CHAPTER 1: MATTER

PART A: GHANIS FORMAT

SUBTOPIC:
i. WHAT IS MATTER
ii. STATES OF MATTER
iii. CONCEPT OF DENSITY

SUBTOPIC
MAJOR
POINT
MINOR
POINT
SUPPORTING POINT
1
SUPPORTING
POINT 2
What is
Matter?
Defined as
anything
which has
mass and
occupies
space
Consists of
living things
and non-living
things.
Example of non-living
things:
Air
Water
soil
Example of living
things:
Plants
Animals
Humans

States of
Matter
Solid Properties of
solid
-Retains a fixed volume
and shape
-cannot be compressed
-Does not flow
-Rigid (particles cannot
move)

Particles Model for
solid
Liquid Properties of
liquid
-Occupies the shape of
part of container
-Not easily compressible
-Flows easily
-Particles can move

Particles Model for
liquid
Gas Properties of
gas
- Occupies the shape and
volume of container
- Compressible
- Flows very easily
-Particles can move past
one another


Particles Model for
gas
Concept of
Density
Definition of
Density
-Physical
property of
matter that
describes the
degree of
compactness
of a substance
on how closely
packed the
particles of a
substance are.
-Relationship between
mass and volume of a
substances:

Density = Mass
Volume

Relationship
between
ability to
float and
density
-Buoyancy
refers to the
ability of a
material to
float on water

-An object will sink in a
liquid if the object is
denser than the liquid

-Object which is less
dense will float in a
liquid that is denser.

Sink and float
candle
Applications Boat and
Ship
-Boat and ships
that weigh
thousands of
tonnes can
float on the
water because
inside of the
structure are
empty spaces
that filled with
air.

-This makes
the density of
boat and ship
is less than
density of
water.

Boat that float on the water
Submarine -A submarine
uses ballast
(stability) as a
means of
descending and
ascending
underwater.

-If submarine
rises towards
the surface, a
valve will
opened to
release
compressed air
into tanks
(ascending)

-The air
pushes out
water and
causes the
submarine to
ascend.

Float
-A float helps a
swimmer to
float on the
surface of
water

-The air in the
float makes it
less dense
than water.



PART B: QUESTIONS
Objective questions

1. What determines the state of matter?
A. Freezing point and boiling point
B. Densities of matter
C. Arrangement of particles
D. Number of particles in matter

2. Water molecules in steam and water molecules in ice differ in term of
A. Size of molecules
B. Densities of molecules
C. Volume of molecules
D. Distance between molecules

Subjective questions
1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of particles in substances P, Q and S.

P Q S
Figure 1

a) Based on Figure 1, identify the states of P, Q, and S. [3 marks]
b) States two characteristics each for substances P, Q and S. [6 marks]
c) State two examples of substances that have similar characteristics as P, Q and S.
[3 marks]
PART B: ANSWER
Objective questions

1. C arrangement of particles
Matters exist in three states which is solid, liquid and gas. They are differentiate based
on the arrangement of the particles.

2. D distance between molecules
The particles in solids are closely packed together, particles in liquids are not arranged
in regular pattern and less compact, and particles in gas are far apart and not in fixed
pattern.


Subjective questions
1.
a) P:Solid Q: Liquid S: Gas

b) 2 Characteristics of P, Q and S


P (solid) Q (liquid) S (gas)
Has a fixed
volume and
shape
Occupies the
shape of part of
container
Occupies the shape
and volume of
container
Cannot be
compressed
Not easily
compressible
Compressible
Rigid (particles
cannot move)
Particles can
move
Particles can move
past one another













CHAPTER 2 : BIODIVERSITY
PART A : GHANIS FORMAT

SUBTOPIC:
i. DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN A HABITAT
ii. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

SUBTOPIC
MAJOR
POINT
MINOR
POINT
SUPPORTING
POINT 1
SUPPORTING
POINT 2
Diversity of
living
organisms in a
habitat
Definition of
Biodiversity
defined as
different types
of animals and
plants on Earth

Classification
of living
organisms
-based on their
characteristics
-in
classification
used today,
they are
classified into
five main
groups called
kingdom
The 5 main groups:

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Bacteria
Very simple
organisms

Classification
of animals
Vertebrates

-animals with
backbone

-classified into
5 smaller
group with
their own
characteristics
Fish Live in water
have tails and fins
to help them swim
Cold-blooded
Breath through
gills
Most lay eggs
without shells

o Clown
fishes
o Snapper
o Stingrays
o Sea
horses
o Carp

Amphibians Live on both land
and in water
Adults have 4
limbs to jump on
land and swim in
water
Cold-blooded
Young breath
through gills
Adults breathe
through lungs
when on land and
through skin when
in water
Female lay eggs in
water
o Frogs
o Toads
o Newts

Reptiles Most of them live
on land but some
are in water
Have 4 limbs
except for snake
Cold-blooded
Breath through
lungs
Lay eggs on land
and they fertilised
inside females
body
o Lizards
o Tortoises
o Snakes
o Alligators
Birds Live on land
Most them can fly
Warm-blooded
Breath through
lungs
Lay eggs in their
nests and they are
fertilised
internally and
have hard shells
o Owls
o Ducks
o Chickens
o Parrots
o Penguins
o Sparrows

Mammals Most live on land
but some in water
Some fly, some
move on land
Warm-blooded
Breath through
lungs
All mammals
except duck-billed
platypus and ant-
eater, give birth to
live young
o Dolphins
o Rabbits
o Bats
o Squirrels
o Pangolins
o Whales
Invertebrates

-animals
without
backbone

-divided into 2
groups based
on the type of
legs
With jointed
legs

Divided into
3 groups
based on
number of
legs
Three pairs of legs

Butterfly
Beetle
Grasshopper

Butterfly
Four pairs of legs
Scorpion
Spider
Mite

Spider
More than four pair
of legs
Shrimp
Crab
Centipede


Shrimp
Without
jointed legs

-divided into 2
groups based
on their
appearance
Worms-like
invertebrates
Leeches
Earthworms
Clam


Earthworm
Non-worm-like
invertebrates
Jellyfish
Starfish
Snails



Snail
PART B: QUESTIONS
Objective questions

1.






Which of the following animals has the above characteristics?

A. Stingray
B. Platypus
C. Whale
D. Shark

2. Which of the following plants is a non-flowering plant?

A. Maize
B. Sugar cane
C. Coconut tree
D. Pine tree

3. Which of the following is not correct about the similarities between reptiles and
amphibians?

A. Both have moist skin
B. Both are cold-blooded
C. Both breath through lungs
D. Both lay eggs



















Warm-blooded
Lives in the sea
Give birth to young
Skin covered with hair
Subjective question

1. J, K, L and M in Figure 1 are four different types of animals.












J K L M

a) Give three characteristics that can be used to classify animals J, K, L and M.
[3 marks]
b) Classify animals J, K, L and M according to their common characteristics by
completing the flow chart below. [10 marks]





























Animals







PART B: ANSWER
Objective questions


1. B Platypus
All mammals are Warm-blooded and breathe through lungs. Except for duck-billed
platypus and ant-eater, they give birth to live young.

2. D Pine tree
Flowering plants are plants with flowers. So, here all the three (maize, sugar cane and
coconut tree) do have flowers.

3. A Both have moist skin
Reptiles have dry and scaly skin, while amphibians have loose and moist skin.


Subjective question

1.
a) Three characteristics to classify animals J, K, L and M
vertebrates and invertebrates
with and without joined legs
Cold-blooded or warm-blooded.

b) .







Common characteristics
















Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Joined legs
Without
joined legs
Cold-
blooded
Warm
blooded
Scorpions Jelly fish
Fish Cat
Animals
CHAPTER 3 : BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT
PART A : GHANIS FORMAT

SUBTOPIC:
i. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMAN
ii. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANT

SUBTOPIC
MAJOR
POINT
MINOR
POINT
SUPPORTING
POINT 1
SUPPORTING
POINT 2
Transport
system in
human

-called
human
circulatory
system

-consists of 3
parts
Heart Made up of
cardiac
muscles,
connective
tissues, and
blood vessels

Functions of
the right side
heart is to
collect
deoxygenated
blood from
body and
pump it to
lungs

The left side
of heart
collects
oxygenated
blood from the
lungs and
pumps it out to
the body
Heart is divided
into 4 chamber

Right atrium is
connected to the
vena cava
Left atrium is
connected to the
pulmonary vein
Right ventricle is
connected to the
pulmonary artery
Left ventricle is
connected to the
aorta




Structure of human
heart
Blood
vessels
connect the
heart to each
part of the
body
consists of
three types
-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries
Arteries
carry blood away
from the heart
have thick,
muscular and
elastic walls
have small lumens
and do not have
valves








Veins
carry blood back to
the heart
has larger lumen
contain valves that
prevent blood from
flowing back

Capillaries
connects arteries
and veins
does not have
valves
Blood about 45%of
blood is made
up of solids
called blood
cells of
corpuscles
3 kinds of
blood cells
-red blood
cells
-white blood
cells
platelets
Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
They are
biconcave, disc-
shaped cells
without nucleus.
Contain
haemoglobin
which give the
blood its red colour

White blood cells
(leucocytes)
Play an important
part in the body
immune system to
defend the body
against diseases

Platelets
(thrombocytes)
They are produced
from bone marrow,
nucleus and does
not have definite
shape
Their main job is
to heal wounds


erythrocytes






thrombocytes
Transport
system in
plants
Vascular
tissues
Xylem
Carries water
containing
dissolved
mineral salts
from the
roots to the
leaves
through
osmosis

Phloem
Carries
dissolved
food in the
form of sugar
to all parts of
plants



Cross section of the stem
Transpir-
ation
Process
where water
is loss by
evaporation
from the
leaves of a
plant
Water
escapes from
the spaces
inside the
leaves in
form of
water vapour
and passes
through the
pores called
stoma.

Stoma
Is a single hole or
pole, through
which gases can
enter or leave a
plant leaf
Surrounded by a
pair of cells known
as guard cells


Stoma structure







PART B: QUESTIONS
Objective questions

1. The human circulatory system consists of
I. The heart II. Blood
vessels
III. Lungs

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III.

2. The pulmonary artery differs from the pulmonary vein because it
A. Has seminular valves
B. Has thin muscular walls
C. Carris blood under low pressure
D. Carries deoxygenated blood

3. Which of the following is the characteristic of arteries?
A. Have thick muscular walls
B. Have thin muscular walls
C. Have very thin muscular walls
D. Have walls which is only one cells thick


Subjective Questions

1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant.

Figure 1
a) Wjich part of the balsam plant is the cross section taken? [1 mark]
b) Name the parts labelled P and Q. [1 mark]
c) What is the function of the part labelled P in a plant? [1 mark]
d) What is the function of the labelled Q in a plant? [1 mark]
PART B: ANSWERS
Objective questions

1. A I and II only
Human circulatory system consists of heart, blood and blood vessels.

2. D carries deoxygenated blood.
All arteries deliverosygenated blood to body cells, except for the pulmonary artery
which deliver deoxygenated blood to lungs.

3. A have thick muscular walls.
The arteries are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. They have
thick, muscular and elastic walls.


Subjective Questions

1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant .

a) Root
b) P : Phloem Q : Xylem
c) i) the P in the figure shows the Phloem which is function to transport water in the
plant
ii) the Q in figure shows the Xylem which is function to transport food in the plant