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IS 2911-4 (1985): Code of practice for design and
construction of pile foundations, Part 4: Load test on
piles [CED 43: Soil and Foundation Engineering]
Gr 5
IS : 2911 ( Part 4 ) - 1985
( Reaffirmed 2010 )
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART 4 LOAD TEST ON PILES
(First Revision)
Sixth Reprint JULY 2003
UDC 624.154.1: 624.042 : 006.76
Copyright 1985
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
September 1985


IS I 2911 ( Part 4 ) -1985
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART 4 LOAD TEST ON PILES
( First Revision)
Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 43
C/l4irman
011uru SIJroJI
Rtprtstnling
of Defence
SBBI A.. N. J ( Alt"n,,', )
M,mlJ"s
COL K. P. ( Alt,rnate to
Maj-Gen Ombir Singh)
S,iIH D. ANJIAH A. P. Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad
SKRI Aa.""'N RI.1HS1.(1H.\Xl Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
SHRI O. S. ( Altemat )
Dn R. K. BH.,NO.\RI Central Building Research Institute (CSIR),
Roerkee
SUIU CIl.-\NOR.\ PH.\" A8H ( AII"nal, )
SUBI MAJIADln IhuAR.\HJA Ferro-Concrete Consuhants Pvt Ltd, Indore
SHRJ ,,\8J10K B.Il.\S.'HIA ( .4It"nat, )
58n, A. K. CHATTER.lF:F. Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI A. C. Ro\" ( Alt"nal, )
CRIE. Caleuun Port Trust, Calcutta
S"t" S. Gl'MA (Alttl'IIalt )
SUUI R. K. 0.-\8 Gl-PT.' Simplex Concrete Piles (I) Pvt Lid. Calcutta
SHRt H. G\TJlA BI8\\ AS ( Altlrnatt ) ,
SHRI 1\. G. D.o\llTIU.\u In personal capacit) ( 5 HUft,'rfottJ Cou", 121 HUft",.
ford Str,II, CaMilla)
SRIII V. C. Pressure Piling Co (I) Pvt Lid, IomlJay
DIllEr-TOil Central Soil & 'Researcb Station,
Ne\v Delhi
DP:Pt-T' I) ntrCTOR ( AI"'IIt", ) ,
SHin A. H. Dl\P.. \N,'1 Asia Feundarion and Construction Private Limited,

( Conli,.,,,d on/HI" 2 )
<e L'op,1ri,AI 1985
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Thia publicatioD il preteeted under the /"dill" en"),,.,h' At' (XIV of 1957) and
reprocluctioD In whole or in pan by any mean, with writteD penni.ion of tb.
publish.....11 be deemed to be an infrinlemenl of coPyrilht uDd.r the said Act.
rl. 2111 ( Part 4 ) 1115
(C,,.,i,..,1d fr.m /M" I )
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Ltd, Bombay
In perlonal capacity (EJ04 A, Siml. H.uII,' JYt/JI""
Sill RMd, )
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tion, Chandi,arh
M, N, Dastur It Company PvtLtd, Calcutta SKill S, R.
SKaI S. Roy ( AII,rntll, )
811al A. P. MA.THUR.
SI V. B. l\fATllua

AIIfftWI R,/W,s,,,"'"
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DRGoPAL a...IAN University of Roorkee, Roorleee
Ss., N. JAGAN.A.TH Steel Authority of India Ltd, Dur,apur
SUI A. K.. MITB' ( .ill",..t,)
SaRI K. JAil' G. S. JAIY It Auociatel, New Delhi
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SBRI J. S. KOIILI
SI T.. K. D. MU:-fsi
SHRI M. IYEJ(oAR ( .fll,,"at, )
S.RI A. V. S. Ro. MeaTY Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi
SI B. K. PA1fTRAXY Hindustan Conl'ruction Co Ltd. Bombay
SRal V. M. MADGE ( A/I,rnal, )
SBJU M. R.. PUtfJA Cemindia Company Ltd, Bombay
SKftl D. J. KXTKAB ( Alt,rnat, )
SaRI N. E. V. Braithwaite Burn It Jeuop Construction Company
Ltd, Calcutta
Da V. V. S. R.,o Consultants Private Limited, New Delhi
Da A. SAROUMAK College of Enlineeriol. Madras
SaRI S. ( AlI,rnal, )
SRRI N. SIYAOt1RU l\tlinistry of Shipping" Traruport ( Roads Win, )
SHat M. K. M17KKERJEIC ( Altnnat. )
SO.BRJJfTDDING t N 0 I If E E n Central Public Worka Department, N.w
( DEIIONS)
ExsCVTIY& If 0 I E a
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Da A. VA.ADA.AIA. Indian IDScitute oCTechnololY, New Delhi
D. It. KAXIA"" ( .4"""." )
SOl Q. RA, Director General, JSI ( E.-offitY M",,", )
Director ( Cly En )
Sm".,,,
SHRI K. M. MATHea
Joint Director ( Civ Ens. ). lSI
(eM';"'" ,." II)
2
AMENDl\1EN'I' NO. 1 MAY 1989
1'0
IS : 2911 (Part 4 ) - 1985 CODE OF PRACTICE
li()I{ DESIGN AND CONSrrl{UCTJON OF
I'ILE
PART 4 LOAD TEST ON PILES
( l:trsl Re vision )"
( Page 9, clause 6.1.6.1 ) - Substitute the following for the existing
clause:
'6.1.6.1 However, routine lest shall he curried' for n test loud of ut
least equal to the working load; the maximum settlement of the lest loading
in position being not exceeding 25 rnm.'
( 1)1)(' 43 )
Unit.'BIS, NewDelhi" India

AMENDMENT NO. 2 JUNE 2010
TO
IS 2911 (PART 4) : 1985 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS

PART 4 LOAD TEST ON PILES

( First Revision )

(Page 6, clause 4.2, second line) Substitute 0.5 for one-half.


(CED 43)

Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India


III 2111 ( P.... ) -1115
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART 4 LOAD TEST ON PILEI
( First Revision)
o. FORE WO RD
e.1 This Indian Standard (Part 4) (First Revision) was adopted
by the Indian Standards Institution on 20 I'ebruary 1985, after the draft
finalized by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Piles find application in foundation to transfer loads from a structure
to competent subsurface strata having adequate load bearing capacity.
The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the surrounding ground is
complicated and could not yet be fully ascertained, although application
of piled foundations is in practice over many decades. Broadly, piles
transfer axial loads either substantially by skin friction along its shaft
or substantially by the end bearing. Piles are used where either of the
above load transfer mechanism is possible depending upon the subsoil
stratification at a particular site. Construction of pile foundations require
a careful choice of piling system depending upon the subsoil conditions.
the load characteristics of a structure and the limitations (f total settle-
ment, differential settlement and any other special requirement of a
project. The installation of piles demands careful control on positlon,
alignment, depth and involve specialized skill and experience.
0.3 Pile load test is the most direct method for determining the safe
loads on piles including its structural capacity with respect to soil in
which it is installed. It is considered more reliable on account of itI
being ira-situ test than the capacities computed by other methods, such as
static formula, dynamic formulae and penetration teat data. There are
widely varying practices followed for load tests on piles. Particularly,
the difficulties regarding the establishment of an acceptable criterion, for
determining the ultimate and safe bearing capacity of piles, and predie-
ing the pile group behaviour from the test data obtained from individual
load test on single pilei. cannot be under-estimated as the factors

IS I 2911 (Part 4 ) 1985
affecting are filany. However, an attempt i. made to bring out an unified
approach to the various aspect of load test on piles. This standard wu
first prepared in 1979. The revised version has been prepared so as to
give more details in regard to the rate of loading and unloading and the
details of the situations when the different types ortests are conducted.
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement or
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS : 2-1960. The number ofsignificant places retained
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard ( Part 4 ) covers the load test on all types of piles cove-
red in IS : 2911 ( Part I/Sec 1 ).1979t, IS : 2911 ( Part l/Sec 2 )-1979:.
IS : 2911 ( Part l/Sec 3 )-1979, IS : 2911 ( Part I/Sec 4 )-198411, IS : 2911
( Part 2 )-1980' and IS : 2911 ( Part :3 ) 1980 and provides guidelines
for determinati-m of safe load based on the following types of loadings.
a) Vertical load test ( compression ),
b) Lateral load test, and
c) Pull-out test.
1.2 Load tests under vibratory loads, moments and other forces and
sequence of loading under special circumstances like yield load capacity
of buckling piles are not covered in this standard.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shan apply.
2.1 Cat-OS- Level - The level where the installed pile is cut-off to
support the pile caps or beams or any other structural components at
that level.
-Rules for roundiftl off numerical value. ( ).
tCode of practice for design and construction or pile foundations: Part 1 Concrete
pilei, Section 1 Driven calt i"-sil,, concrete piles (first "Dis;'" ).
tCode of practice for design and con.4Jtruction of pile foundationa: Part 1 Concrete
piles, Section 2 Bored cast irasitu concrete piles (firs' ,lVisiota ).
Code of practice for detign and construction of pile foundations: Part I Concrete
pile!', Section S Driven precast concrete pilei (ps' rlvisio,. ).
IICode of practice for design and construrtion of pile foundations: Part 1 Concrete
pilei, Section 4 Bored conerete pilei.
,Code of practice Cor d.isn and construction of pile (ouadatiQDJ: Part 2 Timber
pUes (first rms;o1l ).
*'Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 9 Under-
reamed piles (first ""';SI01l ).
4

IS I 2911 ( Part 4 ) 1985
2.2 Dat... Bar - A rigid bar placed on immovable supports.
2.3 Pactor 01 Safety - The ratio of the ultimate load capacity of a
pile to the safe load of a pile.
~ laitial Te.t :- It is carried with a view to determine ultimate load
capacity and the safe load capacity.
2.5 Keatleclle - Dead-weight used for applying a test load on piles.
2.6 Net DI.plaeemeDt - Net movement of the pile top from the
original position after the pile has been subjected to a test load and
subsequently released.
2.7 Roati.e Teat - It is carried out on a working pile with a view to
check whether pile is capable of taking the working load assigned to it.
2.8 Te.t Pile - A pile which is meant for initial test.
2.9 Total DlaplaeemeDt ( Gross) - The total movement of the pile
top under a given load.
2.10 Total Ela.tic Dl8placemeat - "fhis is magnitude of the
displacement of the pile due to rebound caused at the top after removal
of a given test load. This comprises two components as follows:
a) Elastic displacement of the soil participating in load transfer,
and
b) Elastic displacement of the pile shaft.
2.11 Ultimate Load Capacity - The maximum load which a pile or
pile shaft can carry before failure of ground ( when the loil fails by shear
as evidenced from the load settlement curves) or failure of pile.
2.12 Sale Load - It is a load on a pile derived by applying a factor of
lafety on ultimate load capacity of pile as determined by load test.
2.13 WorklDI Load - The load assigned to a pile according to design.
2.1f WorklDI Pile - A pile forming part of foundation of a structural
system which may be used for routine load test. #
3. NECESSARY INFORMATION
3.1 The following information is necessary for pile(s) on which test is
propoled:
a) Pile type including material and reinforcement details, group of
pilei, if any;
b) Method of driving with driving record or installation;
c) Pile depth(s) and details of crols-section(s);
5

III 2111 ( Part ) 1_
d) Type of telt desired;
e) Layout of the pUe(l) - 'pace ayailable around and position in
the group for lingle pile test;
f) Depth of water table and soil strata details with soil telt relultl;
Safe load and ultimate load capacity, and the metbod(l) on
which based;
11) Availability and provision of type of piles or anchors or kentledge
for reaction;
j) Nature of loading/loading plan with a particularly mention of
pile(l) which may be free Itanding when .cour i. expected; and
k) Any other information concerning planning and conducting the
tests including the relevant palt experience concerning similar
test{I).
4. TYPES OF TESTS
4.0 There are two types of tests for each type of loading (that ii, vertical,
lateral and pullout ), namely, initial and routine test.
4.1 laltlal Tt - This test is required for one or more of the
follo\\'ing purposes. This is done in case of important and/or major
projects and number of tests may be one or more depending upon the
number of piles required.
Non: - In cale specific information about strata aDd put luidiul is
Dot available, there mould be minimum of two testl.
a) Determination of ultimate load capacities and arrival at safe
load by application of factor of safety,
b) To provide guidelines for setting up the limits of acceptance for
routine telts,
c) To study the effect of piling on adjacent existing structures and
take decision for the suitability of type of piles to be used,
d) To get an idea of suitability of piling system, and
e) To have a check on calculated load by dynamic or static
approaches.
4.2 R.ad.. Te.t - This test is required for ODe or more or the
followinlr purposes. The Dumber of teatl may generally be one-half
percent of the total number of piles required. The number of the teat
may be increased up to 2 percent in a particular cue depmdin, upon
nature, type of structure and Itrata condition:
a) One or the criteria to determine the saCe load of the pile;
b) Checkmg saf. load and extent of ..rety (or the specific functional
requirement of the pile at workiDlloadj and
6
IS I 2111 ( ....t 4 ) 1115
c) Detection oC any unusual performance contrary to the findings
of the initial telt, if carried out.
5. GENBRAL REQ,UlREMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL TYPEI
OF TUTI
5.1 Pile telt may be carried out on a ~ i n g pile or a group of pilei as
required. In case pf piJe groups, caps wiU be provided such that the
required condition. ,r actual use are fulfilled.
5.2 Generally the load application and deflection observation will be
made at the pile top.
U In particular cases where upper part of pile is likely to be exposed
later on due to scour, dredging or otherwise then capacity contributed
by that portion of the piJe during load test shall be duly accounted for.
The pile group' in tbe.. conditions shall be tested without tlleir cap
resting on the ground.
5.4 The test should be carried out at cut-off level wherever practicable,
otherwise suitable allowance Ihall bemade in the interpretation of the
telt results/test load if the test is not carried out at cut-off level.
I. VERTICAL LOA.D TEST (COMPRESSION)
1.1 0 .....1 - In this type of test. compression load is applied to the
pile top by mealll of a hydraulic jack against rolled steel joist or suitable
load frame capable of providing reaction and the settJement is recorded
by suitably pOlltioned dial gauges. Maintained load method as given
in 6.2 should be used for determination of safe load, However, for
specific requirements cyclic and CRP methods, which are alternate
methods, may be used as mentioned in 6.3 and fi.4. The general require-
mentl applicable for these three methods are given frolb 6.1.1 to 6.1.6,
unlel. otherwise specified.
'.1.1 p"p4,IJJi,n ofPil, IlIad - The pile bead should be chipped off
to natural horizontal plane till sound concrete i. met. ~ The projecting
rejnforcement should be cut off or bent suitably and the top finished
.mooth and level Yvith plaster of Pari. or similar synthetic material where
required. A bearing plate with a hole at the centre should be placed on
the head of the pile for the jacks to rest.
1.1.2 A./JllictJt;on of lAad - (Not applicable to CRP method.) The
telt should be carried out by appJyil1" a series of vertical downward
incremental load each increment beinR' of about 20 percent of safe load
an the pile. For teltin. of raker piles it is elsential that loading is along
tbe axil.
7

18 I 2911 ( Part .. ) 1985
&.1.3 Rlaction - The reaction may be obtained from the following:
a) Kentledge placed on a platform supported clear of the test pile.
In case of load test below under-pinned structure, the existing
structure if havin, adequate weight an,d suitable, conltruetion
may serve as kentledge. The centre of gravity of the kentledge
should generally be on the axis of the pile and the load applied
by the jack should also be coaxial with this pile.
b) Anchor piles with centre-to-centre distance with the test pile not
less than 3 times the test pile shaft diameter subject to minimum
of 2 m, If the anchor piles are permanent working pilei, it
should be ensured that their residual uplift is within limits. Care
should be exercised to ensure that the datum bar supports are
not affected by heaving up of the soil.
c) Rock anchors with distance from the nearest edge of the piles at
rock level being 2 times the test pile shaft diameter or 1-5 m
whichever is greater.
6.1.3.1 The reaction to be made available for the test should be
25 percent more than the final test load proposed to be applied.
6.1.4 Settlement - ( Not Applicable for CRP Test. ) Settlement shall be
recorded with minimum 2 dial gauges for single pile and 4 dial gauges of
001 mm sensitivity for groups, each positioned at equal distance around
the piles and normally held by datum bars resting on immovable supports
at a distance of 3 D ( subject to minimum of 15 m) from the edge of
the piles, where D is the pile stem diameter of circular piles or diameter
of the circumscribing circle in the case of square or non-circular piles.
6.1.5 The safe load on single pile for the initial telt should be least of
the following:
a) Two-thirds of the final load at which the total displacement
attains a value of 12 mm unless otherwise required in a given
case on the basis of nature and type of structure in which case,
the safe load should be corresponding to the stated total displace-
ment permissible.
b) 50 percent of the final load at which the total displacement
equal 10 percent of the pile diameter in case of uniform diameter
piles and 75 percent of bulb diameter in case of under-reamed
piles.
6.1.5.1 However routine test shall be carried for a test load of at least
one and half times the working load; the maximum settlement of test
loading in position being not exceeding 12 mm,
8

IS I 2911 ( Part 4 ) 1985
&.1.6 The safe load on groups of piles for initial test shall be least of.
the following:
a) Final load at which the total displacement attains a value of
25 mm unless otherwise required in a given case on the basis of
nature and type of structure, and
b) Two-thirds of the final load at which the total displacement
attains a value of 40 mm.
6.1.6.1 However routine test shall be carried as in 6.1.5.1 the
maximum settlement not exceeding 25 mm,
6.2 Mailltai.ec1 Load Metlaod - This is applicable for both initial
and routine test. In this method application of increment of test load
and taking of measurement Or displacement in each stage of loading is
maintained till rate of displacement of the pile top is either 01 mm in
first 30 minutes or 02 mm in first one hour or till 2 h whichever occur
first. If the limit of permissible displacement as given in 6.1.5 or 6.1.6
fs not exceeded, testing of pile is not required to be continued further.
The test load shall be maintained for 24 h.
6.3 Cyclic Method - This method is used in case of initial test to find
out separately skin friction and point bearing load on single piles
of uniform diameter. The procedure as given in Appendix A or by
instrumentation may be used.
6.4 CRP Method - This method which is used for initial test is
generally considered to be more suitable for determining ultimate bear-
ing capacity than the maintained load test but the load/deflection
characteristics are quite different from those of the maintained load test
and cannot be used to predict settlement of the pile under working load
conditions, This method should not be included in routine test. The
procedure is given in Appendix B.
7. LATERAL LOAD TEST ON PILES
7.1 The test may be carried out by introducing a hydraulic jack with
gauge between two piles or pile groups under test Or the reaction may
be suitably obtained otherwise. If it is conducted by jack located bet-
ween two piles or groups, the full load imposed by the jack shall be
taken as the lateral resistance of each pile or group. The loading should
be applied in increments of about 20 percent of the estimated safe
load.
7.2 The next increment should be applied after the rate of displacement
is nearer to 01 rom per 30 minutes.
7.3 Displacements shall be read by using at least two dial gauges of
001 mm sensitivity (s" Fig. 1 ) spaced at 30 em and kept horizontally
9

II. 2111 ( J-Ui 4 ) .1115
_ above the other Oil the telt pile and the di'j)lacement iaterpolated at
eut-ofr level from limilar t ~ where cut-oft' level Ja unapproachable
and for approachable C1&t-otr level, bowever, ODe dial .au.e placed
diametrically opposite to the jack .hall dinctly meuure the displacement.
When, it il not pouibJe to locale Mi. of the dial .au... in the Ii of
the jack axe., then two dial ,aulI. may bekept at a dilt.nce or so em
at a luitabJe heilht and the djtpJacement interpoJated at load poiDt from
similar triangles.
Non - ODe of the method. (or ..... tliaJpup aDpile IUdlce is to chip ofF
UD-veaCODer on the lid. or the .. aad to fix pleie of ,I 20 to SO Ielare.
Th. dial pu,. tip. aball reseOR alae _tral portioD 01the ,lui plate.
o
JACK
DATUM BAA
SUPPORT SUPPORT
FlO. 1 POIn10K tW DA..". BAa SupPOan
7.f The re lateral load the pile ahall he take" a. the Jealt of the
rollowing:
a) Fifty percent of the laal loael at which the total dilplacemeat
increa.es to 12 mID;
b) Final load at which the cetal cliIpJaceJDIDt c-.orre.pond. to ~ mm;
and
c) Load corre.pondja, to aD)' other .pecJSed di.pJacement .. per
performuce Nquire_.
NOft - Tbe di.plac II at tIM c.-oWl.... ol .. pile.
10
18 2111 ( Pal't .. ) Itl5
7.5 Pile groups shall be telted under CODditioDI al per actual use in the
structure as far a. poaaible.
L PULL-OUT TEIT ON TD PILa
1.1 Uplift force may preferably be applied by means of hydraulic jack(s)
with gauge uling a suitable pullout let up.
NOTB - One of the method. for pull out t.e. that may be used is where hydraulic
jack is m..de to rest on rolled 11..1 joi_(a) ..tin, on two Iupportl on the greued.
"'bc jack r(lacts 81ainac a Crame attacllecl to tlte top of the te.t pUe such that when
tbe jack is operated, the pile letl pulled up and tbe reaction is tranJerred to tbe
Rround through the supports which ar. at J.st 25 D away from the teat pile
periph.ry (,vhere D i. pile t ~ diameter of circular pilei or diameter of the
circumscribing circle i. the ca.. 01lCl-re piles). The Cramework can be attached
10 the pilt- top ,vitb the reillforcement ban which IDay b. threaded or to which
threaded bolts may be welded. AI an altetaative if it sometimes preferable to uae
a central rod (Iesi,ned to tAke pile load aDd embedded centrally in tbe pile to a
lenltb equal to the bond lentlh load required. It will have thread. at top for fixi...
it co the framc\\'ork. For I.fler load. the number of rods may have to be more and
dependil1l on the set-up the.. Inay be put in a lift. or ill any other .ymmetrical
pattern. For routine tests, the ftam.work i. normally attached to tbe reiaforciul
hart but n ('entral rod may also be used in case the upper portion of the pile is
required to be hl,ill up.
8.2 The test pile shall have adequate Iteel to withstand pulling. In
some cases, in order to allow for neck tension in a pull out test, it lnay be
necessary to provide additional reinforcement in the piles to be tested.
8.3 The pull out load increments and consequent displacement readings
shall be read as in the case of vertical load test.
8.4 The safe load shall be taken as the lealt of the following:
a) Two.. third. of the load at which the total displacement is 12 mm
or the load corresponding to a specified permissible uplift, and
b) Half of the load at which the load-displacement curve shows a
clear break ( downward trend ).
1.5 The initial test shall be carried out up to twice the estimated safe
load or until the load displacement curve shows a cleat- break (down-
ward trend ).
I.' R.outine test shall be carried out to one-end-a-half times the estimated
lafe I03d or 12 mm total displacement whichever is earlier.
t. UCOIlDING OF DATA AND PUlBNTATION
t.1 The pile telt data nti.Uy conce..... th.... variables, namely, load,
displacement and time. TIM..... to be 'recorded sequeatially for the
t_under coftlideration 41 recorded in a auit.ble tabular form alonl
witb tbe information about the pile.
11
III 2911 ( Part 4 ) 1985
9.2 The data may be suitably presented by curves drawn between the
variables and safe loads shown on the graphs. Load displacement curve
should be an essential part of presentation.
APPENDIX A
Clause 6.3 )
CYCLIC LOAD TEST METHOD
A-I. METHOD
A-I.I Alternate loading and unloading shall be carried out at each stage
as in 6.1.2 and each loading stage shall be maintained as in 6.2 and each
unloading stage shall be maintained for at least 15 minutes and the sub-
sequent elastic rebound in the pile should be measured accurately by
dial gauges as in 6.I.t. The test may be continued up to 50 percent
over the safe load.
A-2. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS FOR FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE
A-2.1 Graphical Method
A-2.1.1 The analysis shall be done as explained in Fig. 2.
.\.-2.1.2 Assuming that there is no compression in the pile, plot a graph
relating total elastic recovery and load at the pile top.
A-2.1.3 Draw a straight line paraJJel to the strajght portion of curve
I to divide the load into two parts and thereby obtained approximate
values of point resistance and akin friction.
A-2.1.4 From the approximate value of skin friction
J
and knowing the
loads on top of pile, compute the elastic compression of the pile corres-
ponding to these loads, by the following formula:
_ (T- F/2)L
AE
where
6 - elastic compreuion of pile in em,
T .. load on pile t6p in kif,
F == frictional reaiatance in kIf,
L - leDllh or the pile iDem,
.4 .. crol...ctional area or the pUein em
l
, and
E - modulul of elasticity of the pile material in klf/eml.
12

IS I 2111 ( 4 ) 1185
LOAD ON PILE TOP IN TONNES
0-5
E
'0
E

LIJ
0
'5
FRICTION
c:(
Q:
0

en
:J
2-0
(/)
u,
PARALLEL
0
,
? 2-5
\
II
0
\
U;
POINT
\
(/)
\
III AND FINAL
lJJ
RESISTANCE
\
ex
Q.
3-0
\
\
0
\
\
u
r-PARALl El --,

3-5
t-
\
\
(/')
4
\
\
...J
\
\
UJ
1.-0 \
\1
\
\
\
\
\
'5
\
\
,
\
\
\
\
,
,
Flo. 2 ANALYSIS OF CYCLIC LOAD TEST DATA POR OF
SKIN FRICTION AND POINT RESISTANCE
13

III 2111 ( Part 4 ) ~ 1_
(The value should DormaUy b, measured from an expoled portiOD
of pJle Item by means of compreuometer durin, the load telt itae1f. )
A-2.1.5 Obtain valu. or the elutic compreaioD of the lubgrade by
lubtractiDI the elastic compreuioa of the pUe from the total eJaltlc
recovery of pile, and plot the graph reI.tiDS theae Dew valu. to the
corresponding load. on pile top. WheD elutie compreN.ion of the sub-
Irade works out negative, the Delative value Ihall be ignored until tbe
value is positive.
A-2.1.& Repeat the procedUftl given in .-2.1.3 to obtain new values
of skin friction. .
A.-2.1.7 The proCell of further approximations covered in A-2.1.1 may
be repeated further to any d.ired extent, but usually the third curve
would give sufficiently accurate values for akin friction for practical
purposes.
A-2.2 Aaal)'tleal Metk_
A-2.2.1 From straight line portion of curve ( HI Fig. 2 ) calculate the
value of constant from the equation ( 1 ).
rn ~ tl.. - ( ~ )L ..... , ., ( 1 )
~ ~
where
m a= a constant;
6.. .. change in total elastic settlement of pile top = ( S - S ),
in em;
~ T .. change in applied load all ( T b - Ta ) in kgfj
L = length of pile iDem;
A - cross-sectional area of pile in em
l
;
E -= elastic modulus of the material of the pile in kgf/eml;
and
T =- load on pile top in kIf:
A-2.2.2 Calculate the corrected lettlement for different load increment
by equation ( 2 ).
S = ",T ........ ( 2 )
where
S =:II corrected settlement in em, and
T -.:; total load on pile top in kgf.
14

II I 2111 ( Part 4 ) - 1_
A-U.S Knowing value of WI and S compute akin friction and point
bearing by solving simultaneous equation ( 3 ) and ( 4 ).
T --: P + F ( 3 )
( T - Ff2 ) L '
S .. mP + - AE _.. - -_. ( 4 )
where
P - point bearing in kgf, and
F skin friction in kgf.
APPENDIX B
( Cltlus, 6.4 )
CaP TBn
B-1. PROCEDUIlE
8-1.1 The load shall he measured by means of pressure Qf 001 mm
sensitivity load gauge. The penetration ( deflection ) should be measured
by means of dial gauges held by a datum bar resting on immovable supports
at a distance of at least 3 D ( subject to a minimum of 1-5 m) away from
the rest pile edge where D is defined in 6.1.5_ One of the dial gauges
will be selected fot conducting the telt. With continuous apphcation of
pressure on tlte pile top by operating of the jack, a person watches the
rate of settlement of the dial gauge against a stop watch held in his hand
and directs the pump operator to pump faster or slower or at the same
rate as needed to maintain the prescribed rate of settlement say at every
0-25 mm settlement, he gives an indication to take readings. Immedia-
tely, other persons record the pressure gauge readings and other dial
gause readings. The pump supplying the jack may be hand or
mechanically operated. For force up to 200 ton hand pumping is con-
venient. If a mechanical pump i. used, it should, for preference, have
an 'infinite variable' delivery, controlled either by a bitted valve or a
variable speed drive.
11-1.2 The jack should be operated to cau.. the pile to penetrate at
uniform rate which may be controlled ~ r cbeekinl the time taken for
sman increments or pmetratiOb ad acIjultial the pumpin. rate accord-
iDlly_ Reading. of time, penetratioa ud load Ihould be taken at
lufticiently clole interval. to lift ~ u e coacrol of the rate of penetra-
bon. A tate of penetration or abeut 0'15 81. per minute i uitable for
predominantly friction pUlL P., ...........t11 endrinl pile. in
IUld o ~ Iravel, rate or peaetrati_ o( I-S per minute may be uled.
15

III 2911 ( Part t ) 1"5
fho rata of penetration, jf steady, may be half or twice these values
without significantly affecting the results, The test should be carried
Gut for the penetration more than 10 percent of the diameter of the
pile bue.
11-1.3 As the test proceeds a curve between load and penetration should
be drawn to determine when the ultimate load capacity has been
reached.
B-2. ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITY
114.1 The curve of load versus penetration in the case of a predominantly
friction pile will represent either a peak and the subsequent downward
trend, or a peak and then almost a straight line, as shown in Fig. SA.
The peak load marked .A in Fig. 3A will represent the ultimate load
capacity of pile.
11-2.2 In the case of predominantly end-bearing pile the curve will be
similar to that shown in Fig. 3D and the ultimate load capacity may be
taken u the load corresponding to the penetration equal to 10 percent
of the diameter of the pile base.
5
f
..
0'
c
o
,.j
100
80
60
20
a
A
I

lA

/1
V
1/
J
,
10 15 20 2S
PENETRATION, mm
3A Predominlntlv Friction Piles
16
30 35

-----
----

/
I
I
I
II
,
200
160
t 120
Q'
a 80
-J
40
o 12-S 2S-0 375 50-0 62-5 150
PENETRATION. mm
38 Predominantlv End Bearing Pilei
Flo. 3 LOAD VS PENETRA1JON CURVE IN CRP TEST
17

III Bil ( Pa..et ) It15
(cn fttnll ,.,, 2 )
Pile Foundations Subcommittee, BDC 4S : 5
e...,
SIIRI M. D. TAXRA.ft
Pradeep Villa. 92 Kotnis Path M:ahim, Bombay
AI".", R"r's.,i",
SHRI CK.''''JI&A PRAKAIJII Central Duildins Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
SURl K. G. 0.\.0 ( All""." )
S.al A. aRMHAL Stup Conaultantl Limited, Bombay
SI ft.1. IYDOAB Enlin..r. India Limited, New DeIhl
SJIRI J. K. DAGeUI ( AI,,,,,.,, )
SURI P. K. JAI. Univenity Roorkee
SIIRI A. N. J.xaL. J\lia Foundations and Construction Private Limlt.d,
Bombav
JOI"T DII"WCToa R,.... o'"Railways ( RDSO )
( GR )-11
n.PC" DIR.croa aABell
( GB )-111 ( AI,,,,..,,)
SKRt D. K. PAnHAIt\" Hindustan Construction Company Limited, Bomh3Y
5H"1 P. V. HAIX ( AI",.,,)
5, M. Il. PV."A Cemlndia Company Limited, Bombay
5."1 D. J. Kft1C.'. ( A"""'" )
S.al 8. RuftO.,. Pilc Foundations Construction Company (India)
Prlyate Limited, Calcutta
SR.l s, C. loR. ( ..""""" )
SURIYI'DDIKO E y a I E E R Crntral Public \\forks Department, Ne\ Delbi
( D_IONI)
ES"t-'I'nJ: E If 0 , " Ii: R
( DElIa". ) V ( ..1"',,..,, )
18
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Sinha Path. 54 11 37
C"""'''''''GIY:
Plot No. 2018. IV. Sahibabad Indu.trIaI Area, s.hlbllbld 201010
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CALCUTTA7GGD12
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....