I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sivaram: Hi Unni, what's new?
(°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô -É-C. Practice it in
your conversation)
Unni: Have you seen Kiran of late?
éÀ®Ω-ù˝†’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u à´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?
(of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u)
Sivaram: No, yesterday I did go to Kiran's.
But by the time I reached there, he
had gone out. I missed him by
minutes.
™‰ü¿’. E†o ¢√R}ç-öÀÍé ¢Á∞«}†’. é¬F
؈’ ¢Á∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀéÀ Åûª-úø’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ
¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-úÕ-E éÌ-Eo -E-N’-≥ƒ-© -
ûË-ú≈-ûÓ miss Åߪ÷u†’.
Unni: Why did you want to see him?
áçü¿’-Èé-∞«}´¤ ¢√-R}ç-öÀéÀ?
Sivaram: He had promised to lend me the
CDs of some latest movies. So I
went to him to get them.
Ø√éÌ\Eo ÆœE-´÷© CDs É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.
ÅN ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E ¢Á∞«x†’.
Unni: Let's go now and get them now.
É°æ¤p-úÁR} ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ¢√öÀE?
They had gone for..
Sivaram: No chance. His mom told me yes-
terday that some one had stolen
the suit case with the CDs in it. It
was to the police that he had gone
when I went there. He wanted to
report it to the police.
CDs suit
Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ö†o
case á´®Ó üÌçT-Lç-î √-®ΩE E†o
¢√∞¡x´’t Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC. ØËEo†o Åéπ\-
úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ ¢ÁR}çC police
report É´y--ú≈EÍé.
Unni: Does he hope to get them back?
ÅN üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’ØË Ç¨¡ Éçé¬ Öçü∆
Åûª-úÕéÀ?
Sivaram: I don't know. His mother was how-
ever sure that they had gone for
good.
à¢Á÷ ´’J. ¢√∞¡x´’t ´÷vûªç Éçéπ üÌ®Ω-
éπ-ü¿ØË †´’t-éπç™ ÖçC.
(For good = permanently = °æ‹Jhí¬/
¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬. Practise it in your con-
versation)
Unni: Really unfortunate.
Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† verbs sets
îª÷úøçúÕ: a) reached- had gone out; b) had
promised- went; c) told- had stolen; d) had
gone, went; d) was- had gone.
°j verbs v°æA ïçô™ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™
´’†ç îª÷Æœ† had + participle form ™ Ö†o
verbs ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. a) had gone out, b) had
promised, c) had stolen, d) had gone.
´’†ç éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– had + past
participle (PP) form ™ Ö†o verb á°æ¤púø÷, the
earlier of two past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T†
È®ç-úø’ °æ-†’-™x ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† ü∆Eo) îÁ°æ¤hç-ü¿E.
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’:
a) By the time I reached his place he had
gone out.
؈’ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ Åûª-úø’ -¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.
b) He had promised the CDs and I went
there to get them.
CD©’ É≤ƒh-†-†-úøç ´·çü¿’, ؈’ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç
ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd had promised.
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 18 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
c) His mother told me that some one had
stolen them.
üÌçT-Lç-îª-úøç ´·çü¿’, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd
had stolen (had + pp)
d) She was sure that they had gone for
good.
ÅN §Ú´--úø-¢Ë’í¬-F -Éçéπ -üÌ®Ωéπ-úø-´’ç-ô÷ -Öç--úø-ü¿-E
Ç¢Á’ †´’t-éπçí¬ ÖçC. §Ú´-úøç ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd
had gone (had + pp)
Krishna: That means you applied for it last
had + pp N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† ´·ê-u¢Á’i† Gopal: á´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË
Saturday
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’-Ø√o®·.
Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
b) Sarat: Who are the police searching for?
Krishna: Åéπ\úø watchman ™‰ú≈?
(Police ¢√∞¡Ÿx (Plural). äéπ Police = a
Gopal: Åûª-úË îÁ§ƒpúø’ Principal ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç
Police man. Plural í¬ Policemen/
classes ÅFo cancel î˨»-®ΩF, Åçü¿’-
Police persons èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 59 éπØË Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷-®ΩE. Karim: For the chitfund company director
Krishna: †’´¤y TC (Transfer certificate) éÀ Sarat: What happened?
apply îËÆ œç-üÁ-°æ¤púø’? Karim: He had collected money from all and
a) had + pp ¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç, Å´-Ææ®Ωç – í∫ûªç™
Gopal: Apply îËߪ ’-´ ’E †’´¤y îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ disappeared/ left town
È®çúø’ °æ†’©’ ïJT, ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’,
ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´·çüË î˨»†’. Sarat: When did people know he had dis-
b) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† äÍé °æEE v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Krishna: Åçõ‰ †’´¤y last saturday ØË apply appeared?
had + pp Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçúøü¿’. î˨»-´-†o-´÷ô. Karim: Just Yesterday. He had run the com-
pany for two years when he ran
away. He had collected by then
Rs. 2 crore.
Sarat: When do people learn? A number of
chitfund companies had closed
shops even before this (happened).
Practise the following also:
Anil: I saw the movie, 'Nenodda Neeku?' on b) Sarat:á´JéÓÆæç ¢Áü¿’èπ◊ûª’Ø√o®Ω’ police
Prasad:
the TV last night. (E†o ®√vA TV ™, ¢√∞¡Ÿx? É°æ¤pú≈ •çúÕ áéπ\-úø’çC?
'ØËØÌü∆l Fèπ◊?— ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨») Karim: Chit Company director éÓÆæç.
(•çúÕ= Vehicle)
Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ü∆Eo ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞«}úø’.
Krishna: I have seen it too. What a bore! Sarat: àç ïJ-TçC?
Prasad: Mechanic - ü∆-Eo- á°æ¤p-úø’ °æ‹Jhí¬
(؈÷ îª÷¨»ØËx. áçûª NÆæ’íÓ!) Karim: Åçü¿J ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s BÆæ’-éÌE §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’
I saw it last Saturday, I think. repair î˨»úø’?
(§ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= disappeared/ left
Anil Ç Kumar: E†o repairs °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’. É°æ¤púø’
ÆœE´÷ town)
îª÷¨»úø’ E†o-®√vA – ÉC Sarat: Åûª-úø’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE á°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÆœçC? ´’ç* condition ™ØË ÖçC.
past action, time Prasad: á´®Ω’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ü∆Eo-°æ¤púø’?
Karim: E†oØË. §ƒJ-§Ú-ßË’-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ company
known - saw
Åçü¿’-éπE È®çúË∞¡Ÿx †úÕ-§ƒúø’. Å°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ éÓôx Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ¢√∞¡x†o. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á·†oØË sales-
(past doing word) man í¬ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açC.
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ collect î˨»úø’.
Krishna èπÿú≈ Ç (Collect= ´Ææ÷©’) Prasad: Çߪ’† Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ àç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’?
ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»--†Ø√oúø’ – Sarat: á°æ¤púø’ í∫’ù-§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ ï†ç? Kumar: Student. Åûª-úÕéÀ job ´îËa time èπ◊
ÉC past action, time DEéÀ ´·çü¿’ î√™« Chit Fund îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’.
not known - Åçü¿’-éπE M. SURESAN Answer:
Companies ´‚ûª-°æ-ú≈f®· éπü∆.
Ééπ\úø have + pp. ´’S} Prasad: Where is the vehicle (now)?
last Saturday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ h-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd saw. ANSWERS:
Kumar: Kiran has taken it home.
îª÷úøçúÕ– Ñ independent, single past actions a) Krishna: Was there any one/ Was any
Prasad: When did the mechanic complete
èπ◊ ¢ËöÀE èπÿú≈, had+pp ™ îÁ°æp-úøç ™‰ü¿’. õ„jç one there when you went there?
the repairs?
ûÁL-Æœ† past actions - past doing word; time Gopal: None. People (Every one) had left
Kumar: Yesterday. It is now in good condi-
îÁ°æpE past action have+ pp/ has + pp. the place.
tion.
Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd È®çúø’ related past Krishna: Wasn't (was not) the watchman
Prasad: Who is using it now?
actions, È®çúø’ NúÕ sentences ™ îÁÊ°h Å°æ¤púø’ there?
Kumar: Kiran's elder brother. He got the job
had + pp ¢√úø-´îª’a. Gopal: He told me that the principal had
I went there at 4 PM. He had already gone. of a salesman just the day before
cancelled all afternoon classes.
؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç-vûªç -Ø√-©’í∫’ í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}†’. (yesterday).
That was why all of them had gone
Å°æp-öÀÍé Åûª-úø’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Prasad: What was he before that?
away.
Kumar: He was a student. But he had not
Practise the following aloud in English: Krishna: When did you apply for the TC?
completed his studies when he got
a) Krishna: E†o †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á-∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀÍé Gopal: I had applied for it before you told
the job.
á´È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? me to.
-v°æ-¨¡o: "General" - DE pronunciation -ï†-®Ω™¸ Dictionary™ É*a† Phonetic symbols †’ •öÀd, ®√ùÀç-îªôç – make a mark / distinguish
éπü∆! ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ "G" ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª "e" ÅØË Åéπ~®Ωç TV English News Caste †’ îª÷Æœ, NE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- (oneself).
´ÊÆh ü∆EE ' ñ„— í¬-ØË °æ©-é¬-©çö«®Ω’. -´’-J ´-©-ÆœçüË. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) She goes to her friend's on sundays
"Get" pronunciation -†’ -Å-™«í¬éπ ' Èíö¸—— -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) "Would" †’ Present ™, Past ™ 2) She goes her friends on sundays.
Åçö«®Ω’ áçü¿’èπ◊? Future ™†÷ ¢√úø-û√-®Ωô éπü∆. Ñ ´‚úø’
- Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ -à-C ÆæÈ®j-†-C?
– °œ. Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝, *†o-´’-™«x-È®úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 鬙«-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* usage †’ °æ‹Jhí¬ -v°æ-¨¡o-© Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -When, Why, What,
-ï-¢√-•’: ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. How ©-†’ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úø-¢Á’-™«?
'g' ûª®√yûª 'e' ´ÊÆh 'ï—í¬ °æ©-é¬-©E 2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª, ņ’-®√í∫ç, ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– Ñ ´‚úø’ – -´’-ØÓ-ñ¸, ´÷Ωx
rule àO’ ™‰ü¿’. English °æü∆-©†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ' ®√ùÀç-îªôç—— ï-¢√-•’:
Pronunciation ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Éç-Tx-≠ˇ °æü¿ç àC? Ñ È®ç--úø’ -¢√é¬u-™x 1- ) Correct; 2) Wrong.
§ƒöÀç-îª-í∫© rules î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. – Èé.Ææ’v•-´’ùuç, ´·†-í¬©§ƒúø’ English™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩Questions: i) 'Wh' words
G ûª®√yûª e ´ÊÆh 'ï— í¬ °æ©-鬙«, ï-¢√-•’: (What, When, Where, etc.,)ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u
'í∫— í¬ °æ©-鬙« ÅØËC, Ç ´÷ô à 1) Would Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o©÷, ii) ÅN ™‰E v°æ¨¡o©’. 'Wh' ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u
¶µ«≠æ-†’ç* English™éÀ ´*aç-ü¿-ØË- 2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª – Warmth/ affection; v°æ¨¡o™x 'Wh' word ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L.
ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. ņ’-®√í∫ç– affection; ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– attachment.