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Refrigeration Heat Load Refrigeration Heat Load

Estimating Estimating
2008
Revision: Revision:
1. What are the 6 areas of load for cool /
freezer rooms? freezer rooms?
2. Define K Factor.
3. Define U Factor.
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Learning Outcome 3:
Learning Outcomes: Learning Outcomes:
Learning Outcome 3:
Calculate the product load of a freezer
& cool room using data from relevant tables.
Learning Outcome 4:
Calculate the miscellaneous heat loads of a Calculate the miscellaneous heat loads of a
freezer/cool room.
Content: Content:
- Calculate sensible, latent and respiration
product heat loads.
- Calculate loads for products above and below
freezing.
- Calculate the heat added to a room via
miscellaneous loads:
- Electrical Load
- Human Load
- Defrost Load
- Machinery Load.
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Product Loads Product Loads
The product heat load is the heat to be
removed from the product in lowering it from its removed from the product in lowering it from its
entering temperature to its final temperature.
Three stages may be involved-
1. Cooling down to freezing point. (Sensible
heat)
2 Freezing the product (Latent Heat) 2. Freezing the product (Latent Heat)
3. Cooling the product below freezing
temperature. (Sensible Heat)
Cooling to freezing point Cooling to freezing point
Cooling down to freezing point, (Sensible Heat)
Q = M x C x TD
Time
Where
Q = Capacity (Kw)
M = Mass (kg)
C S f (k /k )( b ) C = Specific Heat (kJ/kg.K)(Above Freezing)
TD = Temperature Difference (K or C)
Time = Pull down time (Seconds)
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Example Example
Sensible Cooling above freezing. Sensible Cooling above freezing.
Calculate the product load in KW
Produce 3000Kg of fresh beef entering a room at
25C and is cooled to -1.7 C.
Pull down time; 12 hours.
Freezing the Product, Freezing the Product,
Latent Heat. Latent Heat.
Freezing the Product (Latent Heat Removal) Freezing the Product, (Latent Heat Removal)
Q = M x H
Time
Where
Q = Capacity (Kw) Q Capacity (Kw)
M = Mass (Kg)
H = Latent Heat (Kj/Kg)
Time = Pull down time (Seconds)
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Example Example
Freezing Freezing the the Product Product
(Latent Heat) (Latent Heat)
Calculate the product latent heat load in KW.
3000Kg of fresh beef over a 12 hour period.
Cooling Cooling below freezing point: below freezing point:
Sensible Heat Removal Sensible Heat Removal
Formula,
Q = M x C x TD
Time
Where
Q = Capacity (Kw)
M = Mass (Kg) M Mass (Kg)
C = Specific Heat (Above Freezing)
TD = Temperature Difference (Kelvin or C)
Time = Pull down time (Seconds)
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Cooling product below freezing Cooling product below freezing
Calculate the product load in KW Calculate the product load in KW
3000Kg of fresh beef being cooled from freezing
point (-1.7C) to -18 C storage temperature over
12 hours.
Heat of Heat of Respiration: Respiration:
Fruit & vegetables are still alive after harvesting
and continue to ripen while in storage and continue to ripen while in storage.
The heat rejected by the product whilst in
storage is called the respiration heat and must be
considered as part of the heat load when stored
above freezing.
The quantity of heat rejected will The quantity of heat rejected will
depend on the type of fruit or vegetable and the
storage temperature it is usually expressed in
watts/tonne.
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Heat of Respiration cont Heat of Respiration cont
Formula,
Q = M x RH
Where
Q = Capacity (kW)
M Mass (kg) M = Mass (kg)
RH = Respiration Heat (W/kg), 1t = 1000Kg
Heat of Respiration cont Heat of Respiration cont
Calculate the heat of respiration by 6000Kg Calculate the heat of respiration by 6000Kg
of apples stored at 5C
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Miscellaneous Heat Miscellaneous Heat Loads: Loads:
Areas to be considered,
Occupant density or number.
Electrical Equipment.
Machinery Load.
Defrost Load.
Heat Equivalent of Occupancy: Heat Equivalent of Occupancy:
Room
Temperature
(C)
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25
Load,
/
210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
Watts/Person
For intermediate temperatures the heat equivalent varies 6 Watts / C
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Heat Equivalent of Occupancy Heat Equivalent of Occupancy
Occupant Load = P x H x Hrs Occupied
24 Hours
P = No. Occupants
H H t E i l t (T bl ) H = Heat Equivalent (Table)
Hrs Occupied = Hours occupied per day
Occupant Heat Load Occupant Heat Load
Example: Example:
C l l h h l d f 5 h Calculate the heat load from 5 occupants that
working 10hrs a day in a coolroom that is
maintained at 5C.
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Lights Lights
Where the quantity of lights is known we can Where the quantity of lights is known we can
simply add the loads up.
Factors,
Incandescent 1.0
Fluorescent 1.25 (to allow for the ballast)
Where the quantity of lights is not known we can
assume 10w/m
2
assume 10w/m
2
.
Lights = Wattage x Hrs Run
24hrs
Various types of lights are utilized in Cold rooms.
Incandescent, normal filament type globes ranging from
40 150 tt it i d d th t RC (Ri id
Lights cont Lights cont
40-150 watts, it is recommended that RC (Rigid
construction) globes are used.
Fluorescent, Electronic or electro-mechanical.
Discharge Lamps, Mercury vapour, High pressure sodium.
Used in large rooms with high ceiling.
L E D becoming popular due to low power consumption L.E.D, becoming popular due to low power consumption.
All lighting should have the appropriate IP rating.
UV lights are utilised to reduce bacteria growth.
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Lights Example: Lights Example:
A cool room has 5off 100w incandescent lights and
4off 36w fluorescent lights. The lights operate for
12 hours a day.
Calculate the heat load from the lights.
Miscellaneous Electrical Loads Miscellaneous Electrical Loads
Further to occupants and lights, commonly there are a number
of other electrical or machinery loads present within of other electrical or machinery loads present within
refrigerated spaces.
Generally the miscellaneous loads are intermittent and to
avoid
over sizing the plant the load is spread over 24hr.
Q = Wattage
MISC
x Hrs Run
24hrs 24hrs
Where,
Wattage
MISC
= Electrical load of the misc. load
Hrs Run = Hours of operation per day
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Miscellaneous Electrical Miscellaneous Electrical
Loads cont Loads cont
These include;
Under floor heating 16.5w/m
2
Under floor heating 16.5w/m
Heated Glass (inserts),
Low temp. rooms - 86w/m
2
Low temp. (within A/C areas) - 65w/m
2
Normal temp. rooms - 43w/m
2
Fascia heaters,
Heater cables are generally 32w/m for low temp rooms and
18w/m for normal coolrooms. From this it can be assumed
that half of this load enters the refrigerated space.
Low temp rooms 16w/m of fascia
Normal temp rooms 9w/m of fascia
Glass Panel Cross Section
Double
Glazed
Double
Glazed
Heated
Triple
Glazed
Triple Glazed
Heated
Ambient
Side
Ambient
Side
Aluminium
Spacer
bonded to
glass
Transparent
Transparent
Heat Film
240volt
p
Heat Film
240volt
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Normal Insert Door Sizes: Normal Insert Door Sizes:
Type: Size:
Regular 1596mm X 635mm Regular 1596mm X 635mm
King Size 1596mm X 760mm
Jumbo 1857mm X 760mm
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Electrical Loads: Electrical Loads:
Additional Lighting,
Insert doors normally have a fluorescent light fitted
to each side of the door (eg. 1 door has 2 lights & 2 ( g g
doors have 3 lights).
These fluorescent lights are typically 36w per tube.
Defrost Load,
When a room has a SET lower than 0C it is common
to have a defrost cycle. During this period the
evaporator fans will be turned off and electric
elements turned on to defrost the coil/drain.
The heat produced by the elements and the time that
these elements are on each day needs to be
considered for our heat load estimates.
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Forklift Forklift Loads: Loads:
An estimation of the load due to a forklift operating within the
space can be obtained from the information on the motor and
assuming 80% efficiency for battery powered and 33% for
internal combustion powered forklifts.
Q = MR x t
m x 24
Where,
Q C it ( ) Q = Capacity (w)
MR = Motor Rating (w)
t = Time in use per day (hr)
m = Motor efficiency (80% battery & 33% internal combustion)
Forklift Forklift Loads: Loads:
Forklift Capacity
(kg)
Battery Powered
(W)
IC Powered
(W) (kg) (W) (W)
900 4100
1800 6150 17,600
2700 6750 2700 6750
3600 7600 25,100
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Forklift Example: Forklift Example:
A cold storage facility has an electric forklift
1800kg capacity operating for 12hr a day.
Calculate the heat load from the forklift.
Summary and conclusion: Summary and conclusion:
1 What are the three stages of load for 1. What are the three stages of load for
product?
2. Explain Heat of Respiration
Wednesday & Thursday:
Beer Chilling Rooms & Instantaneous Beer Chilling Rooms & Instantaneous
Beverage Chiller (IBC) loads.
In Class Exercise
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Beer Chilling Calculations: Beer Chilling Calculations:
Beer room loads can be calculated as follows;
Q = L x B x F x 4.19 x TD
PDT 3 6 PDT x 3.6
Where;
L = External Length of Room (m)
B = External width of Room (m)
F = Factor for weight of beer per m
2
(195kg/m
2
for pre-chilling rooms & (195kg/m
2
for pre-chilling rooms &
240kg/m
2
for direct pull rooms)
4.19= Specific Heat of water
PDT = Pull Down Time (72hr)
Example: Beer Room Example: Beer Room
A client has requested a Beer Room with
dimensions of 4m long by 4m wide.
The room will be used as a pre-chilling The room will be used as a pre-chilling
room.
The beer kegs enter at 25C and are to be
chilled to 10C prior to entering the IBCs
at the bar.
A pull down time of 72 hours has been A pull down time of 72 hours has been
decided.
Calculate the refrigeration capacity required.
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Instantaneous Beverage Chillers: Instantaneous Beverage Chillers:
The following table can be used for
l l h l d f C calculating heat loads for IBCs.
Type Number of fonts Load per head
Pre-chilled
Beverage
2 Pull 1500W per head
3 4 P ll 800W h d 3-4 Pull 800W per head
Warm Beverage 2, 3 or 4 Pull 2300W per head