Chapter 17: Marketing

Definition of Marketing
The following definitions were approved by the American Marketing Association Board of
Directors:
Marketing:
Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating,
delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and
society at large. (Approved October 2007)

Marketing Process in short, revolves around these 3 activities
1. Identifying customer needs
The process:
1. Gather raw data from customers
2. Interpret raw data in terms of customer needs
3. Organize needs into a hierarchy (primary, secondary, etc.)
4. Establish relative importance of each need
5. Reflect on the results and the process
2. Targeting
3. Satisfying customer needs.

The Marketing Process (in detail)

Under the marketing concept, the firm must find a way to discover unfulfilled customer needs
and bring to market products that satisfy those needs. The process of doing so can be
modeled in a sequence of steps: the situation is analyzed to identify opportunities, the
strategy is formulated for a value proposition, tactical decisions are made, the plan is
implemented and the results are monitored.
The Marketing Process
Situation Analysis
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V
Marketing Strategy
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V
Marketing Mix Decisions
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V
Implementation & Control

I. Situation Analysis
A thorough analysis of the situation in which the firm finds itself serves as the basis for
identifying opportunities to satisfy unfulfilled customer needs. In addition to identifying the
customer needs, the firm must understand its own capabilities and the environment in which
it is operating.
The situation analysis thus can be viewed in terms an analysis of the external environment
and an internal analysis of the firm itself. The external environment can be described in terms
of macro-environmental factors that broadly affect many firms, and micro-environmental
factors closely related to the specific situation of the firm.
The situation analysis should include past, present, and future aspects. It should include a
history outlining how the situation evolved to its present state, and an analysis of trends in
order to forecast where it is going. Good forecasting can reduce the chance of spending a year
bringing a product to market only to find that the need no longer exists.
If the situation analysis reveals gaps between what consumers want and what currently is
offered to them, then there may be opportunities to introduce products to better satisfy those
consumers. Hence, the situation analysis should yield a summary of problems and
opportunities. From this summary, the firm can match its own capabilities with the
opportunities in order to satisfy customer needs better than the competition.
There are several frameworks that can be used to add structure to the situation analysis:
5 C Analysis - company, customers, competitors, collaborators, climate. Company
represents the internal situation; the other four cover aspects of the external situation
PEST analysis - for macro-environmental political, economic, societal, and
technological factors. A PEST analysis can be used as the "climate" portion of the 5 C
framework.
SWOT analysis - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats - for the internal
and external situation. A SWOT analysis can be used to condense the situation
analysis into a listing of the most relevant problems and opportunities and to assess
how well the firm is equipped to deal with them.
II. Marketing Strategy
Once the best opportunity to satisfy unfulfilled customer needs is identified, a strategic plan
for pursuing the opportunity can be developed. Market research will provide specific market
information that will permit the firm to select the target market segment and optimally
position the offering within that segment. The result is a value proposition to the target
market. The marketing strategy then involves:
Segmentation
Targeting (target market selection)
Positioning the product within the target market
Value proposition to the target market
III. Marketing Mix Decisions
Detailed tactical decisions then are made for the controllable parameters of the marketing
mix. The action items include:
Product development - specifying, designing, and producing the first units of the
product.
Pricing decisions
Distribution contracts
Promotional campaign development
IV. Implementation and Control
At this point in the process, the marketing plan has been developed and the product has been
launched. Given that few environments are static, the results of the marketing effort should be
monitored closely. As the market changes, the marketing mix can be adjusted to accomodate
the changes. Often, small changes in consumer wants can addressed by changing the
advertising message. As the changes become more significant, a product redesign or an
entirely new product may be needed. The marketing process does not end with
implementation - continual monitoring and adaptation is needed to fulfill customer needs
consistently over the long-term.

Why is market research needed?



Marketing Research:
Marketing research is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the
marketer through information--information used to identify and define marketing
opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor
marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing
research specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for
collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes the
results, and communicates the findings and their implications
Any business should find out what people want to buy and how many people are
going to buy that product before producing a product since the chances of failing are
very high. Usually, market research try to answer these questions:

What feature of the product do they like/dislike?

Are people willing to buy the product?
What price are people prepared to pay?
Location of the selling point of the product.
Type
of customer who buys the product.
Type of promotion that will be effective.
Competition in the same industry.


Businesses need to know these things as well as consumer wants to be more competitive. There are two
main types of information that can be gathered from market research:
Qualitative information: information where opinion or judgement is
necessary.

Quantitative information: information about the quantity of something.

There are two ways to gather any information for market research:

Primary research or field research.

Secondary research or desk research.


Primary research



Primary research is gathering original data which may require direct contact with
customers. There are several ways to do primary research:

Questionnaires

Interviews
Consumer panels
Observation
Experiments
Note: Questionnaires, interviews and consumer panels are all types of surveys.

The process of primary research
1. Identify the purpose of the market research.

2. Decide on the best method of research. (primary, secondary or both)
3. Decide on the size and type of sample (group of people who will be asked)
4. Carry out the research.
5. Collate data and analyse results.
6. Produce a report. (may include recommendations of action paths to take)

Methods of primary research


Questionnaires

Questionnaires involve asking people questions. Deciding what questions to ask
since sometimes questions may mislead people and make them answer what they
don't really think.


Pros:

Detailed qualitative information can be gathered.

Customers' opinions can be gathered.
Cons:

If the questions are bad it could mislead customers.

Takes time and money to collate the results.

Interviews


Interviews are face-to-face conversations with customers where the interviewer has a
set of prepared questions.


Pros:

The interviewer can explain any questions the interviewee does not
understand.

Detailed information about customers' opinions.
Cons:

Interviewer bias. The interviewer might unconsciously lead the interviewee to
answer in a certain way.

Time consuming and expensive.

Samples


A group of people who are chosen to do market research on. There could be:

Random sample: A random number of people are selected.

Quota sample: People are selected for some certain characteristics.

Consumer panels


Consumer panels are groups of people who agree to provide information and
spending
patterns about a product. They may even test it and give feedback on likes and
dislikes.


Pros:

They provide detailed information about a product.

Cons:

They can be time consuming, expensive, and biased if opinions of some is
influenced by others.


Observation


Observation involves:

Recording: e.g. meters can be fitted to a monitor to see what people are
watching.

Watching: e.g. see how many people go into a shop and actually buy
something.
Audits: e.g. counting inventory to see what has sold well. (inspecting)

Pros:

It is inexpensive.

Cons:

Only provide basic figures and not reasons why people do things.


Experiments


Experimenting involves giving products to consumers to see what they think about it.


Pros:

Easy to set up, carry out, and gather consumer opinions.

Cons:

People might give wrong feelings to avoid offence.

Representatives of samples may not be asked, just people who shop in an
area.
Many potential customers may not be asked.

Secondary research


Secondary research means taking information that has been already collected by
others.


Internal sources of information


Data collected from past researches could easily be used again if it is needed.
Examples of internal sources of information include:

Sales
department: sales records, pricing data, customer records, sales records.

Distribution and PR personnel.
Finance department.
Customer service department.

External sources of information


Data collected from sources outside the business. The data may still be useful but
there are many limitations since it has been gathered for other purposes. Sources
include:

Internet: gives all sorts of information, but the info must be validated.

Trade and employer associations: gives info about things in an industry.
Specialist journals.
Research reports.
Newspapers: about the economy and disposable income of workers.
Government reports and statistics: contains things such as age groups and
culture.
Media reports.
Market research agencies' reports: detailed reports on the economy.
Expensive to buy.

Secondary research is often a much cheaper way of obtaining information. It also
gains access to data which cannot be gathered by primary research such as
government issues or the economy.


Who carries out market research?


Normally, research is done by any business who needs it. In smaller businesses,
owners use secondary research since they cannot afford to conduct primary research.
However, if a business has enough money, it can afford to have a specialist market
research agency to do the research for it.


Accuracy of market research information


The accuracy of market research depends on how the research was conducted and
how carefully samples have been selected. Here are some ways to make information
from market research more accurate:

A sample needs to be truly representative of the total population, hence a
quota sample is normally used.

The larger the sample, the more accurate the results.
Questionnaires need to be tested on a small group of people to see if there are
misinterpretations. The questionnaires will be modified to be as clear as
possible.
Concerning secondary research, there are a few problems with it:

Data collected by others may not be accurate since it was used for other
purposes.

Data can be out of date.
All in all, it must never be assumed that information collected from market research is
completely correct.


How to design and use a questionnaire


Firstly, you need to ask yourself some questions:

What do I need to find
out?

Who do I need to ask?
Where will I carry out my questionnaire?

Writing the questions

Ask no more than 12 questions. (impatience)

Make the questions simple. The answers should be simple enough to collate.
(e.g. Yes/No answers)
Use choice of age groups.
Avoid open-ended questions.
Avoid misleading the interviewee with questions. (don't want to cause offence)
The order of the questions should be logical.

Carrying out the questionnaire


First you need to figure out:

How you will ask the questions.

How you will collate the results.
Then:
Where are you going to ask the questions.
Who are you going to ask?
And finally:
How many people will be asked?
When will you ask the questions? (time)