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KUMAR
MATHEMATICS
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION: In this chapter, we shall first define the coordinates of a point in a plane with reference to two
mutually perpendicular lines in the same plane. We shall also leans about the plotting of points in the plane
(Cartesian plane) which will be used draw the graphs of linear equations in one/two variables in the cartesian
plane.
CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM : =
(i) Cartesian co-ordinate axes : - Let xox and yoy be two mutually perpendicular lines such that xox is horizontal
and yoy is vertical line in the same plane and they intersect each other at O. The line xox called the x-axis or
axis of x the line yoy is called the y-axis of y and the two lines xox and yoy taken together are called the co
ordinate axes or the axes of co-ordinates. The point O is called the origin.
(ii) Quadrants: - The co-ordinate axes xox and yoy divide the plane of graph paper in the four regions xoy, xoy
xoy, xoy. These four regions are called the quadrants. The regions xoy, xoy, xoy and xoy are known as the
first, the second, the third and the fourth quadrant respectively.
(iii) Cartesian co-ordinate of a point :- Let xox and yoy be the co-ordinate axes and let P be any point in the
plane. To find the position of P with respect to xox and yoy. WE draw two perpendiculars from P on both co-
ordinate axes. Let PM & PN be perpendiculars on x-axis and y-axis respectively. Draw PM xox and PN
yoy.
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R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
MATHEMATICS
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The length of the line segment OM is called the x=coordinate or abscissa of point P and the length of the
directed line segment ON is called the y-co-ordinate or ordinate of point P. Let OM = 3 & ON = 5, then the x-xo-
ordinate or abscissa of point P is 3 and the y-co-ordinate or ordinate of P is 5 and say that the co-ordinate of P
are (3, 5).
Thus for a given point P, the abscissa and ordinate are the distance of the point P from y-axis and x-axis
respectively.
The above system of co-ordinating an ordered pair (3,5) with every point in a plane is called the Rectangular
cartesian co-ordinate system.
(iv) Convention of Signs :- Let xox and yoy be the co-ordinate axes. As discussed earlier that the regions xoy,
xoy, xoy, and xoy are known as the first, the second, the third and the fourth quadrant respectively. The ray ox
is taken as positive x-axis, ox as negative x-axis, oy as positive y-axis and oy as negative y-axis.
We find that
In I quadrant x > 0 y > 0 (+ , +)
II quadrant x < 0 y > 0 (-, + )
III quadrant x < 0 y < 0 ( -, - )
IV quadrant x > 0 y < 0 (+, - )
(v) Points on axes :- Point P lies on x axis then clearly the distance of this point from x-axis is zero and therefore
the y ordinate of this point is O.
If any point lies on x-axis then its y co-ordinate will be zero (x, o). Similarly, if we take a point on y-axis than if
distance from y-axis is o and the x-co-ordinate of this point is zero.
In general, if any point lies on y-axis then its x-co-ordinate will be zero (o, y).
The co-ordinate of the origin are taken as (o, o).
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KUMAR
R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
MATHEMATICS
49
IIIustrative Examples :-
Ex.1 Plot the following points on a graph paper.
(i) (3,4 ) (ii) (-2, 3) (iii) (-5, -2) (iv) (4, -3)
Sol. Let XOX and YOY
be the coordinate axes.
The given four points may be
potted as given below :-
Ex .2 Write the quadrants for the following points :-
(i) (-2, 3) (ii) (-5, -2)
(iii) (4, -3) (iv) (-5, -5)
Sol. (i) Here x is negative & y is positive Point lies in II quadrant.
(ii) Here both x & y coordinate are negative. Point lies in III quadrant.
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B(-2,3)
A(3,4)
C(5,-2)
D(4,-3)
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X
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MATHEMATICS
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(iii) Here x is positive & y is negative. Point lies in IV quadrant.
(iv) Here both x & y co-ordinates are negative Point lies in III quadrant.
(v) Here both x & y co-ordinates are positive Point lies in I quadrant.
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KUMAR
R E O U N D A T I O N B Y P - F
MATHEMATICS
51
INTRODUCTION TO EUCLIDS GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION : The word geometry is derived from two Greek words geo (meaning earth) and matron
(meaning to measure). Geometry appears to have originated from the need for measuring land.
GEOMETRY : Generally, Geometry may be considered as :
1. The study of size, shape, position and other properties of the objects around us.
2. A mathematical system in which a few basic statements or ideals are agreed to and then used to verify results
by logical reasoning.
POINT :
A point has position only. It has no length, no width and no thickness.
A point is represented by a fine dot and is denoted by capital letter P, A, R, S, etc.
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