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Paper I 1 A B C
2. (a) Consider ≡ + + .
1. (a) Method I (u − 1)(u + 1)(u + 3) u − 1 u + 1 u + 3
n! n! (such that A + B + C = 0 )
n C k +1 + n Ck = +
(k + 1)! (n − k − 1)! k! (n − k )! Put u = 2 x , we have
n! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅
k! (n − k − 1)! k + 1 n − k (2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)(2 x + 3) 8 2 x − 1 4 2 x + 1 8 2 x + 3
n! n +1 n
1 n
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ×
k! (n − k − 1)! (k + 1)(n − k )
(b) ∑ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) = ∑ 8 ⋅ 2k − 1 − 4 ⋅ 2k + 1 + 8 ⋅ 2k + 3
k =1 k =1
(n + 1)! 1 1 1 1 1
=
(k + 1)! (n − k )!
= n +1 C k +1 = 1 + + + ... + +
8 3 5 2n − 3 2n − 1
n +1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) (1 + x) 2 n +1 = (1 + x) n +1 (1 + x) n = ∑ n +1 C k x k ∑ n C r x n − r
− + + ... + + +
k =0 r =0 4 3 5 2n − 3 2n − 1 2n + 1
n +1 n
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ∑ ∑ n +1 C k ⋅ n C r x n + k − r + + ... +
8 5
+ + +
2n − 3 2n − 1 2n + 1 2n + 3
k = 0 r =0
n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Compare coefficient of x n , we have 2 n +1 C n = ∑ n +1 C k ⋅ n C k . = (1 + ) − ( +
8
)+ ( +
3 4 3 2n + 1 8 2n + 1 2n + 3
)
k =0
2008 2008
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) ∑ ( 2009 C k + 2009 C k +1 ) ⋅ 2009 C k +1 = ∑ 2010 C k +1 ⋅ 2009 C k +1 = − ⋅ + ⋅
12 8 2n + 1 8 2n + 3
→
12
as n → ∞
k =0 k =0
2009 2009
= ∑ 2010 C s ⋅ 2009 C s = ∑ 2010 C s ⋅ 2009 C s − 2010 C 0 ⋅ 2009 C 0
s =1 s =0
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∞
1 1
(c)
4000
< ∑ (2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) π π 1
cos 2( ) sin 2( )
1
k =m
4. (a) A= 8 8 = 2 2
∞
1 m −1
1 sin 2( π ) − cos 2( π ) 1 −
1
=∑ −∑ 8 8 2
2
k =1 ( 2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3) k =1 ( 2k − 1)(2k + 1)(2k + 3)
1 1 1 1
1 1
cos 2( − π ) sin 2( − π )
= ⋅ − ⋅
8 2(m − 1) + 1 8 2(m − 1) + 3 −
(b) (i) B= 2 2 = 8 8
1 1 1 −π −π
= − − sin 2( 8 ) − cos 2( 8 )
4(4m 2 − 1) 2 2
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5. (a) Method I (c) An +1 > An is obvious, and
(n + 2)! n n
3 ∞
3 3 1
For n = 1 and 2, n
> 1 is obvious. An = ∑ a k < ∑ ( ) k < ∑ ( ) k = ⋅ =3
4 k =1 k =1 4 k =1 4 4 3
1−
(n + 2)! n + 2 n + 1 5 4 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 4
For n > 2 , n
= ⋅ ... ⋅ ⋅ >1
4 4 4 4 4 4
Thus, { An } is increasing and bounded above by 3, so lim An exists.
n →∞
So, for all positive integers n, (n + 2)! > 4 n
3n 3n 1
i.e. an = < n n
1 n 1 n n n
(n + 2)! 4 6. (a) (i) ∑ S + a ≥ n ∏ S + a =
1
=
G
k =1 k k =1 k
Method II n n
∏ (S + a k )
3 1 3 k =1
When n = 1 , a1 = = < ( )1
(1 + 2)! 2 4 a1 a 2 a
(ii) Apply AM ≥ GM for the set of positive numbers { , ,..., n } :
3 S S S
Assume a k < ( ) k for some positive integer k.
4 1 1
1 n ak n a n 1 n n G
Then,
3
a k +1 − ( ) k +1 =
3
×
3k 3
− ( ) k +1 ∑ ( + 1) ≥ ∏ ( k + 1) = ∏ ( S + a k ) =
n k =1 S
4 k + 3 (k + 2)! 4 k =1 S S k =1 S
3 3 3
× ( ) k − ( ) k +1 n
< (by assumption) ∑ ak
k +3 4 4 1 ak n
1 k =1 n +1
Note that ∑ ( + 1) = ⋅
n k =1 S n S
+ n =
n
3 4
= ( ) k +1 − 1
4 k + 3
3 1− k n +1 S S n
= ( ) k +1 Thus, ≤ . i.e. ≥
4 k +3 n G G n +1
≤0 as k ≥ 1 n
S n 1 n
(b) ∑ S +a = ∑
S + ak
S ≥ ⋅ S
G
(by (a)(i))
3 k =1 k k =1
i.e. a n < ( ) n for all positive integers n.
4 n2
≥ (by (a)(ii))
3 n +1
(b) 0 < an < ( ) n , lim a n = 0 by Sandwich Theorem
4 n →∞
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1 λ 2 (ii) When λ = −1 , D = 0 .
7. (a) (i) coefficient determinant D = 5 − λ 1 = 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) x − y + 2z = 1 − − − < 1 >
λ −1 1
(E) becomes: 5 x + y + z = 5 − −− < 2 >
− x − y + z = a − −− < 3 >
(E) has unique solution iff D ≠ 0 iff λ ≠ 3 and λ ≠ −1
In this case, z 3z
On solving <1>, <2>, we have x = 1− , y=
1 λ 2 2 2
5 −λ 1 For consistent, the above solutions satisfy <3>,
Dx a −1 1 λ a − 2λ − 3
x= = = z 3z
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1) a = −(1 − ) − + z = −1
2 2
1 1 2 t 3t
Solution set = {( 1− , , t ): t ∈ ℜ }
5 5 1 2 2
Dy λ a 1 −3(λ − a ) (b) Put a = 3 and λ = −2 such that λ ≠ 3 and λ ≠ −1
y= = =
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1) The solution of the first 3 equations, by (a)(i), is
1 λ 1 x = −1 , y = 3 , z = 4
5 −λ 5 which does not satisfy the last equation, so the given system is inconsistent.
Dz λ −1 a 2λ ( λ − a ) (c) The system is equivalent to (E) by putting λ = −1 and a = −1 .
z= = =
D 3(λ − 3)(λ + 1) (λ − 3)(λ + 1)
t 3t
Solution set = {( 1− , , t ): t ∈ ℜ } (by (a)(ii))
2 2
For consistent, the above solution satisfy 4 x 2 + 2 y − z = 28
(2 − t ) 2 + 3t − t = 28
0 = t 2 − 2t − 24 = (t − 6)(t + 4) , t = −4 or 6
When t = −4 , x = 3 , y = − 6 , z = −4
When t = 6 , x = −2 , y = 9 , z = 6
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r cos θ = −1 − −− <1> 3 3
8. (a) (d) | 2 I − M |= = 12 ≠ 0
r sin θ = 3 − −− < 2 > − 3 3
<2> 2π (e) Note that M 2010 = 2 2010 I (by (b), as 2010 is a multiple of 3)
: tan θ = − 3 , θ= ( cos θ < 0 and sin θ > 0 )
<1> 3 Put A = 2 I in (c),
n 2009 2009
cos θ − sin θ cos nθ − sin nθ
(b) M n = r n = r n ∑ 2 2009 −r M r = ∑ (2I ) 2009−r M r − 2 2009 I
sin θ cos θ sin nθ cos nθ r =1 r =0
2 nπ
In such case, cos nθ = cos = cos 2kπ = 1
3
1 0
Then M n = 2 n
0 1
(c) As AM = MA , MA r M = A r M for all integer r ≥ 0 .
2009 2009 2009
( A − M ) ∑ A 2009 − r M r = ∑ A 2010− r M r − ∑ M ⋅ A 2009−r M r
r =0 r =0 r =0
2009 2009
= ∑ A 2010 −r M r − ∑ A 2009−r M r +1
r =0 r =0
2009 2010
= ∑ A 2010 −r M r − ∑ A 2010− r M r
r =0 r =1
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9. (a) (**): 0 = ( x 2 + px) 2 + q( x 2 + px) + r = x 4 + 2 px 3 + ( p 2 + q) x 2 + pqx + r 10. (a) Let g (t ) = t ln t − (1 + t ) ln(1 + t ) for t > 0 .
(*) can be written as (**) g ' (t ) = ln t − ln(1 + t ) < 0 for t > 0
⇔ A = 2p , B = p 2 + q , C = pq , D = r g (t ) is strictly decreasing for t > 0 and g (t ) is continuous at t = 0 ,
A A 2 2 p 2 (2 p ) 2
= pq = C
so g (t ) < g (0 ) = 0 for t > 0
⇔ B− = ( p + q) −
2 4 2 4
i.e. t ln t − (1 + t ) ln(1 + t ) < 0 for t > 0
(b) (***) can be written as (**), then a x ln a
x⋅ − ln(1 + a x )
− 20 (−20) 2 1+ a x a x ln a x − (1 + a x ) ln(1 + a x )
230 = λ− , λ = 77 (b) f ' ( x) = =
2 2
4 x x 2 (1 + a x )
So, (***) can be written as ( x 2 + px) 2 + q( x 2 + px) + r = 0 <0 for all x > 0 (by (a), as a x > 0 for a > 0 )
where −20 = 2 p , 77 = p 2 + q , 230 = pq and 120 = r (c) (i) Q f (t ) is strictly decreasing for t > 0 ,
i.e. p = −10 , q = −23 and r = 120 ∴ f ( p ) ≤ f (q) as p ≥ q > 0
2 2 2
∴ (***) becomes: 0 = ( x − 10 x) − 23( x − 10 x) + 120 ln(1 + a p ) ln(1 + a q )
≤
= ( x 2 − 10 x − 15)( x 2 − 10 x − 8) p q
µ
(ii) Put a = > 0 in (c)(i), then
(c) Put A = µ , B = 77 , C = 230 , D = 60 into (a) λ
µ µ
(1 + ( ) p ) q ≤ (1 + ( ) q ) p , i.e. (λ p + µ p ) q ≤ (λq + µ q ) p
µ µ2 λ λ
230 = 77 − ,
2 4
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(iii) For n = 1, the statement is trivial. Method II
q p
r r 1 1
Assume ∑ a k p ≤ ∑ a k q for some integer r ≥ 1 . Note that ≥ >0 (as p ≥ q > 0 )
k =1 k =1 q p
q q
r +1 p r 1 1
∑ a k = ∑ a k p + a r +1 p By (c)(iii), replacing p by and q by , we have
k =1 k =1 q p
q
p n 1
q
n 1
p
r q p a q ≤ a p .
≤ ∑ a k + a r +1
q
(by assumption) ∑ k ∑ k
k =1 k =1 k =1
1
r q
( p
= A + a r +1 p q
), where A = ∑ a k q
k =1
(
≤ A q + a r +1 p ) p
(by (c)(ii))
p
r
= ∑ a k p + a r +1 p
k =1
p
r +1
= ∑ a k p
k =1
i.e. the statement is true for all positive integers n.
(iv) Method I
q p
n n
By (c)(iii), we have ∑ bk p ≤ ∑ bk p for positive bk ' s .
k =1 k =1
1
pq
For given a k ' s > 0 , put bk = a k > 0, then
q p
n 1 n 1
a q ≤ a p .
∑ k ∑ k
k =1 k =1
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11. (a) (i) z 10 = 1 = cis 2kπ for k ∈ Z. (b) (i) z n = cos nθ + i sin nθ , z − n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
2kπ 1
z = cis for k = −4,−3,−2,...,3,4,5 zn + = 2 cos nθ
10 zn
4π 3π 2π π 1
= cis(± ) , cis(± ) , cis(± ) , cis(± ) , 1 or −1 (ii) zn − = 2i sin nθ
5 5 5 5 zn
∴ z 10 − 1 sin 5θ sin 5θ θ
(c) (i) lim = 5 lim ⋅ = 5 × 1× 1 = 5
4 θ→0 sin θ θ→ 0 5θ sin θ
kπ − kπ
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ ( z − cis )( z + cis )
k =1 5 5 (ii) Substitute z = cos θ + i sin θ into (a) (ii),
4 together with the result in (b), we have
kπ kπ kπ kπ
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ [( z − cos ) − i sin ][( z − cos ) + i sin ]
k =1 5 5 5 5 4
kπ
2i sin 5θ = 2i sin θ∏ (2 cos θ − 2 cos )
4
kπ 2 kπ k =1 5
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ [( z − cos ) sin 2 ]
k =1 5 5 4
kπ
∴ sin 5θ = 16 sin θ∏ (cos θ − cos )
4
kπ k =1 5
= ( z + 1)( z − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
k =1 5 sin 5θ 4
kπ
lim = 16 lim ∏ (cos θ − cos )
4 θ→0 sin θ θ→0 k =1 5
kπ
(ii) z 10 − 1 = ( z 2 − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
k =1 5 4
kπ
∴ 5 = 16∏ (1 − cos )
1 1 4
kπ k =1 5
∴ z5 − = ( z 2 − 1)∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos + 1)
z5 z5 k =1 5 4
kπ
= 16∏ (2 sin 2 )
4 k =1 10
kπ
z 2 − 1 k =1
∏ ( z 2 − 2 z cos 5
+ 1)
4
kπ 5
= × 4 ∏ sin 2 10 =
z z k =1 16 2
4 4
1 1 kπ kπ 5 kπ
= (z − )
z
∏ ( z + z − 2 cos 5
) i.e. ∏ sin 10 =
16
as sin
10
> 0 for k = 1 , 2, 3, 4.
k =1 k =1
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Paper II (b) From the graph, we have f ( x) ≤ 5 for all x ∈ ℜ .
0
So, f is not surjective as f ( x) ≠ 6 for for all x ∈ ℜ .
x ( ) x x
(e − 1) sin x 0 (e − 1) cos x + e sin x x + 2 for x ≤ 1
1. (a) lim = lim
x →0 1 − cos x x →0 sin x
(c) (i) Note that f ( x − 1) = x + 2 for 1 < x ≤ 3 ,
5 for x > 3
0
( )
0 (e x − 1)(− sin x) + 2e x cos x + e x sin x x + 4 for x ≤ 1
= lim
x →0 cos x
f ( x + 1) = 5 for 1 < x ≤ 3
5 for x > 3
=2
1 1 2 x for x ≤ 1
4 cot x − sin 4 cos x − sin x sin
x = lim x = 4−0 = 4
(b) lim ∴ g ( x) = f ( x − 1) + f ( x + 1) − 6 = x + 1 for 1 < x ≤ 3
x→0 1 x →0 1 1+ 0 4
cot x + 4 sin cos x + 4 sin x sin for x > 3
x x
y
1 1
(since lim sin x sin = 0 as lim sin x = 0 and | sin |≤ 1 )
x →0 x x → 0 x
6
5 y = g (x)
y 4
2. (a)
3
6 y = f (x ) 2
5 1
4 x
– 5– 4 – 3– 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 –1
2 –2
1 –3
x –4
– 5– 4 – 3– 2 – 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –5
–1
–2 –6
–3
–4 (ii) g (x) is not differentiable at x = 1 and x = 3 .
–5
–6
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−5
−3 ( n +1) n(n + 2) ( n −1)
3. (a) ( x + 25) f ' ( x) = ( x + 25)[( )(2 x)( x 2 + 25)
2 2 2 ] (b) Put x = 0 , f ( 0) = − f (0) for all n ≥ 1 .
2 25
−3 −5
= −3x( x 2 + 25) 2 = −3xf ( x) Recall that f ' ( x) = −3x( x 2 + 25) 2 , so f ' (0) = 0
Method I −3
1
Further, f (0) = (25 + 0) 2 =
Differentiate the above result n times with respect to x by Leibniz’s formula 125
−4 ⋅ 6 −4 ⋅ 6 −2 ⋅ 4
[( x 2
+ 25) f ' ( x) ]
(n)
= −3[xf ( x)]( n ) , (i) f ( 5)
(0) =
25
f (3)
(0) =
25
×
25
f ' ( 0) = 0
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= 9 3π − 4π 2
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(b) Let the M( x 0 , y 0 ) be the mid point of AB.
x 2 + 16 x
y 2 − 4 x 2 = 4 − − − < 1 > for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
Consider , x − 2
4cx − cy + 4 = 0 − −− < 2 > 7. f ( x) = 0 for x = 0
2
− x + 16 x
2 2 2 2
4c = (cy ) − 4c x by <1> for x < 0
x−2
= (4cx + 4) 2 − 4c 2 x 2 by <2>
i.e. 3c 2 x 2 + 8cx + (4 − c 2 ) = 0 --- x1 and x 2 are the roots. f ( x ) − f ( 0) x + 16
(a) (i) lim = lim+ = −8
x1 + x2 1 1 −8c 4 x→0 + x−0 x → 0 x−2
x0 = = (Sum of roots) = × 2 = −
2 2 2 3c 3c f ( x ) − f (0 ) −( x + 16) f ( x ) − f ( 0)
lim = lim− = 8 ≠ lim+
Further, M( x 0 , y 0 ) lies on <*>, so x→0 − x−0 x → 0 x−2 x → 0 x−0
36
1 − 2
for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
( x − 2)
f ' ( x) =
− 1 + 36 for x < 0
( x − 2) 2
( x − 8)( x + 4)
2
for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
( x − 2)
=
− ( x − 8)( x + 4) for x < 0
( x − 2) 2
72
3
for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
( x − 2)
f " ( x) =
− 72 for x < 0
( x − 2) 3
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(b) (i) −4 < x < 0 or x > 8 Method II
(ii) x < 0 or x > 2
36
x + 18 + for 0 < x < 2 or x > 2
(c) Max point = (0, 0) x−2
f (x) =
Min point = ( −4 , −8 ) and (8, 32) − x − 18 − 36 for x < 0
x−2
Point of inflexion = (0, 0)
x + 18 as x → +∞
− ∞ as x → 2 − →
(d) f ( x) → , x = 2 is the vertical asymptote. − x − 18 as x → −∞
+ ∞ as x → 2 +
i.e. The non-vertical asymptotes are
For non-vertical asymptotes: y = x + 18 (for x > 0 ) and
Method I y = − x − 18 (for x < 0 )
Let y = mx + c be the non-vertical asymptote. (e)
Case (i) x > 0:
y
f ( x) x + 16 y = f (x )
m = lim = lim =1
x → +∞ x x → +∞ x − 2 (8, 32)
18 x
c = lim [ f ( x) − mx] = lim = 18
x → +∞ x → +∞ x−2 y = x + 18
f ( x) −( x + 16) –16 O
m = lim = lim = −1 x
x → −∞ x x → −∞ x−2 (– 4, – 8)
–18
−18 x
c = lim [ f ( x) − mx] = lim = −18
x → −∞ x → −∞ x − 2
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π
a 0 π π
8. (a) (i) ∫0 ln cos(a − x)dx = − ∫ ln cos udu
a
(put u = a − x ) (ii) Note that 0= ∫ 0
4
ln(cos + sin tan x)dx by (a)(ii)
4 4
π
a
= ∫ ln cos xdx 1 + tan x
0
= ∫ ln
4
dx
0
2
π π
a
(ii) ∫0 ln(cos a + sin a tan x)dx 4
= ∫ ln(1 + tan x)dx − ln 2 ∫ dx
0 0
4
π
a cos a cos x + sin a sin x π ln 2
= ∫ ln dx 4
= ∫ ln(1 + tan x)dx −
0 cos x 0 8
π
a a π ln 2
= ∫ ln(cos a cos x + sin a sin x)dx − ∫ ln cos xdx 4
0 0 ∴ ∫0
ln(1 + tan x)dx =
8
--- <*>
π
a a
= ∫ ln cos(a − x)dx − ∫ ln cos xdx tan −1 x
1 π ln 2 4
0 0 Therefore, ∫ dx = − ∫ ln(1 + tan θ)dθ (by (b)(i))
0 1+ x 4 0
=0 (by (a)(i)) π ln 2 π ln 2
= − (by <*>)
1tan −1 x 1
4 8
−1
(b) (i) ∫0 1 + x dx = ∫0 tan xd ln(1 + x)
π ln 2
=
8
[ ]
1 1 ln(1 +
= ln(1 + x) ⋅ tan −1 x 0 − ∫
0
1+ x
x)
2
dx
12 n
1 k − 2n
(c) lim ∑ tan −1
π n →∞ k = 2 n +1 8n + k 10n
π ln 2 ln(1 + tan θ)
4
= −∫ (sec 2 θdθ) (put x = tan θ )
4 1 + tan 2 θ
0 10 n
1 s
= lim ∑ 10n + s tan −1 10n (put k = 2n + s )
π n→∞ s =1
π ln 2 4
= − ∫ ln(1 + tan θ)dθ
4 0
1 − 0 10 n 1 1− 0
= lim ∑ 1− 0
tan −1 1 + s ⋅
n→ ∞ 10n s =1
1 + (1 + s ⋅ ) 10n
10n
1tan −1 x π ln 2
=∫ dx =
0 1+ x 8
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9. (a) (i) f n ' ( x) = x n −1e − x (n − x) > 0 for all x ∈ (0, 1) 1 r 1 1
= (r + 1)!1 − ∑ −
i.e. f n (x) is strictly increasing on (0, 1). e k =0 k! e(r + 1)!
(ii) Q f n (x) is strictly increasing on (0, 1) and 1 r +1 1
= (r + 1)!1 − ∑
f n (x) is continuous at x = 0 and x = 1 e k = 0 k!
1 i.e. By induction, the statement is true for all positive integers n.
∴ 0 = f n (0) < f n ( x) < f n (1) =
e (b) 0 < eI n < 1 (by (ii))
1 1 11 n
1
∴ ∫0 0dx < ∫ f n ( x)dx < ∫ dx ∴ 0 < n ! e − ∑ < 1 (by (v))
0 0 e k = 0 k!
n
1
i.e. 0 < In < ∴ 0 < e(n ! ) − ∑ (n)(n − 1)...(n − k + 1) < 1
e k =0
1 1
Consider the case that n is sufficient large such that n ≥ q ,
(iv) I n +1 = ∫ x n +1e − x dx = − ∫ x n +1 de − x
0 0 then e(n ! ) is obviously an integer.
n
[
= − x n +1 e − x ]
1
0
1
+ (n + 1) ∫ x n e − x dx = (n + 1) I n −
0
1
e
Further, ∑ (n)(n − 1)...(n − k + 1) is also an integer and hence
k =0
2 1 1 1 n
(v) When n = 1 , I1 = 1 − = 1!1 − ∑ (by (iii)) e(n !) − ∑ (n)(n − 1)...(n − k + 1) .
e e k = 0 k! k =0
1
Now I r +1 = (r + 1) I r − (by (iv))
e i.e. e is an irrational number.
1 r 1 1
= (r + 1) × r!1 − ∑ −
e k = 0 k! e
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Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 mini-forum [Last update 3-April-2009] email: ykng2007@hotmail.com
10. (a) (i) As f is twice differentiable for x > 0 , then n
1
(ii) Let An = ∑ r
for n = 1, 2, 3, ….
f is differentiable and hence continuous for x > 0 . k =1 k
f (k + 1) − f (k ) 1 1 1 r
f ' ( ξ) = = f (k + 1) − f (k ) (2) An ≤ 1 − r −1
+ < 1+ = (by (b)(i))
(k + 1) − k (r − 1)n r −1 r −1 r −1
n −1 n −1 n n
1 1 1 1
Note that (1) ∑ f ' (k ) = − ∑ r
= r
−∑ r
(ii) Since ∑ k ≥ ln(n + 1) and ln(n + 1) → +∞ as n → +∞
k =1 k =1 k n k =1 k k =1
1 1 n
1
(2) f (n) − f (1) =
(r − 1)n r −1
−
r −1
we have ∑ k → +∞ as n → +∞ .
k =1
n n n ∞
1 1 1
(3) ∑ f ' (k ) = − ∑ r
= 1− ∑ r
i.e. ∑k is divergent.
k =2 k =2 k k =1 k k =1
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Suggested Solution for Pure Mathematics 2009 mini-forum [Last update 3-April-2009] email: ykng2007@hotmail.com
d d dy x 1 1
11. (a) (x 2 ) = (4 y ) , = RS = [(s − ) − 2 s ] 2 + [(1 + s 2 + 2 ) − s 2 ] 2
dx dx dx 2 s s
dy −1 1 2 1
Slope of L1 = − 1 / =
s = (s 2 + 2 + ) + (1 + + )
2 2
dx S s s s4
Equation of L1 : x + sy = (2s ) + s ( s 2 ) = 2 s + s 3 . 3
6 4 2 2
(b) (i) Slope of FS = slope of ST, where F = (0, 1) s + 3s + 3s + 1 1
= 4
= 2
(1 + s 2 )
s s
s 2 −1 t 2 − s 2 t+s
= (= as t ≠ s )
2s − 0 2t − 2s 2 (iv) By similar argument as in (iii), we have
∴ 2 s 2 − 2 = 2st + 2s 2 3
3
3 2
i.e. st = −1 1 2 1 (1 + s 2 )
RT = 2
(1 + t 2 ) = s 2 (1 + 2
)2 =
−1 −1 t s |s|
(ii) −1 = × = ( slope of L1 ) × ( slope of L 2 )
s t π
As ∠TRS = ,
i.e. L1 ⊥ L 2 2
1
x + sy = 2s + s 3 − − − < 1 > Area of ∆RST (, say A ) = × RT × RS
(iii) 2
x + ty = 2t + t 3 − −− < 2 >
3
(1 + s 2 ) 3 | 1 + s 2 |3 1 1
= = = s+
< 2 > − <1> : (t − s ) y = 2(t − s ) + (t − s )(t 2 + st + s 2 ) 2s 2 | s | 2 | s |3 2 s
∴ y = 2 + s 2 + st + t 2 3
1 1
3
1 1
1 (1) For s > 0 : A = s + ≥ 2 s× = 4
= 1+ s 2 + 2 s
2 s
2
s
t× < 1 > − s× < 2 > : (t − s ) x = st ( s 2 − t 2 ) 1 1 1
3
1
3
(2) For s < 0 : A=− s + = − (− s ) +
1 2 s 2 (− s )
∴ x = − st ( s + t ) = s −
s
3
1 1
1 1 ≥ 2 (− s) × =4
∴ R = (s − , 1 + s 2 + 2 ) 2 (− s )
s s
i.e. least area of ∆RST is 4.
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