Sri Venkateswara Engineering College

PAPER PRESENTAION ON
NANOTECHNOLOGY

Arun kumar . R, Bharath .V

04631A0504, 04631A0506,
Computer Science Dept, Computer Science Dept,
arunrudra@gmail.com bharathvasa@yahoo.co.in
Mobile: 9885027341

INDEX
1. Abstract

2. SURVEYING THE NANOTECHNOLOGY

LANDSCAPE

• Zone 1: Long-Term Grand Visions

• Zone 2: Immediate applications

• Zone 3: Strategic Industry Applications

3. Nano devices

4. Carbon based nano materials

5. Researches in field of nano

6. The nano future

7. Applications

8. Conclusion

9. Bibliography
 ABSTRACT
"Nano" stems from a Greek word meaning "dwarf," or a billionth
part of something. The standard unit in this technology is a
nanometer, a billionth of a meter, a few hundreds of millionths of
an inch. Atoms are about 0.2 of a nanometer across, so
nanotechnologists measure sizes in atoms rather than bulky inches
or millimeters.

What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at
dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique
phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale
science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves
imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this
length scale.

At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties

of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the
properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter.
Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward understanding and
creating improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit
these new properties.

Technologies that do not comply with the first

requirement are not “nano” technologies. Those that do
not comply with the second will have little
significance, as far as being “technology” is
concerned. The latter is an especially important
consideration. Either we make the technology cost
effective enough or find applications with values-
added high enough to justify the costs.

SURVEYING THE NANOTECHNOLOGY

LANDSCAPE
From an industrialization-focused mindset, we see the overall
“landscape” of nanotechnology as being composed of three
distinctive zones: long-term grand visions, immediate applications,
and strategic industry applications. Each has its own unique
characteristics and should be approached differently.

Zone 1: Long-Term Grand

Visions

These are the most popular nanotechnology research topics of

today—like putting things together molecule by molecule,
understanding and mimicking how nature “builds” things, trying to
shrink macro world machineries to the nanometer scale and do
amazing things with them, building brand new computing
paradigms, and developing a wide variety of ultra-precision drug
delivery technologies. Epochal changes are envisioned.
Things short of being revolutionary need not apply here.
These revolutionary research topics represent, of course, the finest
of human ingenuity and aspirations, and one day they may indeed
become totally transformational. However, that “one day” is most
likely 15 to 20 years away. Nanotechnology is not going to wait
that long to get off the starting blocks. Myriad less epochal
applications are already proliferating today, and concrete
developmental plans for major nanotechnology-based products
across a wide range of technology-intensive industries, complete
with firm performance targets and road maps, are already being
devised and launched at many leading corporations and
institutions. According to authoritative projectionsin both United
States and Japan, the world nanotechnology market size will grow
to approximately US$1trillion dollars annually within the next 10
to 15 years. That means if one is to focus solely on the
evolutionary applications of zone 1, one is making plans to skip the
first several trillions dollars’ worth of nanotechnology market
values. Does that mean these types of nanotechnology research are
not worth pursuing? Not at all. Real applications here may be iffy
and will take a long time to emerge from the laboratories, but the
brand new technological competencies developed in the pursuit of
these applications will be highly significant. They may very well
become highly useful long before the intended applications are to
be spotted anywhere close to the marketplace.

Zone 2: Immediate Applications

On the extreme opposite end of the nanotechnology landscape are

the much more mundane applications in the not very technology-
intensive traditional industries. Here, advances are more material
driven and incremental in nature. A large number of new products
created through mere changes in coating constitutions, surface
properties, material compositions, simple alterations of
manufacturing processes, and a wide array of smart and immediate
applications of nanotechnology-based materials and techniques
will be coming to the marketplace not in a few years, but right
now. R&D here is totally application driven. Entry barriers are
low. Anybody, in fact, can do it. Opportunities for innovation are
limitless. Numbers and speed are the important assets in this kind
of competition. For national programs, the things to do are to
enable as many entrants as possible so that they can join the chase
as fast as possible (while cautioning them to always look out for
things like market viability and cost effectiveness, so that they
won’t lose their shirts in the euphoria). Successfully
commercialized nanotechnology products in the next three to four
years will be dominated by these nonrevolutionary applications.
substantial industries such as textiles, metals and alloys, plastics
and polymers, specialty chemicals, pigments and paints, and
papers will be affected in fundamental ways.
Returns on R&D investment here will be immediate, provided the
products are indeed differentiating and marketviable, not just nano
for nano’s sake. No national-level nanotechnology program can
afford to overlook these incremental opportunities. It’s near term
nature is, of course, also its main weakness. Concentrating one’s
R&D resources here would be aiming far too low.

Zone 3: Strategic Industry Applications

The most significant nanotechnology opportunities for the

next 10 to 15 years will be found here. These are applications
driven already by the exponential forces of Moore’s law or some
other named orun named laws that might be as fast or faster. These
are the technologies of semiconductors, displays, data storage,
optoelectronics, photonics, and communications. For these
applications, nanotechnology will be like adding fuel to the fire.
Together with nanotechnology-enabled new materials, the more
manufacturing-driven portions of the bio- and pharmaceutical
technologies and emerging energy storage and efficiency
technologies, this is the one part of the overall nanotechnology
landscape where the most riches will be the most vigorously
contested for. A sense of why this is the most important
nanotechnology segment for the next 10 to 15 years can be taken
from the nanotechnology market sizes projections done by the
Japanese Keidenren (all industry association) in its white paper on
nanotechnology—N Plan 21. Total world market size for
nanotechnology was projected by N Plan 21 to reach 10 trillion
yen annually by 2005 and 133 trillion yen by 2010 (roughly
consistent with U.S. government’s official projection— US$1
trillion in the next 10 to 15 years), a 13-time expansion. What
stood out was, in those five years, projected world market size for
nanotechnology-based information and electronics products were
projected to grow from 2.7 trillion to 67 trillion yen (about half of
the total nanotechnology market size)—a 25-time expansion. That
means the five-year hyper growth period for nanotechnology
between 2005 and 2010 will be dominated by the advances in the
electronics and information sectors.
R&D in this zone will run on picking the right product and
technology targets, setting aggressive performance goals, and
constantly watching what everybody else are doing. Competition
will be as fierce as they come, and everybody will be on the
lookout for collaborations and alliances. Many device and process
technologies will be looking for material technologies to support
advances, and many material technologies will be looking for
device and process technologies for application outlets.

NANO DEVICES
Next Generation displays
Displays are a major area of nanotechnology applications. We
believe carbon nanotube field emission displays (CNT FEDs), with
their simple structures and favorable cost-reduction potential will
be a very strong contender in the fast expanding flat-panel TV
market in a few years. Another focal point in the displays area is
flexible, scrollable displays with much-simplified nanotechnology-
integrated structures and low-cost roll-to-roll fabrication processes
for new, versatile, and cost- effective applications.
Nanophotonic Devices
The emphasis now is on lasers and other next generation light
sources of various wavelengths made with self-assembled or
defined-growth quantum dots (QDs) and nanophotonic crystals
that are capable of reducing the size and cost of optical
communication components and systems substantially. Further
down the road, we see QD lasers and photonic crystals as the key
building blocks to optical circuits.
High-Density Data Storage
Taiwan is the world’s leading manufacturers of DVD systems and
disks that will soon be moving into its nano phase. ITRI’s
nanotechnology program will develop advanced optical and
magnetic data storage and read/write technologies aimed
delivering a series of products with capacities in the 100 GB range
by 2005 and 1 TB before the end of our six-year national program.

Micro Fuel Cells

Truly mobile communications must get rid of not only the wires
but also the cords. We anticipate high specific energy, thin, flat,
room-temperature micro fuel cells to replace lithium batteries as
the dominant next-generation energy storage media for all
untethered 3C (computer, communications, consumer electronics)
products, 12 hours for notebook computers and 50 days for cell
phones, in the next three to four years.

Magneto resistive Random Access Memory

MRAM, because of its nonvolatility, nondestructive reading, fast

access speed and high density, is a major emerging memory
device, and leading semiconductor manufacturers of the world are
racing to deliver their products to the market. A novel dualmask
process was developed that avoids the redeposition problem during
tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) etching, thereby improving
magneto tunnel junctions (MTJ) fabrication. New designs bring
significant saving on chip real estate and reduce the writing current
by 25 to 75%.
Fig. for Description of MRAM
 Carbon based nanomaterial
Some of the progress with carbon-based nanomaterials is shown in
following fig. a novel carbon-based nanoscale building block,
carbon nanocapsules shown in fig has been fabricated with with
high concentration and purity
The nanocapsules possess high thermal and electric conductivities
and mechanical strength just like CNT but are considerably easier
to disperse and are readily water and solvent soluble, resulting in
much better process ability. The hollow capsules exhibit strong
fluorescence in the 390 to 60-nm wavelength range with quantum
efficiency significantly ghee than that of C60 or CNT. They can
also be filled with metallic particles, resulting in excellent
magnetic properties. Metal-filled carbon nanocapsules are
protected from oxidation, making stable performance possible for
various applications. Further research work now concentrates on
their functionalization for applications such as electrodes in lithium
batteries, catalyst support in direct methanol fuel cells, emitters for
CNT FEDs, and heat-dissipating coatings for electronic
components. An alliance with over 20 industrial partners in Taiwan
has been formed to pursue its various potential applications.
Another interesting carbon-based nanomaterial created in ITRI
laboratories is the carbon nanospirals shown in Fig. Essentially
carbon nanowires twisted into spring like spirals, they exhibit
excellent properties for electromagnetic radiation absorption. The
frequency-dependent absorption pattern, up to 15 GHz, can be
tuned by the size and composition of such spirals.
Researches in field of
nanotechnology:

Latest Study Shows Surprising Variations in Individual

Nanotube Efficiency
Nanotech wire, Nanotubes produce light with a number of
interesting properties, which have led researchers to propose
various optical applications. One of the most promising is to use
the tiny tubes as fluorescent markers to study biological systems, a
role pioneered by fluorescent proteins. But there has been one
primary problem: Nanotube have proven to be very inefficient
phosphors, absorbing a thousand photons for every photon that
they emit (a ratio called quantum efficiency). Now, however, the
latest research into nanotube luminescence has found that there is
substantial room for increasing the efficiency of these infinitesimal
light sources
Physicists Measure 'Long' Distances with Pico meter Accuracy

A new laser-based method for measuring millimeter distances

more accurately than ever before--with an uncertainty of 10 Pico
meters (trillionths of a meter)--has been developed and
demonstrated by a physicist at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology. This is akin to measuring the distance from New
York to Los Angeles with an uncertainty of just 1 millimeter. The
technique may have applications in nanotechnology, remote
sensing and industries such as semiconductor fabrication

Physicists Coax Six Atoms into Quantum ‘Cat’ State

Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) have coaxed six atoms into spinning together in two
opposite directions at the same time, a so-called Schrödinger “cat”
state that obeys the unusual laws of quantum physics. The
ambitious choreography could be useful in applications such as
quantum computing and cryptography, as well as ultra-sensitive
measurement techniques, all of which rely on exquisite control of
nature’s smallest particles.

Moving Hydrogen Atoms Under the Surface

Researchers at Pennsylvania State University have positioned

hydrogen atoms beneath the surface of a palladium crystal using a
scanning tunelling microscope (STM). The structures could have
applications in fuel cells, catalysis and hydrogen storage. While
theoretical studies and indirect experimental data had suggested
that hydrogen atoms might be able to take up stable sites
underneath palladium surfaces, this is the first time that the
phenomenon has been observed or deliberately induced. The
hydrogen atoms formed subsurface hydrides as they took on a
partial negative charge
The nanofuture:
Doped nanowires promise smaller, faster, and cheaper electronic
and photonic (light-carrying) devices for the future. But more than
that, by demonstrating the concept of encoding information and
function during synthesis.

The possible uses and impact of doped nanowires seem only

limited by imagination. Lieber's lab has already constructed a
nanogadget by lithography that has the potential to detect and
distinguish between single viruses. Such a detector would come in
handy now that the world is on a nervous lookout for Asian bird
flu.

Viruses are among the most important causes of human diseases

and are of increasing concern as agents of bioterrorism. Nanoscale
silicon wires could be fashioned into chip arrays capable of sensing
thousands of different viruses, ushering in a new era for quick
response to viral outbreaks.
APPLICATIONS:
Combining research from many disciplines, near - future
nanotechnology applications involve everything from scratch -
proof glass to internal drug delivery systems to a sugar cube?sized
computer capable of storing the information from the entire United
States Library of Congress. In this fascinating overview of the field
the authors provide broad coverage of nanotechnology and its
applications, with an eye toward giving researchers in different
areas an appreciation of nanotechnological developments outside
their own fields of expertise.

In the future, nanotechnology will let us take off the

boxing gloves. We'll be able to snap together the fundamental
building blocks of nature easily, inexpensively and in most of the
ways permitted by the laws of physics. This will be essential if we
are to continue the revolution in computer hardware beyond about
the next decade, and will also let us fabricate an entire new
generation of products that are cleaner, stronger, lighter, and more
precise.

Another application of nano robots would be in carrying out

construction projects in hostile environments, for example with
just a handfull, of self replicating robots, utilizing local materials,
and local energy it's conceivable that space habitats can be
completely constructed by remote control so that the inhabitants
need only show up with their suitcases
Conclusion:

No doubt nanotechnology is an emerging and useful

technology but Where will such discoveries most likely to take
place? Don't assume it'll be the United States, cautions one of
Indian scientist. Europe’s investments in nanotech R&D are on par
with the United States, and China is coming up quickly. "We don't
yet know how we will compete" in this ratcheted-up environment.
"If we don't figure this out," he says, "the U.S. will lose a major
competitive advantage."

The country's challenges seem daunting, especially when Indian

students are not given enough of a basic scientific education. As a
result, countries like China and India are moving far ahead of the
United States in technological literacy.

To turn the tide and cultivate a culture of continuing nano-

brilliance, universities should play a role in helping the United
States gain back the scientific ground it has lost. A scientist from
IISC says that, "much of our country's wealth has come from
technology." IISC and other institutions of higher learning should
help increase the country's scientific literacy by "giving students
obligatory doses of technology and science. We have to help
students understand how it all fits together. It's a complex issue."
Bibliography:
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