CHAPTER 6 Modified on :25 June 1999

Transformers Problems e.mail address: C.Indulkar@ieee.org

with Solutions
Problems Topics
6.1 Three-winding transformer
6.2 Transformers- parallel operation-Example 1
6.3 Transformer parameters-star-star & delta-star connections
6.4 Transformers- parallel operation-Example 2
6.5 Transformers- single phase-parallel operation-Example 3
6.6 Transformers -tap changing
Topics Chapters
Underground cables 5
Overhead Lines 4
Circuit Breakers 7
Power flows 8
Short-circuit calculations 9
Protection 10
Steady-state stability 11
Transient stability 12
Overvoltages 13
Automatic Generation Control 14
Control of Voltage & Reactive Power 15
Economic Operation 16
Per unit system 17
Prob.6.1 Three-winding transformer
A constant-voltage source (infinite bus) supplies a purely resistive 5 MW,2.3 kV load, and
7.5 mva,13.2 kV synchronous motor having a subtransient reactance x''=20%. The source
is connected to the primary of a 3-winding transformer.
The motor is connected to the secondary and the resistive load to the tertiary. Draw the
impedance diagram of the system, and mark pu impedance for a base of 66 kV, 15 MVA
in the primary.
Transformer data:
Primary: star 66kV,15MVA
Secondary: star 13.2kV,10MVA
Tertiary: delta 2.3kV,5MVA
Xps = 7% 15MVA 66kV base
Xpt = 9% 15MVA 66kV base
Xst = 8% 10MVA 13.2kV base
Solution: Primary:
Base MVA 15
Base kV 66
Secondary:
Base MVA 15
Base kV 13.2
Tertiary:
Base MVA 15
Base kV 2.3
Xps pu 0.07
Xpt pu 0.09
Xst pu 0.08
Xst' on common base = Xst* baseMVA/Given MVA
0.12 pu
Xp=.5(Xps+Xpt-Xst')= 0.02 pu
Xs=.5(Xps+Xst'-Xpt)= 0.05 pu
Xt=.5(Xpt+Xst'-Xps)= 0.07 pu
Load R 1 pu,on a base of 5MVA,2.3kV in tertiary
base MVA for load R 5
Rpu on common base MVA= 3 pu
MOTOR:
X'' 0.2 pu
Motor MVA 7.5
X'' on common MVA= 0.4 pu
Impedance diagram:
G M
R=3pu
X" =.4pu
Xt=.07pu
Xp=.02pu Xs=.05pu
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Prob.6.2 Transformers- parallel operation
A generator can develop 600 kW of power. Its voltage of 415 V(L-L) is stepped upto 22 kV
by two 3-phase transformers with equal ratios of transformation, and each star-connected
on both primary & secondary sides. They operate in parallel to supply a load.
Transformer A has a primary current of 500 A and its pf on the primary side is .7 lagging.
Calculate the pf and current on the primary side of transformer B. Calculate also the pf of
the load and the total load current.
Ra=Rb=6 ohms, Xa = Xb = 16.75 ohms.
These parameters are all referred to the primary and are those for each phase.
If the primary line voltage is 415 V, calculate the resistance and reactance per phase of
single star-connected load that would be equivalent to the actual load.
Solution:
I
Ia Ib
6 ohms 6 ohms
(415/1.73)V
j16.75 ohms j16.75 ohms
N turns 53 turns
one phase
of
Vs balanced
load
Vp per ph 239.8843931 Volts Reference Voltage
Vs per ph 12716.76301 Volts
T Turns ratio 53
cos 0.7
Sin = sin (acos ( ))
0.714142843
Ia mag 500 A
Re Ia =a magCOS( ) 350 A
Im Ia =a magsin( ) 357.0714214 A
Equating voltage drops;
Ia*(Ra+jXa)= Ib*(Rb+jXb)
Therefore,
Re Ib = Re Ia 350 A
Im Ib = ImIa 357.0714214 A
Since Xa/Ra = Xb/Rb, the primary pf of B is also .7.
Therefore Ia and Ib are in phase.
I= Ia +Ib
Re I 700 A
Im I 714.1428429 A
Imag 1000 A
This is the load current referred to primary.
Actual current in load 18.86363636
18.86363636 A
The load pf is the cosine of the angle between the load current and Vs or between Imag
and Vp(= Vs/T)
Vs referred to the primary is:
Vs/T=(Vp-Ia(Ra + jXa))
Ra 6 ohms
Rb 6 ohms
Xa 16.75 ohms
Xb 16.75 ohms
Re(Vs/T) #VALUE! -7841.061916 Volts
Im(Vs/T) =-ReIa*Xa+ImIa*Ra -3720.071471 Volts
Vs/T lags Vp by
Atan((ImVs/T)/(ReVs/T)) 25.39415701 deg.
I lags Vp by
cos 0.7
45.59611128 deg.
Therefore I lags Vs/T by 20.20195428 deg.
Therefore, Load pf, cos( ) 0.938542957 lag
Sin ( ) 0.345162452
Re I 999.9008722
938.5429568
ImI =-Imag *sin
-345.1624519
Load impedanceZ referred to primary =( (ReVs + jImVs)/T)/(ReI*ReI + imI*ImI)
Re(Load impedance)= (ReVs*ReI + ImVs*ImI)/(T*(ReI*ReI + ImI*ImI))
-6.075144445
Im(Load impedance)= (-ReVs*ImI + ImVs*ReI)/(T*(ReI*REI + IMI*ImI))
-6.197887035
Each phase of the equivalent star-connected load at the secondary terminals is therefore
(T*T)(ReZ + jImZ)
T*T*Re Z= -17072.84025
T*T*ImZ = -17417.78095
or, one phase
Z= 17072+j17417 ohms of
load
6 ohms j16.75 ohms 6.08 ohm 6.19ohms referred to
primary
6 ohms j16.75 ohms
(415/1.73) V
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Prob.6.3 Transformer parameters-star-star & delta-star connections
(a) A 3-phase transformer has a nameplate rating of 10 MVA, 132 -11 kV with a leakage
reactance of 8 %. The transformer connection is star-star.
Select a base of 100 MVA and 132 kV on the HV side and determine:
(I) Transformer reactance in pu
(ii)HV side base impedance
(iii)LV side base impedance
(iv)Transformer reactance in ohms referred to HV side
(v)Transformer reactance in ohms referred to LV side
(b) The above transformer connection are now changed to delta on the low voltage side and
star on the HV side. Determine:
(I) Turns ratio of windings
(ii)Transformer reactance in ohms referred to LV side
(iii)Transformer reactance in pu referred to LV side
Solution:
MVA rating 10
kVL low side 11
kVH High side 132
MVA base 100
base kV High side 132
(i)
Xpu 0.08 pu Answer
(ii)
Zbase(HV) =base kV *base kV/base MVA
174.24 ohms Answer
(iii)
Zbase (LV) 1.21 ohms Answer
(iv)
X ohms referred to High side = Xpu*Zbase (HV)
X(HV) 13.9392 ohms Answer
(v)
X ohms referred to low side =Xpu*Zbase(HV)
X(LV) 0.0968 ohms Answer
(b)
(I)
Turns ratio,T =(kVH/1.73)/kVL
6.936416185 Answer
(ii)
X ohms referred to low side =X ohms(referred to High side)/(T*T)
0.28971272 ohm Answer
(iii)
Reactance of equivalent star connection
=X ohms referred to low side/3
x 0.096570907 ohm
Xpu =x/Zbase(HV)
0.079810667 pu Answer
If L-L voltages are used ,
X(LV) =X(HV)/((132/11)*(132/11))
0.0968 ohm
X(LV)pu =X(LV)/Zbase(LV)
0.08 pu
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Prob.6.4 Transformers- parallel operation-Example 2
Two 6600/440-V ,star-connected 3-phase transformers , A of 250 kVA and B of 500 kVA
, have the following impedances /phase :
Ra=.008 ohm,Xa=.035 ohm, Rb=.003 ohm, Xb = .019 ohm
How will they share a load of 600 kVa at a power factor of .8 lagging if the load voltage is
440 V? The kVA and pf of each transformer are required.
Solution:
Ra Xa Ia Load I
Rb Xb Ib
V
P P S S
Ia= IZb/(Za + Zb)
Ib= Iza/(Za+Zb)
Pa+jQa = V.Iaconjugat
Pb+jQb = V.Ibconjugat
P + jQ = V.Iconjugate
Therefore'
Pa + jQa =(P + j Q)*(Zbconjugate/(Za + ZB)conjugate)
Pb + jQb =(P + j Q)*(Zaconjugate/(Za + ZB)conjugate)
kVA 600
pf 0.8 lag
P 480 kW
Q 360 kVAr
Ra 0.008 ohm
Rb 0.003 ohm
Xa 0.035 ohm
Xb 0.019 ohm
Pa ={(PRb + QXb)*(Ra + Rb)-(QRb - PXb)*(Xa + Xb))/((Ra + Rb)*(Ra + Rb)+(Xa + Xb)*(Xa + Xb))
172.9469872 kW Answer
Qa ={(QRb - PXb)*(RA + RB)+(PRb + QXb)*(XA + XB))/((RA + RB)*(RA + RB)+(XA + XB)*(XA + XB))
118.103 kVAr Answer
Pb = P-Pa = 307.053 kW Answer
Qb = Q-Qa = 241.897 kVar Answer
kVA of A 209.426 kVA Answer
pf of A 0.826 lag Answer
kVA of B 390.891 kVA Answer
pf of B 0.786 lag Answer
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Prob.6.5 Transformers- single phase-parallel operation-Example 3
Two transformers A an B operate in parallel on both sides.Their ratings are as follows:
kVA No-load voltage Z%
Transformer A 300 240V 1+j6
Transformer B 200 235V 1.2+j4.8
Find
(a) the value of the circulating current at no-load
(b)the load supplied byeach, and their respective power factors , when the total load is 400
kVA at .8 pf lag. Assume aload voltage of 230 V
Solution:
P
Za Zb Load
V
ZL
Ia Ib
Ea Eb
V= Ea-IaZa= Eb-IbZb=(Ia+Ib)ZL
Ea=Eb+IaZa-IbZb=(Ia+Ib)ZL+IaZa Eq.1
Eb=(Ia+Ib)ZL+IbZb Eq.2
Ia=((Ea-Eb)+IbZb/Za Eq.3
Ib=((Eb-Ea)+IaZa/Zb Eq.4
Substututing the values of Ia in (2) and Ib in (1);
Ea=[(Ia+(Eb-Ea+IaZa)*(ZL/Zb)+IaZa] Eq.5
Eb=[(Ib+(Ea-Eb+IbZb)*(ZL/Zb)+IbZb] Eq.6
From (5):
Ia =(EaZb-(Ea-Eb)ZL)/(ZL(Za+Zb)+ZaZb)
Ib =(EbZa-(Ea-Eb)ZL)/(ZL(Za+Zb)+ZaZb)
kVA common base kVA 300
Vb base V 230 Volts
Ib 1304.347826 A
kVAa 300
kVAb 200
ReZa 0.01 pu
ImZa 0.06 pu
ReZa on common base 0.01
ImZa on common base 0.06
Zamag 0.060827625
Za angle 1.405647649 rad
ReZb 0.012 pu
ImZb 0.048 pu
ReZb on common base 0.018 pu
ImZb on common base 0.072 pu
Zb mag 0.074215901
Zb angle 1.325817664
Re (Za+Zb) 0.022 pu
Im (Za+Zb) 0.132 pu
(Za+Zb)mag 0.133820776
(Za+Zb) angle 1.405647649
load kVA 400
load pf 0.8 lag
P load kW 320 kW
P=VI cos = V Cos V/Zlmag
Therefore
ZL mag =V*V*Cos /P 0.13225 ohm
I =V/Zlmag 1739.130435 A
I pu 1.333333333 pu at .8 pf lag
Re I 1.066666667
Im I 0.8
I angle =-36.9deg -0.6437 rad.
Ia =IZb/(Za+Zb)
Ia mag 0.739455698 pu
964.5074316 A Answer
Ia angle -0.723529986 rad
Cos a 0.749473431 lag Answer
Ib =IZa/(Za+Zb)
Ib mag 0.606060606 pu
790.513834 A Answer
Ib angle -0.6437 rad
Cos b 0.799880649 lag Answer
Circulating current=(Ea-Eb)/(Za+Zb)=(V+IaZa-V-IbZb)/(Za+Zb)
=(IaZa-IbZb)/(Za+Zb)
Let A= IaZa/(Za+Zb)
Amag= 0.336116226
Aangle= -0.723529986
B= IbZb/(Za+Zb)
Bmag= 0.336116226
Bangle= 0.299507684
ReA 0.251910181
ImA -0.222520511
ReB 0.321152958
ImB 0.09917104
Therefore ,
Circulating current 0.32905929 pu
429.2077694 A
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Prob.6.6 Transformers -tap changing
Vs Vr
1000 MW,400 MVAr
7 + j70 ohms
t:1
400 kV 0.9:1pu
Infinite bus
Compensator
Transformer maximum tap ratio is 0.9 :1. If the maximum overall voltage drop is to be 10 %
with the transformer taps fully utilized, calculate the reactive power requirement from the
compensator.
Solution: Refer the voltage and line impedance to load side of transformer as shown below
Vs Vr
1000 MW,400 MVAr
(7 + j70)/t*t
t:1
0.9:1pu
Compensator
Vs/t
((Vs-Vr)/Vs)*100 = 10
Vr/Vs = 0.9
Vs/Vr = 1.111111111
Vs/t
IX/t*t
Vr
I
IR/t*t
(Vs/t)*(Vs/t)= A*A+B*B where Eq.1
A=(Vr +(IR/(t*t))*cos () +(IX/t*t)*Sin())=(V r+ PR/t*t + QX/t*t)
B=-( IR/t*t)*sin() +(IX/t*t)*cos ()=(-RQ/t*t + XP/t*t)
From Eq.1
Q
Vs 400 kV
Vr 360 kV
t 0.9
R 7 ohms
X 70 ohms
P 1000 MW
Q ='(Vs*Vr*t-R*P-Vr*Vr*t*t)/X
251.7714286 MVAr
Qc Mvar of the compensator
QL Load MVAr 400 MVAr
Qc =QL-Q
148.2285714 MVAr Answer
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Pa ={(PRb + QXb)*(Ra + Rb)-(QRb - PXb)*(Xa + Xb))/((Ra + Rb)*(Ra + Rb)+(Xa + Xb)*(Xa + Xb))