Electrical & Electronics Lab

Experiment V
SWINBURNE'S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE
Aim:
To conduct Swinburnes test on a DC shunt machine and predetermination of efficiencies
when the machine is running as motor and generator.

Name Plate Details:
Type Shunt
Power 5 H.P
Armature /Field Voltage 230 V
Armature current 20 A
Field Current 1A

Apparatus Required:











Theory:





S.No Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
2. Ammeter MC (0-30)A 1
3. Voltmeter MC (0-30)V 1
4. Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
5. Rheostat Wire wound 370/1.7A 1
6. Tachometer Digital
0-10000
R.P.M
1
7. Connecting wires - 0-20A Required
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Circuit diagram:



Observations:

Tabulation to find out the constant losses:
Voltage No load current
Shunt Field
Current
No load armature
current
No load Cu.
Losses
Constant losses
V I
0
I
sh
I
a0
(I
a0
)
2
R
a

W
i
=VI
0
- (I
a0
)
2
R
a







Tabulation to find out the efficiency running as motor:
Fraction
of load
Load
current
Field
Current
Arm.
current
Arm
Cu. loss
Total losses
Motor
Input
Motor
Output
Efficiency
X I
L
=XI
rated
I
sh
I
a
=I
L
-I
sh
W
cu
=I
a
2
R
a
W
T
=W
c
+W
cu
P
in
=VI
L
P
out
=P
in
- W
T
%=P
out
/P
in
*100



1
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Tabulation to find out the efficiency running as generator:

Fraction
of load
Load
current
Field
Current
Arm.
current
Arm
Cu. loss
Total losses
Generator
Output
Generator
Input
Efficiency
X I
L
=X*I I
sh
I
a
=I
L
+I
sh
W
cu
=I
a
2
R
a
W
T
=W
c
+W
cu
P
in
=VI
L
P
out
=P
in
+ W
T
%=P
out
/P
in
*100



1

Expected graph:


Calculations:
Case1. To fine Constant Losses of DC machine:
Here VI
0
= iron losses + mechanical losses + shunt field copper losses + armature copper
losses
In above losses iron losses, mechanical losses, shunt field copper losses are constant of all
loads.
Let the constant losses occurring in the machine be represented by W
i
.
VI
0
= W
i
+ armature copper loss at no load.
Thus constant losses occurring in the dc machine is W
i
= VI
0
I
a0
2
R
a
(Where I
a0
= I
0
I
sh
)
Where Ra is the resistance of armature in ohms
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Case 2. Efficiency of a DC machine as motor:

Let the full load current drawn by motor be I
L
amps, the shunt field current will remain
constant as I
sh
.
Armature current : I
a
= I
L
I
sh

Armature copper losses : W
cu
= I
a
2
R
a

Input to the motor : P
in
= VI
L

Total losses : W
T
= W
i
+ I
a
2
R
a

Output = Input losses : P
out
= V*I
L
(W
i
+ I
a
2
R
a
)
% Efficiency as a motor : %
m
= (P
out
/P
in
)*100

Case 3. Efficiency of DC machine as generator:

The full load current of generator be I
L
which can be known from the rating of
generator.
Full load output generator : P
out
= VI
L
Armature current : I
a
= I
L
+ I
sh

Armature copper losses : W
cu
= I
a
2
R
a
Total losses : W
T
= W
i
+ I
a
2
R
a
Input = Output + losses : P
in
= (VI
L
)+ (W
i
+ I
a
2
R
a
)
% Efficiency as a generator : %
g
= (P
out
/P
in
)*100

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch
3. Slowly start the motor with the help of 3-point starter
4. Make the motor to run at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
5. Take the meter readings at no load condition
6. Now bring back the Rheostat to initial position
7. Open the DPST switch and Switch-OFF the supply to the motor.
8. Measure the armature resistance with voltmeter and ammeter method.
Precautions:

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1. Motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. The motor should be at no load condition throughout the experiment.



Result:
The efficiency of a given DC shunt machine by conducting swinburns test is obtained
in different loads motor as well as generator.


























Electrical & Electronics Lab
Experiment V
BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.
Aim:
To perform brake test on the given dc shunt motor and obtain the characteristics of the motor
from the test observations.

Name plate details:

Type Shunt
Power 3 H.P
Armature /Field Voltage 220 V
Armature current 12 A
Field Current 1A


Apparatus:

Theory:

In this method the motor is subjected to direct mechanical loading the attaching a
brake drum and water cooled pulley to the motor shaft. A rope or belt is wound the pulley at
its two ends. The two ends are connected to spring balances S1 & S2. The tension of the belt
can be adjusted by tightening it on the pulley. The tangential force on the pulley is equal to the
difference of the two spring balance readings.
S.No Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter MC (0-30)A 1
2. Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
3. Rheostat Wire wound 300/1.7A 1
4. Tachometer Digital 0-1000 rpm 1
5. Connecting wires - 0-20A Required
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Circuit Diagram:



Observations:
Voltage Current
Spee
d
Spring
balance readings
Torque
(T)
Angular
Velocity
Output
Power
(watts)
Input
Power
(Watts)
Efficiency
V I N S1 S2 S=S1~S2 T=9.81Sr =2N/60 Pout=T Pin=VI %


Expected Graph:

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Calculations:

Torque on the pulley : T = 9.81 (S1~S2) r N-m
Power Output : P
out
= 2NT/60 watts
Power input : Pi
n
= VI watts
% Efficiency : % = (P
out
/P
in
) 100

Where r is the radius of the pulley in meters
S1 & S2 are spring balance readings in Kg
N is the speed in RPM
V is the voltage across the motor
I is the current drawn from the motor

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Check the belt on the pulley is free so that there is no load on the pulley
3. Closed DPST switch and start the motor slowly using the 3-point starter
4. Adjust the field current with field rheostat so that the motor runs at its rated speed
5. Apply load on the pulley gradually in steps, tightening the belt around it.
6. Take the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter connected to the motor and two spring
balance readings and the speed at every step.
7. Continue the experiment till full load of the motor is reached.
8. Remove the load and switch of the supply
9. Tabulate the observation

Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. At the time of starting, the motor should be in no load condition.
3. Cool the pulley by using water while the experiment is performed.
4. While measuring the radius of the pulley effective radius must be considered.

Result:
The efficiency of a given DC shunt motor by conducting brake test is obtained.
Electrical & Electronics Lab
Experiment VI
OC & SC TESTS ON SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
Aim: To conduct O.C. & S.C. test on a given transformer and predeterminations of
1) Efficiency,
2) Regulation,
3) Parameters of equivalent circuit

Name plate Details:

Type of Machine 1- Transformer
Power 2 KVA
Low Voltage 230 V
High Voltage 415 V
Frequency 50Hz

Apparatus Required:
S.No. Equipment Type Range Quantity
1. Ammeter MI (0-2)A 1
2. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
3. Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
4. Voltmeter MI (0-75)V 1
5. Wattmeter Dynamo 300V,5A,LPF 1
6. Wattmeter Dynamo 75V,10A,UPF 1
7. 1- auto transformer -
230/(0-
270)V,3KVA
1
8. Connecting wires - 0-20A Required

General Theory:
These two tests on a transformer helps to find determine
1) The parameters of equivalent circuit
2) The voltage regulation
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3) Efficiency
Complete analysis of the transformer can be carried out once its equivalent circuit parameters
are known. The power required during these two tests is equal to the appropriate power loss
occurring in the transformer
O.C.Test: This test is conducted by opening the secondary of a transformer. The core loss of
the transformer can be determined from the test. It also gives the no-load current I0, which is
used to calculate the parameters R0, Xm of the magnetizing circuit. The transformer is
connect as indicated in the circuit diagram. One of the windings usually the low voltage
winding is connected to the supply voltage source while the high voltage winding is kept
open..This ensure magnification of the no-load current I0 , The rated voltage applied to the
transformer using auto- transformer, the ammeter gives the total power loss and the ratio of
voltmeter readings V2/V1 gives the ratio of the turns.
S.C. Test:
This test gives the full load copper loss. In this test, secondary side low voltage winding is
short circuited. A small voltage applied to the primary and increased carefully till the current
(Isc) in the primary winding reaches the rated full-load value. Under these conditions, the
copper loss in the in the winding is same as that on full load.

Circuit Diagrams:
O.C. Test

S.C. Test
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Procedure:
O.C.Test:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Give the supply by using DPST switch.
3. Gradually increase the voltage by using auto transformer till voltmeter reads the rated
Voltage on LV side.
4. Note down the readings of voltmeter, Ammeter & Wattmeter.
5. Slowly bring the auto transformer to its initial position & switch OFF the supply.

S.C.Test:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give the supply by closing the DPST switch.
3. Gradually increase the current by using auto transformer till ammeter reads the rated
current
4. Note down the readings of voltmeter, Ammeter &Wattmeter.
5. Slowly bring the auto transformer to its initial position & switch OFF the supply

Observations:

O.C. Test.
S.No. V1(Volts) Io(Amps) Wo(Watts)


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S.C.Test
S.No. Isc(Amps) Vsc(Volts) Wsc(Watts)






Tabulation to find the efficiency: at cos=0.8

Fractinal
load
(X)
O/P
(watts)

Iron
losses
(Wi)
Cu losses
(Wcu)
Total
losses
%
1






Tabulation to find out the regulation: at full load ,X=1

P.F(Cos) %Reg(lag) %Reg(lead)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.1




Electrical & Electronics Lab
Calculations:
O.C. Test:
Core Loss : Wo
No load power factor : Cos0 = W0/( I0 V1)
Magnetizing component of current : Iw = I0 Cos 0
Core Loss component of current : Iu = I0 Sin 0
No load resistance : R0 =V0/ Iw in ohms
No load reactance : X0 = V0/ Iu in ohms

Where W0=open circuit power in watts
I0=Open circuit current in Amps
Equivalent impedance referred to HV side Z02 = Vsc/Isc in ohms.
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side R02 = Wsc/I
2
sc in ohms.
Equivalent reactance referred to HV side X02 =(Z
2
02- R
2
02) in ohms.
V1=Open circuit voltage in Volts

S.C. Test:
Equivalent Circuit of 1- transformer referred to LV side:
Cos0 = W0/( I0 * V1
Iw = I0 Cos 0
Iu = I0 Sin 0
Z02 = Vsc/Isc,
R02 = Wsc/I
2
sc,
X02 =(Z
2
02- R
2
02)
Transformation ratio (K) = V2/V1
Equivalent resistance referred to LV side (R01) = R02 / K
2
Equivalent reactance referred to LV side (X01) = X02/K
2

Efficiency & Regulation of 1- transformer:
Output power = (X*KVA*Cos )
Where X = fraction of load.
KVA = power rating of transformer,
Cos = power factor
Iron losses (Wi) = W0
Copper losses (Wcu)= X
2
*Wsc
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Total losses = Cu losses + Iron losses.
Output power
Efficiency = ------------------------ * 100
( output power+ losses)

X.Isc[ R02Cos X02Sin ]
Regulation = ------------------------------------- * 100
V2

Where + for lagging.
- for leading.














Expected graphs:
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Result: