1

VIRTUAL GUIDE FOR ASSITING BLIND PEOPLE

USING HUMAN BODY NETWORK
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
J.JASPER SHEBA - 439101001!
M.J.SHARMI - 4391010044
K.VAISHALI - 43910100!"
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
NEW PRINCE SHRI BHAVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY# KANCHEEPURAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY $ CHENNAI 00 0"!
MAY "014
1
ANNA UNIVERSITY $ CHENNAI 00 0"!
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report %VIRTUAL GUIDE FOR ASSISTING BLIND
PEOPLE USING HUMAN BODY NETWORK& is the bonafide work of
J.JASPERSHEBA '439101001!(# M.J.SHARMI '4391010044(#
K.VAISHALI '43910100!"( & who carried out the project work under my
supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Ms.G. DURGAD!" M..#$%h.D& Ms.G. DURGAD!" M..#
$%h.D&
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
'ead of the Department
Department of C Department of C
(ew %rince )hri *havani Co++e,e of (ew %rince )hri *havani
Co++e,e
n,ineerin, and -echno+o,y of n,ineerin, and -echno+o,y
Gowrivakkam#Ch./0 Gowrivakkam#Ch./0
1
)ubmitted for project viva.voce he+d on 1111
INTERNAL E)AMINER E)TERNAL
E)AMINER
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2e thank our A+mi,hty to fu+fi+ this project work in a successfu+ manner. 2e
e3press our thanks to our Chairman M*.K.LOGANATHAN M.+,-.#M.E..# for
e3tendin, his support.
" wou+d +ike to thank our be+oved %rincipa+ D*.V.KANAKASABAI M.E.#PH...#
for his encoura,ement and for providin, a++ faci+ities# which he+ped me to comp+ete
this project.
" wou+d +ike to e3tend my sincere thanks to our Director M*.A.SWAMINATHAN
M.E.# for his support throu,hout the project.
" e3press my cavernous sa,acity of ,ratitude to our 'ead of the department as we++
as our ,uide M/.G.DURGADAVI M.E.#'PH..( for her fervent support and
encoura,ement# which he+ped me for the comp+etion of this project. A,ain our
deepest thanks to our mam for ,uidin, and correctin, various documents of our
project with attention and care. )he has taken pain to ,o throu,h the project and
make necessary correction as and when needed.
" wou+d a+so thank my "nstitution and my facu+ty members without whom this
project wou+d have been a distant rea+ity.
1
ABSTRACT
4ur project e3p+ores the possibi+ity of usin, the human body as a medium for very
+ow power communication. 'ere 'uman body (etwork is demonstrated for
medicine identification app+ication for b+ind peop+e. -he princip+e of '*( and
,a+vanic coup+in, of si,na+s is used. -here are two parts in the project5 one is a
fi3ed device that is p+aced in the device from which the information has to be
received. -he second is a headphone the user is wearin, to receive the information.
"f the person touches the correct medicine bott+e an audio is p+ayed back with the
information and an a+arm is a+so ,iven for intimatin, them that they have se+ected
correct bott+e. "f they touch some other bott+es with medicine there wi++ be a a+ert
te++in, that it is not the ri,ht medicine.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT 000
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
1 INTRODUCTION
6.6 %urpose of the project
6.7 3istin, system
6.0 %roposed system
6.8 Description
6.9 :iterature survey
" BLOCK DIAGRAM
DESCRIPTION
7.6 Microcontro++er
7.7 )i,na+ modu+ator
7.0 %rotection and coup+in, circuit
7.8 +ectrodes
7.9 )i,na+ amp+ifier
7.; <i+terin, circuit
and demodu+ator 7./ !oice processor
7.= Audio
amp+ifier 7.>
)4<-2AR D)CR"%-"4(
7.>.6 AG:
7.>.7 4RCAD
7.>.6? %ro,rammin, the
1
microcontro++er
3 CONCLUSION
0.6 Merits and Demerits
0.7 <uture enhancement
1
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
6 *:4C@ D"AGRAM 4< MD"C"(
"D(-"<"CA-"4( )A)-M
7 %"C6=<89@77 %"( C4(<"GURA-"4(
0 "C999 -"MR
8 )"G(A: M4DU:A-4R U)"(G "C999
9 (%( -RA()")-4R.*C98/
; "(A67; %"( C4(<"GUR-"4(
/ "()-RUM(-A-"4( AM%:"<"R
= !4"C %R4C))4R
> :M0=; AUD"4 AM%:"<"R
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1
1 C4M%AR")4( 4< !AR"4U) M"CR4.
.C4(-R4::R) 4( -' *A)") 4<
-'"R C'ARAC-R")-"C)
7 AUD"4 AM%:"<"R %ARAM-R"C)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1
HBN - HUMAN BODY NETWORK
BAN - BODY AREA NETWORK
WBAN - WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK
PIC - PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLER
FVR - FI)ED VOLTAGE REGULATOR
UART - UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS
RECEIVER 1TRANSMITTER
TTL - TRANSISTOR TRANSFER LOGIC
ASK - AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
SPI - SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
EAGLE - EASILY APPLICABLE GRAPHICAL
LAYOUT EDITOR
EDA - ELECTRONIC DESIGN AUTOMATION
MCU - MICROCONTROLLER UNIT
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1
-his project is deve+oped for e+der+y peop+e and visua++y impaired. -hese
peop+e reBuire someoneCs he+p for ,ivin, them medicine at ri,ht time. -his project
is aimed at proposin, automation for e+der and disab+ed peop+e. -he a,ed peop+e
have severa+ hea+th prob+ems and they have medicines for that too. Due to
confusion or unknowin,+y they may consume some other medicine. "n order to
avoid this we have desi,ned a device which wi++ be fitted with every medicine
bott+es and the information about it is a+so provided as a voice.
1." E)ISTING SYSTEM
%atient monitorin, systems use *A( -echno+o,ies for measurin, some body
parameters.
R< wire+ess techno+o,y was used which have chances of error occurrence in
the data transmission process.
*+uetooth and simi+ar techno+o,ies are re+ative+y e3pensive and reBuire R<
si,na+s.
1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
A very easy to use and user friend+y device that can provide specific
information based on bionic touch.
A simp+e device that can be made to use with a headphone or a wrist watch.
Consumes +ow power than other wire+ess techno+o,ies.
(o technica+ know+ed,e is reBuired to operate the device.
1.4 DESCRIPTION
1
"n this project the princip+e of '*( $human body networks&
and ,a+vanic coup+in, of si,na+s is used. As per e3istin, " standards currents
upto 6mA can be safe+y transmitted and received over the human body. "n this
project we use very +ow power si,na+s# where in currents of the order of on+y a few
micro amperes f+ow throu,h the human body in the imp+ementation of the project.
-here are two parts in the project5 one iss a fi3ed device that is p+aced in the device
from which the information has to be received. -he second is a headphone the user
is wearin, to receive the information. -he fi3ed device transmits data representin,
the information about the fi3ed item and the user has a receivin, device that is
makin, contact with their skin. -he user can be ho+din, the device# or they can be
wearin, it +ike a wrist watch or even in the form of headphones. -he si,na+s from
the fi3ed device can f+ow throu,h the human body and be received in the
headphones. "f the person touches the correct medicine bott+e an audio is p+ayed
back with the information and an a+arm is a+so ,iven for intimatin, them that they
have se+ected correct bott+e. "f they touches some other bott+es with medicine there
wi++ not be any response.
1.! LITERATURE SURVEY
1
213 B45678 P,9*-,5/4601# M,57--7. E/5:50"# %Reliable Energy Efficient
Dynamic-TDMA MAC Protocol for Wirele !ody Area "etwor#& ISSN "319 ;
4<4=#V,>9-4 "# I//94 =# J9>? "013.
"ntan,ib+e monitorin, of physio+o,ica+ parameters and Buick detection of
emer,ency situations
*ody MAC hires C)MADCA mechanism for channe+ a++ocation whi+e takin,
advanta,e of -DMA mechanism for data transmission.
4perates with u+tra.+ow power consumption and +en,thens the operationa+
+ifetime.
2"3 N. J7@70.1# N. A. K5761# M. S57A0*1# M. A. K5761# S. H. B,9A1# B. A.
K576"# %$bi%uitou &ealthCare in Wirele !ody Area "etwor# - A Sur'ey& ()
!aic) Appl) Sci) Re)* +,-./-/-/01* 234+)
%rovides efficient means of data transfer and communication.
Ei,*ee standard has the capabi+ity to hand+e comp+e3 communication in +ow
power communication devices with co++ision avoidance schemes.
%hase distortion and attenuation a+so increases with freBuency.
233 C596C076: H91#)07,D46: L07,# D4+576: C546# %Securing
Communication !etween E5ternal $er and Wirele !ody Area "etwor# 6
AE*0> 19# "013.
Data are stored in cipher te3t format at the data sink to support the access by
different consumers with different sets of attributes
Data is secure a,ainst co++ision attacks.
1
243 M. A-E7*, C7>>4FG,6# J7@04* R4067-T,/067 # D7@0. N7*76F,-H4*6
G76.48# 76. L79*7 M. R,7# 78al'anic Coupling Tranmiion in
9ntrabodyCommunication: A ;inite Element Approach6 IEEE T*76/7+H0,6/
,6 B0,-4.0+7> E6:0644*06: "013.
Coup+es +ow.power and +ow.freBuency vo+ta,es and currents into the human
body acts as a transmission medium.
-he majority of the e+ectric current in ,a+vanic coup+in, trave+s throu,h the
musc+e# possib+y due to its hi,her conductivity and +ar,er area.
2!3 ADH7I A>01 76. F7**9A5 A/>7- K5761#"# %Energy-efficient cluter-baed
ecurity mechanim for intra-W!A" and inter-W!A" communication for
healthcare application6 A>0 76. K576 EURASIP J,9*67> ,6 W0*4>4//
C,--960+7H0,6/ 76. N4HJ,*A06: "013.
Co++ect and communicate the human persona+ data.
MinimiFe the chances of errors durin, the process of medica+ dia,nosis.
-o overcome the threats severa+ crypto,raphic techniBues are used.
23 )0 M40 C5461# P46: U6 M7A1# M76: I V701 76. M06 D93# 7Signal
Tranmiion through &uman Mucle for 9mplantable Medical De'ice uing
8al'anic 9ntra-body Communication Techni%ue6 I6H4*67H0,67> C,6D4*46+4 ,D
H54 IEEE S4EH4-I4*# "01".
Uses imp+antab+e medica+ devices to communicate with other sensor
devices in achievin, hea+th care and monitorin, functions.
)ave power and enhances the battery +ife of +on,er imp+antab+e devices.
1
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
".1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
FIG .1$ BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MEDICINE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
M"CR4C4(-R4::R
)"G(A:
M4DU:A-4R
%R4-C-"4( G
C4U%:"(G
C"RCU"-
-4UC'
%:A-
GA:!A("C
C4U%:"(G
:C-R4D
)"G(A:
AM%:"<"R
M"CR4C4(-R4::R
!4"C
%R4C))4R
<":-R"(G G
DM4DU:A-"(G
C"RCU"-
AM%:"<"R
'AD%'4(
)%A@R)
!")UA:
"(D"CA-"4(
1
"." MICROCONTROLLER
%"C fami+y of Microcontro++ers is bui+t on 'arvard architecture# in
which pro,ram code and data are stored in separate memory +ocations. -he
C%U e3ecutes each instruction durin, the cyc+e fo++owin, its fetch# pipe+inin,
instruction fetches and instruction e3ecution to achieve the e3ecution of one
instruction every cyc+e. -his seBuence of e3ecution is broken and an additiona+
cyc+e is introduced when e3ecutin, G4-4 instruction. -he %"C contro++er we
use in our project is %"C6=<89@77.
CORE FEATURES$
H0:5-P4*D,*-76+4 RISC CPU$
H Up to 6?78 *ytes Data %R4M
H Up to ;8 @bytes :inear %ro,ram Memory Addressin,
H Up to 0=>; *ytes :inear Data Memory Addressin,
H Up to 6; M"%) 4peration
H 6;.bit 2ide "nstructions# =.bit 2ide Data %ath
H %riority :eve+s for "nterrupts
H = 3 = )in,+e.Cyc+e 'ardware Mu+tip+ier
F>4K0I>4 O/+0>>7H,* SH*9+H9*4$
H %recision 6; M'F "nterna+ 4sci++ator *+ockI <actory ca+ibrated to J 6K and
;8 M'F performance avai+ab+e usin, %::
H <our Crysta+ modes up to ;8 M'F
H -wo 3terna+ C+ock modes up to ;8 M'F
H )econdary 4sci++ator usin, -imer6L 07 k'F
H <ai+.)afe C+ock MonitorI A++ows for safe shutdown if periphera+ c+ock stops
1
TABULATION$
TABLE.1$ COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MICROCONTROLLERS ON
THE BASIS OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
A67>,: F47H9*4/$
H Ana+o,.to.Di,ita+ Converter $ADC& modu+eI
. 6?.bit reso+ution# up to 0? e3terna+ channe+s
. Auto.acBuisition capabi+ity
. Conversion avai+ab+e durin, )+eep
. <i3ed !o+ta,e Reference $<!R& channe+
. "ndependent input mu+tip+e3in,
H Ana+o, Comparator modu+eI
. -wo rai+.to.rai+ ana+o, comparators
. "ndependent input mu+tip+e3in,
H Di,ita+.to.Ana+o, Converter $DAC& modu+eI
. <i3ed !o+ta,e Reference with 6.?78!# 7.?8=! and 8.?>;! output +eve+s
. 9.bit rai+.to.rai+ resistive DAC with positive and ne,ative reference se+ection
. )upports capacitive touch sensin, for touch screens and capacitive switches
P4*0E54*7> D47H9*4/$
H Up to 09 "D4 %ins p+us 6 "nput.4n+y %inI
. 'i,h.Current )inkD)ource 79 mAD79 mA
1
. -hree pro,rammab+e e3terna+ interrupts
. <our pro,rammab+e interrupt.on.chan,e
. (ine pro,rammab+e weak pu++.ups
. %ro,rammab+e s+ew rate
H )R :atchI
. Mu+tip+e )etDReset input options
H -wo CaptureDCompareD%2M $CC%& modu+es
H -hree nhanced CC% $CC%& modu+esI
. 4ne# two or four %2M outputs
. )e+ectab+e po+arity
. %ro,rammab+e dead time
. Auto.)hutdown and Auto.Restart
. %2M steerin,
PIN DIAGRAM

FIG."$ PIC1<F4!K"" PIN CONFIGURATION
'ere we are usin, %"C 6=<89@77 microcontro++er# which is of hi,h speed. "t is
a 8? pin "C in which 09 pins are used as inputDoutput pins and rest of the 9 pins
1
are used for power supp+y# ,round G master c+ear. -he "C consists of 9 ports
name+y port A #* #C #D and . %ort A to D have = pins each whi+e port has
on+y 0 pins. "n our project pin 6 is used for repro,rammin, purpose. -hen the 8
switches are used for onDoff process# which are connected to port * of the
contro++er. 'ere pins 66 and 07 are used for power supp+y5 pins 67 and 06 are
used as ,round. -here are 7 UAR- pins for communication# pin no 79 and 7;
constitutes UAR- 6 and pin 7> and 0? for UAR- 7. %in79 is used for the
communication purpose# which provides +ink to the si,na+ modu+ator for
modu+ation purpose at pin 8 of the "C999 timer.
"." SIGNAL MODULATOR
)i,na+ modu+ator is used to vary one or more properties of the carrier
si,na+ in accordance with the modu+atin, si,na+. "C999 is used as a si,na+
modu+ator.-he(999mono+ithic timin, circuit is a hi,h+y stab+e contro++er
capab+e of producin, accurate time de+ays or osci++ation.
. %"( D"AGRAM

<"G.0I"C999 -"MR
"n the time de+ay mode of operation# the time is precise+y contro++ed by
one e3terna+ resistor and capacitor. <or astab+e operation as an osci++ator# the
free runnin, freBuency and the duty cyc+e are both accurate+y contro++ed with
twoe3terna+ resistors and one capacitor. -he circuit may be tri,,ered and reset
on fa++in, waveforms# and the output structure can source or sink up to
7??mA. -he (999 is avai+ab+e in p+astic and ceramic mini dip packa,e and in
a =.+eadmicropacka,e and in meta+ can packa,e version.
1
FEATURES
:owturn off time
Adjustab+e duty cyc+e.
Ma3imum operatin, freBuency ,reater than 9??khF .
4perates in both astab+e and monostab+e modes
'i,h output current can source or sink 7??mA .
--: compatib+e temperature stabi+ity of ?.??9K per MC.
2hen the circuit is connected as it tri,,ers itse+f and free runsas a
mu+tivibrator. -he e3terna+ capacitor char,es throu,h R6and and R7 and
dischar,es throu,hR7 on+y.-hus the duty cyc+e may beprecise+y set by the ratio
of these two resistors."n the astab+e mode of operation# C6 char,es and
dischar,es between 6D0 vcc and 7D0 vcc.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG.4$ SIGNAL MODULATOR USING IC!!!
-he Di,ita+ data from the microcontro++er is ,iven as the input to the
si,na+ modu+ator. "C999 -imer is used for modu+ation purpose# which
,enerates c+ock pu+se with di,ita+ data. 'ere Amp+itude )hift @eyin, $A)@& is
carried out where the amp+itude of the carrier si,na+ is switched between
various +eve+s. 4nce the si,na+ is modu+ated it is ,iven as the input to the
protection and coup+in, circuit.
1
".3 PROTECTION AND COUPLING CIRCUIT
%rotection circuit is ,enera++y used to prevent the hi,h current passin,
throu,h the circuit and protect it from dama,e. Coup+in, circuit is used for
transfer of e+ectrica+ ener,y from one circuit se,ment to another. -he
modu+ated output from the si,na+ modu+ator is ,iven as the input to the
protection and coup+in, circuit.
'ere the Resistors Ra# Rb G6???Nf is used for the protection and
coup+in, purpose. "t is used for fi+terin, out the effect of noise from the si,na+.
%rotection circuit is used to contro+ the amount of current passin, throu,h the
body and protect it. -he output of the protection and coup+in, circuit is ,iven
as the input to the touch p+ateDe+ectrode.
".4 ELECTRODE
An e+ectrode is a conductor that passes an e+ectrica+ current from
one medium to another# usua++y from a power source to a device or materia+. "t
can be a wire# a p+ate# or a rod# and is most common+y made of meta+# such
as copper# si+ver# +ead or Finc G it can a+so be made of a non.meta++ic
substance that conducts e+ectricity# such as ,raphite.
At the transmitter side touch p+ate D e+ectrode is used. -he si,na+
obtained from the protection and coup+in, circuit is ,iven as the input to the
touch p+ate. A touch p+ate is a type of switch that on+y has to be touched by an
object to operate. 2hen the person touches the touch p+ate# it is sensed by the
sensor node of the human body network present at the transmitter side and
provides the appropriate information about the medicine which is bein,
touched.
1

FIG.!$ ECG CLAMP ELECTRODE
-he ,a+vanic coup+in, e+ectrode is used e3tract the transmitted
si,na+ and process the si,na+ throu,h a receiver circuit. Ga+vanic corrosion is
an e+ectrochemica+ process in which one meta+ corrodes preferentia++y to
another when both meta+s are in e+ectrica+ contact and immersed in
an e+ectro+yte. -he same ,a+vanic reaction is e3p+oited in primary batteries to
,enerate a vo+ta,e. 2e use 'uman body as a communicatin, medium.
At the receiver there are two e+ectrodes attached to the body. -his
resu+ts in the current. -he induced current resu+ts in a differentia+ si,na+ between
these two e+ectrodes and is detected by them. -his approach makes use of the
die+ectric characteristics of human tissue5 therefore the f+ow of ions within the
human body is the carrier of information. -hus the human body acts as a specia+
kind of transmission +ine.
".! SIGNAL AMPLIFIER
An e+ectronic amp+ifier is an e+ectronic device that increases
the power of a si,na+. "t does this by takin, ener,y from a power supp+y and
contro++in, the output to match the input si,na+ shape but with +ar,er
amp+itude. "n this sense# an amp+ifier modu+ates the output of the power
supp+y. -he si,na+s obtained from the ,a+vanic e+ectrode are ,iven as the input
1
to the si,na+ amp+ifier. *C98/ is main+y used for amp+ification and switchin,
purposes. "t has a ma3imum current ,ain of =??.

FIG.!.NPN TRANSISTOR-BC!4=
'ere *C98/ is used for the amp+ification purpose. -he *C98/ transistor is an
(%( pita3ia+ )i+icon -ransistor. -he *C98/ transistor is a ,enera+.purpose
transistor in sma++ p+astic packa,es. "t is used in ,enera+.purpose switchin, and
amp+ification *C=8/D*C98/ series 89 !# 6?? mA (%( ,enera+.purpose
transistors. *C98/ is main+y used for amp+ification and switchin, purposes. "t
has a ma3imum current ,ain of =??. *C98/cannot ho+d more than 89 vo+ts#
therefore this vo+ta,e becomes its ma3imum safe operatin, vo+ta,e# which
must be incorporated with its co++ector +oad.
<or amp+ification app+ications# the transistor is biased such that it is
part+y on for a++ input conditions. -he input si,na+ at base is amp+ified and
taken at the emitter. *C98/ is used in common emitter confi,uration for
amp+ifiers. -he vo+ta,e divider is the common+y used biasin, mode. <or
switchin, app+ications# transistor is biased so that it remains fu++y on if there is
a si,na+ at its base. "n the absence of base si,na+# it ,ets comp+ete+y off. After
the amp+ification process the amp+ified si,na+ is ,iven as a input to the fi+terin,
circuit and demodu+ator.
1
". FILTERING AND DEMODULATOR CIRCUIT
An e+ectric fi+ter is a network desi,ned to attenuate certain freBuencies
but pass others without attenuation. A fi+ter circuit# therefore# possesses at +east
one pass band# a band of freBuencies in which the output is appro3imate+y eBua+
to the input and an attenuation band in which output is Fero . -he freBuencies
that separate the different pass and attenuation bands are ca++ed the cut.off
freBuencies. A demodu+ator is a circuit that is used in receivers in order to
separate the information that was modu+ated onto the carrier from the carrier
itse+f. A demodu+ator is the ana+o, part of the modu+ator. A modu+ator puts the
information onto a carrier wave at the transmitter end and then a demodu+ator
pu++s it so it can be processed and used on the receiver end.
PIN DIAGRAM

FIG.$ INA 1" PIN CONFIGURATION
-he amp+ified si,na+ from the si,na+ amp+ifier is ,iven as the input to the
fi+terin, and demodu+ator circuit."(A67; is used for the demodu+ation purpose.
FEATURES
:42 OU")C(- CURR(-I 6/9mADchan.
2"D )U%%:A RA(GI J6.09! to J6=!
:42 4<<)- !4:-AGI 79?m! ma3
:42 4<<)- DR"<-I 0m!DPC ma3
:42 (4")I 09n!DQ'F
1
:42 "(%U- *"A) CURR(-I 79nA ma3
+ =.%"( D"%# )4.=# M)4%.= )UR<AC. M4U(- DUA:I 6;.%in D"%#
)4.6;# ))4%.6;
BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG.=. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
-he "(A67; precision instrumentation amp+ifier is used for for accurate# +ow
noise differentia+ si,na+ acBuisition. -heir two.op.amp desi,n provides
e3ce++ent performance with very +ow Buiescent current $6/9mADchan.&. -his#
combined with wide operatin, vo+ta,e ran,e of J6.09! to J6=!# makes them
idea+ for portab+e instrumentation and data acBuisition systems. "t a+so fi+ters out
the noise si,na+ and recovers the ori,ina+ modu+ated si,na+. -he demodu+ated
si,na+ is ,iven as a input to the microcontro++er to process the si,na+.
".= VOICE PROCESSOR
!oice processor a++ows computers to speak# store human voices# and
react to human speech.the di,ita+ data from the microcontro++er is ,iven as the
input to the voice processor.")D6/?? voice processor is used in our project.
Uti+iFin, the capabi+ities of ")D6/?? )eries# desi,ners have the contro+ and
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f+e3ibi+ity to imp+ement voice functiona+ity into the hi,h.end products. -he
")D6/?? devices uti+iFe embedded <+ash memory to provide non.vo+ati+e
stora,e. A messa,e can be retained for a minimum of 6?? years without power.
Additiona++y# each device can be re.recorded over 6??#??? times $typica+&.
PIN DIAGRAM

FIG.<$ VOICE PROCESSOR
")D6/?? is desi,ned for operation in either standa+one or
microcontro++er $)%"& mode. "t is a seria+ voice processor oh hi,h Bua+ity# fu++y
inte,rated# sin,+e chip mu+ti.messa,e voice record and p+ayback device idea++y
suited to a variety of e+ectronics systems. )eria+ %eriphera+ "nterface $)%"& 6 and
7 pins are used here for interfacin,. -he messa,e duration is user se+ectab+e in
ran,es from 7; to 67? seconds. )amp+in, freBuency can be adjusted from 8 to
67 @'F. -heir operatin, vo+ta,e is in between 7.8 to 9.9v for a wide ran,e of
app+ications. "t a+so supports an optiona+ va+ertR $voice a+ert& feature that can
be used as a new messa,e indicator. -here are 8 operations such as start record#
stop record# erase# forward.
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PIN DESCRIPTION
VCCD $ %ower supp+y for di,ita+ circuitry.
LED $ An :D output.
RESET $ 2hen active# the device enters into a
known state.
MISO$Master "n )+ave 4ut&$ Data is shifted out on the fa++in, ed,e of
)eria+ c+ock
MOSI $Master 4ut )+ave "n&$ Data input of the )%" interface when it is a
s+ave.
SCLK $ )eria+ C+ock& $ C+ock of the )%" interface.
SS $)+ave )e+ect& $ )e+ects as a s+ave device and
enab+es the )%" interface.
VSSA $Ana+o, Ground& $ Ground path for ana+o, circuitry.
A67I6 $ Au3i+iary ana+o, input to the device for
recordin, or feed.throu,h.
MICS $ (on.invertin, input of the differentia+
microphone si,na+.
MIC $ "nvertin, input of the differentia+
microphone si,na+.
VSSP" $ Ground path for ne,ative %2M
speaker drive.
SP $ (e,ative C+ass D %2M speaker output.
VCCP $ %ower )upp+y for %2M )peaker Driver
SPL $ %ositive C+ass D %2M speaker output.
VSSP1 $ Ground path for positive %2M
speaker drive.
AUD1AU) $ AUD$current& or AUT$vo+ta,e& output.

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AGC'Automatic Gain Contro+&$ "t adjusts the ,ain of the microphone
preamp+ifier circuitry.
VOL !o+ume $ "t has = +eve+s ofvo+ume adjustment.
R,/+ 4sci++ator Resistor $ "t determines the samp+e freBuency
of the device# which sets the duration.
VCCA $Ana+o, %ower )upp+y&$ %ower supp+y for ana+o, circuitry.
FT $<eed.throu,h& $ nab+e the feed.throu,h path for
Ana"n si,na+ to the outputs.
PLAY $ %+ays the recorded messa,e individua++y#
seBuentia+ in a +oopin, mode.
REC $Record&I $ 2hen active# starts recordin, messa,e.
ERASE $ 2hen active# can erase individua+ messa,e
or do ,+oba+ erase.
FWD $<orward& $ Advances to the ne3t messa,e from
the current +ocation.
INT1RDY $ An open drain output.
"t has ei,ht channe+s and can be used to pro,ram the voice inputs and
p+ayback the voice. "t can a+so reproduce the pre pro,rammed voice responses
when activated by the microcontro++er. -he processed voice si,na+s are ,iven as
the input to the amp+ifier circuit. 'ere )%".6 is used for interfacin, with
contro++er which has 8 pins A9# C0# C8#C9. A9 for se+ectin, process# C0 for
c+ock si,na+# C8 for data input and C9 for data output.the processed voice
si,na+is ,iven as an input to the audio amp+ifier.
".< AUDIO AMPLIFIER
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An audio power amp+ifier is an e+ectronic amp+ifier that amp+ifies +ow.
power audio si,na+s $si,na+s composed primari+y of freBuencies between 7? .
7???? 'F# the human ran,e of hearin,& to a +eve+ suitab+e for
drivin, +oudspeakers and is the fina+ sta,e in a typica+ audio p+ayback chain.-he
output from the voice processor is a +ow power si,na+. "t is not sufficient to
produce a voice output on a +oud speaker. 'ence an audio amp+ifier is used to
increase the power +eve+ of the voice si,na+s. -he audio amp+ifier is used to
amp+ify the audio output from the voice synthesiFer. :M0=; is used for audio
amp+ification.
PIN DIAGRAM

FIG.9$ LM3< AUDIO AMPLIFIER
-he :M0=; is a power amp+ifier desi,ned for use in +ow vo+ta,e
consumption app+ications. -he ,ain is interna++y set to 7? to keep e3terna+ part
count +ow# but the addition of an e3terna+ resistor and capacitor between pins 6
and = wi++ increase the ,ain to any va+ue from 7? to 7??. -he inputs are ,round
referenced whi+e the output automatica++y biases to one.ha+f the supp+y vo+ta,e.
-he Buiescent power drain is on+y 78 mi++iwatts when operatin, from a ;
vo+tsupp+y# makin, the :M0=; idea+ for battery operation.-he features are +isted
as fo++ows.
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FEATURES
*attery operation
Minimum e3terna+ parts
2ide supp+y vo+ta,e ran,eI 8!U67! or 9!U6=!
:ow Buiescent current drainI 8mA
!o+ta,e ,ains from 7? to 7??
Ground referenced input
)e+f.centerin, output Buiescent vo+ta,e
:ow distortionI ?.7K $AV 7?# !V;!#RV=W#f V 6k'F&
Avai+ab+e in = pin M)4% packa,es
-A*U:A-"4(
)upp+y !o+ta,e !CC 69!
"nput !o+ta,e !"( .?.8! to S?.8!
%ower Dissipation $D"%.=&
%D
679?m2
%ower Dissipation $)4"C.=& %D
;??m2
%ower Dissipation $-))4%.=& %D
;??m2
4peratin, -emperature -4%R .7? to S=9PC
Xunction -emperature -X S679PC
)tora,e -emperature -)-G .8? toS69?PC
TABLE."$ AUDIO AMPLIFIER PARAMETRICS
A nice feature of the :M0=; is that it can drive a sma++ speaker. -his
a++ows for an easy desi,n and test of the amp+ifier in iso+ation# usin, a
portab+e music p+ayer and a desktop speaker. 4nce the amp+ifier works
fine# addin, a microphone to comp+ete the sound sensor shou+d be
easy.-he audio input from the processor is amp+ified and ,iven to the
headphone for hearin, the voice input.
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".< SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
".<.1.EAGLE
A schematic or a circuit dia,ram is on+y a technica+ representation of a circuit
desi,n. 'owever for actua++y constructin, a circuit desi,n into a physica+ board
a %C* $%rinted Circuit *oard& is needed. A %C* is the base on which the
different components are p+aced and so+dered. -he %C* contains copper traces
or tracks that estab+ish connection between the components p+aced on the board.
-he fo++owin, picture shows a just a %C* and a %C with components p+aced and
so+dered in it.*efore a %C* can be physica++y fabricated it has to be desi,ned to
decide where a++ the components wi++ be p+aced and arran,ed and how the %C*
traces wi++ connect the different components. -his process is ca++ed %C* desi,n.
-here are different software avai+ab+e that can be used for %C* desi,n.
AG: $Easi+y App+icab+e Graphica+ Layout Editor& is one such software
created by the company ca++ed CAD)4<-. AG: is a easy to use yet very
capab+e software for %C* desi,n. 'ence it is the idea+ choice for sma++ to
medium projects inc+udin, student projects.
-he fo++owin, steps show the creation of a simp+e %C* desi,n# be,innin, with
the ne3t step which is to start AG:
6. )tart a new %C* desi,n by se+ectin, board from the <i+eYY(ew menu.
7. )tart addin, components to the desi,n usin, the add button.
0. Connect the components usin, the )i,na+ command# to estab+ish the
connection between them.
8. Draw the copper trace usin, Route command for sma++ boards and use auto
router for comp+icated desi,ns.
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".<." ORCAD
4RCAD is an DA $e+ectronic desi,n automation& software that
combines different too+s for various sta,es of a e+ectronic circuit desi,n.
4rCAD has a too+s for schematic desi,n# %C* desi,n and a+so simu+ation too+s
when the simu+ation mode+s are avai+ab+e.
4ne of the too+s in 4rCAD is ca++ed Capture. 4rCAD Capture is used for
schematic desi,n or circuit desi,n. Capture is +ike most CAD based desi,n
software where the different components are provided as a +ibrary. -he user can
se+ect different components needed for a desi,n from the +ibrary and can add
them to the circuit. 4nce a++ the necessary components are added they can be
interconnected usin, wires in the software.
-he fo++owin, show the procedure step by step.
6.4pen 4rCAD Capture.
7.Create a new project and se+ect )chematic from the project type options.
0.)e+ect components from the +ibrary.
8.%+ace the needed components in the schematic pa,e one by one.
9.Connect the components usin, the wire too+.
-he above few steps show how a simp+e schematic can be desi,ned usin,
4rCAD capture. Usin, a simi+ar process circuit of any comp+e3ity can be
drawn. A+so if a certain "C or device is not present in the +ibrary users can
a+so add new components to the +ibrary.
".<.3 PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER
M%:A* "D is a software pro,ram that runs on a %C to deve+op app+ications
for Microchip microcontro++ers. "t is ca++ed an "nte,rated Deve+opment
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nvironment# or "D# because it provides a sin,+e inte,rated environmentR to
deve+op code for embedded microcontro++ers.
A deve+opment system for embedded contro++ers is a system of pro,rams
runnin, on a desktop %C to he+p write# edit# debu, and pro,ram code U the
inte++i,ence of embedded systems app+ications U into a microcontro++er. M%:A*
"D# runs on a %C and contains a++ the components needed to desi,n and dep+oy
embedded systems app+ications.
-he typica+ tasks for deve+opin, an embedded contro++er app+ication areI
6. Create the hi,h +eve+ desi,n. <rom the features and
performance desired# decide which %"Cmicro or ds%"C device is best suited to
the app+ication# then desi,n the associated hardware circuitry. After determinin,
which periphera+s and pins contro+ the hardware# write the firmware U the
software that wi++ contro+ thehardware aspects of the embedded app+ication. A
+an,ua,e too+ such as anassemb+er# which is direct+y trans+atab+e into machine
code# or a compi+er that a++ows a more natura+ +an,ua,e for creatin, pro,rams
shou+d be used to write and edit code. Assemb+ers and compi+ers he+p make the
code understandab+e#a++owin, function +abe+s to identify code routines with
variab+es that have names associated with their use# and with constructs that
he+p or,aniFe the code in a maintainab+e structure.
7. Compi+e# assemb+e and +ink the software usin, the assemb+er
andDor compi+er and +inker to convert your code into ones and FeroesR U
machine code for the %"Cmicro MCUCs. -his machine code wi++ eventua++y
become the firmware $the code pro,rammed into the microcontro++er&.
0. -est your code. Usua++y a comp+e3 pro,ram does not work
e3act+y the way ima,ined# and bu,sR need to be removed from the desi,n to
,et proper resu+ts.-he debu,,er a++ows you to see the ones and FeroesR
e3ecute# re+ated to the source code you wrote# with the symbo+s and function
names from your pro,ram. Debu,,in, a++ows you to e3periment with your code
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to see the va+ue of variab+es at various points in the pro,ram# and to do what
ifR checks# chan,in, variab+e va+ues and steppin, throu,h routines.
8. *urnR the code into a microcontro++er and verify that it e3ecutes
correct+y in the finished app+ication.
3. CONCLUSION
3.1 MERITS
%rovides specific information about the object which the user is touchin,
asy to use# no technica+ know+ed,e is reBuired.
ven i++iterates can use the system.
!oice information can be provided in the +an,ua,e of the user.
3." DEMERITS
(etworkin, "ssues arise such as security of information# Oos# inter
re+ationship in different environments and mobi+ity.
-he coup+in, impedence between the e+ectrode and the human skin is
difficu+t to determine.
3.3 FUTURE ENHACEMENT
-he system can be desi,ned to work with the mobi+e phones of users.
)tudies on tissue effects for "*C used in +on, term.e,.cancer.
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