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DESIGN GUIDELINE






DESIGN OF ABC BUILDINGS
(ABC ABC)



























DOCUMENT NO: ####

January 2011
Rev. 00




TABLE OF CONTENTS


1. Introduction
2. Aaaaa a aaa aa aaaaa
3. Features of Substation and bbbbbb
4. Structural Analysis
5. Bbbbb b bbbb bbbbb bb
6. Design Issues
7. Detailing


Bibliography


Appendix A: Bbbbbb bbbbbbb
Appendix B: Bbbbbb bbbbbbb
Appendix C: Sample calculations for bbbbbbb
Appendix D: Bbbbbb bbbbbbb
Appendix E: Typical Reinforcement Details for bbbbbbb
Appendix F: Sample Drawings


































Revision 00

4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS / DESIGN

4.1 BLAST RESILIENT BUILDINGS
Blast resilient buildings are not designed for any specific blast loads. They are only
designed for conventional structural loads, and they shall satisfy following
additional requirements:
The building shall have a cast in place RC (reinforced concrete) frame*,
detailed in a manner to allow large plastic deformations. Frame members
shall be detailed in accordance with the requirements of the Chapter 21 of
ACI-318.
Exterior walls and roof of building shall be cast in place RC*.
The reinforcement shall not be spliced at frame joints.
All fixtures in building shall be sufficiently anchored to the structure to
prevent any collapse during blast.
* For other common systems for petrochemical buildings refer to Section 4.3 of
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, ASCE, 1997. However,
the above specified cast in place RC frame is a recommended practice for
Substations and Instrument Equipment Shelters.

4.2 BLAST RESISTANT BUILDINGS
The structural requirements as specified above for Blast Resilient buildings are
equally applicable to Blast RESISTANT buildings. The building may suffer structural
damage during the blast, but structural collapse shall be prevented.
Analysis for Blast RESISTANT Buildings may be carried out through:
dynamic loads procedure (which uses Single Degree of Freedom - SDOF -
numerical history analysis for single-storey buildings), or
equivalent static pressure procedure (which involves application of equivalent
static blast pressure on walls and roof with appropriate load combinations)
Dynamic blast loads are specified in terms of Primary Overpressure (P
so
) and Pulse
durations (t
d
). The loads are determined as per procedure outlined in Chapter 3 of
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, ASCE, 1997.
Also consider this statement from the above referenced work: One method of blast
analysis which had been commonly used in the past, but which is no longer
advocated is the equivalent static method. As the name implies, this method
employs a static analysis with an approximate applied load to simulate the dynamic
response. The primary difficulty with this method is determining an appropriate
static loading which will yield reasonable results. This method is not recommended
for general use except for cases where the structure is far removed from the blast
source, such that the blast loading resemble a wind gust.



Revision 00
However, the specifications may sometimes require that analysis be carried out
using both the methods.

4.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS
The following table lists load combinations used on an actual project. This may
serve as guideline for design, however, specific project requirements shall also be
taken into consideration.

Table 4.1


4.4 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
See Appendix ZZZ for sample calculations for .





Revision 00

6. DESIGN ISSUES

6.1 FIRE-WALLS IN TRANSFORMER BAY
Two structural systems are possible for Concrete Fire-walls (walls separating
transformers) in transformer bays:
1. Walls monolithic with the main building
2. Walls disconnected from the main building with individual foundations
The first system is only used in relatively smaller substations. For larger
substations, second system is preferred for following reasons:
During detailed design stage, the electrical design changes may require
changes in sizes and location of fire-walls. If fire-walls are disconnected
from main building, the main building can be designed and executed
independently of the transformer bays.
The second system has further two possible wall support configurations, as shown
in Figure 4.1. The wall may be supported on strip foundation, or on plinth beams
resting on columns.

Figure 4.1:


6.2 CONTINUITY OF REINFORCEMENT IN SLABS
A major requirement for blast resilient/resistant design is that structure shall be
able to undergo large plastic deformations; these buildings are also subjected to
rebound during blast. Therefore, it is important standard detailing of slabs (where
top bars are cut after inflection points) be avoided, instead top and bottom
reinforcement shall be run continuously in both directions and both faces; this
enables the slab to resist reversal of forces.

6.3 CRACK WIDTH CHECKS
Crack width checking of all structural members is required by many specifications
and codes. Crack width shall be calculated and compared to allowable limits of
project specifications or applicable code/s. Meeting the specification requirements
may require increase in member cross-section and/or reinforcement.




Revision 00
6.4 OPENINGS FOR HVAC VALVES AND DAMPERS
HVAC vendors are required to provide the Information of Size / Location of
openings in walls, for HVAC valves and Dampers. Structural Engineer shall raise this
query earlier in the project. HVAC vendors usually provide this data on completion
of HVAC Design. To finish Detailed Structural Engineering on schedule it is
important that this information be available as early as possible.
Additional reinforcement provided around the openings shall be equal to the
amount of reinforcement interrupted by opening in the direction of reinforcement.

6.5 BLAST RESISTANT DOORS
Blast resistant doors are long lead items. Query for Shop Details of blast resistant
doors must be raised to the vendor earlier in the project.










Revision 00

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Following codes and books were referenced while preparing this design guideline:

1. ACI-318-05, Building code requirements for structural concrete. American
Concrete Institute, 2005.
2. Task Committee on Blast Resistant Design. Design of Blast Resistant
Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities. American Society of Civil Engineering
(ASCE), 1997.
3. Construction Industry Institute. Process Industries Practices (PIP), PIP
CVI02000, Civil General Notes & Typical Details. University of Texas at
Austin, July 2006.
4. Construction Industry Institute. Process Industries Practices (PIP), PIP
STC01015, Structural Design Criteria. University of Texas at Austin, February
2006.
5. Construction Industry Institute. Process Industries Practices (PIP), PIP
STC01018, Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria. University of Texas at
Austin, October 2006.