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Eurocode 1: Actions
on structures
Part 12: General actions
Actions on structures exposed to fire
Part of the One Stop Shop program
Annex D (informative)
Advanced fire models
Introduction
Models of increasing complexity
One-zone models
Post flashover fires
Homogenous temp, density, internal energy and gas
pressure assumed in compartment
Two-zone models
Upper/lower layer
Mass and energy balances calculated
Field models
Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics
PDEs solved over entire numerical grid underlying
domain to give solutions to various dynamic
variables
One-zone models
Temperature calculation based on
Conservation of energy/mass equations
Mass exchange (internal, external, and fire)
Energy exchange (between fire, gas, walls, etc.)
g g
RT P =
int
The ideal gas law considered is
Internal
compartment
pressure
Gas density
Gas temperature
Molar constant
Mass balance one-zone model
Mass balance of compartment gases
fi out in
m m m
dt
dm
& & & + =
Rate of gas mass
coming in through
openings
Rate of gas mass
going out through the
openings
Rate of pyrolysis
products generated
The rate of change of mass gas and the pyrolysis rate may
be neglected to give:
out in
m m & & =
which may be calculated based on static pressure due to
density differences between air at ambient and high
temperatures
- internal
energy of gas
Energy balance one-zone model
Energy balance of compartment gases
rad wall in out
g
Q Q Q Q Q
dt
dE
+ =
g
E
RHR of
the fire
f out out
cT m Q & =
amb in in
cT m Q & =
( )
net v h t wall
h A A Q
&
=
,
Energy out of
compartment
External energy in
to compartment
Loss of energy
to enclosure
surfaces
Loss of energy
by radiation
through
openings
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, f v h rad
T A Q =
See Section 3 of
main Code
Two-zone models
Different zones are defined
Upper layer
Lower layer
Fire and its plume
Walls
Energy and mass exchanges between these zones are
calculated
A two-zone model may be approximated by a one-zone
model if
Gas temp in upper layer exceeds 500
o
C
Upper layer grows to exceed 80% of compartment height
OZone is a common software package of a two-zone
model
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Field models
Field models are computational fluid dynamics
based models
They solve partial differential equations over the
entire compartment
Utilising an underlying numerical grid
The result is an array of variables solved over
the entire compartment
The basis of field models can be separated into
Hydrodynamic model
State, mass, energy and momentum equations
Turbulence and fluid modelling
Combustion and radiation sub-models