ME 333 Fluid Mechanics Homework 1 Solutions

Nick Stelzenmuller
April 12, 2013
Problem 1
Problem Statement:
A gas may gas may be considered rareed if it contains less than 10
12
molecules/mm
3
.
At what pressure can air be considered rareed at 18 C?
Approach:
Treat air as an ideal gas, use ideal gas law with consistant units, check for dimensional
homogeneity.
Assumptions:
Air can be treated as an ideal gas under these conditons.
Governing Equations:
P = RT Where P is pressure, is density, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is
absolute temperature.
Solution:
Let A=number of molecules/volume at which air is considered rareed.
Let the density of rareed air =
R

R
= A
M
N
A
, where M is the molecular mass of air and N
A
is Avogadros number.
Substitute this expression into the ideal gas law: P =
AM
N
A
RT
1
From Table A.4: M = 28.97g/mol, R
air
= 287
m
2
s
2
k
From the problem statement: A = 10
2 molecules
mm
3
, T = 10

C = 291

k
P
R
= 10
12
molecules
mm
3
(1000mm)
3
1m
3
1mol
6.023 10
23
molecules
28.97
g
mol
1kg
1000g
287
m
2
s
2
k
291k
P
R
= 10
12
(
(
(
(
((
molecules

mm
3
(1000

mm)
3
1m
3
1

mol
6.023 10
23
(
(
(
(
((
molecules
28.97

g

mol
1kg
1000

g
287
m
2
s
2

k
291

k
P
R
4.0
kg
ms
2
= 4.0 Pa
Air can be considered rareed at 18 C if the pressure is less than 4 Pa
Problem 2
Problem Statement:
Given atmospheric conditions on Mars of T = 50 C, P = 900 Pa, nd :
1. The density of the Martian atmosphere, assuming R
g
R
co
2
2. The density of air on Earth given the same conditions
3. The density of CO
2
at T = 18 C, P = 101.6 kPa
Approach:
Use the ideal gas law to solve for density.
Assumptions:
Air and the Martian atmoshere can be treated as ideal gases at these conditions, R
g

R
co
2
Governing Equations:
The ideal gas law: P = RT
2
Solution:
From Table A.4: R
co
2
= 189
m
2
s
2
k
, R
air
= 287
m
2
s
2
k
1.
mars
=
P
R
co
2
T
=
900 Pa
189
m
2
s
2
k
223 k
=
900
kg
ms
2
189
m
2
s
2

k
223

k
2.16 10
2
kg
m
3
2.
air
=
P
R
air
T
=
900 Pa
287
m
2
s
2
k
223 k
=
900
kg
ms
2
287
m
2
s
2

k
223

k
1.41 10
2
kg
m
3
3.
co
2
=
P
R
air
T
=
101.6 kPa
189
m
2
s
2
k
223 k =
101600
kg
ms
2
287
m
2
s
2

k
291

k
1.85
kg
m
3
The density of the Martian atmospere at P = 900 Pa, T = 50 C 2.16 10
2
kg
m
3
The density of air at P = 900 Pa, T = 50 C 1.41 10
2 kg
m
3
The density of CO
2
at P = 101.6 kPa, T = 18 C 1.85 10
2
kg
m
3
Problem 3
Problem Statement:
A rigid tank contains helium gas at 600 kPa and 20 C. What is the change in pressure
if the temperature increases to 40 C?
Approach:
Use the ideal gas law to nd the original helium gas density in the tank. A rigid tank
does not allow mass or volume change, so density must stay constant in the tank, and
we can use this fact to solve for pressure.
Assumptions:
Helium can be treated as an ideal gas at these conditions, mass of gas in the tank is
constant.
Governing Equations:
Ideal gas law: P = RT
3
Solution:
Constant density implies
P = RT =
P
1

RT
1
=
P
2

RT
2
P
2
P
1
= P
1

T
2
T
1
1

P
2
P
1
= 600 kPa

313 k
293 k
1

41 kPa
The pressure in the tank rises by 41 kPa when the temperature rises from 20 C to 40 C
Problem 4
Problem Statement:
A 25 mm shaft is being pulled through a bearing lled with lubricant. The gap between
the bearing and the shaft is 0.3 mm and the bearing is 0.5 m long. The lubricant has a
kinematic viscosity of = 8 10
4
m
2
/s and a density of = 910 kg/m
3
.
Find the force necessary to pull the shaft through the bearing at 3 m/s.
Approach:
Use the relationship between shear stress and the shear deformation of a Newtonian
uid. =
du
dy
, to solve for the required force
Assumptions:
The lubricant is a Newtonian uid, the velocity prole in the gap is linear, the no-slip
condition holds at the boundaries.
Governing Equations:
=
du
dy
, where is the shear stress at the surface, is dynamic viscosity, and
du
dy
is the
velocity gradient at the boundary.
4
Sketch:
Solution:
From the no-slip condition
u|
bearing
= 0 u|
shaft
= 3m/s
We assume the velocity prole is linear, so
du
dy
|
shaft
=
u|
bearing
u|
shaft
h
Using = and =
F
A
, where A is the area of the shaft in the bearing,
=
du
dy
=
F
A
=

u|
bearing
u|
shaft
h

F = 2RL
u|
bearing
u|
shaft
h
F =

2
25

mm

2
0.5

910
kg

m
3

8 10
4

m
2
s

0 3m/s
0.3

mm
F 286 N
The uid exerts a 286 N force on the uid to the left,
so the required force to move the shaft is 286 N to the right.
5
ME 333 Fluid Mechanics Homework 2 Solutions
Nick Stelzenmuller
April 19, 2013
Problem 1
Problem Statement:
The plunger on a hydraulic press is used to raise a piston. There is a lever on the plunger
that multiplies the input force by a factor of 4. Given a plunger area of 0.0012 m
2
and
a piston area of 0.2 m
2
, what load can be raised by the piston if 1000 N is applied to
the lever?
Approach:
Use the hydraulic force balance to nd the unknown force.
Assumptions:
Nothing in the system is accelerating signicantly, the hydrostatic pressure due to the
weight of the uid is unimportant.
Governing Equations:
P
1
= P
2
(hydrostatic equilibrium), F = PA
Solution:
The lever is a force multiplier, so 4F
1
= P
1
A
1
, and F
2
= P
2
A
2
P
1
= P
2

4F
1
A
1
=
F
2
A
2
F
2
=
4A
2
F
1
A
1
=
4(0.2m
2
)1000N
0.0012m
2
666.7kN
A 1000 N force on the lever can lift a 666.7 kN load on the piston
1
Problem 2
Problem Statement:
A cylindrical tank with hemispherical ends contains a volatile liquid and its vapor. The
liquid density
L
=120 kPa, and atmospheric pressure P
A
=101 kPa. Find:
1. The gage pressure reading on the pressure gage
2. The height h of the mercury manometer
Approach:
Use the hydrostatic balance to solve for pressure, noting that we have three uids in the
system.
Assumptions:
Assume
vapor
<<
L
, and neglect the hydrostatic pressure created by the weight of the
vapor.
Governing Equations:
P
1
= P
2
gh, where P
1
is measured a distance h above P
2
2
Sketch:
6


4. Problem 2.46


5. Problem 2.61



Solution:
Pressure gage:
Let h
2
be the vertical distance from the free surface of the liquid to the gage.
P
gage
= P
vapor
+
L
gh
2
P
A
= 120kPa + 800kg/m
3
(9.81m/s
2
)1m
1kPa
1000Pa
101kPa
P
gage
26.848 kPa
Manometer:
Remembering that the pressure at a specic depth is constant, so
P
2
= P
vapor
+
L
gh
2
= P
A
+
Hg
gh
h =
P
vapor
P
A
+
L
gh
2

Hg
g
=
120kPa 101kPa + 800kg/m
2
(9.81m/s
2
)1m(1kPa/1000Pa)
13500kg/m
3
(9.81m/s
2
)(1kPa/1000kPa)
h 0.203 m
The gage pressure at the pressure gage is approximately 26.85 kPa,
and the height of the manometer is approximately 0.203 m
3
Problem 3
Problem Statement:
A hinged rectangular gate is held at an angle of 70 degrees to the horizon by a cable,
with water on one side and atmosphere on the other. The gate is 1 m wide and 3 m
long, and the free surface meets the gate 2.5 m along its length. Find the tension in the
cable and the reaction force at the hinge.
Approach:
Find the resultant hydrostatic force (magnitude, direction, and location) on the hinge
using the equations for hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces. Sum the moments around
the hinge to nd the cable tension, and sum the forces on the gate to nd the reaction
force on the hinge.
Assumptions:
System is static (in equilibrium).
Governing Equations:
Key simplications of the hydrostatic force F =

pdA for plane surfaces are:

the hydrostatic force can be simplied to a single force vector F = h
CG
A, where h
CG
is the depth of the centroid of the plane, applied at the center of pressure. The center of
pressure formula for the case when the other side of the plane is exposed to atmosphere
is:
y
CP
=
I
xx
sin()
h
CG
A
, and x
CP
=
I
xy
sin()
h
CG
A
, where I is the moment of inertia and is the
angle of the plane w.r.t. the horizon. x
CP
, and y
CP
are the coordinates of the center of
pressure w.r.t. the centroid.
4
Sketch:
Denition of terms on the sketch:
F
c
is the tension in the cable
F
p
is the resultant force due to hydrostatic pressure
F
g
is the force due to the weight of the gate
P
1
is the centroid of the gate
P
2
is the centroid of the portion of the gate that is submerged
P
3
is the center of pressure
Solution:
Resultant hydrostatic force and center of pressure
The resultant pressure force is F
p
= h
CG
A, where A = bl
2
. From the sketch,
h
CG
=
l
2
2
sin() F
P
=
l
2
2
2
bsin() 28.7kN
F
p
acts at the center of pressure (P
3
), which is located a distance l
3
along the gate from
P
2
.
5
l
3
=
I
xx
sin()
h
CG
A
The gate is rectangular, so I
xx
=
b(l
2
)
3
12
l
3
=
b(l
2
)
3
sin()
12(l
2
/2)sin()bl
2
=
l
2
6
Force and moment balances
The problem is now a simple statics problemto nd the tension in the cable F
c
we
must sum the moments about the hinge:

M
A
= F
p
(
l
2
2
l
3
) + F
g
l
1
2
cos() F
c
l
1
sin() = 0
F
c
=
F
p
(
l
2
2
l
3
) + F
g
l
1
2
cos()
l
1
sin()
=

l
2
2
sin()bl
2
(
l
2
2

l
2
6
) + F
g
l
1
2
cos()
l
1
sin()
F
c
=
l
3
2
b
6l
1
+
F
g
2
cot() =
9790N/m
3
(2.5m)
3
(1m)
6 3m
+
5000N
2
cot(70

) 9.41 kN
The reaction force on the hinge can be found by summing the forces on the gate in x
and y:

F
x
= F
x
p
F
c
+ A
x
= 0 A
x
= F
c
F
x
p
Recalling that hydrostatic force operates normal to the plane, F
x
p
= F
p
sin() =
l
2
2
2
sin()bsin()
A
x
=
l
3
2
b
6l
1
+
F
g
2
cot()
l
2
2
2
bsin
2
()
A
x
=
l
2
2
b
2

l
2
3l
1
sin
2
()

+
F
g
2
cot()
A
x
=
9790N/m
3
(2.5m)
2
(1m)
2

2.5m
3 3m
sin
2
(70

+
5000N
2
cot(70

) 17.6 kN

F
y
= F
y
p
F
g
+ A
y
= 0 A
y
= F
g
+ F
y
p
6
F
y
p
= F
p
cos() =
l
2
2
2
sin()bcos()
A
y
= F
g
+
l
2
2
2
bsin()cos()
A
y
= 5000N + 9790N/m
3
(2.5m)
2
2
sin(70

)(1m)cos(70

) 14.8 kN
The hydrostatic pressure and the weight of the gate cause a 9.41 kN force in the cable
and a reaction force on the gate at the hinge of 17.6 kN to the left and 14.8 kN up.
7
Problem 4
Problem Statement:
The Ballard Locks are formed by two gates as shown in the sketch. The width of the
locks is 24 m, the angle between the gate and perpendicular to the lock walls is 15
degrees, the water depths are 16.7 m of the Lake Union side and 8.8 m on the Puget
Sound side. Find:
1. The hydrostatic force on a single gate
2. The contact force between the two gates
3. The reaction force at the hinges
Approach:
Similarly to problem 3, this problem can be broken up into: nding a resultant hydro-
static force vector, doing the statics problem that results. The only complication will be
that there is a dierent hydrostatic pressure on each side of the gates. We can solve for
the resultant hydrostatic force vectors for each side and then combine them.
Assumptions:
System is in equilibrium, water on both sides is fresh water of equal densities.
Governing Equations:
Key simplications of the hydrostatic force F =

pdA for plane surfaces are:

the hydrostatic force can be simplied to a single force vector F = h
CG
A, where h
CG
is the depth of the centroid of the plane, applied at the center of pressure.
8
Sketch:
Solution:
Hydrostatic forces
Solving for the resultant hydrostatic force vector for each side separately:
F
L
= h
L
CG
A
L
Noting that the gates are vertical, we can see from the sketch that h
L
CG
=
d
L
2
, A
L
=
bd
L
, b =
w
2cos()
Similarly for the resultant hydrostatic force vector on the Puget Sound side of the gate:
F
S
= h
S
CG
A
S
, h
S
CG
=
d
S
2
, A
S
= bd
S
, b =
w
2cos()
We can combine these hydrostatic force vectors by summing the forces:
F
P
= h
L
CG
A
L
h
S
CG
A
S
= (
d
L
2
bd
L

d
S
2
bd
S
)
9
F
P
= b(
d
2
L
d
2
S
2
) =
w
2cos()
(
d
2
L
d
2
S
2
) = 9790n/m
3
24m
2cos(15

(16.7m)
2
(8.8m)
2
2

12.25 MN
Where F
P
is the resultant hydrostatic force on the gate, operating perpendicular to the
gate in the direction of the Puget Sound.
Contact force and reaction force on the hinge
We can nd the contact force by summing the moments about the hinge:

M
hinge
= F
P

b
2

F
C
bsin() = 0 F
C
=
F
P
(b/2)
bsin()
=
F
P
2sin()
F
C
=
F
P
2sin()
=
w
2cos()
(
d
2
L
d
2
S
2
)
1
2sin)
F
C
= 9790n/m
3
24m
2cos(15

)
(16.7m)
2
(8.8m)
2
2
1
2sin(15

)
23.67 MN
The reaction force on the hinges are found by summing the forces:

F
x
= A
x
F
P
cos() = 0 A
x
= b(
d
2
L
d
2
S
2
)cos() =
w
2cos()
(
d
2
L
d
2
S
2
)cos()
A
x
=
1
4
w(d
2
L
d
2
S
) =
1
4
9790n/m
3
(24m)((16.7m)
2
(8.8m)
2
) 11.83 MN

F
y
= A
y
+ F
P
sin() F
C
= 0 A
y
=
w
2cos()
(
d
2
L
d
2
S
2
)sin() + F
C
A
y
=
1
4
w(d
2
L
d
2
S
)tan() +
w
2cos()
(
d
2
L
d
2
S
2
)
1
2sin)
A
y
=
1
4
9790n/m
3
(24m)((16.7m)
2
(8.8m)
2
)

tan(15

)
1
2cos(15

)sin(15

20.50 MN
The force exerted by the water on a single gate is approximately 12.25 MN towards the Sound,
perpendicular to the gate
The contact force between the gates is approximately 23.67 MN
The reaction force at the hinges is approximately 11.83 MN toward the lake and 20.50 MN
towards the canal
10
Problem 5
Problem Statement:
A rectangular gate, hinged at the bottom, is held in place by a force F
H
applied at the
center of the gate. The gate is 8 m high and 3 m wide, and is connected to a rectangular
passage lled with water connected to a tank (see sketch). F
H
=3500 kN. Find:
1. The maximum value of the depth h above the center of the gate before the gate
begins to open.
2. Consider how the problem would be dierent if the gate was hinged at the top.
Approach:
Find the resultant hydrostatic force (magnitude, direction, and location) using the equa-
tions for hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces. Sum the moments around the hinge to
nd the h. For part 2, sum the moments around the top of the gate
Assumptions:
System is static (in equilibrium).
Governing Equations:
Key simplications of the hydrostatic force F =

pdA for plane surfaces are:

the hydrostatic force can be simplied to a single force vector F = h
CG
A, where h
CG
is
the depth of the centroid of the plane, applied at the center of pressure. The center of
pressure formula for the case when the other side of the plane is exposed to atmosphere
are:
y
CP
=
I
xx
sin()
h
CG
A
, and x
CP
=
I
xy
sin()
h
CG
A
, where I is the moment of intertia ans is the
angle of the plane w.r.t. the horizon. x
CP
, and y
CP
are the coordinates of the center of
pressure w.r.t. the centroid.
11
Sketch:
Solution:
Maximum value of h
The hydrostatic force of the gate is F
P
= h
CG
A where h
CG
is the depth of the centroid
of the gate. Here the gate is a simple vertically oriented rectangle, so h
CG
= h. Let l=
the height of the gate, and b = the width of the gate, so the gate area A = bl.
F
P
= hbl
F
P
acts at the center of pressure, which for a vertically oriented rectangle is vertically
displaced downward from the centroid by a distance:
l
1
=
I
xx
h
CG
A
=
bl
3
12hbl
=
l
2
12h
Summing the moments around the hinge:

M
hinge
= F
H

l
2

F
P

l
2

l
2
12h

= 0
F
H

l
2

= hbl

l
2

l
2
12h

F
H
2hb
=
l
2

l
2
12h
h =
F
H
bl
+
l
6
h =
3.5 10
6
N
(9790N/m
3
)(3m)(8m)
+
8m
6
16.2m
12
The case where the hinge is at the top of the gate
If the hinge were on the top of the gate the hydrostatic pressure force has a longer lever
arm. A longer lever arm means less force is required to balance the moment about the
top hinge, i.e. the water depth h would be lower when the gate opens. We can check
this reasoning by summing the moments about the top hinge:

M
Top hinge
= F
H

l
2

F
P

l
2
+
l
2
12h

= 0
F
H

l
2

= hbl

l
2
+
l
2
12h

F
H
2hb
=
l
2
+
l
2
12h
h =
F
H
bl

l
6
h =
3.5 10
6
N
(9790N/m
3
)(3m)(8m)

8m
6
13.6m
The height of water in the tank such that the gate begins to open is approximately 16.2 m
For the case with hinge on the top of the gate, the critical height is approximately 13.6 m
13
Problem 6
Problem Statement:
A U-tube lled with water rotates about its axis of symmetry. The radius of the U-tube
is 0.1 m, and the height of the water is 0.3 m. Determine the angular velocity necessary
for the water to begin to vaporize in the bottom of the tube.
Approach:
Use the equation for the pressure distribution in a uid subject to rigid body rotation.
Solve for the angular velocity s.t. the pressure at the bottom of the tube equals the
vapor pressure of water.
Assumptions:
The uid in the tube has attained rigid body rotation. Assume standard conditions in
the surrounding environment (T=20 C, P=101.6 kPa)
Governing Equations:
For a uid that has attained rigid body rotation, the pressure distribution in the uid
is given by:
P = C z +
1
2
r
2

2
Sketch:
Problem 6
A rectangular gate, 8 meters in height and 3 meters in width (into the
paper) is located and the end of a rectangular passage that is connected
to a large open tank lled with water. The gate is hinged at its bottom
and held close by a horizontal force F
H
applied at the center of the
gate, as shown in the gure. The maximum value for F
H
is 3500 kN.
Determine the maximum value of the depth, h, above the center
of the gate, before the gate starts to open
Would the value be the same if the gate was hinged at the top?
Show the calculations and explain physically what the result means.
Problem 7
The U tube in the gure is partially lled with water and rotates around
its axis of symmetry, a-a. Determine the angular velocity that will cause
the water to start vaporizing at the bottom of the tube, point A.

"#$ % "#$ %
"#& %
14
Solution:
Let us place the origin on the axis of rotation and at the level of the bottom of the
U-tube. Let h be the distance from the origin to the free surface, and R be the radius
of the U-tube. At the surface P = P
a
, so we can solve for the constant C:
P
a
= C (h) +
1
2
R
2

2
C = P
a
+h
1
2
R
2

2
The water will begin to vaporize at the vapor pressure P
v
, so setting the pressure at P
v
we can solve for :
P
v
= P
a
+ h
1
2
R
2
(0) +
1
2
(0)
2

2
P
v
P
a
h =
1
2
R
2

2
=

P
v
P
a
h
(1/2)R
2
The vapor pressure of water at 20 C is 2.337 kPa (White, Table A.5), so is:
=

2337Pa 101600Pa 9790N/m

3
(0.3m)
(1/2)998kg/m
3
(0.1m)
2
143rad/sec
The water at the bottom of the U-tube begins to vaporize
when the angular velocity reaches 143 rad/sec
15
Problem 7
Problem Statement:
A barge has a trapezoidal shape and is 22 m long into the page (see sketch for all the
other dimensions). If the total weight of the barge and cargo is 300 tons, what is the
draft, H, of the barge in seawater?
Approach:
Use Archimedes law of displacement to relate volume of displacement with buoyancy.
Use geometry to nd an expression for volume of water displaced and solve for H.
Assumptions:
The bow and stern of the barge are simply vertical. Weight is measured in US tons (1
ton=8899.485 N).
Governing Equations:
Archimedes law: Buoyancy force is equal to the weight of uid displaced.
Sketch:
Solution:
Let W= the weight of the barge and cargo, V = the volume of the barge, L= the length
of the barge (22 m), and B = the width of the barge at the bottom (8 m).
Archimedes law gives
V = W
16
The volume of water displaced is:
V = BHL + H(Htan(30

)L
W = L(BH + H
2
tan(30

))
tan(30

)H
2
+ BH
W
L
= 0
Recalling that 1 US ton is 8899.485 N, and
seawater
= 10050 N/m
3
(White, Table 2.1):
H =
B +

B
2
4tan(30

)
W
L
2tan(30

)
=
8m +

(8m)
2
4tan(30

)
3008899.485N
(10050N/m
3
(22m)
2tan(30

)
1.37m
The barge displacement is approximately 1.37 m
17
ME 333 Fluid Mechanics Homework 3 Solutions
Nick Stelzenmuller
April 26, 2013
Problem 1
Problem Statement:
Air at atmospheric conditions is drawn into a compressor at a steady rate of 15 ft
3
/s.
The compression ratio is P
out
/P
in
= 10, and the evolution of the gas can be assumed,
as a rst order approximation, to be isentropic, P/

= constant, where is the ratio of

specic heats for the gas and is equal to 1.4. If the design criteria is that the velocity at
the outlet does not exceed 70 ft/s, what is the minimum diameter for the round pipe at
the outlet?
Approach:
Treating the compressor as a 1-D system, we can use conservation of mass to solve for
the area of the exit pipe.
Assumptions:
System may be approximated as 1-D (i.e. ow is approximately uniform over the cross-
section of the inlet and outlet. Flow is steady.
Governing Equations:
Conservation of mass for a control volume:
d
dt
__
CV
dV
_
+
_
CS
(V n)dA = 0
For a steady, 1-D, xed control volume with one inlet and one outlet, conservation of
mass reduces to:

in
A
in
V
in
=
out
A
out
V
out
1
Sketch:
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME333 Fluid Mechanics Homework #3. Assigned 4/15/11, due 4/22/11
Problem 1
Air at atmospheric conditions is drawn into a compressor at a steady rate of 0.5 m
3
/s. The
compression ratio is P
out
/P
in
= 10, and the evolution of the gas can be assumed, as a rst order
approximation, to be isentropic P/

= constant, where is the ratio of specic heats for the

gas and is equal to 1.4). If the design criteria is that the velocity at the outlet does not exceed
30 m/s, what is the minimum diameter for the round pipe at the outlet?

!"#$%
'(%#$%
)*+,-$..*-
Problem 2
Calculate the force necessary to hold the plug in place at the exit where there is a ow rate of
0.1 m
3
/s of oil coming out of 0.5 m diameter pipe. The pressure dierence between the inside
of the pipe and the outside is 5 MPa.

!"# %
!"& %
'
Solution:

in
A
in
V
in
=
out
A
out
V
out
Where:
A
in
V
in
= 15 ft
3
/s
V
out
= 70 ft/s
We can nd
out
using the isentropic expansion relation P/

= constant, and the

compression ratio P
out
/P
in
= 10.
P
in

in
= constant =
P
out

out

out
=

in
P
out
P
in
= 10

in

out
= 10
1/

in
Substituting this resulting into the conservation of mass equation and solving for A
out
:

in
A
in
V
in
=
out
A
out
V
out
= 10
1

in
A
out
V
out
A
out
=
D
out
4
=

in
A
in
V
in
10
1/

in
V
out
D
out
=

4A
in
V
in
10
1/
V
out
=

4(15ft
3
/s)
10
1/1.4
70ft/s
0.23 ft
The minimum diameter of the compressor outlet pipe is approximately 0.23 ft
2
Problem 2
Problem Statement:
When a 2-D liquid jet hits an inclined at plate, it splits into two streams with equal
speed but uneven thickness. Assuming the shear stresses on the plate is negligible,
calculate the resulting thicknesses, h
2
and h
3
, as a function of the plate angle, . Also
calculate the force on the plate necessary to keep it in place.
Approach:
Conservation of mass and conservation of momentum give three scalar equations we can
use to solve for the three unknowns: h
2
, h
3
, and the magnitude of the reaction force R.
Assumptions:
The ow is steady, the velocity in each jet is approximately uniform (i.e. 1-D approxi-
mation), the uid density is constant, there is no shear stress on the plate, the reaction
force R is normal to the plate.
Governing Equations:
Conservation of mass for a control volume is:
d
dt
__
CV
dV
_
+
_
CS
(V n)dA = 0
Which can be simplied for steady, 1-D systems to:

m
in
=

m
out
(1)
Conservation of momentum for a xed control volume is given as:

F =
d
dt
__
CV
V dV
_
+
_
CS
V(V n)dA = 0
Which can be simplied for steady, 1-D systems to:

F =

( m
i
V
i
)
out

( m
i
V
i
)
in
(2)
3
Sketch:
Problem 3
When a liquid jet hits an inclined at jet, it splits into two streams with equal speed but
uneven thickness. Assuming the shear stresses on the plate is negligible, calculate the resulting
thicknesses, h
2
and h
3
, as a function of the plate angle, . Comment on the limiting cases
= 0
o
and = 90
o
. Calculate the force on the plate necessary to keep it in place.
!
!
#$
#%
#














&
!
Problem 4
To evaluate the terminal velocity of a water droplet in air )the velocity at which it falls under
gravity in steady state), we measure the air velocity behind a droplet as it falls in a wind
tunnel. This velocity if well approximated by the expression: V [1 (r/H)
2
]
2
, where r is the
distance from the droplets center of mass trajectory (axis of symmetry) and H and V are
known values.
Calculate the terminal velocity of the droplet and the drag that the air exerts on it.
Note: Its helpful to study the problem relative to a reference frame xed to the droplet. In this
reference frame, the problem, and the appropriate control volume, can be sketched as follows:
Solution:
We will use equations 1 and 2 to solve for the quantities h
2
, h
3
shown in the sketch, and
the reaction force R, assumed to be normal to the plate resisting the uid pressure. Let
W be the width of the jets into the page.
From the gure:
m
in
= hWV
m
out
= h
2
WV + h
3
WV
Substituting these expressions into equation 3:

m
in
=

m
out
hWV = h
2
WV + h
3
WV h = h
2
+ h
3
(3)
Similarly for conservation of momentum:

F =

( m
i
V
i
)
out

( m
i
V
i
)
in
R = hWV V+h
2
WV V
2
+h
3
WV V
3
Remember that the magnitudes of the jet velocities are equal, but have dierent ori-
entations. When we refer to the magnitude we can use the general V , but the vector
quantity must be specied (V
2
, V
3
, etc.).
Resolving the above vector equation into x and y components:
x component : Rsin() = WhV
2
Wh
2
V
2
cos() + Wh
3
V
2
cos() (4)
4
y component : Rcos() = Wh
2
V
2
sin() + Wh
3
V
2
sin() (5)
Now we have the three equations ([3], [4], and [5]) that we need to solve for the three
variables of interest: R, h
2
, h
3
. Solving [3] for h
2
gives h
2
= h h
3
. Substituting into
[4] and [5]:
Rsin() = WhV
2
W(h h
3
)V
2
cos() + Wh
3
V
2
cos() (6)
Rcos() = W(h h
3
)V
2
sin() + Wh
3
V
2
sin() (7)
Combining [6] and [7]:
R =
WhV
2
+ W(h h
3
)V
2
cos() Wh
3
V
2
cos()
sin()
=
W(h h
3
)V
2
sin() + Wh
3
V
2
sin()
cos()
Simplifying:
h + (h h
3
)cos() h
3
cos()
sin(
=
(h h
3
)sin() + h
3
sin()
cos()
hcos() + hcos
2
() 2h
3
cos
2
() = hsin
2
() + 2h
3
sin
2
()
hcos() + h(cos
2
() + sin
2
()) = 2h
3
(cos
2
() + sin
2
())
h
3
=
h(1 + cos())
2
(8)
Combining [8] with [3] gives:
h
2
= h h
3
h
2
= h
h(1 + cos())
2
=
h(1 cos())
2
(9)
Finally , subtituting [8] and [9] in [5] gives:
Rcos() = Wh
2
V
2
sin() + Wh
3
V
2
sin()
R =
W(
h(1cos())
2
)V
2
sin() W(
h(1+cos())
2
)V
2
sin()
cos()
Simplifying:
R =
WV
2
sin()h
2cos()
[(1 cos()) (1 + cos())]
R = WV
2
hsin()
R = WV
2
hsin()
h
2
=
h(1cos())
2
h
3
=
h(1+cos())
2
5
Problem 3
Problem Statement:
A 10 mm diameter jet of water is deected by a homgeneous block (15mm x 200 mm x
100 mm) that weighs 6 N. Determine the minimum ow rate needed to tip the block.
Neglect and splashback and neglect shear forces.
Approach:
Draw a control volume around where the jet impacts the block, then use conservation of
momentum to nd the external force necessary to balance the momentum ux (i.e. the
force on the block by the jet). Use statics to equate the weight moment and the moment
created by the jet at the bottom right corner of the block.
Assumptions:
Flow is steady, system can be approximated as 1-D.
Governing Equations:
Conservation of momentum for a xed control volume is given as:

F =
d
dt
__
CV
V dV
_
+
_
CS
V(V n)dA = 0
Which can be simplied for steady, 1-D systems to:

F =

( m
i
V
i
)
out

( m
i
V
i
)
in
(10)
6
Sketch:
Problem 2
When a liquid jet hits an inclined at jet, it splits into two streams
with equal speed but uneven thickness. Assuming the shear stresses on
the plate is negligible, calculate the resulting thicknesses, h
2
and h
3
, as
a function of the plate angle, . Comment on the limiting cases = 0

and = 90

. Calculate the force on the plate necessary to keep it in

place.
Problem 3
When a liquid jet hits an inclined at jet, it splits into two streams with equal speed but
uneven thickness. Assuming the shear stresses on the plate is negligible, calculate the resulting
thicknesses, h
2
and h
3
, as a function of the plate angle, . Comment on the limiting cases
= 0
o
and = 90
o
. Calculate the force on the plate necessary to keep it in place.
!
!
#$
#%
#














&
!
Problem 4
To evaluate the terminal velocity of a water droplet in air )the velocity at which it falls under
gravity in steady state), we measure the air velocity behind a droplet as it falls in a wind
tunnel. This velocity if well approximated by the expression: V [1 (r/H)
2
]
2
, where r is the
distance from the droplets center of mass trajectory (axis of symmetry) and H and V are
known values.
Calculate the terminal velocity of the droplet and the drag that the air exerts on it.
Note: Its helpful to study the problem relative to a reference frame xed to the droplet. In this
reference frame, the problem, and the appropriate control volume, can be sketched as follows:
Problem 3
A 10 mm diameter jet of water is deected by a homogeneous rectan-
gular block (15 mm x 200 mm x 100 mm) that weighs 6 N. Determine
the minimum volume ow rate needed to tip the block.

!"# %
!"!#& %
!"!# %
!"!& %
Solution:
First dene some parameters, Let:
V=jet velocity (average, since we assume 1-D jet)
F=force on block by jet
d=jet diameter
w=block width (15 mm)
h=block height (100 mm)
W=weight of block
Force on the block by the jet
For this problem we can choose our control volume such that the momentum in is only
in the x-component, and the momentum out is only in the y-component. The problem
statement tells us to neglect shear, so we can neglect the y-components of the momentum
equation. The x-component of the momentum equation is:

R
x
= mV
Where R is the reaction force, and
m =
d
2
4
V
7
The force on the block by the jet is equal and opposite to the reaction force, so
F = R =
d
2
4
V
2
Statics
The block would overturn by pivoting about the bottom right corner; taking the moment
about this point:

M = W
w
2
F
H
2
= 0
V =

W(w/2)
(d
2
/4)(h/2)
This gives the velocity of the jet s.t. the block begins to tip. The volumetric ow rate,
Q = V A, so
Q
critical
= V
critical
A =

W(w/2)
(h/2)
_
d
2
4
2.66 10
4
m
3
/s
The owrate at which the block begins to tip is approximately 2.66 10
4
m
3
/s
Problem 4
Problem Statement:
Water ows through a 90

pipe bend. The pipe cross-section is a constant 0.1 ft

2
. The
ow rate is a constant 280 gpm. The pressures at the top and left side are 24 and 26 psi,
respectively. The total volume of the bend is 2 ft
3
Calculate the net force R required
to hold the pipe bend in place
Approach:
The change in mometum ux is equal to the sum of the forces acting on the control
volume. These forces are: The force required to hold the bend in place R, the force due
to pressure, F
p
, and the force due to the weight of water in the pipe bend, F
g
.
Assumptions:
System is steady, velocity can be treated as constant across pipe cross-section (1-D),
weight of pipe bend is negligible, density of water is 1.937 slug/ft
3
.
8
Governing Equations:
Conservation of momentum for a xed, 1-D, steady control volume is:

F =

( m
i
V
i
)
out

( m
i
V
i
)
i
n
Pressure force on a control volume is:
F
p
=
_
CS
(p
absolute
p
atmospheric
)(n)dA
Sketch:
Solution:
Conservation of momentum

F = mV
out
mV
i
n
Resolving into x and y components:

F
x
= mV

F
y
= mV
9
Force due to pressure
F
p
=
_
CS
(p
absolute
p
atmospheric
)(n)dA
Resolving into x and y components:
F
x
p
=
_
inlet
(P
inlet
P
atm
)dA = (P
inlet
P
atm
)A
F
y
p
=
_
inlet
(P
outlet
P
atm
)dA = (P
outlet
P
atm
)A
Force due to weight of water in pipe bend
F
y
g
= Vg Where V is the volume of water in the pipe bend
Support force
Adding these forces component-wise:
R
x
+ F
x
p
= mV R
x
= (P
inlet
P
atm
)A mV
R
y
+ F
y
p
+ F
y
g
= mV R
y
= (P
inlet
P
atm
)A + Vg + mV
Where:
m =

V = 1.937
slug
ft
3
280 gpm
_
0.133681 ft
3
1 US gal
_
_
1 minute
60 s
_
1.20839
slug
s
A=0.10 ft
2
V =
m
A
V = 2 ft
3
P
inlet
=26 psi
P
outlet
=24 psi
P
atm
=14.7 psi

water
= 1.937 slug/ft
3
g = 32.1740 ft/s
2
R
x
= (P
inlet
P
atm
)A mV = (P
inlet
P
atm
)A m
m
A
R
x
= (26psi 14.7psi)
_
(12in)
2
1ft
2
_
0.1ft
2

(1.20839slug/s)
2
(1.937slug/ft
3
)(0.1ft
2
)
168.96 lbf
10
R
y
= (P
inlet
P
atm
)A + Vg + mV = (P
outlet
+ P
atm
)AVg + m
m
A
R
y
= (24psi14.7psi)
_
(12in)
2
1ft
2
_
0.1ft
2
+1.937slug/ft
3
(2ft
3
)(32.1740 ft/s
2
)+
(1.20839slug/s)
2
(1.937slug/ft
3
)(0.1ft
2
)
R
y
264.80 lbf
The force required to hold the pipe in place is R = 168.96

i + 264.80

j lbf
Problem 5
Problem Statement:
You are conducting a wind tunnel test to measure the aerodynamic drag (air resis-
tance) over a cylinder. Apply the momentum principle for a control volume to relate
the drag force per unit width, W, in terms of the upstream and downstream velocities
and pressures. The upstream velocity is a 15.6 m/s. The downstream horizontal veloc-
ity measurements are shown in the table below. Upstream pressure is 133.5 Pa (gage)
and downstream pressure is 0.0 Pa (gage). The diameter of the cylinder is 100 mm.
Total wind tunnel height is 240 mm. Neglect any forces on the wind tunnel walls. The
horizontal velocity prole is symmetric about the y axis.
Approach:
This problem asks us to do a force balance on the control volume shown below. The
problem statement says to neglect any forces on the wind tunnel walls; the forces that
remain are: the pressure force on the inlet and outlet, and the force on the CV by the
cylinder. The vector sum of these forces equal the change in momentum ux across the
inlet and outlet of the CV. The key to this problem are choosing the correct simplifying
assumptions and being careful with the signs on the various forces.
Assumptions:
Flow is steady, density is a constant 1.2 kg/m
3
, forces on the wind tunnel walls are
negligible, no vertical pressure gradient, problem is 2-D.
11
Governing Equations:
The force balance includes pressure forces, F
p
and and force on the CV by the cylinder,
F
d
. Expanding these forces for a xed, steady-ow control volume gives:

F
CV
= F
p
+F
d
= Change in momentum ux (11)

F
CV
=
_
CS
P(n) dA +F
d
=
_
CS
VV n dA (12)
Sketch:
Solution:
Forces due to change in momentum ux
The force due to the change in momentum ux is given by:
F
m
=
_
CS
VV n dA
Considering this equation at the inlet and outlet of our control volume gives:
F
m
=
_
inlet
V
in
V
in
dA +
_
outlet
V
out
V
out
dA
From the problem statement we know that V
in
is constant, but V
out
changes with height.
We have data for the outlet velocity at thirteen positions, and we need to use this data
to nd the momentum ux across the outlet of our control volume. We can do this by
numerically integrating, as shown in the table below:
For convenience I will refer to the total momentum ux in Table 1 as M
out
. The inlet
velocity is uniform, so inlet momentum ux is simply:
_
inlet
V
in
V
in
dA = V (HW)V
12
Z position (mm) Air speed (m/s) dA (m
2
) Mean airspeed in dA dM (N)
-120 23.9 0.01W 23.8 6.77W
-110 23.6 0.01W 23.3 6.51W
-100 23.0 0.01W 22.7 6.18W
-90 22.4 0.01W 21.9 5.76W
-80 21.4 0.01W 20.8 5.19W
-70 20.2 0.01W 19.1 4.38W
-60 18.0 0.01W 16.6 3.31W
-50 15.2 0.01W 13.7 2.24W
-40 12.1 0.01W 10.7 1.36W
-30 9.2 0.01W 8.1 0.79W
-20 7.0 0.01W 6.4 0.49W
-10 5.8 0.01W 5.4 0.35W
0 5.0 0.01W 5.4 0.35W
10 5.8 0.01W 6.4 0.49W
20 7.0 0.01W 8.1 0.79W
30 9.2 0.01W 10.7 1.36W
40 12.1 0.01W 13.7 2.24W
50 15.2 0.01W 16.6 3.31W
60 18.0 0.01W 19.1 4.38W
70 20.2 0.01W 20.8 5.19W
80 21.4 0.01W 21.9 5.76W
90 22.4 0.01W 22.7 6.18W
100 23.0 0.01W 23.3 6.51W
110 23.6 0.01W 23.8 6.77W
120 23.9 Total Momentum 86.6481W N
Table 1: The data in the two left columns were given. Area segments are dened between
the measurement points, and the air speeds between adjoining measurement points were
averaged for a representative air speed for each area segment. Momentum ux (dAV
2
)
was calculated for each segment, then summed.
13
Putting this together:

F = V (HW)V +M
out
And because we only have horizontal ow, we can put this in the scalar form in y:

F
y
= (HW)V
2
+ M
out
(13)
Pressure force
The force due to pressure can be similarly divided into inlet and outlet pressure forces:
_
CS
P(n) dA =
_
inlet
P(n) dA +
_
outlet
P(n) dA
Because we our CV is assumed to be surrounded by atmospheric pressure it is convenient
to work in gage pressure, (P P
atm
). From the problem statement we know that the
gage pressure at the outlet is zero, so the pressure force is simply:
F
y
p
= P
in,gage
A
Force on the CV by the cylinder
We can nd the drag force on the cylinder using the force balance:

F
CV
= F
p
+F
d
= V (HW)V +M
out
F
d
= V (HW)V +M
out
F
p
F
y
d
= (HW)V
2
in
+ M
out
P
in,gage
A
F
y
d
= 1.2kg/m
3
(0.24m)W(15.6m/s)
2
+86.6481WN133.5Pa(0.24m)W 15.48W N
F
d
is the force on the control volume by the cylinder, so from Newtons third law the
force on the cylinder by the control volume is F
d
=15.48W N to the right.
The drag on the cylinder is approximately 15.48 N per unit width in the positive y direction
14