Pearson Education Limited

Edinburgh Gate
Barlow
Essex C11/120 2JE, England
and ssociated Com!anies throughout the world"
#$B% &'()0)*(2)+,(&-)1
.irst !ublished 2001
.ourth im!ression 200(
Co!/right C Ja0e llso! 2001
1he moral right o2 the author has been asserted"
Produced 2or the !ublisher b/ Bluestone Press, Charlbur/, 34"
5esigned and t/!eset b/ 6hite 7orse Gra!hics, Charlbur/, 34"
#llustrations b/ 8oger .ereda/ 9Linda 8ogers ssociates:"
Photogra!h/ on !ages 11, *-, 10- and 12& b/ Patric0 Ellis" ll others b/
Bluestone Press
Printed and bound in China
EPC/0+
All rights reserved: no part of this publication May be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the Publishers.
Published b/ Pearson Education Limited in association with Penguin Boo0s
Ltd, both com!anies being subsidiaries o2 Pearson !lc"
.or a com!lete list o2 the titles a;ailable 2rom Penguin English ;isit
our website at www"!enguinenglish"com , or !lease write to /our local
Pearson Education o22ice or to< Penguin English =ar0eting 5e!artment,
Pearson Education, Edinburgh Gate, 7arlow, Essex C=20 2JE"
Contents
Getting started 7
1 Nouns and pronouns 11
%ouns Key facts about nouns
Puras Possesson Compound nouns
Pronouns Key facts about pronouns
Sub|ect and ob|ect pronouns -selfl-selves
Speca uses of the pronoun it
Possessves
2 Determiners 27
Key facts about determners
Identfyng a(n), the, this, that, these, those
Descrbng dstrbuton all, each, every, both, either, neither
Descrbng quantty (not) match, (not) many, some, any, no,
a few, a little, a lot of
3 Adjectivals 37
Key facts about ad|ectvas
Ways of defnng the tall house across the road
Poston a silly mistae
Numbers the first street on the left
Ad|ectves from names an !ndian meal
Makng comparsons bigger/biggest; more/the most expensive Patterns wth ad|ectves I'm falling asleep.
Defnng causes She's a woman who knows everything. Ad|ectve order a big old Victorian hose
103
4 Prepositions
Key facts about prepostons
Pace nder a tree - Tme on Snday
Purpose do anything for money - Method go by bs Manner swim like a fish - Possesson a man with a beard
5 Verbs 1: Form
Key facts about verbs
Actons and states - Tme - Vewpont
Smpe and contnuous tenses !he bs leaves at eight. !hey've been working hard.
Formng questons "st yo leave# $hy didn't yo call# Formng negatves She didn't play last week.
Short forms %o're &arry' aren't yo#
Irreguar verbs speak/spoke/spoken; find/fond/fond; pt/pt/pt
6 Verbs 2: Tenses
Key facts about tenses
Smpe present - Smpe past - Contnuous tenses Perfect tenses - Ways of expressng the future
115
129

7 Verbs 3: Other orms
Key facts about modas must"have to, should"ought to, can"could, may"might
Key facts about condtonas !f ! had bought a ticet 53 !#d he rich now$
Key facts about passves %everal bystanders were illed
by gunmen.
Key facts about gerunds and nfntves &e ept on woring.
'hey decided to leave.
75 ! Adverbi al s
Key facts about adverbas
Comparsons more carefully
Manner %he drives well.
Pace Put it over there.
Tme &e meet for an hour on &ednesdays. Frequency ! don#t
usually lose my temper easily.
" #re$uentl% as&ed $uestions
( mae and do 6 lie doing and lie to do
2 get"have something done 7 must and have (got) to
89 8 ought to and should
- say and tell
9 shall
+ still and yet
* which and what () very and too

1 Prepositional phrases
Verbs foowed by partcuar prepostons depend on
Ad|ectves foowed by partcuar prepostons (ealos of
2 Verb patterns
Smpe tenses - Perfect tenses - Contnuous tenses Passves
3 Common irregular verbs
Answers
Grammar iles 1!"
140
142
145
152

Most grammar books are thck and heavy - and
too bg to carry around n your pocket or your
bag! * e a l l y +s e f u l , n g l i s h -r a mma r contans the
key facts that you need, to know to be abe to
use Engsh correcty. You can take t anywhere
wth you, eavng the bgger grammar book at
home for ater reference.
'h a t ( s i n t h i s b o o & ) '
Chapters 1 to 8 cover the man areas of
the anguage. Each chapter begns wth #e$
Fa%ts& ustrated wth exampes from
contemporary spoken Engsh. There are
exercses and a 'eview to test your
understandng. u
Chapter 9, .re/uently ased /uestions, deas wth
some of the common confusons that occur:
for exampe, the use of mae and do, the
dfference between #should and ought to. There
s aso a
seres of sentences contanng common
errors for you to dentfy and correct. f
The chapters are foowed by three
Grammar iles that provde
straghtforward nformaton on verb forms,
ncudng a st of rreguar verbs, and usefu
prepostona phrases. p
At the back of the book, there s an
Answers secton for a the exercses
and revew actvtes.
*o + c a n , u s e t h e b o o & ) *
As a quck reference for those occasons
when you are not competey sure about a
pont of grammar. g
To refresh and test your knowedge when
you have a tte tme to spare.




You can work through the book
systematcay, from cover to cover, or |ust
dp nto t, concentratng on those ponts
that matter to you at the tme.
In tryng to fx a grammatca rue n your
head, t s aways a good dea to memorse an
exampe sentence. So, for exampe, don't
smpy earn going to expresses ntenton'; earn
a sentence ke ! # m g o i n g t o a s m y b o s s f o r a r a i s e .
You can earn the sentences n ths book,
then try makng up your own, so that they
are real for you. But remember, whe *eally
+seful ,nglish -rammar contans essenta
nformaton about Engsh grammar, t does
not te the whoe story. For detaed grammar
advce you shoud aso consut a good
reference grammar.
10

St-e5 WAD
BABY ? TNAT
1
5
FANTA5T1C
IT:5 BAB C.5 ACTUALLY,
tIZ WILLIAM 5


Key facts about
nouns
Nouns descrbe concrete thngs that you can
see or touch: a friend, a house, a church0 and
abstract thngs that you cannot see or
touch: happiness,
i n f o r m a t i o n , l o v e , t i m e .
1 P l u r a l s 1
To form the pura of most nouns add - (e)s:
f r i e n d 1 f r i e n d s , h o u s e 1 h o u s e s , c h u r c h 1 c h u r c h e s f
Nouns endng n 2 c h , 2 s h , 2 s , 2 s s , 2 3 add 2 e s :
m a t c h 1 m a t c h e s , w i s h 1 w i s h e s , b u s 1 b u s e s ,
i s s 1 i s s e s , b o 3 1b o 3 e s
Nouns endng n consonant + y change the y to
i and add - e s : b a b y ) b a b i e s , c o u n t r y ) c o u n t r i e s
(Vowe + y |ust add -s: boy )boys ) b
Most nouns endng n -f change the f to v and
add 2 e s : w i f e 1 w i v e s , s h e l f 2 s h e l v e s
1 2

A Complete the table(
Singlar *lral
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
women
fe
feet
chd
day
ades
match
book
taxes
tree


1 )

Note these rreguar puras:
man1men, woman1women, child1children,
foot1feet, mouse1mice, tooth1teeth f
The nouns police and people are pura n
Engsh.
'he police have arrived0 people are angry. '
Food, substances and materas are
aways snguar.
bread, mil, grass, snow, steel, cotton, glass b
Abstract nouns are aso aways snguar.
love, happiness, information
Note that these +ords are singular in -nglish:
3 news' advice' frnitre' work' homework'
progress' lggage &ard work is good for
yo.
+o news is good news.
2 Possession 2
To show possesson by peope or anmas,
add -'s or 2 (#s)#: the boy#s bicycle, women#s
rights,
girls# maga4ines
.se this orm +ith time e/pressions: in three days' time'
yesterday's newspaper y
In other cases, use compound nouns 0see
beow): bedroom, computer program, washing
machine
or the preposton of a cup of tea, the leg of a
table
3 Compound nouns 3
The frst part descrbes the second !art<
toothbrush 5 a brush used for ceanng
teeth t
Wrte compound nouns as one word
A Complete the table(
Singlar *lral
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
women
fe
feet
chd
day
ades
match
book
taxes
tree


1 )

where both parts are very short:
homewor, bedroom, toothbrush
A Complete the table(
Singlar *lral
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
women
fe
feet
chd
day
ades
match
book
taxes
tree
Practce 1 A

* Choose the %orre%t orm o the verb(
Peope is/are aways ready to crtcse.
2 Antque furnture cost/costs a ot.
3 The news from the war zone is/are not good.
4 Your har look/looks reay nce!
5 The poce has/have asked for vounteers.
C Combine wor+s rom bo,es 1 an+ 2 to ma-e
%ompoun+ nouns(

1 )



1 2
1 arm car
2 botte char
3 green drectory
4 match drver
5 poce house
6 post offce
7 screw opener
8 teephone stck
9 wrst watch
A Complete the table(
Singlar *lral
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
women
fe
feet
chd
day
ades
match
book
taxes
tree

,ane's a police officer. She loves her (ob.



Key facts about
pronouns
1 He/she/it/they
These pronouns repace peope or thngs
that have aready been referred to.
Jane's a p o l i c e o f f i c e r . She l o v e s h e r 6 o b .
Sb(ect -b(ect *ossessive
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its >
the/ them their theirs
"ary i s a n e n g i n e e r 0 she w o r s i n a f a c t o r y 0 i t
s u i t s her; s h e l i e s her 6 o b .
They l i v e i n a n o l d h o u s e 0 i t s u i t s them; t h e y l o v e
their h o u s e 0 t h e y l o v e it.
A Complete the table(
Singlar *lral
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
women
fe
feet
chd
day
ades
match
book
taxes
tree
Sb(ect
Who?
I
we
you
-b(ect
Who(m)?
me
us
you
*ossessive
Whose?
m y m n e
our ours
your your s



2 ./we/$ou
I (wrtten wth a capta I) refers to the
person speakng; we refers to more than
one person speakng; you refers to the
person or peope spoken to.
!# m hungry0 mae me a sandwich for my lunch.
We have a dog0 it lives with us; it is our pet.
You must tae money with you on your 6ourney. 6
Use you for one person or for severa peope:
7ohn, you are a real friend.
8oys and girls, I want you to listen to me. t
1arts o be' have' etc.' can join +ith pronouns: !#m, yo're' he's'
they're' I've' she'd' well t
Distinguish bet+een its ) a hose and its garden; and it's )
it's .it is/ a nice hose0
22

!he hose itself is small' bt the garden is big.

3 -self/-selves
m$sel& $oursel& himsel& hersel& itsel
ourselves& $ourselves& themselves o
3se -s e l f " -s e l v e s when sub?ect and ob?ect are
the same"
' h e y l i e t o e n 6 o y t hemsel ves a t w e e e n d s .
M a e your s e l f a t h o m e $ a
1he -s e l f " 2 2 s e l ve s 2orm is also used 2or
em!hasis"
9 o b o d y h e l p e d m e . ! d i d i t mys e l f !
' h e h o u s e i t sel f i s s m a l l , b u t t h e g a r d e n i s b i g .
Note: by myself 1 alone3 +ithout
help
4 0pe%i al uses o the pronoun it
E 1 The pronoun it s used n many patterns:
It's raining' it's a nice day' it's 2 o'clock.
It's easy/hard/difficlt to know what to do.
Note the pattern wth there3
!here's a lot to do; there's a spider in my bed.
E E Use ob|ect pronouns as drect and ndrect ob|ects:
DIRECT &e loves me.
INDIRECT !el l me a story
After explain and say' use to me3
4xplain this to me; say hello to yor grandma.
5 Possessives
Use my, etc., wth a foowng noun:
Your hair looks nice; I don't like my hair. Use mine' etc., when no noun foows:
Yours is mch nicer than mine.
Practice 1 B
A Complete the table.
I me
___- - - -
you
yours
his
she her
itself
it
we us ourselves
they their
B Choose the correct word.
1 Ths bke beongs to me. It s my"mine bke.
2 Mary's my sster, so I'm his"her brother.
3 We reay en|oyed us"ourselves at the dsco.
4 Have the grs fnshed her"their homework?
* Dd you get a etter from Aan and lime
today?
6 Is ths |ohn's work, or s t your"yours:
28

e!iew 1
Corre%t the mista-es in these
senten%es(
1 4 Dd she go to the party by her own?
2 5 Its tme to gve the cat t's dnner.
3 5 Look after yoursef, chdren!
4 5 Expan me the dfference between if and
whe,
* 5 Is ths your hars' brush?
, 5 It's not much bread eft.
7 5 Dd Kate say you where she was gong?
8 5 Your house s bgger than our.


28



Key facts about
"eter#iners
Determners often dentfy, and descrbe
dstrbuton and quantty. They come before
nouns.
1 Identifying
a/ an , the, this/ th ese, that/ th ose
They answer the queston &hich one(s):
!#m looing for a boo.
!#m looing for the boo that my dad bought me.
!s this the boo you want: (.e. ths one here)
9o, I want that boo. (.e. the one further
away)
a2n3/the a
a(n) s not used n pura
statements: A dog is a good pet or ;ogs
are good pets. a
Use some as the pura of a(n) for
an unspecfed number or
quantty: ( bought an overcoat
and some shirts.

6ogs make good pets.


Use the for somethng that s we-known: I
must go to the ban and the post office. The
poor 6ust get poorer. (5 poor peope) p
Don't use the n genera statements:
%ugar is bad for you. ;ogs mae good pets. ...
or n many verb/preposton + noun
expressons:
have lunch, mae friends, for e3ample, by train
28

4 v e r y morning I give each of my children a kiss.


2 Describing distribution
all each every both either/neither
These words are used to descrbe groups:
Every morning, I give each of my children a iss
and they all say #;on#t do that, daddy$#
Both nives are sharp0 either will do. w
For three or more n a group, use all"every.
For two or more n a group, use each.
For two ony n a group, use both"either"neither. b
Use both"all to |on, either"neither to
separate:
Both roads lead to town0 tae either of them. o
Use every and each to descrbe the group as
ndvduas (every 5 a seres, each 5 one by one).
Every %aturday, we go to the maret.
'ae each day as it comes.

'seeci78 FAMILY OFF S2.
et-ILDkat
EA
-
r " / I T N
2. 79:8!;
7re all these children yors#


Note the patterns +ith all:
11555ler pronoun 6 all or all of + pronoun
he ate all the biscuits he ate them all
all + the/my, etc. + noun
all my life, all these rules, all the students
3 Describing $uantit%
0not7 much3 0not7 man%3 some3 an%3 no3 a e+3
a little3 a lot o
1he/ answer the @uestions <ow much" many:
<ow much money have you got: m
I haven#t got much money. m
! # ve got a l i t t l e .
<ow many dollars have you got: d
( haven#t got any dollars. - -
!# ve got a f ew p e s e t a s .



some/any/no s
Use some n postve statements and n questons
expectng the answer yes:
'here#s some mil in the fridge if you#re thirsty.
&ould you lie some biscuits with your mil: &
Use any n negatve statements and n
open questons:
'here isn#t any mil in the fridge.
;o you have any mineral water instead: h
Use no f you want to emphasse the
negatve: =ou#re wrong: there#s no mil in the
fridge$ f
Use some2"any2"no2 (and aso every2)
wth 2 thing"2one"2body"2where.
%hh$ ;on#t say anything to anyone$
>et#s go somewhere different for our holidays
this year.
Practico 2
A Put in alan or the where nee+e+(
1 .... French peope shake .... hands more
often than """" Engsh do.
2 .... Moon goes round .... Earth.
3 Let me gve you .... pece of .... advce:
don't accept .... sweets from .... strange
men!
When I was .... boy, we aways had .... eggs
for .... breakfast.
5 What tme do you eave .... home n ....
mornng?
6 !f is .... poem by .... Engsh wrter.
* A + + some, any or no to these
senten%es(
1 There's .... pont n teng me; I can't do ....
thng about t.
2 .... body's been smokng! I can sme t!
3 I have coffee but .... mk, so you' have to
drnk t back.
-*




r e v e w 2
A Corre%t the mista-es(
1 4 Are these money yours?
2 5 There aren't no cakes eft. The cat has
eaten a them.
3 5 We do any shoppng every weekends.
4 5 I have three sons and they are both crazy.
5 5 Have you ved here your a fe?
6 5 Why do French aways shake the hands when
they meet?
' 'epla%e the un+erline+ wor+ with
the wor+ in bra%-ets& an+ %hange
the senten%es as ne%essar$(
I need a few more mnutes |tme|.
2 You shoud eat fewer potatoes |bread|.
3 There aren't many chars n here |furnture|.
4 I haven't much homework to do |exercses|.




$ey facts about
ac fi!a%s
Ad|ectvas te you more about a noun. They
defne. They answer the queston &hich
one(s):
& h i c h m a n : ' h e tall o n e .
& h i c h h o u s e s : ' h e new o n e s across the road.
1 Ways of defining
Snge tems (usuay ad|ectves): new, tall, afraid,
w e l l 2 n o w n
Phrases: t h e h o u s e across the road
Defnng causes: a w o m a n who lived in a shoe
2 Position
Ad|ectvas come... A
mmedatey before a noun:
a silly m i s t a e 0 t h e best c o m p u t e r s 0
two new red cotton d r e s s e s d
after verbs ke b e , s e e m , l o o , f e e l :
!
-
a m cold0 i t s e e m s stupid0 s h e l o o s happy.
38

%o look cold.



These ad|ectves can ony come after a
verb: afraid, re ashamed, asleep, awake, glad, ill,
well
I felt ill yesterday, but I'm well again now.
As I'm afraid of the dark, I stayed awake all night.





3 Numbers 3
The numbers one, two, three, etc. (cardna
numbers) answer the queston <ow
many: 'here are thirty-one days in
?ctober. ?
The numbers first, second, third, etc. (ordna
numbers) answer the queston !n what order:
'oday is the thirty-first of ?ctober.
8 Adjecti ves rom names 8
Ad|ectves from the names of countres end
n 2ese, 2nl2anl2ian, 2ish, 2ch or 2i:
@hinese, !ndian, Spanish' Ira<i S
Ad|ectves from names of peope mosty end
n 2nl2anl2ian:
Aictoria1Aictorian, @hrist1@hristian
43
7re yo sre yor oldest player is nder eleven#
ONDEP s
COP
d a n g
(!1
5*6 re:
7((((1((((
I aL:
.
-- c r ( 4 1T--





5 a!ing comparisons 5
Add 2erl 2est to most one-syabe ad|ectves,
and to two-syabe ad|ectves endng n 2le,
2(y, 2ow and 2er.
big1bigger, simple1simpler, lovely1lovelier 'he
'a6 Mahal is older than the ,iffel 'ower. &ho
is the youngest member of the team: m
Otherwse (or f you are not sure), use
morel most: more difficult, most interesting.
<ealth is more important than money.
%he#s the most intelligent person ! now
These are rreguar:
good)better)best' bad)worse)worst'
little)less)least' mch/many)more)
most
-,11141111e.
, , , , , , -,

I'm so glad yo're interested in football.
t| ri
)11
,
-
-=3>>tt' t
atv-
'
-




9 1atterns +i th adjecti ves 9
Wth the verb m a e :
< e m a d e m e v e r y a n g r y . <
.n verb + ad|ectve patterns
ke: f a l l a s l e e p , g o m a d , g r o w
o l d o
n the pattern ! t i s B ad|ectve + t o d o :
' h i s p u 4 4 l e i s t o o d i f f i c u l t f o r m e t o s o l v e . '
endng n 2 e d and 2 i n g :
& h a t a b o r i n g p r o g r a m m e $
? h , a r e n # t y o u i n t e r e s t e d i n f o o t b a l l :



7 Dei ni ng cl auses 7
Causes whch defne the sub|ect begn wth
the pronoun that:
<e#s a man that no!s everythin".
! have a car that maes a lou# noise.
When the cause defnes the ob|ect of the
verb, eave out the pronoun that:
Mary is the girl B I told you about her 1
Mary is the girl (that) I told you about.
'hat is the car B I sold it to @harlie 1
'hat#s the car I sold to @harlie. s
&ho (for peope) and which (for thngs)
are ess commony used:
<e#s a man !ho nows everything.
'hat#s the car !hich ! sold to @harlie. !
&hose s used to show possesson:
Are you the man !hose car was stolen:
46
That's your
steak, sr.
What's ths
tny round
red thng?
1 fa
2 go
3 grow
4 make
5 stand
6 turn
a) )green
as eep
sur e
od
st
mad

" #d$ective order "
Determners and numbers come frst:
all these big green apples
my f irst import ant assignment a
Order of ad|ectves s usuay:
1 @ualit/ beautiful, dirty, nice
2 siAe big, little, small
- age/heat old, young, cold
+ sha!e s/uare, round
* colour blue, red, dar
, origin . r e n c h , A i c t o r i a n
C material metal, plastic, cotton
A $i" ol# %ictorian house.
A $eautiful roun# re# metal ball.
C 6at%h verbs an+ a+8e%tives(
1 fa
2 go
3 grow
4 make
5 stand
6 turn
a) )green
as eep
sur e
od
st
mad
9 :oin the two senten%es as in the e,ample(
Exampe: You bought me a book. Ths s the book .....
!his is the book ?that0 yo boght me.
1 You wrote to a gr. I am the gr
2 I can speak Chnese. I am the ony one
3 She works n a bank. She's the one
4 I tod you about a man. He's the man
5 A cat ate my breakfast. Ths s the cat

|easy|
|dffcut|
|heathy|
|bad|
|mportant|
|good|

Practice 3
A 1ut the ollo+ing in the correct order:
1 school/m//all/old/!hotos
2 dining/.rench/se;eral/old/tables
- wildli2e/=i0eBs/2rican/2irst/sa2ari
+ !rett//BraAilian//oung/a lot o2/girls
* tennis/cotton/white/a !air o2/shorts
* ;a&e comparisons li&e the ollo+ing:
Exam!le< English>Ja!anese
,nglish is easier than 7apanese. # Ja!anese
>English
2 6al0ing>?ogging
- 1hirst>hungei
+ 7ealth>mone/
* 7al2 a loa2>no loa2 at all
50


e!iew 3
<orrect the ollo+ing sentences: =here ma% be
more than one mista&e in each sentence:
1 4 Never wake up an aseep tger.
2 5 It's the most bggest stadum of the
word!
- 5 Are you the man who's cat ate my
breakfast?
4 5 I am nterestng n footba. I go to a
the matches.
* 5 Today s the twenty-two of |une.
6 5 Angea s the more ntegent person
I know.



50

She drinks like a fish.


$cy facts about
prepositions
Prepostons go wth nouns, pronouns and
refexves to form 'noun phrases'. These
noun phrases provde usefu expressons
of:
pla%e i n t o t h e h o u s e , u n d e r a t r e e
time a t D o # c l o c , o n % u n d a y , b y . r i d a y ,
d u r i n g t h e d a y
They express other reatonshps, such as:
purpose w o r f o r t h e m o n e y , d o a n y t h i n g
f o r a f r i e n d
metho+ g o b y b u s , l e a v e b y t h e b a c
d o o r
manner i n a h u r r y , l i e a f i s h , w i t h a
s m i l e
possessiona m a n w i t h a b e a r d , a f r i e n d o f
mine

'm not very good at skiing@

After a preposton, use the 2ing form of
the verb:
good at s!immin"& tired of !aitin" !
After a preposton, use the ob|ect form of
the pronoun:
for them& without her& near us u
Some verbs and ad|ectves are foowed by
a partcuar preposton:
loo for an answer, #epen# on others,
tal a$out the weather, in# to animals a
Prepostons can come at the end of a
queston or a defnng reatve cause:
!s this the boo you were referring to:
&hat are you taling a$out'
56.

7t the cinema there's always a tall person in front of yo.
59
% Place
a b o v e 3 a c r o s s 3 a ga i n s t 3 a l o n g 3 a mo n g 3 a t 3 a +a % r o m3 b e h i n d 3
be l o +3 b et +e en 3 b %3 do +n 3 r om3 i n3 i n r o nt o 3 i n s i de3 i nt o 3
ne ar 3 ne/ t t o3 o 3 o n3 op po si t e 3 o ut o 3 ov er 3 pa st 3 r o un d3
t hr oug h3 t o3 t o+ar ds3 under 3 up
Pre!ositions o2 !lace answer the @uestions
&here: and &here to" from:
( live in an apartment bloc near the city centre.
&e waled from >and#s ,nd to 7ohn o#-roats.
in/at
3se in to em!hasise a !osition inside a building
or other big s!ace"
!t was raining, so we stayed in the hotel all day.
&e met at the (ourt )otel.
&e's above average height.
in/into/insi+e i
Use into to make cear the dea of movng
and enterng:
&e waled into the room; there was nobody in
the room. t
!nside s more precse than in and aways
refers to an encosed space:
%tay insi#e the car& there are dangerous animals
outsi#e.
over/un+er; above/below o
?ver and under descrbe vertca
poston: A plane flew over the house0 we
sat un#er a tree. t
Above and below smpy say that one thng s
hgher than another:
a$ove average height, $elo! sea level

2 Time
ater& at& beore& b$& +uring& or& rom& in& on&
past& sin%e& to& until 2till3
Tme prepostons answer the questons
&hen: and <ow long:
to/at/past
Use to, at and past to te the tme:
/uarter to three, half past seven, at si3 o#cloc
Aso at night, at the weeend
on
Use on wth days and parts of the day and wth
dates:
on .riday(s), on Monday afternoon, on the
fourth of 7uly
in
Use in wth parts of the day:
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
(but at night)
by
Use by when you want to say not later than:
!f you haven#t finished by si3 o#cloc, !#ll shoot you$
If he's not
here by AA.2B' its all off.
62
T i


sin%e/or s
Use since to descrbe the startng pont of
an acton:
! # v e b e e n w a i t i n g s i nc e t w o o # c l o c . t
Use for to descrbe the ength of tme of
the acton:
! # v e b e e n w a i t i n g f or t w o h o u r s .
until 2till3/+uring u
+ntil (or till) means up to a pont n the
future:
& h a t h a p p e n e d t o y o u : & e w a i t e d f o r y o u unt i l
t e n o # c l o c . t
;uring means after the start and before
the fnsh of an event.
P a s s e n g e r s a r e r e / u e s t e d t o s w i t c h o f f m o b i l e
p h o n e s #ur i n" t h e f l i g h t .
Practice &'
# C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t p r e p o s i t i o n s &
|ohn waked (1) across/n the road, 92: past/to
the church and 9-: at/round the corner. Then he
went 9+: aong/up the steps and 9*: down/over
the brdge. He waked 9,: through/over the
garden and 9': under/across the grass unt
he reached the footpath. Then he went
8)through/aong the footpath, |umped
9)under/over the gate and went 910: nto/at
the bank.
' C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s
1 (It s 12 now! It was C when I had
breakfast.) . ast ate .... seven o'cock. I
haven't eaten .... seven o'cock. I haven't
eaten .... fve hours.
2 . was born .... 1980. I was born ....
Frday 7 |uy at 3 o'cock .... the



mornng!

!hey say scientists have fond a cre for apathy' bt nobody seems to care.


These words are used to descrbe other
reatonshps - of purpose, method, manner and
possesson.
about& a%%or+ing to& against& at& b$& e,%ept&
or& rom&
in spite o& instea+ o& li-e& o& than& with&
without
3 1urpose
or
Use f or to descrbe why somethng s done:
' h i s n i f e i s f or p e e l i n g p o t a t o e s .
! # v e b o u g h t s o m e m e d i c i n e f or y o u r c o l d . y
Aso, use f o r to descrbe support:
; i d y o u v o t e f or t h e * e p u b l i c a n c a n d i d a t e : t
The opposte of f o r s a g a i n s t :
! a m agai nst t h e i d e a o f c l o s i n g t h e s t r e e t t o
t r a f f i c .

I'm as
AA A> rCgry as a horse.


( ethod
by/with/without
3se by"with"without to describe how something
is done)
/ opened the window $y breaing the glass.
@an you open a bottle !ith your teeth:
I can do it !ithout any help from you$
lso, use by to describe authorshi!<
E'he %treet >awyer# $y 7ohn -risham
5 anner
like/as l
3se lie to com!are< <e fights lie a
tiger when he is angry. t
3se as with ad?ecti;es< iBm
as hungry as a horse.



) Possession
o2 o
3se of to describe !ossession< the
symphonies of Mo4art, a man of property s
lso, use of to describe materials and @uantities<
made of wood, a glass of water
Note aso the foowng:
i > ?ubj ect matter abot/on
a book abot web page
design' a lectre on !rkish
ceramics
Origin from/ot of
!his lamp was made from
?ot of0 a bottle.
<omparisons than
"y father is stronger than
yors.



70

&e's not sed to eating spicy (
-
ood@


Practice &B
Add a pr eposi t i on t o compl et e t hes e phr ases:
1 a present .... your brthday
2 a pantng .... Rembrandt
3 a tabe made .... wood
4 an od man .... a grey beard
* a car that goes .... the wnd
6 a book .... dnosaurs
7 a budng taer .... the Effe Tower
8 a peace march .... the war
9 # am very proud .... my daughter.
10 He s very good .... footba.
11 Dd you pay .... the mea?
12 Does ths pen beong .... you?
13 B ooks exacty .... hs father!
1+ #Bm not used .... eatng spcy food.
15 Do you beeve .... ghosts?



___#ow &
A <orrect the mista&es in these sentences:
1 4 Pease be home until 10 pm at the atest!
2 5 I have been watng since two hours.
3 5 |ohn got tred of wait, so he went home.
4 5 Our frends were ate, so we went wthout
they.
5 5 What dd you do in the weekend?
6 5 12.50 s the same as ten past one.
7 5 We arrved t o the hote after mdnght.
@ ;atch the phrases:
1 A hammer s used a) on other peope.
2 He started hs car b) wthout movng hs ps.
3 |ohn eats c) for drvng n nas.
4 She made a mode d) by turnng the key.
5 I hate to depend e) out of yoghurt cartons.
6 He can tak f) ke a horse.

9<=>T *1 0.??@
. A<=9C'(
TNERES ?.F1 <=
B114g('( P?A=AT1
-to
77


Key facts about
!erbs
Verbs descrbe the tme of an event and
our vewpont or atttude to the event.
A%tions an+ states
Verbs can descrbe: V
physca actons - s l e e p , l i v e , t a l , w o r , d r i v e
% o m e p e o p l e !or t o l i v e , s o m e live t o w o r $ t
menta actons - t h i n , d r e a m , w o r r y , w o n d e r
I !on#er i f t h e r e i s l i f e o n o t h e r p l a n e t s . i
states - b e , s e e m , a p p e a r
= o u seem v e r y s a d t o d a y . A r e y o u a l l r i g h t :
Time
Verbs descrbe tme (past, present, future):
I live# i n * i o f o r y e a r s 0 n o w I live i n s a o P a o l o .


Viewpoint
Verbs show whether the acton s fnshed or
unfnshed, whether ts outcome s certan or
uncertan, etc. e
I've lost m y h o m e .
(present resut of past
acton) a
9 o w I'm livin" w i t h f r i e n d s .
(an unfnshed acton) (
It mi"ht rain l a t e r .
(predctng an
acton) a
I'm "oin" to marry a m i l l i o n a i r e .
(expressng ntenton) (
)e's s t u p i d . (permanent state)
)e's $ein" stupid. (temporary
state)

81
Dashions come and go ...

% *imple and continuous tenses
(For more nformaton see Grammar file 3) G
There are two smpe tenses (present and
past) p
Present: tal (tals wth hel shel it)
.ashions come and "o.
Mary !ors in @ardiff0 she teaches maths. m
Past: t al e d 'he movie starte#
half an hour ago. h
The other tenses and forms use the base
form tal, the present partcpe, taling, or
the past partcpe, taled wth: w
Parts of be and have:
!t is rainin". !t has raine# every day this
wee$
7ohn has $een !orin" hard. h
Modas, e.g. will, must, can"could, may"might:
<e must leave soon0 he coul# come bac
later.

2 #ormi ng $uestions 2
Invert sub|ect and verb:
!t is raining 1 Is it raining:
<e must leave 1 Must he
leave: &here have you been: b
Use parts of do n the smpe tenses:
&here do you live: &here does she wor:
&hat did you do last night: &hy didn't you call:
3 #ormi ng negati ves 3
Add not 2n> t3
!t is not (isn#t) too late to go out.
I can#t believe it.
! haven#t done much wor today. !
Use parts of do n the smpe
tenses: I eat vegetables 1 ! don't
eat meat. <e plays soccer 1 <e
doesn't play rugby. We drank coffee1
We didn't drin tea.

4 hort forms 4
Parts of be, have and modas (e.g. can,
must) |on wth not:
is B not 5 isn#t
had B not 5 hadn# t
can B not 5 can#t
Note: will + not
won't w
Use short forms n U
speech and nforma wrtng s
short answers
;oes @arrie live here: 9o, she doesn't. d
queston tags
Expectng yes: =ou#re <arry, aren't
you? Expectng no: 'his isn#t right, is
it?
85

! Irreg"lar #erbs
(See Grammar File 3 for list.) f
There are about 140 rreguar verbs n
Engsh, e.g. spea, spoe, spoen:
I speak .rench. &e spoke -erman at
home. ! haven#t spoken .rench for ages. .
The man patterns are:
ABC where the three parts are dfferent:
e.g. spea, spoe, spoen (about 55)
ABB where two parts are the same:
e.g. find, found, found (about 55)
AAA where a three parts are the same:
e.g. put, put, put (about 25)
Complete the Cuestions(
I went to the moves ast nght. $here did yo go last night#
2 I ve n an apartment. Where .... ?
3 I had steak for dnner. What .... ?
4 I can speak three anguages. How many ?
5 I go to work by car. How .... ?
6 I use Word 6. Whch program .... ?
7 I have done nothng today! What .... ?
C Dow man$ %orre%t orms %an $ou ma-e rom these tablesE
has move
It has been movng
w moved
Does work?
Dd she works?
Has workng?
I s worked?


1ractice
A Complete the table(
s!ea0 s!o0e s!o0en
1 2ind
2 caught
- 2allen
+ !ut
* saw
, written
C tell
( " too0
& met
10
cost
85

86


o!ew 5
< o r r e c t t h e o l l o + i n g s e n t e n c e s : = h e r e m a % b e
m o r e t h a n o n e m i s t a & e i n e a c h s e n t e n c e :
X What |ohn does? He teachs physcs.
2 5 Fm tred: I've been work hard.
3 X Must we to stay n?
4 5 Why ths watch doesn't works?
5 X You're a student, sn't t?
6 5 Can you teng me the tme, pease?
7 X Ths box s measurng 200cm by 300cm.
8 X Do you ve here? Yes, I ve.
((

+o' ftf8i swim. Eirds fly.


Key facts a oout
tenses
Ths chapter covers the man uses of the smpe
present, smpe past, contnuous and perfect
verb forms and ways of expressng the future.
1 ?imple present
Tme: not mportant, any tme
Vewpont: smpy descrbes the acton or the
state
.ish s!im& birds fly. I !or in an o ice.
Use the present smpe:
to make genera true statements
'he earth "oes round the sun. r
wth verbs that descrbe menta
states, possesson, measurement,
appearance: ;o you un#erstan#' I
thin she#s cra4y. 'his $elon"s to me. !t
loos lie a bomb. l
to descrbe tmetabed or fxed events:
'he e3ams start ne3t Monday.



90

I had a pet alligator that lived nder the stairs and ate
cornflakes.
'.
t


2 *imple past
Tme: before now
Vewpont: a competed
act a
Use the smpe past: U
to make statements about the past
'he police !ante# to now how the fire
starte#. s
to te a story
&hen I !as young, I ha# a pet alligator that
live# under the stairs and ate cornflaes. c
wth verbs that descrbe menta
states, possesson, measurement,
appearance: ;id you remem$er to
loc the door:
I once o!ne# a horse that !ei"he# a ton.
used to u
Use used to to emphasse a past
habt: I use# to lie roc, but now !
prefer 6a44.

I'm not feeling well.


3 Continuous tenses
Tme: shown by part of be (is"was"has been, etc.)
Vewpont: an unfnshed acton, one n progress V
Use a part of be wth the 2 ing form of the
verb: %he#s waiting for her friend to arrive.
( was leaving when the phone rang. w
The present contnuous descrbes: T
thngs happenng now or n ths perod of
tme:
I'm not feeling well.
7ames is studying to be an accountant. t
somethng panned to happen soon:
We're all going to a party tomorrow
night. n
a temporary stuaton:
&hy are you being so difficult:


The past contnuous descrbes background
actons n an account of past events:
'he spectators were standing round, chatting
and waiting for the race to begin. %uddenly, a
man 6umped over the fence and ran towards the
horses. <e was carrying a gun ...
was sitting
in the
PE
-
-NTAL-
dentist#s
waiting room
when ! heard a loud scream.
( Perfect tenses
Tme: between a pont n the past and
now, exact tme s not gven
Vewpont: resut of the acton more mportant
than the tme when t happened t
Use has"have B the past partcpe:
>oo, Anna has left her boos behind$
<ave you seen -eorge lately: <
Use the contnuous form f U
the acton s st gong on:
I have been waiting here for ages$ h
you can see the resuts of a recent
acton: It has been raining the roads are
still wet. s
Use had for the past perfect:
I noticed that Anna had left her boos behind.
!f I had left later, I would have missed my bus.

5 +ays of e,pressing the future
Tme: ater than now
Vewpont: fxed, panned, predcted, etc. e
Use will n statements of fact:
!t !ill sno! soon.
!f you sit down, you !ill $e more comfortable.
Use present smpe for a reguar panned
event: 'he concert starts at F, and finishes at
(). (
Use present contnuous for a panned but not
reguar event:
A new supermaret is openin" ne3t wee. n
Use going to g
to make persona predctons:
!t#s "oin" to sno!. 7ust loo at the sy$ 7
to emphasse ntentons:
@harlie says he#s "oin" to drop out of college.
Choose the correct form to complete the
sentences&
What (do you do/are you dong) wth a botte
opener? I'm gong to open a botte, sy!
What (do you do/are you dong) wth a botte
opener? You open bottes, sy!
Why (don't you work/aren't you workng)? It's
my coffee break.
Why (don't you work/aren't you workng)? I
don't need to, Fm rch.
Ths botte (hods/s hodng) 2 tres.
We (hod/are hodng) a meetng ater on.
a!e sentences by matching %-( -ith a.d&
Are you comng to the party a) tonght
Everybody's gong to the party b) every
Frday
I go cycng c) on Frday
I'm gong cycng d) most Frdays

7nne always pts the cat ot when she goes to bed.
< ;atch 158 +ith aAd:
1 , wanted to see Ann but
2 You can't see Ann because
3 1 managed to see Ann |ust as
4 I managed to see Ann |ust
before
a)she eft.
b)she was eavng.
c)she has aready eft.
d)she had aready eft.
9 ;atch 1$8 +ith a%d:
1 Ann has been n bed
2 Ann aways used to go to bed
3 Ann was |ust gong to bed
4 Ann never goes to bed
a)at 9 o'cock.
b)before settng her aarm cock.
c)snce 9 o'cock.
d)when the phone rang.

100

R_vow 6
<orrect the ollo+ing sentences: =here ma% be more
than one mista&e in each sentence:
1 4 #Bm not sure what is the 7 standing 2or in 720,
2 5 6e go to 8ome last /ear and see the Catican"
- 5 # was being a good singer when # was /ounger"
+ 5 1/e lost m/ !urse"B D6hat is it loo0ing li0eEB
* 5 6hen was the Golden Gate bridge erectingE
, 5 B6h/ we wonBt go sho!!ing tomorrowEB DF4"B
' 5 5o /ou thin0 it rains this e;eningE
( 5 #Bm waiting 2or /ou since long time"

10(

%o don't have to tell me. A already know@
$oy facts a )out
#oca%s
must/have (got) to m
Use must m
to express obgaton:
=ou must say nothing0 you mustn't tell anyone$ t
to express a postve ogca deducton
<e must be ill: he hasn#t eaten anything. b
Use have"had (got) to for other tenses:
&e ha# to wal to school when I was young. w
Use don#t have to (or don#t need to)
to express no obgaton:
=ou #on't have to tell me0 I already now.
should/ought to s
Use shoul d" ought t o s
to say you expect somethng to
happen: !f you turn the ey, the engine
10+
#
10*


shoul# start. s
to say t s better to do/not to do somethng:
=ou shoul#n't eat so much chocolate$


an (past and condtona: ould)
Use can"could c
to express abty/possbty:
! coul# read when ! was only three years old. r
to express a negatve ogca
deducton: =ou can't be serious$ =ou
must be 6oing$ m
to make a pote request:
(oul# you pass the salt, please:
may/might m
Use may"might m
to say you are not certan f somethng
w happen or not (might s ess certan
than may):
! may see you tomorrow if !#m not too
busy. I mi"ht see you tomorrow, but it#s
very unliely. v
to express a pote request or ask
permsson: *ay I have another cae, please:
10*
10+ # 10*
Key facts aoout
condtonas
Key facts a ?out
passu s

108

A condtona sentence has at east two
causes, one contanng a %on+ition and
the other contanng a %onseCuen%e(
Tenses in %on+itional senten%es T
Use causes begnnng wth f to say how the
condton eads to the consequence: c
n the word as t s: ! f yo u i s s me , ! # l l s cr eam. !
n the word as t mght be (but sn't): !f
! h a d a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , ! w o u l d b u y a y a c h t . h
n the word as t mght have been 2but
wasn't): ! f ! h a d g o n e t o u n i v e r s i t y , ! w o u l d b e
r i c h n o w.
Where if means every time' use the present simple in oth
parts of the sentence!
if yo heat water' it boils. i
Use part of be B the past partcpe:
'he r oa d has $een $loce# by s no w. ' h e
c a r !as taen w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n . w
Use the passve U
to put the most mportant eement frst:
% e v e r a l b y s t a n d e r s !ere ille# b y g u n m e n .
(rather than # -u n me n i l l e d s e v e r a l
b y s t a n d e r s . # ) b
when the person performng the acton s not
mportant, or s not known:
! f i t r a i n s , t h e p i c n i c !ill $e cancelle#.
Note ho" the in#irect o$ect can ecome the su$ect of a passive
sentence!
!hey never told s the trth ) $e were never told
the trth. Someone sent him a fax &e was sent a
fax.
7%
Use the nfntve wth to
- - to express ntenton:
I w o r k l o n g h o r s to pay m y c h i l d r e n ' s s c h o o l f e e s .
- - after certan verbs, e.g. agree' decide' hope' p r o m i s e ' t e a c h ' w a n t ' w i s h 3
wa nt t o learn to drive. * l ea s e teach me to drive.
Some verbs may be foowed by the gerund or by the nfntve wth a change of meanng:
$e stopped to ask t h e wa y . / * l ea s e stop talking.
6 i d y o remember to put t h e c a t o t # / I d o n ' t remember buying t h i s d r es s @
In other cases there s very tte dfference of meanng:
I hate writing l e t t e r s . / I hate to say t h i s ' b t . . . I t started to rain.!It started raining a t d a w n.

$oy facts about
)erun"s anc infiniti!es )
Gerunds can be the sub|ect or the
ob|ect: & a l i n g i s g o o d f o r y o u . I e n 6 o y
w a l i n g . Use the gerund: U
after prepostons
% h e # s v e r y g o o d at remem$erin" d a t e s . d
after certan verbs, e.g. dislie, en6oy, eep
on: &e 6 u s t ept +on, !orin".
n the expresson ! t # s n o u s e " g o o d .
! t # s no "oo# talin" t o h i m . < e # s d e a f t
Use the nfntve wthout to: t
after modas:
I must "o. I can't !ait a n y l o n g e r . a
after l e t and m a e :
P l e a s e let me "o. ; o n # t mae me stay h e r e . h
wth 'sense' verbs (feel , hear , see,
watch): I felt s o m e o n e touch m y s h o u l d e r .

Practice 7
A Fse can't be, must be, can't have or must
have in these senten%es(
1 7ow old is LindaE $he has gre/ hair, so she """"
o;er +0"
2 6ho too0 the 2ileE #t """" been Joe, heBs the onl/
one with a 0e/ to the 2iling cabinet"
- $he """" o;er +0G #Bm older than her and #Bm onl/
-*"
+ 6ho too0 the 2ileE #t """" been licia" $he
doesnBt ha;e a 0e/"
* Fse mustn't or don't have to in these
senten%es(
1 Hou """" come with us i2 /ou donBt want to"
2 Hou can loo0 at m/ to/s, but /ou """" touch
an/thing"
- #tBs a secret, /ou """" tell an/one else, F4E
+ Hou """" shout, #Bm not dea2G
C Fse should/shouldn't be to sa$ what>s
wrong(
1 him 1here """" a dot o;er the i"
2 english 1he word english
written with a ca!ital letter
- 1(00!hwm 1hat car """" tra;elling at
1(00!h" #tBs dangerous"
+ %o $=F4#%G 1hose !eo!le """" smo0ing in
here" CanBt the/ readE
9 Choose the %orre%t phrase to
%omplete the senten%es(
# 7eBs good at """ a: """ !la/ing the guitar
2 Let them """ b: """ to !la/ the guitar
- Just 0ee! on """ c: """ !la/ the guitar
+ # disli0e """
* Julia hates """
, 6e en?o/ """


' Hou canBt ma0e me
( #Bd li0e """


BCCvlCC+ 7
<orrect the ol l o+i ng sentences: =here ma% be more
t han one mi s t a&e i n eac h s ent ence:
1 X Dd you en|oyed to dance wth my grfrend?
2 5 If you w not be busy, I mght to can see you
ater.
3 X If you're very good, I mght to et you
comng wth me.
4 5 If there w not be enough enroments, the
course w cance.
5 5 We saw that the door was ocked, so we can't get
n
6 5 To us was not tod the truth.
7 5 I saw the car to crash nto a wa.
Comparisons
We usuay use more and less to make comparsons of adverbs:
% o s h o l d d r i v e more carefully a t n i gh t . 9 a n y o t a l k a l i t t l e less loudly?
+ote3 hard-harder' fast-faster' well-better' badly-worse !ea tastes better if yo don't add sgar
e..xcus . 9++L
YOU TALK A LATT
-
L.
LESS LOUDLY.



Key facts about
ac!erbia%s a
Adverbas say somethng more about
the acton or state descrbed by a verb:
r u n / u i c l y , b e i n t r o u b l e r
They modfy ad|ectves:
g o o d 1 v e r y g o o d 0 n i c e 1 / u i t e n i c e 0
g r e a t 1 r e a l l y g r e a t g
They reate to
manner! the queston <ow:
plae! the queston &h er e ( t o ) :
time! the questons &hen: <ow l ong:
fre"ueny! the queston <ow oft en: <
Adverbas can be: A
a word (.e. an adverb) =ou should
al!ays t e l l t h e t r u t h . t
a phrase <e spoe in an -merican accent. i
a whoe cause ! go to bed !hen I am tire#.

I'm afraid' "r ,ones' that yo have definitely failed yor driving test ...


1 ;anner 1
Add 2ly to ad|ectves:
sad1sadly0 happy1happily0 terrible1terribly
I am happy to tell you"! will happily tell you
-ood changes to well0 hard and fast do not
change:
<e#s a good driver: he drives !ell.
<e drives carefully0 he never drives fast. f
Avod puttng the adverb between a verb
and
ts ob|ect:
%he .uicly left the room0 not %he left .uicly
the room. t
Note the poston of the adverb n verbs
usng parts of have and be or modas:
&e has definitely left the bilding.
!hey were carefully conting the
money.
She will probably make a mistake.
%o might easily have missed the bs. h
An adverba at the begnnng of a
sentence s ke a comment on the
whoe sentence:


"ently, Sarah picked p the in(red bird.
#n the whole, I think women are better
drivers.
118


2 Place
here& there& upstairs& +ownstairs& ne,t +oor&
upsi+e +own&
ba%- to ront& a%e to a%e& si+e b$ si+e& up
an+ +own&
ba%-war+s& orwar+s b
The most common adverbas of pace are
here and there:
8ring it here.
)ere it is$
Put it over there.
There's a hole in your shirt.
Many adverbas of pace are phrases:
&hy did you hang mother#s picture upsi#e
#o!n'
=ou#ve got your '2shirt on $ac to front.
Words endng n 2wards reate to
movement: 'he rope swung $ac!ar#s and
for!ar#s.
7 8
121

2
-
3
3 /ime 3
Time a+verbials %an relate to T
a point o time:
See you tomorro! at si/ in the mornin". S
a length o time:
Will you stay in 0on#on the !hole !ee' W
The or+er o time a+verbials is usuall$: T
rom the parti%ular to the general
I was born on 1ri#ay& the fifth of June& $%&'. $
how ong, how often
'he 8oard meets for an hour every mornin". f
day + tme (focus on the tme)
>et#s meet on 1ri#ay at %. %
tme + day (focus on the day)
>et#s meet at % on 1ri#ay.
The norma order of adverbas s manner, pace
and tme: &e went <ietly ot of the hose at
midnight.
7 9
2
-
3

( 0re1uency
never3 rarel%3 seldom3 occasionall%3 sometimes3 oten3
usuall%3 generall%3 al+a%s u
Frequency adverbs range from never
through sometimes and often to always:
!#ve never lied tea0 ! always drin coffee. d
The norma poston s before the part of
the verb that carres the man meanng:
=ou can usually identify a bird by its song. a
Put adverbs of frequency at the begnnng
or end of the sentence f you want to
draw attenton to them:
(sually, birds don#t sing in the wintertime (but
there are some e3ceptions$)
%he doesn#t lose her temper often (but when she
does ... .$$$) d
If you put seldom or rarely at the begnnng
of the sentence, nvert the verb:
I have seldom heard such nonsense, but
)eldom have $ heard such nonsense$
%he doesn#t lose her
temper often, but
when she does ...
8 0
124
125
,
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
-
3

A note on ad#erbial cla"ses A
Adverba causes of pace are ntroduced
by: as far as, where, wherever, everywhere
'his is as far as !go.
&e will find him wherever he may be. &
Adverba causes of tme are ntroduced
by: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before,
now that, once, since, until, when,
whenever, while
%tay as long as you lie. -o before it gets dar. %
Other adverba causes are ntroduced
by: although, as far as, as long as
(providing), as if0 because, in case, so that
=ou loo as if you had seen a ghost$
'ae some water in case you get thirsty
Practice &
A Complete the table.
AD|ECTIVE 5CE8B
nce
usefuy
angry
terrby
rea
easy
B &atch each #erb with an ad#erb.
1 breathe a) brghty
2 shne b) ceary
3 seep c) deepy
4 speak d: patenty
5 wat e) softy
6 whsper f) soundy
126
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
-
3

;atch each verb +ith an adverb:
beha;e a: angril/
eat b: attenti;el/
listen c: badl/
shout d: gentl/
remember e: greedil/
stro0e 2: suddenl/
D 1ut the adverbials into these sentences:
1 7a;enBt /ou seen an ele!hant 2l/E (ever)
2 =a0e sure /ou close the door" 9@uietl/:
3 7e doesnBt ma0e such a 2uss" 9usuall/:
4 We stay in bed late on $unda/s" 9alwa/s:
* 6hereBs JaneE $heBs in her stud/" 9!robabl/:
, John has gone out" 9?ust:
- <hoose the correct e/pression:
1 1a0e /our umbrella 9in case/so that: it rains"
2 LetBs go 9be2ore/until: he changes his mindG
3 1his dog 2ollows me 9where/where;er: # go.
4 Are you illE Hou loo0 (as i2/as: /ou ha;e 2lu"
5 6ait here 9while/since: # go to the ban0"
, Hou can sta/ 9as long as/as 2ar as: /ou li0e"
# ;atch the numbers +ith the letters to ma&e
sentences:
1 he has been 2 31
a: on business b: a!!arentl/ c: abroad
2 $he Pi wor0s 2 3
a: alwa/s b: in the morning c: much better
- #
1
slee!
a: well b: in a strange bed c: ne;er
+ Hou shoul d T !ar 0 3
a: a2ter dar0 b: without lights c: ne;er

o!Iew &
<or r ec t t he ol l o+i ng sent enc es : =her e ma% be
mo r e t h a n on e mi s t a & e i n e a c h s e n t en c e:
1 5 Barbara speaks fuenty French.
2 5 Try to thnk n future more carefu before
you speak.
3 5 |ohn works very hardy; he takes never a
hoday.
4 X Have you st fnshed your homework?
5 5 I woud go never by car to work.
6 5 Be carefuy when you ever cross the
road.
126



12(




21 'hat(s the dierence bet+een make
and do?
6a-e 6
Lteray, mae descrbes creatng or
producng somethng from raw materas: !
made a model
house out of toothpics. h
&e use mae metaphorcay n expressons
ke:
mae a mistae, mae friends, mae a noise.
Common e,pressions with make
m a k e ... a proft/oss, a phone ca, a speech, a
decson, an mpresson, a fuss, an
appontment, a suggeston, an excuse, a
Do D
Lteray, do descrbes performng an acton
on somethng whch aready exsts: do a
crossword,
do your hair (.e. brush t).
Common e,pressions with do
do ... your har, your best, your duty, we,
someone a favour, busness, a good |ob, harm,
the/some shoppng; t w do you good
13013





Co

0( *o+ do , use get/have something
done? d
Use ths pattern when you ask or pay
someone ese to do a |ob for you:
need to get# have the car serviced.
&here do you get"have your hair done: &
Use the pattern wth get for somethng you
w do yoursef, but whch w take a ot of
effort:
I really must get this essay finished$ r
If you name the person, the pattern s:
I must get Mervyn to service my car
or (ess usua)
I must have Mervyn service my car.
132
h .





Co

23 +hat3s the difference bet-een say
and tell? t
'o tell s to nform or to order (ncude the
person who s beng tod):
'ell me your name. 'ell the children to be /uiet.
Note the e/pressions: tell a story' tell
the time. t
'o say is to utter words:
'he children said #'han you, grandma$#
-randma said #! am very proud of you$# -
&e can aso report what has been sad: 'he
children said than you to their grandma, and
grandma said that she was very proud of them.
Note the dierent pattern:
I told her ?that0 I was pset.
I said to her ?that0 I was pset.
! still wor for !8M.
;o you still love me: ;
=et descrbes somethng that hasn't
started (or may not have started) to
happen, so t s used ony n negatve
statements and questons:
'he morning post hasn#t arrived yet.
<as the dog been fed yet:
D8 'hat( s the dierence bet+een still
and yet?
They both mean cup to the present tme'. T
Still descrbes somethng that has
been
happenng, and may be contnung: h
Use still (wth stress) n negatve statements
to express surprse:
+nbelievable$ 'he post still hasn#t arrived$


Co

DE 'hat(s the dierence bet+een
which? and what? w
3se which: to as0 which one(s): 92rom a 0nown set
o2 ob?ects:"
&e#ve got three inds of apples. &hich (ones) do
you want:
&hich 7ohn -risham novels have you read: &
3se what: to as0 a general @uestion< &hat
(ind of) novels do you en6oy reading:
D9 'hat is the dierence bet+een like
doing and like to do? l
>ie doing 2ocuses on a regular habit<
! lie reading. !
>ie to do 2ocuses on each exam!le o2 the
acti;it/<
! lie to read for an hour before ! go to sleep.
.se onl% to do ater wold like3 $hat wold yo
like to eat# I'd like to order a piCCa.
'()
27 'hat(s the dierence bet+een
must and have (got) to? h
Must ex!resses an obligation 2rom within /ou<
# must remember to buy a birthday card for my
sister. s
<ave to ex!resses an obligation 2rom outside<
'he teacher says we have to (we#ve got to) wor
harder.
Note: mstn't e/presses an obligation not to do: 6on't have
to means there is no obligation to do: %o mst be nice
to her; bt yo don't have to like her@
08 'hat(s the dierence bet+een
ought to and should? s
?ught ex!resses what /ou 2eel /ou owe to
other !eo!le (ought is an old !ast 2orm o2
owe). o
%hould ex!resses what /ou 2eel /ou owe to
/oursel2"
135
,r1
Co

D" 'hen do , use shall? s
%hall is usuall/ used onl/ with ! or we. 1he
most common use is in @uestions<
%hall ! open the window:
%hall we go now:
1 2 'hat(s the dierence bet+een
very and too? t
Aery ex!resses a higher degree o2 a @ualit/<
'his tea is hot0 in fact, it#s very hot. '
'oo ex!resses an unacce!table degree< !f
it#s very hot, ! can still drin it, but if its too
hot, ! can#t drin it.
136
on errors
=ow that $ou have almost
%omplete+ the boo-& see how man$
o these %ommon errors $ou %an
%orre%t( There ma$ be more than
one mista-e in ea%h senten%e(
1 I John is teacher"
2 I1 2ell and bro0e the leg, so # must to go to
hos!ital"
- I # go alwa/s to the wor0 on bus"
+ G %obod/ hel!ed me< # did it all b/ m/ own"
* G # ne;er said nothing to nobod/"
, I 6hat time the bus lea;es 2or Fx2ordE
' 5 6h/ /ou donBt get /our hair cuttingE
( G $he le2t house without sa/ing me goodb/e"
& G # am waiting since agesG 6here /ou beenE
137
10 5 Here's a pcture from a dog and t's owner.
11 5 Are you beevng for ghosts?
1.2 5 Aca: I don't ke peope whch smokes.
13 5 Php: Nether I do.
14 5 You shoudn't of eaten so much potatoes.
15 5 She s the beautfuest gr I am knowng.
16 5 If I were you, I woud sten your fathers
advces.
17 5 I made my homeworks n ess than
an hour!
18 5 |ack shoud be here an hour ago, and he
hasn't st arrved!
19 5 I am very nterestng n Indan musc.
20 X Have another drnk: t won't make you no
harm.
1 3 8
Use the -ing form of the verb after a preposton: I don't believe in getting p early.
I woldn't dream of doing that@


Grammar ile 1: 1repositional phrases * A+8e%tives ollowe+ b$ parti%ular
A Verbs ollowe+ b$ parti%ular prepositions prepositions
account 2or
accuse o2
agree with
a!ologise 2or
a!!ro;e o2
arri;e at
as0 2or
be/get used to
belie;e in
belong to
blame 2or
borrow 2rom
come 2rom
congratulate on
de!end on
esca!e 2rom
get rid o2
ho!e 2or
laugh at
listen to
loo0 a2ter
loo0 at
loo0 2or
loo0 2orward to
loo0 li0e
long 2or
ob?ect to
!a/ 2or
!re;ent 2rom
rel/ on
re!l/ to
see to
stare at
su22er 2rom
ta0e a2ter
9wouldnBt:
dream o2
absent 2rom
accustomed/used to
a2raid o2
angr/ about
ashamed o2
aware o2
bad at
close to
di22erent 2rom/to
2ond o2
2ull o2
glad about
good at
grate2ul 2or
interested in
?ealous o2
0een on
late 2or
mad/craA/ about
!leased with
!roud o2
read/ 2or
sad about
serious about
similar to
sorr/ about
sorr/ 2or
sur!rised at
tired o2
worried about
91
143


Grammar ile 2: Verb patterns
#imple tenses
#/we//ou/the/
9donBt: sing
9didnBt:
sang
he/she/it
sings
sang
doesnBt sing
didnBt
$erfet tenses
#/we//ou/the/ ha;e tal0ed
had
he/she/it has
had
Continuous tenses
# am
was
ha;e been
he/she/it is
was
has been
we//ou/the/ are
were
ha;e been
#/he/she/it/
we//ou/the/
had been
will be
must 9etc": be
92
Pattern ABC
1 Changing to *o* in simple past tense
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
drve drove drven
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
speak spoke spoken
stea stoe stoen
tear tore torn
wear wore worn
2 Changing to *oo* in simple past tense
shake shook shaken
t a k e t o o k taken



# am
was
ha;e been
he/she/it is
was
has been
we//ou/the/ are
were
ha;e been
#/he/she/it/
we//ou/the/
had been
<ontinuous passives are possible but not common:
Something is being done.
$e were being criticised.
"3

145
147


! Changing to -e- in simple
past tense
bow bew bown
draw drew drawn
fa fe faen
fy few fown
go went gone
grow grew grown
know knew known
throw threw thrown
4 Changing to *i* in simple
past tense
bte bt btten
do dd done
hde hd hdden
PassivesGrammar ile !: Common irregular verbs


5 Changing to *a* in simple
past tense
be was been
eat ate eaten
forgve forgave forgven
gve gave gven
e ay an
see saw seen
begn began begun
drnk drank drunk
sng sang sung
swm swam swum
Ths verb s aso ABC but does not ft any of
the above categores:
show showed shown


Pattern 'BB
1 1n+ing
in *#
ha;e
hear
hold
la/
ma0e
!a/
sa/
sell
stand
tell
2eed
lead
read
2
i
n
d
had
heard
held
laid
made
!aid
said
sold
stood
told
2ed
led
read
2ound
had heard held
laid made !aid
said sold stood
told 2ed
led read 2ound
2
1n+i
ng
in *t
bend
build
2eel
get
0
e
e
!

l
e
a
;
e

l
e
n
d
lose
m
e
a
n

m
e
e
t

148
149

send
shoot
sit
slee!
s!end
bent
built
2elt
got
0e!t
le2t
lent
lost
meant
met
sent
shot
sat
sle!t
s!ent
bent
built
2elt
got
0e!t
le2t
lent
lost
meant
met
sent
shot
sat
sle!t
s!ent

150
151
3 %nding in *ought!*aught
brng brought brought
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
fght fought fought
teach taught taught
thnk thought thought
& 'owel hange +i*a to *u!*o
dg dug dug
hang hung hung
stck stuck stuck
strke struck struck
shne shone shone
wn won won
Pattern '''
bet bet bet
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
ht ht ht
hurt hurt hurt
et et et
put put put
set set set
spt spt spt
spread spread spread
shut shut shut
(ther patterns
become became become
come came come
run ran run
beat beat beaten
Answers
1 =ouns an+ pronouns
Pra%ti%e: 1A
A 1 woman 2 ves 3 foot 4 chdren 5 days 6 ady
7 matches 8 books 9 tax 10 trees
* 1 are 2 costs 3 s 4 ooks 5 have
C 1 armchar 2 botte opener 3 greenhouse
4 matchstck 5 poce car 6 post offce 7 screwdrver
8 teephone drectory 9 wrstwatch
Pra%ti%e: 1*
A
I me my mne mysef
you you your yours yoursef/yourseves
he hm hs hs hmsef
she her her hers hersef
t t ts tsef
we us our ours ourseves
they them ther thers themseves
* 1 my 2 her 3 ourseves 4 ther 5 me 6 yours
'eview 1
1 Dd she go to the party on her own/by hersef? 2 It's/It s
tme to gve the cat ts dnner. 3 Look after yourseves,
chdren! 4 Expan to me the dfference between if and
when. 5 Is ths your harbrush? 6 There's not/There sn't
much bread eft. 7 Dd Kate te you/Dd Kate say where she
was gong? 8 Your house s bgger than ours.
2 Determiners
Pra%ti%e 2
A 1 French peope shake hands more often than the
Engsh do/than Engsh peope do. 2 The Moon goes
round the Earth. 3 Let me gve you a pece of advce:
don't accept sweets from strange men! 4 When I was a
boy, we aways had eggs for breakfast. 5 What tme do
you eave home n the mornng? 6 If s a poem by an
Engsh wrter.
* 1 There's no pont n teng me; . can't do anythng
about t. 2 Somebody's been smokng! . can sme
t!
3 . have coffee but no mk, so you' have to drnk t back.
4 Sha I make some more popcorn for you? 5 I know
hardy anybody at ths party.
'eview 2
A 1 Is ths money yours? 2 There aren't any cakes/There
are no cakes eft. The cat has eaten them a/a of
them.
152 153
- 6e do some sho!!ing e;er/ wee0end" + # ha;e three
sons and the/ are all craA/" * 7a;e /ou li;ed here all /our
li2eE , 6h/ do the .rench/6h/ do .rench !eo!le alwa/s
sha0e hands when the/ meetE s
1 . need a little more time" 2 Hou should eat less bread" -
1here isnBt much 2urniture in here" + . ha;enBt man/
exercises to do"
3 Adjectivals
Pra%ti%e !
A 1 all m/ old school !hotos 2 se;eral old .rench dining
tables - =i0eBs 2irst 2rican wildli2e sa2ari + a lot o2 !rett/
/oung BraAilian girls * a !air o2 white cotton tennis shorts /
9$am!le answers: 1 Ja!anese is more di22icult than
English" 2 6al0ing is healthier than ?ogging" - 1hirst is
worse than hunger" 4 7ealth is more im!ortant than
mone/" * 7al2 a loa2 is better than no loa2 at all"
C 1 2all aslee! 2 go mad - grow old + ma0e sure
* stand still , turn green *
1 . am the girl 9that: /ou wrote to" 2 . am the onl/ one
:
who/that can s!ea0 Chinese" - $heBs the one who/that
wor0s in a ban0" + 7eBs the man 9that: # told /ou about"
* 1his is the cat that/which ate m/ brea02ast"
'eview !
1 %e;er wa0e u! a slee!ing tiger 9a tiger that is aslee!:"
2 #tBs the biggest stadium in the worldG - re /ou the man
whose cat ate m/ brea02astE + # am interested in 2ootball" #
go to all the matches" * 1oda/ is the twent/)second o2
June" , ngela is the most intelligent !erson . 0now"
8 1repositions
Pra%ti%e 4A
A 1 across 2 !ast - round + u! * o;er , through
' across ( along & o;er 10 into
B 1 . last ate at se;en oBcloc0" # ha;enBt eaten since se;en
oBcloc0" # ha;enBt eaten 2or 2i;e hours" 2 # was horn in
1&(0" # was born on .rida/ ' Jul/ at - oBcloc0 in the
morningG
Pra%ti%e 4*
1 a !resent 2or/on /our birthda/ 2 a !ainting b/
8embrandt - a table made o2/2rom wood + an old man
with a gre/ beard * a car that goes li0e the wind , a boo0
about dinosaurs ' a building taller than the Ei22el 1ower
( a !eace march against the war & # am ;er/ !roud o2 m/
daughter" 10 7e is ;er/ good at 2ootball" 11 5id /ou !a/
2or the mealE 12 5oes this !en belong to /ouE 1- Bill
loo0s exactl/ li0e his 2atherG 1+ #Bm not used to eating s!ic/
2ood" 1* 5o /ou belie;e in ghostsE
101

155
102



! B A 4 5 G 4
Revew 4
A 1 Please be home b/ 10 !m at the latestG 2 # ha;e been
waiting 2or two hours" - John got tired o2 waiting, so he
went home" + Fur 2riends were late, so we went without
them" * 6hat did /ou do at the wee0endE , 12"*0 is the
same as ten to one" 7 6e arri;ed at the hotel a2ter
midnight"
B l c 2 d - 2 + e * a , b
E Verbs 1: #orm
Practce 5
A
1 fnd found found
2 catch caught caught
3 fa fe faen
4 put put put
5 see saw seen
6 wrte wrote wrtten
7 te tod tod
8 take took taken
9 meet met met
10 cost cost cost
B 1 6here did /ou go last nightE 2 6here do /ou li;eE
- 6hat did /ou ha;e 2or dinnerE + 7ow man/ languages
can /ou s!ea0E * 7ow do /ou go to wor0E , 6hich
!rogram do /ou useE ' 6hat ha;e /ou done toda/E
C 1 #t has mo;ed > #t has been mo;ed > #t has been
mo;ing > #t will mo;e 2 5oes she wor0E > 5id she
wor0E > 7as she wor0edE > #s she wor0ingE
Revew 5
1 6hat does John doE 7e teaches !h/sics" 2 I'm tired<
#B;e been wor0ing hard" - =ust we sta/ inE + 6h/
doesnBt this watch wor0E * HouBre a student, arenBt /ouE
, Can /ou tell me the time, !leaseE ' 1his box measures
200cm b/ -00cm" ( 5o /ou li;e hereE Hes, # do"
9 Verbs 2: =enses
Practce 6
A 1 are /ou doing 2 do /ou do - arenBt /ou wor0ing
+ donBt /ou wor0 * holds , are holding
B 1 J a/ c 2 J a/ c - J b/ d + J a/ c
C ld 2c -b +a
D lc 2a -d +b 9a is also correct:
Revew 6
1 #Bm not sure what the H stands 2or in 720" 2 6e went
to 8ome last /ear and saw the Catican" - # was a good
singer when # was /ounger" + B#B;e lost m/ !urse< B6hat
does it loo0 li0eEB * 6hen was the Golden Gate Bridge
103



! B A 4 5 G 4
157 erectedE , B6h/
donBt we go sho!!ing
tomorrowEB DF4<
' 5o /ou thin0 it
will rain/itBs going to
rain this e;eningE
( #B;e been waiting
2or /ou 92or: a long
time"
7 Verbs 3: Other
orms
$ratie )
A * must be 2 must
ha;e - canBt be +
canBt ha;e
B 1 donBt ha;e to 2
mustnBt 3 mustnBt +
donBt ha;e to
C * should be 2
should be -
shouldnBt be +
shouldnBt be
+ la 2c -a +a *a
or b ,a 'c (b
,eview )
* 5id /ou en?o/
dancing with m/
girl2riendE
2 #2 /ou are//ouBre
not bus/, # might
be able to see /ou
later" - #2 /ouBre
;er/ good, #
might let /ou
come with me" +
#2 there arenBt
enough
enrolments, the
course will be
cancelled" * 6e
saw that the door
was loc0ed, so we
couldnBt get in" 6
6e were not told
the truth" ) * saw
the car crash into
a wall"
!: Adverbials
$ratie -
104



! B A 4 5 G 4
= o w
Longman
1
Pubshed and dstrbuted by Pearson Educaton Lmted
9
80582
468
31
A * nicel/ 2 use2ul
- angril/ + terrible *
reall/ , eas/
@ lc 2a -2 +b 9e
also 2its: *d ,e
C lc 2e -b +a *2 ,d
+ # 7a;enBt /ou e;er
seen an ele!hant 2l/E
2 =a0e sure /ou
close the door
@uietl/" - 7e
doesnBt usuall//7e
usuall/ doesnBt ma0e
such a 2uss" + 6e
alwa/s sta/ in bed
late on $unda/s" *
6hereBs JaneE $heBs
!robabl/ in her
stud/" , John has
?ust gone out"
% * in case 2
be2ore - where;er
+ as i2 * while
, as long as
F l !!arentl/ he
has been abroad on
business" 2 $he
alwa/s wor0s much
better in the
morning" - # ne;er
slee! well in a
strange bed" + Hou
should ne;er !ar0
without lights a2ter
dar0"
,eview -
* Barbara s!ea0s
.rench 2luentl/" 2
1r/ to thin0 more
care2ull/ in 2uture
be2ore /ou s!ea0/#n
2uture, tr/ to thin0
more care2ull/ "")"
- John wor0s ;er/
hardK he ne;er
ta0es a holida/" +
7a;e /ou 2inished
/our homewor0
/etE
* # would ne;er go
to wor0 b/ car" ,
Be care2ul
whene;er /ou
cross the road"
" #re$uentl%
as&ed $uestions
Common errors
1 John is a teacher"
2 # 2ell and bro0e
m/ leg, so # must
go to hos!ital" - #
alwa/s go to wor0
b/ bus/on the bus"
+ %obod/ hel!ed
me< # did it all b/
m/sel2/on m/ own"
*.- *./
105


! B A 4 5 G 4
= o w
Longman
1
Pubshed and dstrbuted by Pearson Educaton Lmted
9
80582
468
31
* # ne;er said an/thing to an/bod/" , 6hat time does the
bus lea;e 2or Fx2ordE ' 6h/ donBt /ou get /our hair cutE
( $he le2t the house without sa/ing goodb/e to me"
& # ha;e been waiting 2or agesG 6here ha;e /ou beenE
10 7ereBs a !icture o2 a dog and its owner" 11 5o /ou
belie;e in ghostsE 12 licia< # donBt li0e !eo!le who/that
smo0e" 1- Phili!< %either do I. 1+ Hou shouldnBt ha;e
eaten so man/ !otatoes" 1* $he is the most beauti2ul girl I
0now" 1, #2 # were /ou, # would listen to /our 2atherBs
ad;ice" 1' I did m/ homewor0 n less than an hourG
1( Jac0 should ha;e been here an hour ago, and he still
hasnBt arri;edG 1& # am ;er/ interested in #ndian music"
20 7a;e another drin0< it wonBt do /ou an/ harm"
1,
0

! B A 4 5 G 4
= o w
Longman
1
Pubshed and dstrbuted by Pearson Educaton Lmted
9
80582
468
31
Penguin 2uic! 4uid learning 5nglish 1ui
Do %ou +ant to improve %our -ngl ish grammarF Fean0/ useul
English Grammar can helpF ,t guides %ou to the most important
points and diiculties o -nglish grammar3 using: p
short3 clear e/planations s
lots o practice and revie+ pages l
cartoons to help %ou understand A and ma&e %ou laughF
'a(e Allsop has a special interest in testin* an# *rammar
-
. +e is the
author of several oo,s in the Test -our series from Pen*uin En*lish.
.or learnin*

.or travellin* './
.or "or,

Level! 0nterme#iate
1eries E#itors! An#y +op,ins an# 2ocelyn Potter
<over illustration ; < -scher(s (Ascending and Descending(
2222 <ordon Art @ V3 @aarn3 *olland: All rights reserved:
# $B% 0) *(2) +,(&-) 0
= o w
Longman
1
Pubshed and dstrbuted by Pearson Educaton Lmted
9
80582
468
31