Flexure formula Prof Schierle 1

Fl exur e For mul a

Defines bending stress
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 2
Flexure Formula (derived for rectangular beam)
1 Beam with marked area
2 Bent beam deforms area into rhomboid
3 Stress block due to bending
Flexure formula derivation:
f
y
/y = f/c f
y
= y f/c (similar triangles)
The internal resiting moment is the sum of forces F
times lever arm y about NA, the Neutral Axis
M = F y
F = a f
y
F = a y f/c
M = y a y f/c M = a y
2
f/c
f = Mc / a y
2
f = Mc / I
I = a y
2
I = Moment of Inertia
Calculus defines the area a as differential area da
and the sum sign as integration sign
I = y
2
da I = Moment of Inertia
f = Mc / I Flexure Formula
f = bending stress at any distance c from NA.
For maximum stress the flexure formula simplifies to
f = M / S S = I / c = Section Modulus
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 3
Section Modulus (for rectangular beam)
1 Stress block of partial beam
C = T = b (d/2) (f/2)
Stress block centroids are d/3 from NA
Lever arm between C and T is 2/3 d
Internal resisting moment:
M = C 2/3 d = T 2/3 d
Substituting b (d/2) (f/2) for C and T, yields
M = 2/3 d b (d/2) (f/2)
M = 2/3 f bd
2
/4 M = f bd
2
/6
Solving for f (maximum stress)
f = M / bd
2
/6 f = M/ S
where
S = bd
2
/6 (Section Modulus)
Comparing a 2x12 joist upright and flat:
2 S=2 (12)
2
/6 S = 48 in
3
3 S=12 (2)
2
/6 S = 8 in
3
The upright joist is 6 times stronger !
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 4
Moment of Inertia
1 Stress block
2 Moment of Inertia as parabolic volume
3 T-beam with asymmetric stress block
4 L-bar stress blocks about X, Y, and Z-axis
The Moment of Inertia formula
I = y
2
da
reveals, resistance of areas da increases quadratic
with the distance from NA (parabolic distribution).
The Moment of Inertia parabolic volume is
1/3 the volume of a cube of equal dimensions:
I = 1/3 bd (d/2)
2
I = 1/3 bd
3
/ 4
I = bd
3
/12 I = Moment of Inertia
for rectangular beams only
From previous derivation, the flexure formula
f = M c / I
defines stress at any distance c from NA (needed for
asymmetrical shapes, such as T or L-shapes).
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 5
Moment of Inertia
Effect of shapes
1 Upright joist: 2x12, I = 2 (12)
3
/12 I = 288 in
4
2 Flat joist: 12x2, I = 12 (2)
3
/12 I = 8 in
4
3 Wide flange beam: effective (flanges far from NA)
4 Cross beam: ineffective (cross bar at NA)
Note:
Beams at right deform more than beams at left
Material at NA is least effective (short lever arm)
Moment of Inertia defines strength and stiffness
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 6
Area Method review
Shear at any point is:
V = load area left of the point
Bending at any point is:
M = shear area left of the point
Maximum bending occurs where shear goes
through zero
Negative bending causes convex deflection
Positive bending causes concave deflection
Inflection point (0 bending)
coincides with change of deflection curvature
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 7
Exampl es
Desi gn
Defines beam size for actual loads and allowable stress of selected material
Anal ysi s
Checks if a given beam satisfies allowable stress of the actual material
Assume:
Wood
Allowable bending stress F
b
= 1200 psi
Allowable shear stress (parallel to fiber) F
v
= 95 psi
St eel
Yield strength F
y
= 50 ksi
Allowable bending stress (0.6 F
y
) F
b
= 30 ksi
Allowable shear stress (0.4 F
y
) F
v
= 20 ksi
Not e:
F = allowable stress
f = actual stress
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 8
Beam analysis
M
c
=0 =16 Rb-1000(20)-300(4)18-200(16)8
R
b
=(20000+21600+25600)/16 R
b
= 4200 lb
M
b
=0 =-16Rc-1000(4)-300(4)2+200(16)8
R
c
=(-4000-2400+25600)/16 R
c
= 1200 lb
Shear
V
ar
= 0 - 1000 V
ar
= -1000 lb
V
bl
= -1000 - 300 (4) V
bl
=-2200 lb
V
br
= -2200 + 4200 V
br
= +2000 lb
V
cl
= +2000 - 200(16) = - R
c
V
cl
= -1200 lb
Find x (V = 0 M
max
)
V
br
- w X = 0; X = V
br
/ w = 2000 / 200 X = 10 ft
Bending moment
M
b
= 4(-1000-2200)/2 M
b
= -6400 lb
M
x
= -6400+10 (2000)/2 M
x
= +3600 lb
Section modulus
S=bd
2
/6 =(3.5)11.25
2
/6 S = 74 in
3
Bending stress
f
b
=M/S= 6400(12)/74 f
b
=1038psi<1200
Shear stress
f
v
=1.5V/(bd)=1.5(2200)/[3.5(11.25)] f
v
= 84 psi < 95
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 9
-36k
360 k
Steel beam design
1 Actual Beam
2 Beam diagram - ignore load at supports
(has no effect on beam but on columns)
Assume: L = 36, P = 30 k, F
b
= 30 ksi, F
v
= 20 ksi
Reactions
R = 2P/2 = 2 (30)/2 R = 30 k
Shear
V
ar
= V
bl
= R V
ar
= V
bl
= 30 k
V
br
= V
cl
= 30 30 V
br
= V
br
= 0
V
cr
= V
dl
= 0 -30 V
cr
= V
dl
= -30 k
V
dr
= -30 + 30 V
dr
= 0
Bending moment
M
b
= M
c
= 30 (12) M
b
= 360 k
Section modulus required
S = M/F
b
= 360 k(12)/ 30 ksi S = 144 in
3
Use W18x75 S = 146>144
Shear stress
f
v
= V/(d t
w
) = 30k/(18.21x0.425) f
v
= 3.88 ksi<<20
Note: steel beam shear stress is rarely critical
1
2
30 k
30 k
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 10
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 11
Concrete beam analysis
1 Actual beam
2 Beam diagram - ignore load at supports
(has no effect on beam but on columns)
Assume:
Span 30, point load P = 20k
DL = 2x1.33 x 150 pcf /1000 w = 0.4 klf
Reaction
R = (2P+w L)/2 = (2x20+0.4x30)/2 R = 26 k
Shear
V
ar
= R V
ar
= 26 k
V
bl
= 26 - 0.4 (10) V
bl
= 22 k
V
br
= 22 - 20 V
br
= 2 k
V
cl
= 2 - 0.4 (10) V
cl
= -2 k
V
cr
= -2 - 20 V
cr
=-22 k
V
dl
= -22 - 0.4 (10) V
dl
=-26 k
Bending moment
M
b
= 10 (26+22)/2 M
b
= 240 k
M
max
= M
b
+ 2(5)/2 M
max
= 245 k
Note: concrete stress will be covered in Arch 313
1
2
Flexure formula Prof Schierle 12
Fl exur e For mul a
Dont over stress
or else