)
AF = ED (By 2)
and AE = BE (By 3)
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Therefore, EBD AEF A ~ A (By SSS congruence)
(ii) In quadrilateral CDEF,
DC = EF (By 1)
andDE = CF (By 2)
Therefore, CDEF is a parallelogram.
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Ex.31 Prove that the line segments joining the mid-points of the sides of quadrilateral forms a
parallelogram.
Sol. GIVEN : Point E, F G and H are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively, of the
quadrilateral ABCD.
TO PROVE : EFCG is a parallelogram.
CONSTRUCTION : Join the diagonal AC of the quadrilateral ABCD.
PROOF : In ABC A , E and F are the mid-points of BA and BC.
EF||AC
and AC EF
2
1
= ...(1)
Similarly, In ADC A , we have
GH||AC
and AC GH
2
1
= ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
EF || GH
andEF = GH
EFGH is a parallelogram.
Hence Proved.
Ex.32 ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R and S are mid-points of
the sides AB, BC, CD and DA. AC is a diagonal. Show that :
(i) SR || AC and SR =
2
1
AC (ii) PQ = SR
(iii) PQRS is a parallelogram. [NCERT]
Sol. GIVEN : ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R, and S are mid-points
of AB, BC, CD and DA. AC is a diagonal.
TO PROVE : (i) SR || AC and SR =
2
1
AC
(ii) PQ = SR
(iii) PQRS is a parallelogram.
PROOF : (i) In DAC A ,
S is the mid-point of DA and R is the mid-point of DC
SR || AC and SR =
2
1
AC [Mid-point theorem]
(ii) In , BAC A
P is the mid-point of AB and Q is the mid-point of BC
PQ || AC and PQ =
2
1
AC [Mid-point theorem]
But from (i), SR =
2
1
AC
PQ = SR
(iii) PQ || AC [From (ii)]
SR || AC [From (i)]
PQ || SR [Two lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other]
Also, PQ = SR [From (ii)]
PQRS is a parallelogram A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
sides is parallel and is of equal length]
Ex.33 ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-point of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.
Sol. Given : ABCD is a rhombus, P, Q, R, S are the mid-points of AB, BC, CD, DA respectively. PQ, QR, RS
and SP are joined.
To Prove : PQRS is a rectangle.
Construction : Join AC and BD.
Proof : In triangles RDS and PBQ.
DS = QB [Halves of opposite side of || gm ABCD which are equal]
DR = PB [Halves of opposite of || gm ABCD which are equal]
QBP SDR Z = Z [Opposite s Z of || gm ABCD which are equal]
PBQ RDS A ~ A [SAS Axiom]
SR = PQ [C.P.C.T.]
In RCQ A and PAS.
RC = AP [Halves of opposite side of || gm ABCD which are equal]
CQ = AS [Halves of opposite side of || gm ABCD which are equal]
PAS RCQ Z = Z [Opposite s Z of || gm ABCD which are equal]
PAS RCQ A ~ A [SAS Axiom]
RQ = SP [C.P.C.T.]
In PQRS, SR = PQ and RQ = SP
PQRSis a parallelogram
In ACDB,
R and Q are the mid-point of DC and CB respectively.
RQ || DB RF || EO.
Similarly, RE || FO
OFRE is a || gm

0
90 = Z = Z EOF R [ Opposite s Z of a || gm are equal and diagonals of rhombus intersect at 90
0
]
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Thus PQRS is rectangle.
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Ex.34 ABCD is a rectangle and P, Q, R and S are mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is rhombus.
Sol. Given : ABCD is rectangle. P,Q,R and S are the mid-points of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. PQ, QR,
RS and SP are joined.
To prove : Quadrilateral PQRS is a rhombus
Construction : Join AC.
Proof : In ABC A ,
P and Q are the mid-point of AB and BC respectively.
PQ || AC and AC PQ
2
1
= ...(1)
In , ADC A
S are R are the mid-point of AD and DC respectively.
SR || AC and AC SR
2
1
= ..(2)
From (1) and (2),
PQ || SR and PQ = SR
Quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram ....(3)
In rectangle ABCD,
AD = BC [Opposite sides]
BC AD
2
1
2
1
= [Halves of equal are equal]
As = BQ
In APS A and BPQ A ,
AP = BP [P is the mid-point of AB]
AS = BQ [Proved above]
PBQ PAS Z = Z [Each = 90
0
]
BPQ APS A ~ A [SAS Axiom]
PS = PQ ...(4) [C.P.C.T.]
From (3) and (4)
PQRS is a rhombus.
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Ex.35 Show that the quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-point of the consecutive sides of a square is
also a square is also a square.
Sol. Given : ABCD is a square. P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the consecutive sides AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively. PQ, QR, RS and SP are joined.
To prove : PQRS is a square.
Construction : Join AC and BD
Proof : RQ || AC and RQ = AC
2
1
SP || AC and SP = AC
2
1
RQ = SP and RQ || SP
Similarly, SR = PQ and RQ || PQ
PQRS is a parallelogram
RQ || AC
RE|| HO
SR || PQ
HR || OE
OERH is a parallelogram.
HOE R Z = Z [Opposite s Z of a || gm]
But HOE Z = 90
0

0
90 = ZR
PQRS is a rectangle.
But AC = BD
PQ = QR = RS = SP
PQRS is a square.
Hence Proved.
Ex.36 Prove that the figure formed by joining the mid-points of the consecutive sides of a quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.
Sol. Given : ABCD is a quadrilateral. P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the consecutive sides AB, BC, CD and
DA respectively.
To prove : PQRS is a parallelogram.
Construction : Joing BD.
Proof : In , CBD A
Q is the mid-point of BC dna R is the mid-pind o CD.
QR || BD and QR BD
2
1
= ...(1)
In , ABD A
P is the mid-point of AB and S is the mid-point of AD.
PS || BD and PS
2
1
= ...(2)
From (1) and (2),
QR = PS and QR || PS.
Thus a pair of opposite sides of PQRS are parallel and equal.
PQRS is a parallelogram.
Hence Proved.
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Ex.37 In triangle ABC, points M and N on des AB and AC respectively are taken so that AM =
4
1
AB and
AN =
4
1
AC. Prove that MN =
4
1
BC.
Sol. Given : In triangle ABC, points M and N on the sides AB and AC
respectively are taken so that AM
4
1
= AB and AN =
4
1
AC.
To prove : . BC MN
4
1
=
Construction : Join EF where E and F are the middle points of
AB and AC respectively.
Proof : E is the mid-point of AB and F is the mid-point of AC.
EF||BC and EF =
2
1
BC ...(1)
Now, AE =
2
1
AB and AM
4
1
AB
AM =
2
1
AE
Similarly, An =
2
1
AF
M and N are the mid-points of AE and AF respectively.
MN||EF and MN
2
1
= EF = |
.
|

\
|
BC
2
1
2
1
[From (1)]
MN =
4
1
BC.
Ex.38 The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD meet at O. If BOC Z = 44
0
, find OAD Z .
Sol. We have,
0
180 = Z + Z BOA BOC [Linear pairs]
44
0
+ BOA Z = 180
0
BQA Z = 136
0
Since diagonals of a rectangle are equal and they bisect each other.
In OAB A
OA = OB [ Angles opp. to equal sides are equal]
2 1 Z = Z
Now, In OAB A , where
0
180 2 1 = Z + Z + Z BOA

0 0
180 136 1 2 = + Z
1 2Z = 180
0
- 136
0
1 2Z = 44
0
1 Z = 22
0
Since each angle of a rectangle is a right angle. Therefore,
BAD Z = 90
0
3 1 Z + Z = 90
0
22
0
+ 3 Z = 90
0
3 Z = 90
0
- 22 = 68
0
Hence Proved.
MANISH
KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
Ex.39 PQRS is a square. Determine SRP Z .
Sol. Since PQRS in a square.
PS = SR and PSR Z = 90
0
In PSR A
PS = SR
2 1 Z = Z [ Angles opp. to equal sides are equal]
But, PSR Z + Z + Z 2 1 = 180
0
1 2Z + 90
0
= 180
0
[ PSR Z = 90
0
]
1 2Z = 90
0
1 Z = 45
0
Ex.40 ABCD is rectangle with
0
32 = ZBAC . Determine DBC Z .
Sol. Suppose the diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
In OAB A
OA = OB [ Diagonals of a rectangle are equal and they bisect each other]
OBA OAB Z = Z
DBA BAC Z = Z

0
32 = ZDBA [ BAC Z = 32
0
(given)]
Now,
0
90 = ZABC

0
90 = Z = Z DBA DBA
32
0
+ DBC Z = 90
0
DBC Z = 90
0
- 32
0
= 58
0
Ex.41 ABCD is a rhombus with
0
56 = ZABC . Determine ACD Z .
Sol. ABCD is a rhombus
ABCD is a parallelogram
ADC ABC Z = Z

0
56 = ZADC [ ABC Z = 56
0
(given)]
CDA Z = 28
0
[ ADC ODC Z = Z
2
1
]
In OCD A
0
180 = Z + Z + Z COD ODC OCD
OCD Z + 28
0
+ 90
0
= 180
0
OCD Z =62
0
ACD Z = 62
0
Ex. 42 In figure , m and n are three parallel lines intersected by transversals p and q such that , m and n
cut-off equal intercepts AB and BC op p. Show that , m and n cut off equal intercepts De and EF on
q also.
Sol. Join AF. Suppose it interests line m at G.
In ACF A , B is the mid-point of AC ( AB = BC and BG || CF. Therefore, G is the mid-points of AF. In
AFD A , G is the mid-point of AF and GD || AD.
E is the mid-point of DE
DE = EF
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MATHEMATICS
Hence , m and n cut of equal intercepts DE and EF on q.
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MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS.
(A) VERY SHORT ANSWRS TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. Three angles of quadrilateral are respectively equal to 110
0
, 50
0
and 40
0
. Find its fourth angles.
2. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the angles A, B, C and D are in the ratio 1 2 : 4 : 5. Find the measure of each
angles of the quadrilateral.
3. In a quadrilateral ABCD,
0
150 = +Z Z B , A and C Z = 130
0
. Find D Z .
4. In a quadrilateral ABCD,
0
210 = Z + Z B A and D : C Z Z = 2 : 3 Find C Z and D Z
5. What is a trapezium.
6. State the conditions for quadrilateral ABCD to be a parallelogram.
7. State the condition for a parallelogram to be a rectangle.
8. State the type of quadrilateral ABCD if AB = BC = CD = DA, C A Z = Z and D B Z = Z .
9. In a parallelogram, the diagonals are of equal length. Is the statement true or false ?
10. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. In the statement true/False ?
11. In ABC A , LM is the line segment joining the mid-points of the sides BC and CA.
If LM = 3.4 cm, find the length of AB.
12. IF ABC A , LM is a line segment parallel to side BC of ABC A where L and M divide AB and AC respectively
in the ratio 1: 3 If. If BC = 8.4 cm, find LM.
(B) SHORT ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. Two opposite angles of a parallelogram are (3x -2)
0
and (50 -x)
0
. Fin the measure of each angle of the
parallelogram.
2. If an angle of a parallelogram is two-third of its adjacent angle, find the angles of the parallelogram.
3. Find the measure of all the angles of a parallelogram, if one angle is 24
0
less than twice the smallest angle.
4. The perimeter of a parallelogram is 22 cm. If the longer side measures 6.5 cm what is the measure of the
shorter side /
5. In a parallelogram ABCD, D Z = 135
0
, determine the measure of A Z and B Z .
6. ABCD is a parallelogram in which
0
70 = ZA . Compute C , B Z Z and D Z .
7. In figure ABCD is a parallelogram in which
0
75 = ZDAB and
0
60 = ZBCD . Compute CDB Z and ADB Z .
8. In figure ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the mid-point of side BC. If De and AB when produced meet at
F, prove that AF = 2AB.
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MATHEMATICS
9. In a parallelogram ABCD, determine the sum of angles C Z and D Z .
10. In a parallelogram ABCD, if B Z = 135
0
determine the measure of its other angles.
11. ABCD is a square. AC and BD intersect at O. State the measure of AOB Z .
12. ABCD is a rectangle with ABD Z = 40
0
. Determine DBC Z .
13. The sides AB and CD of a parallelogram ABCD are bisected t E and F. Prove that EBFD is a parallelogram.
(C) LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. Given ABC A , lines are drawn through A, B and C parallel respectively to the sides BC, CA and AB forming
PQR A , Show that BC =
2
1
QR.
2. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and X, Y are the mid-points of the sides AB and DC
respectively. Show that quadrilateral AXCY is a parallelogram.
3. In figure, three parallel lines , m and n are intersected by a transversal p at points A, B and C respectively
and transversal q at D, E and F respectively. If AB : BC = 1 : 2, prove that DE : EF = 1 : 2.
4. ABC A is a triangle right angles at B; and P is the mid-point of AC. Prove that
(i) PQ AB (ii) Q is the mid point of AB (iii) PB = PA = AC
2
1
5. In figure AD and BE are medians of ABC A and BE||DE. Prove that CF =
4
1
AC
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MATHEMATICS
6. In ABC A , AD is the median through A and E is the mid-point of AD. BE produced meets AC in F figure.
Prove that . AC AF
3
1
= .
7. P is the mid-point of side AB of a parallelogram ABCD. A line through B parallel to PD meets DC at Q and
AD produced at R. Prove that (i) AR = 2BC (ii) BR = 2BQ.
8. In figure, ABCD is a trapezium in which side AB is parallel to side DC and E is the mid-points of side AD. If
F is a point of the side BC such that the segments EF is parallel to side DC. Prove that F is the mid-point of
BC and EF ) DC AB ( + =
2
1
9. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram such that CFD AEB A ~ A . Prove that BCF DAE A ~ A .
10. In the figure, ABCD is a square and PAB is a triangle such that AQ = BR. Prove that PQR is an isosceles
triangle.
11. In a ABC A D, E, and F are, respectively, the mid-points of BC, CA and AB. If the lengths of side AB, BC
and CA are 7 cm, 8 cm and 9 cm, respectively, find the perimeter of DEF A .
12. In a triangle
0 0
60 50 = Z = Z Z V , A , ABC and
0
70 = ZC . Find the measures of the angles of the triangle
formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of this triangle.
13. In a triangle, P, Q, and R are the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. If AC = 21 cm, BC = 29
cm and AB = 30 c m, find the perimeter of the quadrilateral ARPQ.
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MATHEMATICS
14. In a ABC A median AD in produced to X such that AD = DX. Prove that ABXC is a parallelogram.
15. In figure, triangle ABC is right angles at B. Given that AB = 9cm, AC = 15cm and D, E are the mid-points of
the sides AB and AC respectively, calculate
(i) The length of BC (ii) The area of ADE A
16. In figure, M, N and P are the mid- points of AB, AC and BC respectively. If MN = 2c, NP = 3.5 cm and MP =
2.5cm, calculate BC, AB and AC.
17. ABC is a triangle and through A, B, C lines are drawn parallel to BC, CA and AB respectively intersecting at
P, Q and R. Prove that the perimeter of PQR A is double the perimeter of ABC A .
18. In a parallelogram, show that the angle bisector of two adjacent angles intersect at right angles.
19. In figure ABC A and DEF A are such that
AB = DE, BC = EF, AB || DE and BC || EF.
Show that
(i) ABED is a parallelogram.
(ii) BEFC is a parallelogram.
(iii) ADFC is a parallelogram.
20. In figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. E and F are mid-points
of the sides AB and CD respectively.
AF and DE intersects at P ; BF and CE intersects at Q.
Prove that
(i) AECF is a parallelogram
(ii) BEDF is a parallelogram.
(iii) PEQF is a parallelogram.
21. In figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. E and F are two point on the diagonal AC such that AE = CF.
Show that
(i) CFD AEB A ~ A
(ii) CFB AED A ~ A
(iii) DFE BEF A ~ A
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MATHEMATICS
(iv) BEDF is parallelogram.
22. In figure, ABCD is a trapezium such that AB || CD and AD = BC.
Line drawn through the vertex B and parallel to AD meets DC (produced) at E show that (i) ABED is a
parallelogram. (ii) D B C A Z + Z = Z + Z =180
0
(D) NCERT Questions :
1. In figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. Diagonal AC bisect A Z . Show that (i) it bisect C Z also
(ii) ABCD is a rhombus.
2. In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are taken on diagonal BD such that DP = BQ. Show that :
(i) CQB APD A ~ A
(ii) AP = CQ
(iii) CPD AQB X ~ A
(iv) AQ = CP
(v) APCQ is a parallelogram
3. In ABC A and DEF A AB = DF, || DE, BC = EF and BC || EF. Vertices A, B and C are joined to vertices D, E
and F respectively. Show that :
(i) quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram
(ii) quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram
(iii) AD || CF and AD = CF
(iv) quadrilateral ACFC is a parallelogram
(v) AC = DF
(vi) DEF ABC A ~ A
4. In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the mid-points of sides AB and CD respectively. Show that the line
segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.
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MATHEMATICS
5. Show that the line segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.
6. ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A. line through the mid-point M of hypotenuse AB and parallel to BD
intersects AC and D. Show that :
(i) D is the mid - point of AC (ii) MD AC (iii) CM = MA =
2
1
AB
7. Show that the bisectors of angles of a parallelogram form a rectangle.
8. ABC is a isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. AD bisects exterior angle PAC and CD || AB. Show that
(i) BCA DAC Z = Z and (ii) ABCD is a parallelogram.
9. Two parallel lines and m are intersected by a transversal p. Show that the quadrilateral formed by
bisectors of interiors angles is a rectangle.
(E) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE (T) AND WHICH ARE FALSE (F) :
(1) In a parallelogram, the diagonals are equal.
(2) In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other.
(3) In a parallelogram, the diagonals intersect at right angles.
(4) In any quadrilateral, if a pair of opposite sides is equal, it is a parallelogram.
(5) If all angles of a quadrilateral are equal, it is a parallelogram.
(6) If all sides of quadrilateral are equal, it is parallelogram.
(7) If three sides of quadrilateral are equal, it is a parallelogram.
(8) If three angles of a quadrilateral are equal, it is parallelogram.
(F) FILL IN THE BLANKS :
(1) The triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of an isosceles triangle is____
(2) The triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of right-triangle is_____
(3) The figure formed by joining the mid-points of the mid-points of the consecutive sides of a quadrilateral
is _____
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MATHEMATICS
(4) If a line is divided by three parallel line into two-segments of lengths in the ratio 1 : 3 another line will
the divided by these parallel lines into two-segments of lengths in the ratio___
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. If is quadrilateral ABCD
0
90 = ZA and AB = BC = CD = DA, then ABCD is a :-
(A) Parallelogram (B) Rectangle (C) Square (D) None of these
2. If in quadrilateral ABCD, AB || CD, then ABCD is a :-
(A) Parallelogram (B) Rectangle (C) Rhombus (D) None of these
3. If the diagonals AC and BD of a quadrilateral ABCD bisect each other, then ABCD is a :-
(A) Parallelogram (B) Rectangle (C) Rhombus (D) None of these
4. In figure EF =
(A) 3 cm
(B) 2.5 cm
(C) 4 cm
(D) None of these
5. In quadrilateral ABCD, if
0
60 = ZA and 7 3 2 : : D : C : B = Z Z Z , then = ZD
(A) 175
0
(B) 135
0
(C) 150
0
(D) None of these
6. In which of the following is the lengths of diagonals equal ?
(A) Rhombus (B) Parallelogram (C) Trapezium (D) Rectangle
7. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a :-
(A) Trapezium (B) Parallelogram (C) Rectangle (D) Rhombus
8. The length of the diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm. The side of the rhombus is :-
(A) 10 cm (B) 12 cm (C) 9 cm (D) 8 cm
9. The length of a side of rhombus is 5m and one of its diagonals is of lengths 8m. The length of the other
diagonal is :-
(A) 5m (B) 7m (C) 6m (D) 8m
10. IF ABCD is parallelogram with two adjacent angles A and B equal to each other, then the parallelogram is a
(A) Rhombus (B) Trapezium (C) Rectangle (D) None
11. The bisectors of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram intersect at :-
(A) 30
0
(B) 45
0
(C) 60
0
(D) 90
0
12. The bisectors of the angle of a || gm enclose a :-
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MATHEMATICS
(A) Parallelogram (B) Rhombus (C) Rectangle (D) Square
13. The figure formed by joining the mid points of the adjacent sides of a quadrilateral is a :-
(A) Parallelogram (B) Rectangle (C) Square (D) Rhombus
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14. The figure formed by joining the mid points of the adjacent sides of a rectangle is a :-
(A) Square (B) Rhombus (C) Trapezium (D) None of these
15. The figure formed by joining the mid points of the adjacent sides of rhombus is a : -
(A) Square (B) Rectangle (C) Trapezium (D) None of these
16. The figure formed by joining the mid points of the adjacent sides of a square is a :-
(A) Rhombus (B) Square (C) Rectangle (D) Parallelogram
17. If one angle of a parallelogram is 24
0
less than twice the smallest angle, then the largest angle of the
parallelogram is :-
(A) 176
0
(B) 60
0
(C) 112
0
(D) 102
0
18. If an angle of parallelogram is two-third of its adjacent angle, the smallest angle of the parallelogram is :-
(A) 108
0
(B) 54
0
(C) 72
0
(D) 81
0
19. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram in which
0
75 = ZDAB and
0
60 = ZDBC then, BDC Z is equal
to :
(A) 75
0
(B) 60
0
(C) 45
0
(D) 55
0
20. Three angles of a quadrilateral are of magnitudes 80
0
, 95
0
and 120
0
. The magnitude of the fourth angle is :-
(A) 80
0
(B) 65
0
(C) 75
0
(D) 70
0
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MATHEMATICS
ANSWER KEY
ANS WER KEY
ANSWER KEY
QUADRILATERALS EXERCISE
(A) VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. 160
0
2. 30
0
,60
0
,120
0
,150
0
3. 80
0
4.
0 , 0
90 60 = Z = Z D C
6. Pairs of opposite sides of the quadrilateral be equal and parallel.
7. One angle must be a right angle 8. Rhombus
9. False 10. True
11. 6.8 cm 12. 2.1cm
(B) LONG ANSWERS TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. 37
0
,143
0
,37
0
,143
0
2. 108
0
,72
0
,108
0
,72
0
3. 68
0
,112
0
,68
0
,112
0
4. 4.5 cm
5.
0 , 0
135 45 = Z = Z B A 7.
0 , 0
60 45 = Z = Z ABD CDB
9..
0
180 = Z + Z D C 10. , 135 , 45
0 0
= Z = Z = Z = Z D B C A
11. , 90
0
= ZAOB 12. , 50
0
= ZBC
(C) LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. 12 cm 2. 50
0
,60
0
,70
0
3. 51 cm 5. 12 CM, 13.5 cm
2
6. 6 cm , 7cm, 5cm
(E) TRUE OR FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
6. True 7. False 8. False
(F) FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. an isosceles triangle 2. right triangle
3. Parallelogram 5. 1 : 3
OBJECTIVE EXERCISE-1
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C D A B A D D A C C
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D C A B B B C C C B